1 How our numbers work

Large numbers Test SU WS WS

1 1 1S 2E 2-3

Objectives
O r al a n d me n t al s t a r t e r
Students will learn
Write the numbers in figures Work out
1 the importance of powers of ten . Ten . 99
within our number system . Seventeen . 222
2 how to deal with large numbers . One hundred and five . 10  10  10
and powers of ten. . One hundred and fifty . 210 ‡ 90
. One hundred and twelve
Teaching notes . One thousand and twenty
Introduce the lesson by looking at large numbers that students are already familiar with. A reminder
of column headings and place value would also be useful.
?1±2 As seen in the first Discussion Point, 100 000 000 000 is one hundred billion. Most students will not
know this. It gives a good introduction to the advantage of using powers when writing large numbers
as covered in the second Discussion Point. Establish the meaning of billion and trillion before starting
the Task. There is some possibility of confusion; in this country the meanings of billion and trillion
have changed over the last 20 to 30 years from (106)2 ˆ 1012 to 109 and from (106)3 ˆ 1018 to 1012. We
now accept a billion as 109 and a trillion as 1012.

Task (main teaching activity)

OHT Students are to work in pairs.
1
Some possible examples are:
One thousand years in a millennium Answers to the Task:
Ten thousand pounds will buy a medium sized car Name Number Power of ten
One hundred thousand ± the population of a large town Ten 10 101
One million is the number of seconds in eleven days Hundred 100 102
One billion is the population of India Thousand 1 000 103
One trillion is the number of stars in ten galaxies Ten thousand 10 000 104
Hundred thousand100 000 105
Million 1 000 000 106
Pl ena r y Billion 1 000 000 000 109
?3±5 The work in the Task covers the lesson Objectives. Trillion 1 000 000 000 000 1012
Start the Plenary by talking about the Task.
This will lead naturally into the last three Discussion Points about saying and writing numbers. It is
useful to emphasise that special names are available in English for every 3rd power of ten.
The grouping of large numbers in groups of three make them easier to read. Students will now be able
to read large numbers with confidence.

Website links
www.funbrain.com/numwords/index.html
An interactive site that is designed to test writing words from numbers and the reverse. The major
draw-back is that it is American with `and' being omitted so that 934 becomes `nine hundred-thirty
four'.

1 How our numbers work Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational 1
 Using large numbers WS WS
3S 4S 4-5

Objective
O r al a n d me n t al s t a r t e r
Students will learn
. 4  10 . 34
1 to multiply and divide using simple multiples . 4  20 . 30  4
of powers of ten. . 4  200 . 3  40
. 4  2000 . 30  40
. 40  20 . 300  400
Teaching notes
?1 For the first Discussion Point students should be familiar with the idea that to multiply by 10 you
add a nought. Prompts like `how do you multiply by 100, 1000 etc?' should help them to progress
towards multiplying 300 000 000 by 500. The distance is 150 000 000 000 metres.

T a s k ( m a i n t e a c h i n g ac t i v i t y )
OHT A mental warm up of similar calculations will ensure that the task is accessible to the whole class.
1

Answers to the Task:

3 10 100 20 30 200 300 1000 4000
2 20 200 40 60 400 600 2000 8000
5 50 500 100 150 1000 1500 5000 20 000
7 70 700 140 210 1400 2100 7000 28 000
12 120 1200 240 360 2400 3600 12 000 48 000
20 200 2000 400 600 4000 6000 20 000 80 000
22 220 2200 440 660 4 400 6 600 22 000 88 000
200 2000 20 000 4000 6000 40 000 60 000 200 000 800 000

When the table is completed, invite the students to look for relationships in it. Some are obvious,
like the 20 row is the 2 row with an extra zero. Others are less obvious, like the 22 row is
the 20 row ‡ the 2 row. Similarly the 7 row is the sum of the 2 and the 5 rows immediately
above it.

Exercise
Students often have little sense of very large and very small numbers. Question 4 and the Activity
should help with this.

