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    HV-LV Training Course

    Uploaded by

    Sudhir Joshi

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Assets Training & Technical Services Pte Ltd HIGH & Low VOLTAGE OPERATION COURSE Unit Title Pages 1a Dangers of Electricity, and First Aid 1-42 1b First Aid- presentation 1-34 2a Regulations, Responsibi 1-28 2b Permits to Work 1-43 3. Electrical systems and faults 1-88 4 Synchronisation 1-24 5 High Voltage Switchgear and 1-114 protection 6 Low Voltage Switchgear and 1-51 protection 7 Switching Procedures 1-54 8 Inspection and Maintenance 1-22 i“ “S, ATTS HVILV Operations Course el i “=" Dangers of Electricity To Personnel Electrocution (death by shock) Shock Buns Other Injuries caused by falls etc To Plant Explosion Fire ‘Mechanical damage “, ATTSHVILV Operations Course Electric shock isa traumatic state due to electric current passing through the body. + The kind and amount of damage done depends ‘on the intonsity, typo, and duration of the ‘current. + Italso depends on where the current frst ‘ontorec the body and the passage through the body. + Electrical burns and widespread tissue death ‘may occur, + Severe shock from an electrical current may ‘cause muscle contractions, respiratory paralysis, unconsciousness, and cardiac arrest. fa ) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Electric shock:- The electric current passes through the body only ‘when the circuit is complete - current will pass through the body betwoen parts that are in contact with conductors at different voltage (or with ive conductor and groune). eo ao to FEET: isk of domaging £7) ATTS HVILY Operations Course Ve HAND to HAND: Risk of damaging HEAD to FEET; ‘isk of damaging eRAIN HEART (G5) ATTSHUILW operations course Se Electric shock reduces the body resistance and increases the current. Longer exporure tothe low voltages can be just dangerous as. short ‘exposure to Fighor voltages. Note — ion voltage does not imply low hazard - so avays respect the vatiage, £73) ATTSHVILV Operations Course &) HUMAN BODY RESISTANCE: a > enon eae essen =| == eS 2a (Gop ATIS HWY Operations Gourse Consequences con the ingividual EC 479-1 & 2 4S) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Below miampere Gane not parcapte * mitampere Frnt Tingle Smilonperes {6-24 mitampares (wom) sho ons oF mueslor 2-30 mitampere (nen) {5 ATTS HVILY Operations Course ie) “Se etects of Electric Current on the Human Body Reaction currant Resctlon BD illamperes, 23 10004200 mitlamperes 2h sunny 10,000 rstamperes ‘Above mA thare may be bums atthe point of contact, and ‘death can oectr rom ventricular fiblation (heart beats to fst to ‘pune f°) ATTSHVILV Operations Course gal +The table shows why RCD’ are rated at 30mA + Itcan also be seen from the table why itis best to touch anything which may give you a shock ‘with the back of your hand + Even a minor shock may cause a fall from height which could be just as severe as a major shock if not fatal {°“) ATTS HVILV Operations Course iz) Burns Bue ete cninon tek tet Tay ‘en at tow re ts bo err at xs ses ap fonts tes avatar an exe conser ‘Arco Flas bums resus om high tempers caused by cexposion nar te body ‘Therma Contact Buns are caused when sin teuches hot curses of eleteal conductor or energized equipment. £0", ATTSHVILV Operations Course ATTS HVILV Operations Course Other Injuries + Falls caused by shock can result in broken bones and bleeding injurles + Shock can bring on heart attacks and worsen existing ‘medical conditions ‘See the separate t Aid presentation £_, ATTS HVILY Operations Course Do not touch any shock victim until the voltage source has been isolated or an insulated hook is available to remove the victim from the electrical source | | f ATTS HVILV Operations Course Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation SV See the separate First Aid presentation a “, ATTSHVILV Operations Course ae) Danger to plant and equipment ELECTRICAL EXPLOSION & FIRE f°) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ce) £2, ATTS HVILV Operations Course &) + Fires - normally the result of overheated ‘conductors, arcs or sparks which then ignite flammable material ifthe correct temperature is attained, + Explosions ~ normally caused by the arcing of high energy, short circuit currents, and range from that of the ferocity of a thunder and lightning flash to the “pop” of a fuse rupturing. (Go) ATISHUILY operations Course ps, + From switchgear and transformers, any effect, of an explosion could send sheets of expelied, buming oil or cooling medium into the. surrounding area, with potentially lethal ‘consequences. + The amount of electrical energy released, (MVA), and the space in which it occurs cause the violent nature of the explosion ATTS HVILV Operations Course + Under fault conditions the design impedance of the circuit is dramatically reduced, which in turn leads to high levels of MVA input to the fault + The large MVA input can result in explosion and the vaporization of insulation and copper conductor materials (op) ATTS HV Operations Course (ee ¢ >) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ae) Ionisation “ve ering wt igh valage systems emu be rebar at a ee hat ‘he dole sargh othe a neltan maybe ovoraested ad ure elie face “This ray ocr wi act crac wth he concer angle. fy ATTS HVILV Operations Course \e! ‘This is 2 196 picture of a person high on drug tempting to etimb an ‘lectrial supply pole tive ‘at 16,600 volt ‘The lw voltage supply has already been switched off “brie company fy ATTSHVILV Operations Course This individual atompts to touch the high voltage cenductor! ‘As the contact distance decreases the 16.6KV Tonises the aie gap and ‘causes the flash- over. {3} ATTS HVILV Operations Course GG) ATs operations course = Unit 1- Guide To Electrical Safety Electical Fires hf you are not trained, the best b evacuate the area and cal for ¢ ) ATTS HVILV Operations Course é a Electrical Safety. Principles of Electrical Actions Basic prinples of electrical action help to understand and evaluate dectic shock hazard These principles areas follows:- + Eletraty does not spring into action uni curent flows, + Curren not fo unl there is @loop fem voltage + Electric curent aways returns tothe volte source that created transformer. + Wen euont Sows, energy i elated, + High votage can cause high curent flow & ATTS HVILV Operations Course Electrical Safety ot acta cient reat foro ote long reasons + Unsafe equipment orinsation, * Unefeervirnmant + Unste werk practies. ‘Aecidonts can be prevented inthe flowing ways + Use cores ype of insulation materia ols, + Proper guar of tre elec equipment —barriar if equred + Use Danger & Caxton notices + Grouncng els or eectcal systems -infentonally ‘resting a low-esleanoe path that connect tothe earth. Provide proper ereutprtsctve dovea fuses and Creu breakers -to open and broak tho oicut utomatcaly ‘en pa much eurent ows hugh hem, f 2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course = Electrical Safety Protecton agains lect hazards + Follow safe work pacts by ° do-enerizng electric equpments before inspection or repair. keeping electrical tools properly maintained, exercising caution when working near energized lines, using sppropriate personal protective equipments never use aerosol spray cans around high votage ‘equioments. enue proper traning of workers to perform thet job ‘safe. f 3) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Se Are Flash {CS) ATTSHVILY Operations Course (es ‘An are flash explosion occurs when there is a short Circuit between electrified conductors. ‘When the isolation between the conductors is breached, the air surrounding the short can ionize creating an intense energy flash, or arc, The arc ‘temperature can reach thousands of degrees as it ‘creates a brilliant flash of light and a loud noise. ‘An enormous amount of concentrated