1 f. hepatica 2 F.

gigantica 3 Fascioloids magna

were also of
L.truncatula symmetric elliptical shape, with
 Large ( having size of 140
X 80 µm) eggs of F.giganticaare operculum at one pole.
 Ellipsoidal larger(180umx80um). The average size of eggs was
 Hen’s egg shaped 150 µm long and 80 µm
 Ovoid in shape wide. Eggs were filled with
 Indistinct Operculum at rough granular content of
one pole intensive yellow colour
 Bile stained ( brownish
yellow in color) and
 Unsegmented ovum in a
mass of yolk cells
 Excreted with the bile
into the duodenum and
then passed out along
with stool
 Granular yellowish brown
content filling the whole
eggs
 It does not float in
saturated solution of
common salt.
 It can develop only in
water.
 Unembryonated
 Lymnaea
auricularia
Larval Stage: It may be of
following phase- miracidium,
cercaria and metacercaria

4 f.kacsoni 5 Fasciolopsis buski 6 Schistosoma mansoni

https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirec
t/abstract/20103114407
Fascioloids kacksoni
The shape of fj egg were elongated
with one end generally more
pointed than the other end,
while the operculum is indistinct in
fresh eggs under microscope. The
surface texture of fj egg smooth
eith traces of finer reticulation.
yellow–white, oval eggs, eggs must fall into water
formaturation to the ciliated miracidium stage,
prominent operculum
eggs measure 140 x 72.5 µm
dark brown in color
Light brownish-yellow egg
containing developing miracidium
surrounded by yolk cells and a
clearly distinguished operculum
(black arrow). A viscous cushion of
material at opercular end (white
arrow)
Eggs of Fasciolopsis buski are
broadly ellipsoidal,
measure 130-150 µm long by 60-90
µm wide
The eggs are unembryonated when
passed in feces. has a roughened or
irregular area.
The eggs are oval-shaped, measuring
Schistosoma mansoni eggs are
large (114 to 180 µm long by
45-70 µm wide) and have a
characteristic shape, with a
prominent lateral spine near
the posterior end. The anterior
end is tapered and slightly
curved. They have pointed spines
towards the broader base on one side, i.e.
lateral spines. This is an important
diagnostic tool because co-infection with
S. haematobium (having a terminal-spined
eggs) is common, and they are hard to
distinguish.[21] When the eggs are released
into the water, a lot of them are immature
and unfertilised so that they do not hatch.
When the eggs are larger than 160 µm in
diameter, they also fail to hatch. When
the eggs are excreted in stool, they
contain a mature miracidium.
7 Schistosoma
haematobium
The eggs of Schistosoma
haematobium are large (110-
170 µm long by 40-70 µm
wide) and bear a conspicuous
terminal spine.  Eggs contain a
mature miracidium when shed
in urine
S. haematobium producing oval
eggs (110-170 x 40-70µm) with a
sharp terminal spine
10 s. nasali
The egg of S. nasale can be
identified easily from other
schistosomes due to its
boomerang/palanquin/Napoleon
hat shape, size and site of
predilection (nasal vein).
These eggs are transparent and
thin-shelled measuring
336–381 μm long × 50–80 μm
wide with a terminal spine,
12–15 μm in lengt
13
platynosomum fastosum
Eggs are dark brown, operculated
and 34-50 x 20-35µm. Eggs contain
a ciliated miracidium which can
usually be seen.
Eggs range 34-50×20-35μm in
size
16 P. cervi
The egg resembles that of Fasciola
hepatica,
being large (about 130–180 μm), and
operculate, but is clear rather than
yellow. These eggs are operculated
and approximately L:130‒170 by
B:70‒100 µm. Eggs of P. cervi
overlap in size with Fasciola
hepatica eggs. However, P. cervi
eggs have a clear shell wall
8 Schistosoma japonicum
The eggs of Schistosoma
japonicum are large and more
rounded than other species,
measuring 70-100 µm long by
55-64 µm wide.  The
spine(curved) on S. japonicum
eggs is smaller and less
conspicuous than other
species.  Eggs are shed in
stool. S. japonicum forming round
eggs (70-100 x 50-70µm) with a
rudimentary lateral spine; stool
excreation. they contain a mature
miracidium.Thin shell, pale yellow,
there are five pairs of cephalic
glands
11 s. spindale
The eggs of S spindale are more
elongated and flattened on one
side,
14 L. longicauda
Dark brown colored small-
sized egg
eggs are thick
shelled and measured
0.024mmx0.039mm
17 C. cotylophorum
Egg shells of C. cotylophorum are
colorless and some what
attenuated at the opercular end,
while those of fasciola hepatica are
yellow and not attenuated
126 μm -61 μm
a.f.hepatica
b.c.cotylophorum
9 S. bovis
The S. bovis egg is terminally
spiked, spindle shaped, and the
largest in size compared to other
Schistosoma eggs at 202 μm length
and 72μm width
12 Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Eggs of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