P l e n ar y
Use the second and third Discussion Points to check that the students have mastered the lesson
Objective. If they have, they should have no difficulty with the mental work involved.
?2 For the second Discussion Point the problem 330  200 000 should now seem easy. Ensure that a clear
explanation is given.
?3 For the third Discussion Point division will be easier if you emphasise that this is simply the opposite
of multiplying. The table from the Task can be used for this purpose.

Example What is 440  20? How can we check this in the table?

2 Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational How our numbers work 1
 The metric system
6-7

Objectives
O r al a n d me n t al s t a r t e r
Students will learn
In each case, say which of the two is bigger, or if they
1 that a given prefix in the metric system are the same. (Answer (a), (b) or same).
always has the same meaning . (a) 102 (b) 100 . (a) 710 (b) 7010
2 the meanings of each prefix from nano . (a) 32
(b) 23
. (a) 1 cm (b) 1 m
to giga. . (a) 2222 (b) 15 . (a) 1 mile (b) 1 km
. (a) 666 (b) 63 . (a) 1 kg (b) You
Teaching notes . (a) 25
(b) 50 . (a) 106 (b) 1 million
For the first three Discussion Points the advertisement provides a good introduction. Most students
?1±3 will understand the meaning of kilo in this context but may have failed to make the link to kilogram,
kilometre etc. Discuss the meanings of centi and milli before commencing the Task. (Centi means a
hundredth, milli means a thousandth.)

Task (main teaching activity)

OHT This Task is really important. Students meet the metric system a great deal, in mathematics and
1
in other subjects. When they have got it right they should paste it onto the covers of their exercise
books. Make sure that they really do understand the ideas involved, including the fact that
1
1 centimetre ˆ 100 of a metre is the same as 100 centimetres ˆ 1 metre.
Answers to the Task:
Prefix Size How the prefix is used
giga  109 1 giga watt ˆ 1 000 000 000 watt
mega  106 1 mega tonne ˆ 1 000 000 tonnes
kilo  103 1 kilogram ˆ 1000 grams
hecta  102 1 hectare ˆ 100 ares
deca  101 1 decametre ˆ 10 metres
Basic Unit 1 Metre, litre, gram, are
deci  101 10 decimetres ˆ 1 metre
1 1
centi  100 1 centimetre ˆ 100 of a metre
1
milli  1000 1000 milligrams ˆ 1 gram
micro  1 0001 000 1 000 000 micrometres ˆ 1 metre
1
nano  1 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 nanoseconds ˆ 1 second

Ex e r c i s e
The Exercise is designed to reinforce the idea that a metric prefix is independent of the particular
units, just representing a power of 10.
In the Activity 1024 arises because it is 210. This is the nearest power of 2 to 100.
A megabyte ˆ 220 bytes (1 048 576). A gigabyte ˆ 230 bytes (1 073 741 824).

Pl ena r y
?4±5 Use the fourth and fifth Discussion Points to check Objective 1. The most important prefixes are covered in
the final Discussion Point, but refer back to the task for a more complete check on Objective 2.
It is worth noting that the special names for large and small powers of 10 occur in multiples of 3.
For the fifth Discussion Point students are not expected to convert from one type of unit to another.
Instead they should be encouraged to look for lengths containing the same digits and then decide
which are equivalent.
200 cm ˆ 2 m; 5 km ˆ 5000 m; 1.5 m ˆ 150 cm ˆ 1500 mm
2 m ˆ 0.002 km; 0.65 m ˆ 65 cm ˆ 650 mm; 6.5 cm ˆ 65 mm
WS Worksheet 5S can also be used with Chapter 11 (Everyday measures).
5S

1 How our numbers work Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational 3
Test How our numbers work test Test
This is an aural test.
This is a non-calculator test.
1
l
1 Write in figures
(a) One thousand four hundred
(b) Ten thousand two hundred and one
(c) Two million five thousand
(d) Six hundred and two million four hundred and
fifty six thousand
(e) Four billion fifty million eight hundred and ninety two thousand (5)

l
2 Write in words
(a) 256 (b) 7 540 (c) 56 010
(d) 12 072 000 (e) 6 721 000 000 (5)

