NEW YEAR 10 CHEMISTRY

WHAT IS MATTER?
Matter is anything that occupies space (has volume)
and has mass.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS

PARTICLE Tightly packed Have little space Far apart

ARRANGEMENT together in between
particles
FORCE OF Strong Less strong Very weak;
ATTRACTION Negligible
MOVEMENT Vibration only Translation Random Motion
PROPERTIES Fixed volume Fixed volume No fixed volume
Fixed shape No fixed shape No fixed shape
CHANGE OF STATE

Energy is gained

Energy is released
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
TO SUMMARIZE
• Element • Compound • Mixture
- Made up of - Made up of - Combination
only ONE kind TWO OR MORE of substances
of atom kinds of atom - C a n b e
- Can be found - Usually given s e p a rate d by
in the Periodic in chemical PHYSICAL
Ta b l e o f formula MEANS
Elements
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
METHOD WHAT IT SEPARATES
Filtration Insoluble solute from solution
Evaporation Soluble solute from solution
Distillation Solvent from solution
Magnetism Iron materials from others
Chromatography Different solutes from solution
PHYSICAL CHANGE
• Same types of compounds or elements that were
there at the beginning of the change are there at
the end of the change
• Because the ending materials are the same as the
beginning materials, the properties (such as color,
boiling point, among others) will also be the same
• Physical changes involve moving molecules around,
but not changing them.
PHYSICAL CHANGE
• Some types of physical changes include:
• Changes of state
• Separation of a mixture
• Physical deformation (cutting, denting, stretching)
• Making solutions (special kinds of mixtures)
CHEMICAL CHANGE
• One substance with a certain set of properties
(such as melting point, color, taste, others) is
turned into a different substance with different
properties
• Chemical changes are frequently harder to reverse
than physical changes
CHEMICAL CHANGE
• Observations that help to indicate chemical change
include:
• Temperature changes
• Light is given off
• Unexpected color changes
• Bubbles are formed
• Different smell or taste
• A solid forms (called the precipitate) if two clear liquids
are mixed
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
• Chemical equations show what happens in a
reaction. In general, we write:
REACTANTS → PRODUCTS

• The reactants are the substances that react

together. The products are the substances
produced in the reaction. Individual substances are
separated by a plus sign.
ATOMIC PARTICLES
SYMBOL RELATIVE RELATIVE
CHARGE MASS
Proton p+ +1 1
Neutron n0 0 1
Electron e- -1 1 / 2000
ATOMIC PARTICLES
CHEMICAL SYMBOL

Proton 6
Neutron 6
Electron 6
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
IONS
• An ion is defined as an atom or molecule that has
gained or lost one or more of its valence electrons,
giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.
IONS

• positively charged • negatively charged

• # of p+ > # of e- • # of p+ < # of e-
ISOTOPES
• Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of
protons and electrons but different numbers of
neutrons and therefore have different physical
properties.
ISOTOPES

Proton 1 Proton 1 Proton 1

Neutron 0 Neutron 1 Neutron 2
Electron 1 Electron 1 Electron 1
ISOTOPES

Proton 6 Proton 6 Proton 6

Neutron 6 Neutron 7 Neutron 8
Electron 6 Electron 6 Electron 6
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Properties of the Modern Periodic Table:
1. t h e e l e m e n t s a r e a r r a n g e d i n o r d e r o f
increasing atomic number
2. the horizontal rows are called periods
3. the vertical columns are called groups
4. elements in the same group are similar to each
other
THE PERIODIC TABLE
 ALKALI METALS
lithium Li
sodium Na
potassium K
rubidium Rb
caesium Cs
francium Fr
The elements in group 1, on the left of the periodic table, are called the
alkali metals.
These metals are all very reactive and are rarely found in nature in their
elemental form.
ALKALI METALS: ELECTRON STRUCTURE

• All alkali metals have 1 lithium

electron in their outer shell. 2,1
This means that:
a. They can easily obtain a
full outer shell by losing 1 sodium
electron. 2,8,1
b. They all lose their outer
shell electron in reactions
to form positive ions
with a +1 charge. potassium
2,8,8,1
c. They have similar physical
and chemical properties.
ALKALI METALS: REACTIVITY
• The size of the element’s atoms, and
the number of full electron shells,
increase in reactivity

Li increases down the group.