radiant energy explodes outward from the equipment, spreading hot gases and melting metal {<5 ATTS HVILY Operations Course io ‘The fast-moving pressure wave can also send loose ‘material such as pieces of equipment, metal tools, and other objects flying, injuring anyone standing nearby, The arc flash can cause death or severe radiation bums, and the pressure waves can damage hearing or brain function. The light flash can damage eyesight, Clothing can instantly burst into flames, and will continue burning long after the arc energy has dissipated |", arts HvILV operations Course a! incident Energy ke any, etn fe aunt of enraged Srasurens cera dames fomesoues pteeed Sonn ckernancent or reer sreesnatn Incident energy isa measure ofthe neat create bythe ‘loctcal arc ands expressed in calories per cv? Incident energy levels greater than 12 cal Jon? can produce second-degree burns, ‘Arc ash levels above 40 cal/on? can bafta usualy resulting Ina massive prossursed blast vith sound pressure waves ana ejecios. “™, ATS HVILV Operations Course eS! Personal Protective Equpment Sipe AE main sto sono 0 Slo toner efoc tone psa Genre cust ta neds caret ‘Ac fash PPE must be wom if provided by the company: the type provided wal match the calculated Incident energy forthe eysiom tobe worked on. “The PPE includes fe-esitant suits and hoods along with non-condustve wands. @ ATTS HVILV Operations Course ee PE for maximum incklent energies of 18,25 and 40 cae? #_, ATTS HVILV Operations Course @ ‘Are Flash Hazard — Arc damage to PPE, but worker was protected ¢, ATTS HVILV Operations Course ie To protect operators, new standards requte a lash protection boundary.” The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the USA has adopted the "70E Standards for Electric Safety in the Workplace” by the National Fire Protection Association, as an acceptable means of ‘compliance to meet this requirement ‘Access to potentially energized equipment capable of generating an arc flash must be limited to qualified Personnel with extensive protective clothing and ‘equipment, £3) ATTS AVILV Operations Course el gains inmany counties reading NFPA TOE, areunngitsa barter om rontars Virdee is ieressng anarnes othe exter dangers of ats, and modem swichea’ a eaupmet sdeignedwan sini Okir eichoud nd panels, however, may hav xy minimal arc flash protection, and extra precautions are needed when working on these, ATTS HVILY Operations Course End ft )) ATISHVILY Operations Course First Aid For HVILV Course £5, ATTS HVILV Operations Course ie — First Aid — An Introduction ‘for Electrician & he (5, ATTS HVILY Operations Course 2 What isis id? The immediate assistance or treatment given tothe Injured ri, before atval of an amBulance, doctor or ‘ther appropriately qualified person + the casualty isnot bresting, breathe for them «the casually is bleeding, contol i Some casuals of accents dle or suffer unnecessarily because nobody a the scene knew wha to do. 2 ATTS HVILV Operations Course @ {Sy ATTS HVILV Operations Course ia — Aims of First Aid := 3 P's = Preserve Life + Prevent the condition from becoming worse Promote recovery {12 ATTSHVILV Operations Course \gal ‘= Primary Survey Accidents may occur at anytime, when you least expect. ‘tis important to remain elm and clear headed in order to ‘safely respond to the casualty Careless frst alc may not ony eause the casually tod, but may also put the responder in unnecessary danger! a ATS HVILY Operations Course tee) Piimary Suvey + Inany incident, always folow the Basle Priotty Stops: Banger Response Alevay Breathing Grealaion Iwo or more persons are q present, one should al for hel while the ater begins rt ai, {3} ATTS HVILV Operations Course = Primary Suney ‘Danger + D-Danger Lo0k out for azar Endure thatthe aoa is te for youre, bytanders andthe easly In olctical shock, ela power supply i posse In high votage enveorments, do nat temp to Dhysealy move cosuay away rom source uness you Sr adequately proteced if yl ATTS HVILV Operations Course “ Primary Survey Ne = Response + R-Resnonee Chee response tom the catuaty + Cal tap or gent shake casualty ard shout Hello Hello! Are Gal go «+ Ressense gous A: let casuaty Alen? 1°" Does ne epe his yes an espa oqustons? it: Does the casualty expo to Voie? Doss he answer snp question nd obey command? “+B Dees he casuaty respond to Pain? ‘Doos le open his ayes er move if pinched? “+ U: Is thecasuaty Uneesponsive to any stubs? re ir response, shout Hep Col an ambulncs i 26/12" (>, ATTSHVILV Operations Course ss Primary Survey =Alnvoy As hiway + lt aways ike, cast cant breathe and vil de. ‘iste be nos nparant poy st + Common cautes of bockages a + Casuaty/s tongue {ein te moh vis) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Primary Survey Away 1 Open and car the aay ‘Tine read back gely and suppor the aw. ‘This wil ler the tongue snc open up the ssoway ‘atari food pares, vomitus. 1+ Remove foegn mettle 1+ For vomitus, tun the casual immediatly othe sie poston Fl wil rain away, but auc wipe away any + Cathe mouth by using he Eger sweeps, technique or wipe wih 2 two, > ATTS HVILV Operations Course te Primary Survey Breathing + 8-breaieg * Seoond pry a prvi et ito feceuay + Lg or movement of the chestand SElonen + Liste a meving in & outa he rowan rose. ‘aaftorte a coring and ct fom ecasuays rou by pacing tecnat above toca ah ‘Check breathing upto 10 seconds Ge a) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ee) Primary Survey Breathing tft casas beating butremain| ‘+ Pace casa inthe recovery pion 1 the casuals ot breathing Gove 2 bats + Phe asus ose wih numb nd + Tate adeep breath and seal ip around aauaiy’s mou + io cro sow breath unl you see the chest se, Repost wit second bea, + B.seconds or breath + 00101000 ml of air 1 Atow ung defiaton between teaths £3) ATTSHVILY Operations Course (gs) Primary Survey + @-cleuaten * Locate the casuals carat pute 1 Place he ingarson the aan bpieani sie hen he gooveopaat bck * Hees apse and sins of ‘Ratt beating 24 prom ‘escus ecathing fnedosary NOT wane . gestern Saneot | preoares or CPR Rave Pulmonary Eranges erica. * Resicisiont CER Fenedatays | Pecee Dotty on ronan ay the CPR you nay have learned nba £5) ATIS HuLv operations Course Age) conto Punonany Resuscate (CPRY + Preparing or Compression Main nese + Locate helowermost ra Side mdse nd index ogee ‘ong the nb tthe nat where ‘he lngermost re mest the temum ¢%, ATTS HVILV Operations Course Age) cao Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 1 ae helt nec tangan | ‘he lower hao the trum, St ext the index ger. + Thofrst hand shen removes mn ‘he nteh, paced on topo th Nand, wich onthe tena 1 troc your ingore 1 Lack stows enc bring shoulders rect over he cutsetchod hands. ATTS HVILV Operations Course Garcio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) + Chest Compression "a0 compressions: 2 beans + Paver 30 compressions othe depth of 4 ~ Sem and ‘tharos of pbronmaly 105 pet mine. + Seymmemon: 182438485, 1a2aseae io 1a243eaeis..20 + Ge 2 breath afer 20 conpressns + Perm cycles + Asses for pulse ae 5 oy approximately 2 mins). I pulse absont, continue CPR an ATTS HVILV Operations Course ge) © casio non Rosisctten PR) +f aos cotected 1 Chock forretum breathing * easly is breathing, lace him n he recovery poston + easaty isnot resting, perform rescue Dreathing ut casuaty resumes beating + Give breath of 400t 000ml of rin evry + Check orbreathing ster every 12 ventatons + Heating is detects, move patente recovery postion + ASSe5 ial sgns over 10 mins GS) ATS operations course Rescue Breathing 1+ Ge 1 Rescue Boating in every 5 seconds intra for one rinvto (12tmos) “Blow ae say mnemonic: ‘+ 8 thousand {ea housand 1S thousand £5, ATTS HVILV Operations Course Ratio Comprecsions to Breathe 302 ‘Compression Rats 100 per min ‘Compression Depth 450m oft ia ATTS HVILV Operations Course: £3) ATTSHVILV Operations Course ‘=! High Voltage Curent 1 Voeccty curent may arp to 18m 1 Isolate power teore approaching casually Casual shel tobe unconscious ‘Once rou have made area safe, open alway and check bresting and begn GPR trecessary £%, ATTS HVILY Operations Course S Electrical nares + a parsoniseacrocutad he curent may stn and cause beating and tert oop. +The letcal current may cause bus bth on enty and ent. + HV euront i usualy fatal eacuay eunves they wit have severe bums, a) ih ') ATTS HVILY Operations Course = Electrical Flash Bums ATTS HVILV Operations Course Fitst Aid for Electrical Bus 1+ Recopiion of lctioal bum scorching, chang, sweling + Slans cf shook ‘+ Broun coppery rexuo on the skin facing has taken place, ““, ATTSHVILV Operations Course: ve “Treatment for Electrical Bums + Ite power source + Flodinued ra wih cot gud Cutavay any buned ening Remove ewollry walchos Covert sore nn fu dessinglng Eleva & Caller aulance Reassureand teat shock! ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘Shook (Medical) 1 Every serious ny is aways ‘soompi by shock of wich ‘here are 2 ype8 + Nanous stock 1 Panic overreaction + Tue stocs + Defined a8 a redction in volume and pressure of ‘eating blood G 2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘Shock (Medical) 1+ Outer body ore gous nner corto sustain vil agen ‘+ Ardutonn blood walume canbe caused by: + Blood ost + Praara loss (buns) + Dehyoration Hoar stack + Voting £2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘a! Shock: Slans and Symptoms + Confuse, etharl,anxious, aoyressve + Sk: Bal. cold and clammy 1 Bresting: 1 sak and shal: age & ATTS HVILV Operations Course ee) “Severe shock can be the start ofthe dying process! “TWeaimentirsnoce + Treat obvious cause ~ buns, eeding Keep head ow, aise tos FReassue casualty ~ GET HELP! Loosen any tight ting Keep war, butnot over war! ‘Do mot gve anything by moth, or move j@ ATTS HVILV Operations Course Se Heart Attack + Occurs when boos evel o hear ‘muscles ober Sians & Symptoms: - ‘ce ke pain down arm and chest i“ 1 shen sin, eyaesis ops “) ATTS HVILV Operations Course @ me Place casuay a te W- postion ‘Boot move ~ Get help! ‘Reassue, mono breating— check fer medication -R & R ropared to essa! CPR f 5) ATTS HVILV Operations Course el = Bleeding ‘Sovere earl or intemal loos oss canbe tt 1 Majer artral blading must be ves frst 1 Blood spurs cut, beg red &tothynexiout ATTS HVILV Operations Course ® ‘Treatment for bleeding 1 Puton dipossbi gloves 1 Apply cect pressure tothe wound with a pad (cian lath) for ‘ngers unl 2 sere eessingis avalabie ' Ras and suppot inured mb, Take cares you suspect a bone hae been boven 1 Lay casuaty downto eat for shook “Bandage tre pa or cessing tml contol biesing, but nt so tight rat tops the crelaon t ngere oto, f bleeding seeps tough frst bandage, cover witha second bandage, I bleeting contnues to soep trough bandage, remove tnd eappy. ep = ‘Treat for shock 1 ia 905 br an ambulance > ATTS HVILY Operations Course a Unit 2a Regulations did Legislation ATTSHVILV Operations Course Regulations and Legislation in Singapore appeatereputons a The Electricity Act ~ Electricity (Electrical Installations) Regulations 2004 (Codes o prize that also apply ineudo CP 5: Electical Installations P17: Maintenance of electrical switchgear for voltages Lup to and including 22K P16: Eerthing &) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Duties under the Singapore Regulations ‘Authorised High Voltage Switching Engineer “Sis conetnt pons Competent Person Liconced Electrical Worker {_, ATTS HVILV Operations Course ie Sn pracy rats copy we rte UK + The Heath & Safety at Work Act 1874 + The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 + The Offshore Electret & Noise Regulations 1908 Erooyr ue te ave ours wan Joven tel decal say cures nd proce. tpt’ aocrat oasis omayes in mest ta baton ‘ras ropa ce. + 86:7871- Requirements fo Electrical lnstalatons (IEE Rope, 16" Eaten) + IEE~Recemmendatons for eleteal& electronic eaupment of Hobie & Fred Ofshore netalsions Health & Safety at Work Act ‘The Health and Safety at Work Act is the ‘umbrella’ document which covers all disciplines in the work area. The Act itself has no specific electrical requirements but refers to the Duties Section of the act, and an Improvement or Prohibition Notice can be issued for an electrical offence. = Health & Safety at Work Act Section 2 + This section deals with the general duties of employers for the health, safety and welfare of their employees. ‘Safety policy is monitored and revised by: Safery Officers ~ Safety Committees ~ Safety Representatives Safeyy Rules a) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Health & Safety at Work Act Section 3 + This Section deats with the duties of employers and the self employed to Persons other than employees, i.e., other people in the vicinity of a work site. ATTS HVILV Operations Course Health & Safety at Work Act Section 7 + This Section imposes the duties on employees for the care of their own and others safety. * This has to be done in co-operation with thelr employers ‘ote to fulfil their statutory obligat = g 3) ATTS HVILV Operations Course = Health & Safety at Work Act Section 8 + Under this Section the vandalism of safety equipment is prohibited. You might wonder, who would even think of vandalising safety equipment? " ATTSHVILV Operations Course “" Health & Safety at Work Act Section 40 + This is termed the "hindsight" clause and should be approached with caution as it could be unfair to its victim. + In this Section it says that in any legal procesdings for an alleged infringement of the duties clauses, the accused party has to prove ‘hat itwas not practical for them to have taken ‘any more precautions "ATS HVILY Operations Course = Health & Safety at Work Act a Employers duties “To ensure as far a8 reasonably practicable, the health safety and welfare ofall employees To provide systems of work that are so far as reasonably practicable safe and without risk to health Employees duties ‘To take reasonable care to ensure personal health & safety To take reasonable care to ensure the health & safety of other persons who may be affected by the employees acts “S, ATS HVILV Operations Course ‘3 Electricity at Work Regulations Definition of electrical equipment: “Anything used, intended to be used or installed for use, to generate, transmit transform, retity, convert, conduct, Aistrbute, control, store, measure or use electrical energy” {As in the HASAWA, the employer i rasponsible for proviion of safe system of work (Some ofthis responsibilty may be delegated to an employee 2.g,SAEP) tis the duty of the employee to co-operate with the employer to enable ‘ny legislative duty placed on that employer tobe compton with Its also the duty ofthe o EAWR in 0 fara they re control yee to comply with the provisions ofthe to mators which are within heer G) ATTS HVILV Operations Course \e! Electricity at Work Regulations Regulation 4 ‘Allystoms stat at all ines be of such construction ao prevent 80 fer 8 reasonabypractcabe, danger [As ray be necessary t prevent danger al ystems shal be maintained 5048 fo revels fora reasonably pratcable, sush danger Every work acti, ncn operation, use anc maintenance of syste and wre nar3eyetom shal ba cued out eveh a manner aE not to gve se 0 frase raasonatlypacabe to cangor ‘Any equpmentgrovded under these regulations forthe purpose of ‘rotezng poor at wort on ar ear ekcical quent shat be “ulaole rho se for which ts provides be maitane na conion| Stabe fr tatuee and propery uses @ ATTS HVILY Operations Course SE Electricity at Work Regulations Regulation 12 ‘Whore necessary to prevent danger, suitable means (including methods ef entiying ects) shall be avaliable for: + Cuting of te suply electrical energy to any electrical ‘auipmentand he isolation of any elcrialequipment ¢ :) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ) Electricity