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3 Write as a power of 10
(a) 1000 (b) 1 000 000 (c) 100 000 000 (3)

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4 What does the 8 represent in
(a) 864 (b) 48 251 (c) 184 000 (3)

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5 Without a calculator calculate
(a) 50  30 (b) 400  20 (c) 20 000  40 (3)

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6 Without a calculator calculate
(a) 200  10 (b) 2 600  20 (c) 360 000  30 (3)

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7 Write down
(a) How many centimetres in a metre.
(b) How many millilitres in a litre.
(c) How many grams in a kilogram. (3)

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8 Write down the following in the units required
(a) 300 cm in metres.
(b) 2000 ml in litres.
(c) 4500 gm in kilograms. (3)

l
9 Light travels at 300 000 000 metres per second.
(a) How many kilometres is this per second? (1)
(b) How many centimetres is this per second? (1)
Total 30 marks
A1

4 Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational How our numbers work 1
 How our numbers work
OHT Sheet OHT

Large numbers
1
Task, page 2
Name Number Power of ten Example
ten 10 101 ten fingers
hundred 100 102 hundred years in a century
1 000
ten thousand
100 000
million

billion 1 000 000 000

1 000 000 000 000

Using large numbers

Task, page 4
 10 100 20 30 200 300 1000 4000
2
5
7
12
20
22
200

The metric system

Task, page 6
Prefix Size How the prefix is used
giga  109 (or 1 000 000 000)
mega
kilo 1 kilogram ˆ 1000 grams
hecta 1 hectare ˆ 100 ares
deca

Basic unit 1 Metre, litre, gram, are

deci
1 1
centi  100 1 centimetre ˆ 100 of a metre
or 100 cm ˆ 1 metre
milli
micro
A1

nano

1 How our numbers work Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational 5
SU sheet Large numbers SU
A game for two players 1
To go with Activity on WS
2E

Player One ........................... Player Two ...........................

Round 1

Player One's
Number

Player Two's
Number

Winner ................... Points Scored ...................

Round 2

Player One's
Number

Player Two's
Number

Winner ................... Points Scored ...................

Round 3

Player One's
Number

Player Two's
Number

Winner ................... Points Scored ...................

Round 4

Player One's
Number

Player Two's
Number

Winner ................... Points Scored ...................

Total Score for Player One ...................

A1

Total Score for Player Two ...................

The winner is .....................................

6 Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational How our numbers work 1
 Large numbers
SU sheet WS
1S
l
1 Write these numbers in figures.
(a) 103 (b) 106 (c) 104 (d) 105 (e) 102

l
2 Now write the numbers you have written in Question 1 in words.

l
3 Write these numbers in figures.
(a) Two hundred and fourteen (b) Two hundred and forty
(c) One thousand nine hundred (d) Three hundred and
and two fifty thousand
(e) Ten thousand one hundred (f) Six thousand and fifty
and one

l
4 Anouska has four cards
number 1, 2, 3 and 4.

1 3
2 4

(a) She puts them in a row to make a four-digit

number. Her number is 2413. Write this number 2 4 1 3
in words.
(b) Write down, in figures not words, all the different four-digit numbers she
can make.
(c) What is the largest four-digit number she can make?
(d) What is the smallest?
(e) How many three-digit numbers can you make with Anouska's cards?
Try to write them down in order of size.

l
5 The number 325 can be thought of as 3 hundred
and 2 tens or 300 ‡ 20 ‡ 5.
and 5 ones

So 325 ˆ 300 ‡ 20 ‡ 5.

Write these numbers in the same way.

(a) 498 (b) 694 (c) 703
(d) 314 (e) 87 (f) 1234
(g) Seven thousand, three hundred and fifty eight
A1

(h) Two thousand and thirty four.