• This means that, down the group, the
Na electron in the outer shell gets further
away from the nucleus and is shielded
K by more electron shells.
• The further away an electron is from
Rb the positive attraction of the nucleus,
the easier it can be lost in reactions.
Cs
• This means that reactivity increases
with the size of the atom.
ALKALINE EARTH METALS

• The alkaline earths are the elements

located in Group IIA of the periodic table.
This is the second column of the table.
TRANSITION METALS

• Most metals are transition metals. They include iron,

copper and chromium. The transition elements are in
the central part of the periodic table.
TRANSITION METALS
The transition elements share some physical properties with all metals:
• they conduct electricity in the solid and liquid states
• they are shiny when freshly cut
Some properties of transition elements are different from those of the
metals in group 1. Compared to other metals, most transition metals have:
• higher melting points
• higher densities
• greater strength
• greater hardness
Remember that these are typical properties – some transition metals may
not show one or more of them. For example, mercury melts at just -39°C,
so it is a liquid at room temperature.
TRANSITION METAL: OTHER CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
• Transition elements form ions with different
charges. For example:
• manganese forms Mn2+ and Mn3+ ions
• copper forms Cu+ and Cu2+ ions
• Metals that are not transition elements usually
form white compounds. Transition elements form
colored compounds.
• The table shows the colors of some iron compounds:
TRANSITION METAL: OTHER CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
• Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of
reaction without being used up in the reaction. For
example:
• iron is the catalyst in the Haber process, which makes
ammonia
• Manganese (IV) oxide increases the decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to oxygen and water
NOBLE GASES
• The elements in group 8 (or group 0) are called the
noble gases. They belong to the right-hand column
in the periodic table. The noble gases are all
chemically unreactive which means they are inert.
NOBLE GASES: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

The noble gases have the following properties in

common:
• They are non-metals
• They are very unreactive gases
• They are colorless
• They exist as single atoms (they are monatomic)
HALOGENS
• The Group 7 elements are known as
the halogens. They are reactive non-
metals and are always found in
compounds with other elements.
Chlorine, bromine and iodine are all
halogens.
• Group 7 elements form salts when
they react with metals. The term
‘halogen’ means 'salt former'.
HALOGENS: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Color
• The halogens become darker as you go down the
group. Fluorine is very pale yellow, chlorine is
yellow-green, and bromine is red-brown. Iodine
crystals are shiny purple - but easily turn into a dark
purple vapor when they are warmed up.
HALOGENS: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• The halogens become less reactive as you go down the
group. Fluorine, at the top of the group, is the most reactive
halogen. It is extremely dangerous, causing severe chemical
burns on contact with skin. All halogens form acidic
solutions.
States of Matter
• Solid : tightly packed, have definite shape and
volume, can only vibrate in place
• Liquid : have no definite shape but with definite
volume, can slide past each other
• Gas : have no definite shape and no definite
volume, particles are in random motion
Change of State
• Melting : Solid to Liquid (requires energy)
• Boiling : Liquid to gas (requires energy)
• Sublimation : Solid to gas (requires energy)
• Freezing : Liquid to solid (releases energy)
• Condensation : Gas to liquid (releases energy)
• Deposition : Gas to solid (releases energy)
Type of Matter / Substance
• Pure Substance : Element or Compound
• Mixture : Homogeneous or Heterogeneous
Separation Techniques (for Mixtures)
METHOD WHAT IT SEPARATES
Filtration Insoluble solute from solution
Evaporation Soluble solute from solution
Distillation Solvent from solution
Magnetism Iron materials from others
Chromatography Different solutes from solution
Physical Changes
Chemical Changes
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure
Number of Number of
Group Period
Element valence Electron
Number Number
electrons shells

C-12

Li-7

Al-27
Atomic Structure
Electron Name of Group Period
Configuration Element Number Number

2, 8, 6

2, 5

2, 8, 8, 1
Relative Molecular Mass
Compound Relative Mass

(NH4)2SO4

Al(NO3)3

C2H5OH