at Work Regulations Regulation 13 ‘Ati recalion shal be len prevent lc cpment ‘hi hs een mae oad oro revert canger a work = “oriedat onorrerihtaupmen for secon Seorcaty ‘args ng at wok Sanger nay ery Gulden inthe sas of wxk vpn HY eruts eon poco sted ‘ra eatin occult mol nthe o pas of elton ‘pms purpose but aes Proving Dea ted operation fe test eve 2. Prete cate wre upon dead 2 Revel opeaton eet dave Remember that for a delta connection itis necessary to test between phases as well as fo earth G 2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Electricity at Work Regulations Regulation 14 "No person shal be engage in any work sctvy on or so near any Ive conductor tat danger may arise unless: ‘ts umeesonabe in a the ctounstenes keto be dead and= 1g reasnabiein al the crcumstances fer thm obo stork on or rear whois hv and = Sutatoprocsuton intung wher necessary he provision of sulable protective eauement) aro akon {oprevertinury Examplos - Live work on battories ete, typically under control of LOA Limitation of Access {ED) AtTsHviy operations course Electricity at Work Regulations Regulation 16 No person shall be engaged in any work activity where technical knowiedge or experience is necessary to prevent danger, or where appropriate, injury, unless he/she posses ‘such knowisdge or experience, ors under such degree of supervision as may be appropriate having regard to the nature ofthe work Gp ATSHVIY operations Course a Electricity at Work Regulations Offshore Electricity & Noise Regulations ‘What isthe overall purpose of the Regulations? + To requie the taking of precautions against the risk arising oF doath or personnel injury from the uso or utiisation of elctrioty Ge ATTS HVILY Operations Course = Electricity at Work Regulations Offshore Electricity & Noise Regulations Wha i mean by poreoal injury rom crcl Lect shck Becca Bins Fresca toma dete! gn eect ring Bik tes tity. oy ATTS HVILV Operations Course & Electricity at Work Regulations Offshore Electricity & Noise Regulations How can danger be prevented when work is being carried ‘out on or near equipment which has made dead? Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent the equipment from becoming ve:- + By isolation, + By locking off and the removal of fuses. + By the use of earthing arrangements. + By proving dead, + By folowing witten procedures. ATTS HVILV Operations Course Electricity at Work Regulations Offshore Electricity & Noise Regulations Can workbe carried out on or near live conductors? ‘Not unless:- + Itis unreasonable frit to be dead, + Itisreasonable forthe person to work on or near toitwhile tis stil ive + Suiteble precautions ae taken to prevent injury “S, ATTSHVILV Operations Course “ef Electricity at Work Regulations Offsnore Electricity & Noise Regulations To prevent injury, what aro the roqulred site cont before working on or near electrical apparatus? +) Adequate working space +) Adequate means of access, + it) Adequate lighting, £2} ATTS HVILV Operations Course — Electricity at Work Regulations Offshore Electricity & Noise Regulations How should danger andlor injury to a person. ‘engaged in a work activity be prevented? + Persons should possess adequate technical knowledge or the experience necessary to cary out the work orto be supervised. £25) ATS HVILY Operations Course ie Electricity at Work Regulations Offshore Electricity & Noise Regulations What is meant by technical knowledge or experience? ‘Adequate knowiedge of the nature of electricity + Adequate experience of electrical work. + Adequate understanding of system and practical experience ofthat type of system, ‘The understanding ofthe hazards which may arise. Ability to recognise whether or nati is safe for work to continue, 3) ATISHLY operations Course + There have been a numiber of accidents offshore in ‘which people have been injured while working on electrical switchboards + A.common factor n each incident was that fechnicans were engaged in ive Working activities eee watvpt een £3 ATTSHVILY Operations Course \gal + All of these accidents could have been prevented if an adequate risk assessment had been carried out by an electrically competent manager or supervisor at the work planning stage, and suitable precautions had thereby been taken. & 3) ATTS HVILV Operations Course & "Dead' working; + Work on electrical apparatus should normally be undertaken ‘dead’, with the individual cubicles or sections of a switchboard to be ‘worked upon isolated and otherwise safeguarded against becoming electrically charged ATTS HVILV Operations Course End =) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Permit to Work and Safe Isolation @ ATTS HVILV Operations Course Contents + Introduction + Permit to Work. + Safe Isolation (pj ANTS HV Operations Course ie Introduction + Rosine operation of seta equpment cared ox by peratona personel (ha user) + Only Authored Electrical Personnel may perform snthing ‘operaton,inspeson, maintenancs or ep of equement. + Stingent contolis required o ensure he safety of parsoonel snd plant wnen such work scared ou + Posse danger of electra! shocchy arc ord contact + anger ot damage o equipment andor fe) by uncontrote rotaee of energy + anger of expsslon in hazardous seas EX petetion nt @& ATTS HVILV Operations Course etic! equipment may require sae opening or remove, cteaved be towing guidlines, + Ezupmenta 1 be load and agro ached Ena potcton agent act coat by encase or bar +The proper Personal raectveEqupment mt he sed + Adequate nl eae acces othe eqiment mst bo ensirod = The environment te wera mute ae “Apron wove in operaton and management oft tected pln raat be aware le worktobe caved ou ‘The above requirements are covered by the Permit to Work and associated documents ¢ 12) ATTS Hvity Operations Course er PERMIT TO WORK + PenmitTo Work eT + Many eecical accidents are du afte to lan ahead. + Sate wing pactces rly on cleat thought out systems of work arid teeugh by edeausaly competent and trined persone’ who ae slfscipne and aware of tar un Titans, + Recklesness win eocticty can lsat ny, death and rma charges (>) ATTSHVILY operations Course eS PERMIT TO WORK + Proper Vork Planning + Proper work planing s very important and mal factors to be coneiered ae + Deals of the work to be done. + Detals of the hazards ofthe system or equipment to be + Consideration ofthe personnel doing the work and the level of superision necessary. + dentition of the precautions tobe taken. + Description of the system of work tobe employed oy @ ATTS HVILV Operations Course Why Permit To Work is reauired: ee eee neee ing pao von ota ‘ine spctc ae conte by saneane de > Topo cr! showing hatte mate of werk an the penton neces hee breed byte utara Fry > Toronto! the ressrbilty freemen ore hae > Tonmorsne condone eqspnentor eee in + Deszripion of werkt be cad out + Wott proparton routed (acess equipment, slaton, 928 Cech removal ef bares ot) + Protection equipment requte, and precautions to be taken + Auhortzton and Co-rdinaton dtl and sgnatures + Completion and Canceltin deta and signatures 5) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Se PERMIT TO WORK + tsuanes of PTW * A pemittoswork sould be losued by only a designated competent parson + Tis person shoud be authried in wing, by the employer o Issue prmisrelsing to speed enuipmento ystems f > ATTS HVILV Operations Course = PERMIT TO WORK + Before suing the pei, tis person shoul work tin det and in wing, what he various sepa are to + Disconnsct Isolate + Prove dead + Lock OFF and earth (CME) + Post waming notices + entity to equipment to be worked on + Identity acjacont equipment which wil til be lve ATTS HVILV Operations Course PERMIT TO WORK +The parmito work must site ceary- + Towham the pamitis addressed e.he leader fhe grouper woking party, who willbe presen rougrout the work. + Thorac equpment which has boon made dead and its reise cation, +The pons of olaton + Where he conductors ce earthos, C >) ATISHUILY Operations Course S PERMIT TO WORK + Where waring ntces ae posted and spacial aety + locks fits, + Thenatue ofthe work tobe cared out. ‘The presence of any other source of hazard, with + cress reference to eter relevant pets + Further procautons © be ten during the course of 2 te wor ¢ >) ATTS HVILV Operations Course } = PERMIT TO WORK + Its pretrabe to inci a diagram showing he zone of work + tt stony comment tat ne permits aed at the place ‘where ne were bang done, + tft perton suing tho pari wil ao be doing the work, Rie strongy reconmranded that another parson shou maken isaepencent check othe precautions taken ¢° >, ATTS HVILV Operations Course ) PERMIT TO WORK ‘Canoe an EPTW an Sanco tr Teton "S, ATTS HVILV Operations Course = PERMIT TO WORK = + Senior Authorised Electrical Person Can tsuotcancel al electrical prmits -EPTW, SFT & LOA + Canwork on HV and LY ciruits ‘Can apply and emove CMEs and is usualy the senior lectial representative on site ATTS HVILV Operations Course PERMIT TO WORK The person whe acces the permit bin mmedite charge ofthe operation, Is reponelle or ensuring hat alte specie safety proeavton ae adored eure tat only pert work is done an tet his Is mined fo the area coed te peat Ite permits issue othe laser ofa group, the leader _coep erponeti for poopie ne OUP iG >) ATTSHVILV Oporations Course ze) a PERMIT TO WORK + Becmit clearance ors completion) + Vihen ts werk is completo, the permit learance shoul: + Be signed by the person to wham was issue, + Dovare hat any adetona ers have been remeved. *+ Dodero tat al tole have boon removed + Declare poop in the group have been witha, (5) ATTSHVILY Operations Course \e PERMIT TO WORK +_Typieal Permit documentation EiewicalPomita Wore (PTW) [EPTW Wo [heft Sora upon fas bee nade cafe ascorance th the dc! Sit nar he wor tala ns Ea Paro pecoee| | Beate Eaipe vokage REO root a omer Equpment os Live <'%, ATS HVILV Operations Course = PERMIT TO WORK ([Monctobedons | i ical pan ar ari an an ae etd Dan harp Seu an ats pe Sear Eat tty ea Kae Coo Pesaran Wane of Poses acompaning woven A EPTA aa iae ena @ ATTS HVILV Operations Course a PERMIT TO WORK + Typleal Permit documentation + Receipt accept responsi fo caring out he Work on ‘he Elecrcal Equipment a dla nis Elect! Pert 0 ‘Wer and no atompt willbe made by me or persons under my charge te Werk onary cther Becca Equpmert + Sorat of SenirAthoriced Competent Betical Parton + Time Date co >) ATTSHVILY Operations Course = PERMIT TO WORK + Clearance + Allperanrs under my charge have now been wtherawn and ‘warned that tis no longer safe ower onthe Elects! Equipe dead on is Etctcal Part to Work Al _adaional Earhs have been removed + The Wor is Corpict/Suspended + Signature of SenoAuthorsed! Competent Electrcal Person + Tene Da =) ATTS HVILV Operations Course: ors PERMIT TO WORK + Cancelaion This Becta! Permit to Work is naw eanesed + The GioutMain Earths ae RemovedNot Removed + The Elctcal EquipmentisteatedDo-ioltes + Sigrature of Sonor Authorised Eteticl Person + Time Date “'%. ATTS HVILV Operations Course \ PERMIT TO WORK + Backup documents to PTW ‘An oloctcal PTW may bo bachod up with ether requ ouments such a ‘Sanction fer Tet Cenifnte (STC) Electial Limitation of cess Certificate (AC) ‘Safe Iesaton Cafes (SIC) Prepertion/ Reinstatement Certificate (PRC) =) ATTS HVILV Operations Course PERMIT TO WORK + sancton For Tost Sanction for Test (SFT) Permit No eso ‘Serco Ei Pesan | he eowing Beciel Endpraré hos boca made stew escodarcs | th he ose Satyr tested te Sanson or HTeatpronees ecient [Tease be one ATTS HVILV Operations Course PERMIT TO WORK [ons a si cial Equponthas Boo lid ard Cauibn | Mesos ose Danger Noss owed a eu Main taped a reutMain a wich maybe ‘erevester ing ‘Gre vin Sare wich may netbe removed eng ner pesions £22) ATTSHVILY Operations Course \e PERMIT TO WORK Acconparinent + Name oF Person(s) accompanying einen of his SFT + Rect * | accet spony fete eng of he Eletel Eason as ett hs Sncion fr Tea a fring preeactone prevent + Slonauest Seiouthorsed Compete Ele Peon + Time ate é ) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ey PERMIT TO WORK + Avpene unde my tags have ow ben lane ana are aieoing eto ett Ge po es oe + At asiina ants have beencemoved PERMIT TO WORK + Cancetation + This Sanction for Testis now eancled + The Circ sin Earths have been removed, + Tho Zecca Equipments tostdDe elated + Signature of Senior Authorised Electrical Person + Time Date im 2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course & PERMIT TO WORK + Limitation of Access + Nota conganies use tis permit * Where isos they are tea sed o contr + Workonbatiey systems (CEPIAEPISAEP) + Testing on ou volage ccuts (CEPIAEP/SAEP) + Testing on ow vag ccuts used to conte gh votage ower cuts (AEPISAEP) (LS ATTSHVILY Operations Course ‘es! PERMIT TO WORK + Typical Permit documentation + Limitation of Access (LOA) PermitNo + LOA emda corr Wr close pray a Leconte oF ‘esi of vo Low Vale consaaar + tds permit ering on Lve contre + lnsuadtaSeiatAutorcodtConpeter Seta Peano cary out ‘otonirg Wea/Teaing ne wy of te Low Vokage conductors + eta of Eason Woon tbe dene Nother Work Testing shal be carr ut “ATS HVILV Operations Course Mee PERMIT TO WORK + Namo of accompanying patcon Senate of Sano ued Parton a Date + Rocept accept epensblty tr camjingeutPe Wot Teanga [Srertonce wh ne (OA andro oe Woes lb art cut ‘ye prone under my carge + Sra of SeiothuarsedCarpetet ecteal Person G {) ATTS HVILV Operations Course os PERMIT TO WORK carance 1 person nde ry charge have fou ban wt a warn irolenge gms cya my itr We res rit + Signature SenohuttorizatCompeter aca Parson + This LOA|s now caneates 1 Slate of Selo Auber ectie Perscn tae £5 ATTSHVILV Operations Course ia Safe Isolation PE ang piotocon equpmentrequited fo be use during sate ‘soar: “HV and LV test equipment - adnate pprave tpn, ad wi * Rubber ves - wi const tage ng approve starts + Rubber ats topped stints “Inte ok ith ough inten, ated» Voguiment + Waring tes -pemarent tempor waming notes, lan a + Sooty barns - mariana peta prevent naar coe 5) ATTSHVILY Operations Course Requirements for Safe Isolation ‘The fotowng er required in preparing to work on HV equipment * preva amy out the work + reparation of PTW, Mechanical slat, I necessary Eoctcal saat rcuing contol teuls) ang earig + Use of padlocks and interocks "Display ota and warring ptoas + Nowolt”verication wih cfcut tester + Earn uit (on-integraeyston) + hunereation and ieeue of of PTW @ ) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘Typleal procedures for Safe Isolation Mechanical isolation: ase pre rover) + Foot vaies shut + Startairtocked out Prime mover ta cet ste of tetial slaon (HV atoratos)~ + Setstemstor breaker in Open poston Set out breaker in ut Earth positon ‘or Apply creut earth, Rack out breaker + Switch of esters, AVR'S oc (>, ATTS HVILV Operations Course ie! ist islation (HV metars)- + _Setereu beaker Creu ath poston + Rack ater ietial slaton (HV tansormors)- + Set pirary ansacendy tener atte Ci Cath peaton < 2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ey ‘SAFE ISOLATION + Verity hat crits dead ~ Workon lectical apperatus shuld normaly be undertaken ‘ead, ~ wiht nv cubicles or stone ofa swchboad tobe Werke upon soled ana ~ otters safeguard against becoming eecrcaly ‘coped ~ Ee after oreakers have been stincteut earth postion lorbebreisalaton of earth raps ¢C>) ATTSHVILV Operations Course ie) ‘SAFE ISOLATION + Chou tstorto be used must be Approved high votage ype Proved tobe woking blo an ater est + Follow the TEST-PROVE-TEST method G “', ATTS HVILV Operations Course =) Padlocks, Tags and Interlocks + ALHV equipment isolated under the PTW must be locked inthe Isle stat by mesns of @pedck or equprent mounted interoce + Alles forthe padlocks and inteiocs should be keptin a Lockout ‘box under eon af he PTW coor * Locks and keys must be unique ar deal ientog + Eoupment interlocks wit have mechanical andlor slectcalineecks {0 prevent operaton + Teasing part tthe loan procedure, and are played at ovary ont olaton and st ech cone poston £3) ATTS HVILY Operations Course @ Earth Switches + art thes must be opr or sing devios epptod ery by suotzes peace + Ar etn the eo pation, breaker must beloced i hat poston + Theleeaton ofan ath concen shold be docientas + non rags ystems theca aps creeds used shout be faye and arg approved by te swtctoowd menace + Yanan such ass, oper say equpment must be wom, ant 8 @ ATTS HVILV Operations Course Testing ‘any eng, such ena restos egret removal othe orth cr te «Sano fr Tot Canes stb sand + Ate teste adhere pron must nse at earths, as, aes ‘are ewe, Reinstating HY equipment + Rinsatorert rust bo made sey equipment ing zed whan ‘omoving oath ods fe + to mustbelet a lana ay ean eget te PTW ‘Safe Isolation (Low Voltage) ‘The gone requirements for slton of ow vatape equlpment ao te same a for high vgs. 1 Tho PTW PRC nd cher docunartaton ust be pepared and ators +The cet earning procadte for HV llaono not oy to Fale may ef fen i oar or MCB pans. To esis Ison Pct uses ray be amore an apy the mnedsod parson, 1s camot be pedosad nh of post be cae shad Eecoomecnd and secured to prvertacientalte-smecion. on tape mus bed andro vols ehecsperomed | + Rensstepert and de-anaon mus be done aeatanea wih he PTW (G2) ATTS HRV operatins Gourae End ATTS HVILV Operations Course Electrical systems and faults £) ATTSHVILV Operations Course ial Contents: = 81 Units, Formulae + Electrical Symbols + Types of Drawing + Voltage Levels + Distribution System «+ Neutral Earthing = Transformers + Power System faults ATTS HVILV Operations Course Electrical Symbols and Diagrams 1+ S1 Units, Formulae + Electrical Symbols 1 Types of Drawing + Examples of typical drawings “"S, ATTS HVILV Operations Course 1 Units - Introduction 1 The Systéme International d'Unités (SI is the ‘modern form of the metric system and isthe most widely used system of units worldwide 1 The system comprises SI units and St prefixes. The prefixes are used to form decimal multiples or sub- ‘multiples of the units. ra 2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘$4 Units - Introduction + The impotantpreies neler engneering are listed, along with some ve mportant ‘SI units. a 2 + Note thatonly multiplies higher than 108 (ko rein RETAES i an eso ae ower case al ers) = magawat is writen BIW not mW, but Kilowatt is KW nce KW Mand m nean very aflorent things. MV ks megael (ions of vos we mv i mill Chosandts oF vt) Q ATTSHVILV Operations Course & 1 Units £2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course es) 81 Units Spe aa a ate >) ATS HVILV Operations Course ga) “"™. ATTS HVILV Operations Course ze) Electrical Symbols and drawings Objectives 1 To reccgnize electrical symbols 1 To reccgnize the electical standard being used «= Toleam electical standard abbreviations + To differentiate between single line and schematic diagrams, £7“) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ial Importance of electrical symbols + Thy represent becieal components * Theyhep sto understandioge 1 Trey ako anes rg.ose <>. ATTS HVILY Operations Course ge) Common Symbols ‘The folowing comparison of creut symbols is based ypon Intonatonal and USA natal stencars: aon uremia eo) ARENA rot £>, ATTS HVILY Operations Course & Ope Common Symbols fet. ge to, saan Soca ranean “ase “Whig Sead @ ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘s Common Symbols Ha ' 4 Hayek A Summ ee ae f a) ATTS HVILV Operations Course & conmon Symbols svat a aT 9 ath sted am GB —— Droge ~ th car ted ae ol £ 3) ATTS HVILV Operations Course ® ‘Common Symbols png tes Tae mak a a ean aa Geamiaicwes Ga ATTS HVILV Operations Course = £>) ATTSHVILV Operations Course @ Ope oS =o = ay ec Sr oN ATTS HVILV Operations Course gel “". ATTS HVILV Operations Course £ 5) ATTS HVILV Operations Course is mae et == Se ar eee - ce ¥ ae o} @ ATTS HVILV Operations Course 2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course S =e an ame ca Qs ar er = = Sam 5 [ATTS HVILV Operations Course 1 There ace tno mains in common ua for indlesting protection relay {uncions. The funcions ae supplemented by laters as necostary (3) ATTS HVILV Operations Course \e) ANSI Device Codes - common functions ‘ste, Deon 4 leer pocln a lee po poe 2 dlrcepokelin exh red 2 fase 4 rear pc Speen arctcen a Ure vos FIM Sooreatvodhanes 2 Decorate St Famadpave Romance a Uncen eundspowe a see (>, ATTS HVILV Operations Course ia ANS! Device Codes eke gn fangs eae © feta Steen = goer fe Be nticte Sentence 3 Notmerser Hobos = tome Sol Tepe oe Sy ecemnttes SY Schemes cans Sosa Be Bates ‘Siok Stet atpeecen (3) ATTS HVILV Operations Course \Z) Drawings, systems and faults fe tewnar Feet eee o * >) ATTS HVILY Operations Course Types of Drawings ‘The most common type of electrical drawings & diagrams + Block diagram + Flow chart + Single line diagram ‘Circuit diagram/schematic drawing 1 Wiring diagram f ““\ ATTS HVILV Operations Course igs) Block Diagram + Abock ciagram is a pictorial model of a process or system, «Its widely used in hardware design, sotware design and process flow diagrams. * Block diagrams are less designed to help with Understanding the overall concept «= Inputs and outputs ofthe blocks are connected together vith single lines to show the progress of the function or signals ‘= Process continues left1o right or top-to bottom £55 ATTSHVILV Operations Course ial 1» The ‘block diagram is a simple form of diagram, used when itis not desired to go into detailed creuts. '= Hore single blocks shaw units of equipment, or the ‘separate stages process ‘+The blocks are annotated to show thei function, or 2 standard symbol within the block may be used. £7", ATS HVILV Operations Course = ehh Flowchart ‘+ Aflowchart is a schematic representation of an ‘algorithm or a process. + A flowchart is described as "cross-functional when the page is divided into different "lanes" describing the control of diferent organizational units. ‘= A.symbol appearing in a particular “lane is within the ‘control ofthat organizational unit, ‘+ This technique allows the analyst to locate the responsiblity for performing an action or making a decision correctly, allowing the relationship between diferent organizational units wth responsibilty over ‘a single process, @ ATTS HVILV Operations Course Sa £3, ATTS HVILY Operations Course ie) ‘Single Line Drawing 1 A singe line diagram is notation for representing a three: phase / single phase power system, + Elecrizal elements tke circuit breakers, transformers, ‘capactors, bus bars and conductors are shown by schematic symbols instead of showing three different lines for each phase. “, ATS HVILV Operations Course & ¢>, ATTS HVILV Operations Course ial 6 2 ATTS HVILV Operations Course a Cireuit Diagram «= The cicuit diagram, also known as schematic diagram, is 4 pictorial representation ofan electrical circuit ‘= It shows the standard symbols, power and signal connectons between the devices. «It shows the actual wire connection being used, but it does ‘ot show the physical arrangements ofthe components, ' Circuit agrams are used forthe design, construction and ‘maintenance of electrical and electronic equipments. = Electicl elements like ccuit breakers, transformers, ‘capacitas, bus bars and conductors are shown by ‘schematic symbols. @ [ATTS HVILV Operations Course LR, 7h et diagram aE pry °°, ATS HVILV Operations Course ie ino ot +The oldest for of eagram isthe Wing Diagram, or Diagram of Connections, which shows the actual ng between every terminal nan equipment or aroun of equipments. + Insome cases it may show deals of the type of re Wed ors enor, and ts posible to Astingush etiveen power and control connections bby thickness of line. = A typical such diagram is