1 How our numbers work Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational 7
Worksheet Large numbers WS
l
1 You should know that 108 ˆ 100 000 000.
2E
Write these in the same way.
(a) 106 (b) 109 (c) 102 (d) 104

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2 In a similar way we can write 80 000 as 8  10 000 ˆ 8  104.
Write these numbers in a similar way.
(a) 70 000 (b) 500 000 (c) 7 000 000 000 000
(d) 60 (e) 100 000 000

l
3 Write these as ordinary numbers.
(a) 9  103 (b) 2  107 (c) 4  104 (d) 8  1012 (e) 109

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4 Write the answers to these as ordinary numbers.
(a) 2  103  3  102 (b) 3  102  4  103 (c) 2  104  5  103
(d) 6  104  7  102 (e) 6  101  8  104

l
5 Write these as ordinary numbers.
(a) 4  105  2 102 (b) 3.6  104  2 102 (c) 7.3  106  4 104
(d) 6  107  3 105 (e) 2  103  4 102 (f ) 2.45  106  3 103

Activity A Game for two players

You will need: Rules for the game:
. One die 1 Take it in turns to roll the dice and write the score
. one calculator somewhere in both your number and your opponent's
(optional) number. Play continues until both six digit numbers are
. one game sheet complete.
2 The highest number wins, and the number of points scored
is the difference between the two numbers.
3 After all the rounds are complete, each player adds up his/
her scores and the highest total is the winner.
Example: Alison and Brian are playing a game. They roll the
dice and decide Alison will go first. She gets a four.
Alison's She writes the
Number Player One's
Number
4 four anywhere
she likes in her
Brian's
Player Two's
Number 4 number and in
Number Brian's number.

Now it is Brian's turn. He gets a five and puts it in both numbers.

Player One's 4 5
Number
Player Two's
Number
5 4
Play continues until both numbers are complete. The biggest
A1

number is the winner of that round.

8 Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational How our numbers work 1
 Using large numbers
Worksheet WS
3S
Quick multiplication

Without a calculator, write down the answers to these.

l1 35ˆ l2 38ˆ l
3 73ˆ

l4 26ˆ l5 93ˆ l
6 72ˆ

l7 10  6 ˆ l8 95ˆ l
9 58ˆ

l
10 94ˆ l
11 11  5 ˆ l
12 67ˆ

Now write down the answers to these. You may use a calculator if you wish but
also use your answers to Section A.

l1 30  50 ˆ l2 30  80 ˆ l
3 70  30 ˆ

l4 20  60 ˆ l5 90  30 ˆ l
6 70  2 ˆ

l7 10  60 ˆ l8 9  50 ˆ l
9 50  80 ˆ

l
10 90  40 ˆ l
11 11  50 ˆ l
12 60  700 ˆ

C l
1 Compare your answers in Sections A and B. Write down any patterns or
rules that you notice.

l
2 Write down a rule to explain how you can work out the answer to
questions like 20  30 and 200  300 without any working.

Write down the answers to these without using a calculator.

l1 70  3 ˆ l2 30  40 ˆ l
3 600  30 ˆ

l4 20  90 ˆ l5 30  30 ˆ l
6 200  40 ˆ

l7 50  700 ˆ l8 11  30 ˆ l
9 12  40 ˆ

l
10 20  14 ˆ l
11 10  70 ˆ l
12 400  800 ˆ
A1

1 How our numbers work Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational 9
Worksheet Using large numbers WS
4S
Quick division
A

Without a calculator, write down the answers to these.

l1 10  2 ˆ l
2 20  2 ˆ l3 15  5 ˆ

l4 24  4 ˆ l
5 36  6 ˆ l6 45  5 ˆ

l7 42  6 ˆ l
8 27  9 ˆ l9 32  8 ˆ

l
10 24  2 ˆ l
11 64  8 ˆ l
12 100  10 ˆ

Now write down the answers to these. You may use a calculator if you wish but
also use your answers to Section A.