are operculated and small measure
35-45 µm long by 20-30 µm wide.
The eggs are thick-shelled and
usually dark brown in color. Eggs
are fully embryonated when shed
in feces.
15 Eurytrema pancreaticum
The eggs are thick-shelled,
operculate, deep golden brown
nated in the uterus.
eggs have an oval shape and are
quite small (~30x45 micrometers)
and operculated (i.e. with a cap-
like cover).
8-16X5-8.5mm
18 G. hominis
rhomboid non bile stained operculated
egg of Gastrodicoides hominis
The eggs are a greenish-grey color
and rhomboidal in shape. They
measure (130-160mm x~70mm)
and are passed through the feces.
The entire egg is about 4-6 x 5-10
mm in size.
compared to those of F. hepatica
which are brown or amber in color.
FIG:Germ cell in middle
Larger than fasiola
Operculam and knob both are
present
19 O. tenuicollis
Eggs were oval and embryonated
(Miracidium was asym-
metrical) measuring 9-12 x 26-32
µm. At the anterior end
there was an operculum which
tted into a thickened rim
of the shell
22 heterophyes heterophyes
The egg is ovoid, operculate,
elongate and light brown (almost
yellow) in colour. The egg contains
the embryo (miracidium).
The yellowish-browneggs are operculated
(Fig.3), measure 25–30mm15–17mm or
30-90micro meter, and are excreted
within the feces of humans and/or
animals. thin and smooth shell.
operculated , sometimes knob present at
the opposite side of operculated end
Fig: the
eggs (containing a
miracidium) ofH.
heterophyes
25. echinostoma revolutum
Eggs of Echinostoma spp. have a
wide size range depending on the
species and may range from 80-135
µm long by 55-80 µm wide. They
have an inconspicuous operculum
and the abopercular end is often
thickened. The larger eggs are very
similar to Fasciola and Fasciolopsis
eggs in uteri were an average of 105
μm long (97–117 μm) and 63 μm
20 o. felinies 21.1+21.2
The eggs have been described as clonorchis sinensis
being slightly more narrow (30 by Clonorchis sinensis eggs are small,
12 μm) than C. sinensis eggs and ranging in size from 27 to 35 µm by
are more regularly ovoid without a 11 to 20 µm. The eggs are oval
clear shoulder at the operculum.  shaped with a convex operculum
Eggs can also be seen in duodenal that rests on visible “shoulders” at
drainage material or if the the smaller end of the egg. At the
Enterotest capsule is used. opposite (abopercular) end, a small
The eggs are elongate and ovoid, knob or hook-like protrusion is
with an operculum that resembles often visible
that seen in O. viverrini.  They are The operculam, at smaller end of
generally light yellowish-brown and he egg, is convex and rest on a
measure approximately 30 by 11 visible shoulder . at the opposite
μm.  Like the eggs of some strains (larger,abopercular) end, a small
of C. sinensis and O. viverrini, some knob or hooklike protrusion is
eggs have a small tubercular visible inside the egg.
thickening ("comma") at the
abopercular end. Although the
miracidium larva is fully developed
when the egg is laid, hatching
occurs only after ingestion by the
snail intermediate host
23 P. westermani 24 P. kallicotti
Paragonimus westermani eggs range Paragonimus kellicotti eggs range
from 80 to 120 µm long by 45 to 70 from 80 to 100 µm long by 55 to
µm wide.  They are yellow-brown, 65 µm wide.  They are yellow-
ovoid or elongate, with a thick shell,
brown, ovoid or elongate, with a
and often asymmetrical with one end
slightly flattened.  At the large end, the thick shell, and often
operculum is clearly visible.  The asymmetrical with one end slightly
opposite (abopercular) end is flattened.  At the large end, the
thickened.  The eggs are operculum is clearly visible.  The
unembryonated when passed in opposite (abopercular) end is
sputum or feces. Paragonimus thickened.  The eggs are
westermani eggs range from 80 to 120 µm unembryonated when passed in
long by 45 to 70 µm wide. They are yellow- sputum or feces. They are yellow-
brown, ovoid or elongate, with a brown, ovoid or elongate, with a thick
thick shell, and often asymmetrical shell, and often asymmetrical with
with one end slightly flattened. ... one end slightly flattened.
The eggs are unembryonated when
passed in sputum or feces (CDC)
26 prosthogonimus ovatus
The eggs measure 22-27 x 13-18 J.lm,
are operculat-ed and bear a small spine
opposite to the operculum. They are
passed in the faeces. The first
intermediate hosts are aquatic snails
and the second are the nymphal stage
of various species of dragonflies.
Eggs are around 23 × 13 μm in size and
have a
small spine at the opposite pole to the
operculum
 wide (61–65 μm)
The eggs of Echinostoma species
resemble the eggs of F. hepatica, F.
gigantica, F. buski and G. hominis in
shape, color, content and even