shown in the next slide, and represents a motor control system with local and remote operation, protection and indication. £2 ATTS HVILY Operations Course ie) £0, ATTSHVILV Operations Course s) Examples = IEC Electrical Drawing 1 NEMA Electrical Drawing Sina Line Drawing ‘+ Schematic Drawing = Single line drawing of a typical jack uo ra power £%) ATTS HVILV Operations Course & £', ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘sa) Oper @& ATTS: £>) ATTS HVILV Operations Course el £, ATTSHVILV Operations Course ee) oN eS Voltage levels Intemational recognised voltage levels are = ELV Extra Low Voltage 1+ 5DVj 0 120 Vmax ATTS HVILV Operations Course + LV-Low Voltage ‘above ELV to '+ 1090 Vg, 0 1800 Vy, between conductors + 800 V,,0°800 Vg Between conductrs and earth = HV-High Vottago + Normally excecing low vtage oy ATTS HVILV Operations Course fe) pe ‘= MV~ Medium Voltage, in common use to indicate: = Above 1hV. + Usually not exceeding 50KVs, 1» Higher voltages of S0KY to 800KV (and above) are used for long distance power transmission: EHV Extra High Voltage = 300-750 kV UHV — Ultra High Voltage + 800 KY and above ATTS HVILY Operations Course @ £5, ATTS HVILV Operations Course & Distribution networks can be categorized as: Radial network —ioads are distributed from one supply source without any alternate source. oe Se i FM, “ “elles @ ATTS HVILV Operations Course Advantages & disadvantages of radial networks — + Easy to operate + Easy to find the faults on the fine. + Easy to design and estimate the faut level + No alternate supply after afauly section has been cleared + No flexibility in oad transfer. en gs) Ring network ~ networkin which more than one branch are looped together to form a ring. ATTS HVILV Operations Course Pe #"", ATTSHVILV Operations Course & Advantages & disadvantages ofthe ng nto — + Easy operate + ay fd the faut on the ine + Easy to design an etna aut vel + Alternate supply after the faulty section. + Feb oa ater + More expensive as compared to radial system {>) ATTSHVILV Operations Course tga] ‘Broken-ting network - network with radial feeds are linked together to form a ring but opened under normal ‘operating condition Qo ATTS HVILV Operations Course Advaniages & disadvantages of broken ring network — + Easy to operate. + Easy to find the faults onthe ine. + Easy to design and estimate the fault evel. + Costs somewhat higher than the radial system because primary cable and switchgear are duplicated (5) A778 ww operations course “les nett rumber fing neon are Interconnected fo form a network with @ netike appearance & ") ATTS HVILY Operations Course Advantages & Disadvantage of having a mesh network — + Easy to operate. + Easy to design and estimate the faut level + More than one alternate supply available. + Flexibility in load transfer, + Disadvantages — Diffcutto estimate the faut level. - Difcuit in back-up protection relay grading, - Requires frequent maintenance of equipment {3} ATTSHVILY Operations Course ia Neutral earthing + Neutral earthing (or system neutral earthing) means connec the neural (ta) point of transformer Seconda or gonrater windings to earth Equlpment earthing is quite dierent fom neutral carting. + Equipment earthing s connecting the non current caryng metal pars to earth + The non current carying metal parts include motor body, ewchgear structure, rantormer coe and tank, sheaths cf cables, body of portable equipment ote ame tonnes — 2) NTIS opens Come Fons orton “Topi seh pe os ‘“S, ATTS HVILV Operations Course When designing @ HVIMV network, a suitable neutral earth arrangement is selected, the three main types being ‘neutral solidly earthed (direct earthing) + isolated neutral ‘neutral earthed through an impedance - usually a resistor The type of neutral earthing has important consequences on the earth protection schemes of the electrical system, ‘On systems that have no star point, special three phase transformers or reactors may be used o artificially derive a out £ ATTS HVILV Operations Course i + Sold earthed system the neutalis dey conned earh, Gone aie for voiage sytem, 600\/ and below. Also on MV and olmak + oad neural -thenoutal of ranstomers and Generators are not ntntonaly connected to eat, xceptforgh mpedance connections fer sala, Imeassng oF pretecon purposes. Notconmeniy ted fer HV, Used for Lin marine appteatons et + Noutal earthed via impedance - usualy a resistor, inductor or resonant dees, Usual ized on MY nd HV networ £%) ATTSHVILV Operations Course igs) «= Neutra solidly earthed (direct earthing) Qo ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘= Isolated or unearthed neutral ATTS HVILV Operations Course += Earthed through a resistor £, ATTSHVILV Operations Course @ ‘= Earthod throuah resonant device a % jy " £2) ATTSHVILV Operations Course ia Invowinpedance neal earthing he nea ot ‘ranstomor or goneatoris earthed via an impedance designed such thatthe magne of he faut etent flow du to an ear faut a any cations Nigh roughto naire real automat tipping + Reaors~means of apping impedance betwen oa and oval Can Be used det or via a sgl pase arate + Resonant devices are als known as are tuprresion cols or Potoreon cos. Anadutable reacor'scomected beeen neutal an arth, {4 ATTS HVILV Operations Course ) Aneta cabin ints te lt cierto wauswicis oases open pve ay yet prevent unwanted fault damage. ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘otal Groureeg Resor Schomate Tater Goma ‘erty ¢S, ATTS HVILV Operations Course [Neutral earthing through an impedance at the secondary star point ofa transformer, (2) Direaty through a resistor or (©) Via single phase transformer “", ATTSHVILV Operations Course es Transformers ‘= A transformer is an lectromagnotic vice (without Continuously moving parts) which, by elactromagnetic induction, transfers electric energy fom one or more Circuits 0 one or more other crcuts at the same Usually with changed values of voltage and 1 A transformer has two (or more) windings, Primary and Secondary, «= In a step-down transtormer, the primary winding has the smaller-diameter conductors and the secondary, winding has the larger-ciameter. >, ATTS HVILV Operations Course (el ‘= The basic components of transformer are the core and the windings (cols ge corent stg rials | iodine \| ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘= The transformer is probably one of the most useful electrical devices ever invented, ‘= The transformer enables us to transmit electrical ‘energy over great distances and to distribute it safely in factories and homes 1 It can raise or lower the voltage or current in an AC Circuit, it can isolate circuits ftom each other, and it ‘can increase or decrease the apparent value of a ‘capacitor, an inductor, ora resistor. 