l1 100  2 ˆ l
2 200  20 ˆ l3 1500  5 ˆ

l4 240  40 ˆ l
5 3600  60 ˆ l6 4500  50 ˆ

l7 420  60 ˆ l
8 270  90 ˆ l9 3200  8 ˆ

l
10 2400  20 ˆ l
11 64 000  8 ˆ l
12 1 000 000  1000 ˆ

C l
1 Compare your answers in Sections A and B. Write down any patterns or
rules that you notice.

l
2 Write down a rule to explain how you can work out the answer to
questions like 200  40 and 200 000 000  400 without any
working.

Write down the answers to these without using a calculator.

l1 2500  50 ˆ l
2 5500  50 ˆ l3 6000  50 ˆ

l4 32 000  40 ˆ l
5 8100  9 ˆ l6 7200  80 ˆ

l7 490  70 ˆ l
8 36 000  120 ˆ l9 42 000  700 ˆ

l
10 360 000  200 ˆ l
11 280 000  700 ˆ l
12 106  104 ˆ
A1

10 Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational How our numbers work 1
 The metric system
Worksheet WS
5S
Metric units

A Length
1 m ˆ 100 cm 1 m ˆ 1000 mm 1 cm ˆ 10 mm

l
1 Examples: 2.5 m ˆ 250 cm 2.05 m ˆ 205 cm
Write these lengths in centimetres (cm).
(a) 3.6 m (b) 3.06 m (c) 0.5 m (d) 0.05 m (e) 6 m (f) 3.04 m

l
2 Examples: 62 cm ˆ 0.62 m 320 cm ˆ 3.2 m
Write these lengths in metres (m).
(a) 212 cm (b) 300 cm (c) 450 cm (d) 592 cm (e) 56 cm (f) 7 cm

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3 Examples: 3.5 cm ˆ 35 mm 19 cm ˆ 190 mm
Write these lengths in millimetres (mm).
(a) 12.5 cm (b) 9.6 cm (c) 27 cm (d) 2 cm (e) 12 cm (f) 2 m

B Mass
1 kg ˆ 1000 g Examples:
1.255 kg ˆ 1255 g 1.65 kg ˆ 1650 g
7.25 kg ˆ 7250 g 7.6 kg ˆ 7600 g

l
1 Write these masses in grammes (g).
(a) 2.255 kg (b) 3.125 kg (c) 6.783 kg (d) 5.55 kg (e) 6.25 kg (f) 0.5 kg

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2 Examples: 2375 g ˆ 2.375 kg 100 g ˆ 0.1 kg 250 g ˆ 0.25 kg 4000 g ˆ 4 kg
Write these masses in kilogrammes (kg).
(a) 3975 g (b) 4266 g (c) 750 g (d) 550 g (e) 600 g (f) 15 g

C Money
Examples: £0.75 = 75p £2.01 ˆ 201p
l
1 Write these amounts in pence (p).
(a) £3.57 (b) £2.05 (c) £0.10 (d) £0.02 (e) £8 (f) £9.99

l
2 Write these amounts in pounds (£).
(a) 30p (b) 3p (c) 172p (d) 621p (e) 9000p (f) 45p

D Copy the following into your book and fill in the gaps.
Example: £1.25 ˆ 125p

l1 £2.03 ˆ p l2 £0.05 ˆ p l
3 25p ˆ £

l4 10 cm ˆ mm l5 100 cm ˆ mm l
6 230 cm ˆ m

l7 7000 mm ˆ m l8 7 kg ˆ g l
9 0.5 kg ˆ g

l
10 2575 g ˆ kg l
11 £20 ˆ p l
12 9p ˆ £
A1

l
13 6000p ˆ £ l
14 55 mm ˆ cm l
15 155 mm ˆ cm

1 How our numbers work Formula One Maths Book A1 Q 2003, Hodder & Stoughton Educational 11