overlap in their measurement. The
presence of inconspicuous thin
operculum and a thickened,
wrinkled abopercular end of ova of
Echinostoma species facilitates the
differentiation from the ova of
other trematodes
Eggs of F. hepatica, isolated directly from uterus of an adult worm, measured in average 145 µm in length
and 70
µm in width and were shaped as symmetric regular ellipse
with thin shell and operculum at one pole. Granular grey-
yellow contents filled whole eggs (Fig. 1A). Fascioloides
magna eggs, isolated from the liver cysts, were also of
symmetric elliptical shape, with operculum at one pole.
The average size of eggs was 150 µm long and 80 µm
wide. Eggs were filled with rough granular content of
intensive yellow colour (Fig. 1C). Eggs of D. dentriticum,
isolated from mouflon faeces had asymmetric shape typical
for the fluke species, with operculum at one pole. The eggs
were significantly smaller (30 – 40 µm in length and 25 –
30 µm in width), than those of other three fluke species
(Fig. 1E). A homogeneous dark brown content of the eggs
was usually seen; however, some eggs contained mature
larval stage, miracidium. Proportions of P. cervi eggs (145
– 155 µm in length and 75 – 80 µm in width, Fig. 1G)
markedly resemble those of F. hepatica and F. magna.
Other similarities with eggs of F. hepatica and F. magna
were associated with elliptical shape, existence of
operculum at one pole, grey-yellowish to brownish colour
and granular internal content. Generally, eggs of flukes
like F. hepatica, F. magna and even P. cervi, found during
coprological analyses, are considered to be hardly
distinguishable (Rieu et al., 2007; Valero et al., 2009).
Before we have established the Teflon technique for the
mechanical disruption of the eggshells into pieces, we had
employed other techniques such as repeated heat-
ing/cooling (boiling water/liquid nitrogen) of egg suspen-
sion, or homogenization with glass beads. However, sub-
sequent DNA isolation and PCR amplification did not
provide expected results.
After a treatment with the Teflon method, microscopy
inspection of egg suspensions revealed that eggshells were
successfully crushed all four fluke species (Fig. 1B, D, F,
H). The eggshell fragments clearly differed from sur-
rounding artefacts and possessed either the same or slightly
brighter colour as intact eggs.
A non-destructive DNA deliverance and the efficiency of
Teflon disintegration of eggshells were tested by DNA
isolation and following PCR amplification with species-
specific ITS2 primers that annealed to targeted DNA of the
particular species (Fig. 2). The PCR products were of cor-
responding size as amplicons obtained on genomic DNA
isolated from adult flukes (Bazsalovicsová et al., 2010).
1 T. solium 2 3
Ziehl Neelsen staining-> solium T. saginata echinococcus granulosus +
eggs stained entirely blue/purple  . saginata eggs stained entirely echinococcus multilocularis
in 4/18 cases and entirely magenta in seven of 13 cases. T. The eggs are typical for most
magenta in solium eggs stained entirely taeniid species and are small
one. Eggs of T. saginata were blue/purple in 4/18 cases and entirely and round (30-43µm in
slightly larger and always ovoid, magenta in one. Eggs of T. diameter), thick-shelled and
while T. solium eggs were saginata were slightly larger and contain a hexacanth (6-
smaller and were mostly spheric always ovoid, while T. solium eggs were hooked) embryo (oncosphere).
smaller and were mostly spheric.
Some apparent morphological
differences could also be observed. *for all tania
The eggs of T. saginata were
slightly larger, with a maximal
diameter of 35.58 +/− 0.91 μm
compared with 32.08 +/− 1.45 μm
for T. solium eggs (n=13 for T.
saginata, n=18 for T. solium; mean
+/− SD; p<0.001, Mann Whitney
test). T. saginata eggs were always
ovoid (ratio between larger
diameter and its transverse
diameter was 1.14+/− 0.07), while
most T. solium eggs were spheric
(ratio was 1.03+/− 0.03; p<0.001
compared to T. saginata, Mann
Whitney test). In 3 out of 18 cases,
however, T. solium eggs looked
ovoid in shape
4 Anoplocephala 5 Moniezia expansa 6. The eggs have a thick
perfoliata+magna The eggs have a thick envelope. envelope/square with rounded
Anoplocephala perfoliata Those of Moniezia expansa have a ends
eggs are round to D shaped, triangular shape and measure ~55 x those of Moniezia
with an outer vitelline membrane 75 micrometers benedeni are cube-shaped
and a thick (8-10 µm), dark, Contain pyriform aparatus and measure about 80
albuminous middle shell. The micrometers
innermost membrane is flame or Contain pyriform aparatus
pear shaped and consists of a
chitinous pyriform apparatus. ...
The diameter of the embryo
measures approximately 16 µm