2) ATTSHVILV! Operations Course we ‘Typical power transformer “ S) ATTSHVILY Operations Course & Transformers can be classified according to the number of ‘phase windings wound around the core, They can be: Single Phase consis of singe primary wining sn single secondary winding 1 Thewe Pas -consits of tree primary windings andtvee secondary wodiegs {ATS HVILV Operations Course & kung congue [Ser oni ool HY wanaorrs Pacers [possblty epee newt comectin, | abate Sub ow vale taste Debord Large ead nla canbe led Neal poet et rae Ta Ter one arin an GBA Detar a a Dy soroys 3: pase te ups arable on tie ahead age ose nase reece ——| Rear so wags nS scat Soretines wet eater ity cm £0) ATTS HVILV operations Course ia vecron Groue + Depron he nr dicen etoen ndY Ws tanoretsae clive ote athe San var gp are com | anti [comets 7 sero ba z iw Hye ae 5 erg |“ a Ya z 3d oT TAT £2) ATTSHVILY Operations Course tga) Connections AAT C 2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Speceeresreeren Soames, . Rausenmeminns iceman fe KK ae & Se ‘zetdec ‘phate LV vase eas by Sandie orto at ack 1+ Tusthe vasorsymoal rie cieectan Dye” tn won ‘it ere ein aero cont secon ( , (@zee| ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘Three phase transformer nameplate description: Name plat clash ype of ranstorar (a) csing (AN, ONAN, ‘ONAEY igen, lon Ondo aoe ard Seal sich a tes kv 1000 Fat vl LV: 48 KV Rates, LV 415 alas Fequenor 50 Number ofshase: 9 Winding Cometan Dyn 11 xampe caesanearc: Frth sows cles + Horan rosin at) + LVeanet soporte) seen ap ct 10 = 8M fon & 2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course Electrical power system faults Faults in electrical power system usually occur due to ‘the folowing + Insulation failure + Flashover + Physical damage + Short circuit to earth (line to earth faut) + Short circuit between live conductors (ine to ling faut) + Brokon conductors in one or more phases (open- circuit faut) + Human error \ “ATS HVILV Operations Course ee) Electrical power system faults For three phase power, an electrical faut can be: + Asymmetric or unbalanced fault - a faut which ‘does not affect each of the three phases equally 1 Syrrmeticfault— a fait in which each of the phases is affected equally In practice, most faults in the power system are unbalanced. ATTS HVILV Operations Course Common types of asymmetric fails and causes are: 1 Line-to-ground ~ a short circuit between one line and ground, very often caused by physical Contact. Example, due to lightning or other storm damage + Line-to-Line ~ a short crcut between lines ‘caused by the ionization of ar, or when lines come, Ino physical contact. Example, due to a broken insulator) + Double line-to-ground ~ two lines come into contact with the ground (and each other), also ‘commonly due to storm damage. CE) ATS HV Operations cours + Effects of short circuit current + Ae + Heating (resuling to fre & explosion) + Vibration due to magnetic forces G 5) ATTS HV/LV Operations Course Fault location + The process involved in locating a permanent fautin a nelwork:- + Detection ofthe fault + Detection ofthe fault feeders + Locating the faulted section + Locating the faut 1 Short cicuit faults are usually the easiest to detect, a the fault cufrent is high when compared to the load current {\ ATTSHVILV Operations Course es Electrical power system faults + Protect relay are used to dec this fast + Somereays have fed tie delay, acstabl tie day, and oes ae ‘instantaneous or high speed + Fhac tine delay may be wed whan a certain dla i ‘eared hat ene Independent tthe magni of the suing quay inthe protective rly + Tine daly rls are vest coordinate the transformer, the busta and fe feeders pstecton +The erm istartaneos' means navng no intertorl tine de" ans ape relays that operate na minimum ie of approxi 1 second 5, ATTS HVILV Operations Course fo Electrical power system faults Electrical protection for the common types of fault: + Overcurrent relays (distribution lines) + Directional overcurrent relay (transmission lines, generators) + Differential protection (ines, transformers, busbars, generators) {>} ATTS HVILV Operations Course ie! = END = THANK YOU fy ATTS HVILV Operations Course heel = The process of bringing two working / Tuning equipments in line with each other without disturbing the load Synchronization of Generators = Synchronization djjfransformers a) ATTSHVILV Operations Course + Generator voltages must be the same before closing switch + If voltages are different, a current IC will flow around the loop ‘This ‘Synchronizing current’ appears suddenly as the switch is, ‘closed, putting a sudden load on the system “SATS HVILV Operations Course te! Preliminary conditions for synchronisation Before supplies are connected in parallel, they have to be “phased out. ‘The phase rotation (RYB) ofthe incoming supply must be the ‘same as that ofthe supply to which it sto be connected. ‘The phase identification (red, yellow, blue) ofthe supplies ‘must be the same. @ ATTS HVILV Operations Course ‘Phasing out is normally done when the equipment is commissioned, using: + Lamp method + Yottage method or + Phase sequence meter en ATTS HVILV Operations Course ie) Waveforms Vqand Vj (same frequency) £S) ATTS HVILV Operations Course a, ‘Synchronization of the generators is possible if the following requirements are met (within limits): + Frequency of supplies isthe seme + Voltage magnitude is the same + Supplies are in phase, with same rotation Alternators will run in parallel only after proper synchronization. This can be done using: + Lamps ' Synchroscope Dy ATTS HVILY Operations Course = 2 Lamps connected across the same phese ofeach ‘gonerator ‘= Whon the two systems are in phase, there is no voltage difference, causing lamps to bbe out. (Lamps dark) ‘= Lamps wil lash slower when frequencies get coser. Operator closes circuit breaker at the moment when lamps go completely out £°\ ATTS HVILV Operations Course f G5) ATISHMLY operations couse = When generators are 120° out of sync, No.2 lamp hhas no voltage and goes out. 120° later No.3 lamp goes out. = As synchronism is reached, Lamp 1 goes out while the other 2 have equal brightness = As generator B catches up with A, each lamp goes out in turn at a decreasing rate, = At synchronism, Lamp 1 goes out long enough for the breaker to be closed 1 Method is able to determine if incoming generator is fast or slow. (2 Lamp method is unable todo this) 2) ATTS HVILV Operations Course 7 ies, °°, ATTS HVILV Operations Course tel Synehroscope ‘The synchroscope will gve an indication of the incoming ‘machine speed — whether SLOW or FAST with respect fo the running ones. To prevent sudden circulating currents occurring and to achieve smooth paralleling, the voltages of both machines ‘must first be equalised and the machines then brought into phase. Ths output voltage Is controlled by the generator AVR. ‘The speed of the incoming machine is adjusted by regulating governor of the prime mover (diesel engine or gas turine ete) “‘ ATTS HVILV Operations Course i=) Synchroscope Once the ‘in sync” condition is achieved (frequencies are matched and supplies are in phase), the pointer on the synchroscore willbe inthe 12 o cock poston, of he ‘in syn” LED wil urinate. The incoming generator cuit beaker can then be csed (manually or automaticaly) Notes:- + Running machine controls should not be touched ~ the incoming machine s avays matched to the runing one + To ensure thatthe incoming machine takes upload, ‘ynchrorisaion shouldbe approached from the condo of incoming mechine FAST compared to running generator £0%, ATTSHVILV Operations Course io AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONISING Many switchboards are provided with an automatic synchronising feature + This consists of a number of relays (andlor electronics) that compare the incoming and running voltages, + Should any ofthese be outside limits, the incoming voltage regulator or speed regulator is automatically immed. (1) ATTSHLY Operations Course & AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONISING + When all three are within predetermined limits, a cosing signal is automatically given to the crcut-breaker. + Auto-synchronising is usually reserved for generators ‘only, + All other synchronising (across tie-breakers et) is normally by hand ("ATS HVILV Operations Course ie CHECK SYNCHROMSING + fmanual synchronising isnot cared ou sky, the switch ‘ould bo dosed a ro wren stat and severe damage could fost Ths can be prowentod by heck schon +The equipment compares ine incoing and running otgos, ‘Fequenses and phase elation fa ser mannorto tat wed {Erouto synchronising, but does nat alr hem or sont he breaker cling. + Wha i does ito nib the resker's manual losing drut So that the operator cant cose he treater unless al toe Syctronting cordon are met f°“, ATTS HVILV Operations Course CHECK SYHICHRONISING ‘Some check synchronising units only sense phase angle cifference and do not monitor voltage or frequency

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