Perfoliata L-5-8cm,B-1.2cm
Magna L-20-80cm,B-2.5cm
7 Raillietina echinobothrida
Egg capsules are polygonal
in shape and have a transparent
exterior zone with a darker interior
zone
The eggs measure ~75x95
micrometers. They are usually
included in capsules inside the
gravid segments
oval
8 h. diminuta
Oval shape , 3 pairs of hook in
onchosphere.
Enbryophore without pointed ends
with no polar body, polar filament
Eggs of Hymenolepis diminuta.
These eggs are round or slightly
oval, size 70 – 85 µm X 60 – 80 µm,
with a striated outer membrane and
a thin inner membrane. The space
between the membranes is smooth
or faintly granular. The oncosphere
has six hooks
has a yellow transparent cover
9 h. nana
Oval shape , 3 pairs of hook in
onchosphere.
Enbryophore with pointed ends
with no polar body, polar filament
Eggs of Hymenolepis nana.
These eggs are oval and
smaller than those of H.
diminuta, with a size range of
30 to 50 µm. On the inner
membrane are two poles, from
which 4-8 polar filaments
spread out between the two
membranes

10 dipylidium caninum 11Diphyllobothrium latum

caninum eggs are round to oval
(average size 35 to 40 µm;
range 31 to 50 µm by 27 to 48
µm) and contain an oncosphere
that has 6 hooklets. Proglottids
of D. caninum contain
characteristic egg packets that
are round to ovoid and contain 5
to 15 or more eggs each.
 eggs contain a six hooked
embryo
Diphyllobothrium spp. eggs ar
e oval or ellipsoidal and range in
size from 55 to 75 µm by 40 to
50 µm. There is an operculum at
one end that can be
inconspicuous, and at the
opposite (abopercular) end is a
small knob that can be barely
discernible. The eggs are
passed in the stool
unembryonated.