70 ● CHAPTER฀2 FIRST-ORDER฀DIFFERENTIAL฀EQUATIONS

33. 6xy฀dx  (4y  9x 2) dy  0 Mathematical฀Model

2 45. Falling Chain A portion of a uniform chain of length

34. cos x dx  1  y ฀
sin x dy  0 8 ft is loosely coiled around a peg at the edge of a high
horizontal platform, and the remaining portion of the
35. (10  6y  e3x ) dx  2 dy  0 chain hangs at rest over the edge of the platform. See
36. ( y 2  xy 3) dx  (5y 2  xy  y 3 sin y) dy  0 Figure 2.4.2. Suppose that the length of the overhang-
ing chain is 3 ft, that the chain weighs 2 lb/ft, and that
the positive direction is downward. Starting at t  0
In Problems 37 and 38 solve the given initial-value problem
seconds, the weight of the overhanging portion causes
by finding as in Example 4, an appropriate integrating factor.
the chain on the table to uncoil smoothly and to fall to
37. x฀dx  (x 2 y  4y) dy  0, y(4)  0 the floo . If x(t) denotes the length of the chain over-
hanging the table at time t 0, then v  dxdt is its
38. (x 2  y 2  5) dx  ( y  xy) dy, y(0)  1 velocity. When all resistive forces are ignored, it can
39. (a) Show that a one-parameter family of solutions of be shown that a mathematical model relating v to x is
the equation given by

(4xy฀ 3x 2) dx  (2y฀ 2x 2) dy฀ 0 dv

xv  v2  32x.
dx
is x 3  2x 2 y  y 2  c.
(a) Rewrite this model in differential form. Proceed as
(b) Show that the initial conditions y(0)  2 and
in Problems 31 – 36 and solve the DE for v in terms
y(1)  1 determine the same implicit solution.
of x by finding an appropriate integrating factor.
(c) Find explicit solutions y1(x) and y 2(x) of the dif- Find an explicit solution v(x).
ferential equation in part (a) such that y1(0)  2
(b) Determine the velocity with which the chain leaves
and y2(1)  1. Use a graphing utility to graph y1(x)
the platform.
and y 2(x).
peg
Discussion฀Problems
40. Consider the concept of an integrating factor used in platform edge
Problems 29–38. Are the two equations M฀dx  N฀dy  0
and M฀ dx  N฀ dy  0 necessarily equivalent in the x(t)
sense that a solution of one is also a solution of the other?
Discuss.
41. Reread Example 3 and then discuss why we can con- FIGURE฀2.4.2 Uncoiling chain in Problem 45
clude that the interval of definition of the explicit
solution of the IVP (the blue curve in Figure 2.4.1) is
Computer฀Lab฀Assignments
(1, 1).
46. Streamlines
42. Discuss how the functions M(x, y) and N(x, y) can be
found so that each differential equation is exact. Carry (a) The solution of the differential equation
out your ideas.

(a) M(x, y) dx  xe x y  2xy 

1
x dy  0 ฀
2xy
(x2  y2 ) 2
dx  1 
y2  x2
(x2  y2) 2dy  0 
is a family of curves that can be interpreted as

(b) x1/2 y1/2 
x
x2  y ฀
dx  N(x, y) dy  0 streamlines of a fluid flow around a circular object
whose boundary is described by the equation
43. Differential equations are sometimes solved by x 2  y 2  1. Solve this DE and note the solution
having a clever idea. Here is a little exercise in f (x, y)  c for c  0.
cleverness: Although the differential equation
(b) Use a CAS to plot the streamlines for
(x  1x2  y2) dx  y฀dy  0 is not exact, show how
c  0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 in three
the rearrangement (x dx  y฀dy)  1x2  y2  dx and
different ways. First, use the contourplot of a CAS.
the observation 21 d(x 2  y 2)  x฀dx  y฀dy can lead to
Second, solve for x in terms of the variable y. Plot
a solution.
the resulting two functions of y for the given values
44. True or False: Every separable first-order equation of c, and then combine the graphs. Third, use the
dydx  g(x)h(y) is exact. CAS to solve a cubic equation for y in terms of x.

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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 2.4 EXACT฀EQUATIONS ● 69

(ii) In some texts on differential equations the study of exact equations

precedes that of linear DEs. Then the method for finding integrating factors
just discussed can be used to derive an integrating factor for
EXERCISES฀2.4
In Problems 1–20 determine whether the given differential
equation is exact. If it is exact, solve it.
1. (2x  1) dx  (3y  7) dy  0
2. (2x  y) dx  (x  6y) dy  0
3. (5x  4y) dx  (4x  8y 3) dy  0
4. (sin y  y sin x) dx  (cos x  x cos y  y) dy  0
2 2
5. (2xy  3) dx  (2x y  4) dy  0
6. 2y  1x  cos 3x฀ dxdy  xy  4x  3y sin 3x  0
7. (x 2  y 2) dx  (x 2  2xy) dy  0
8. 1  ln x  xy฀ dx  (1  ln x) dy
9. (x  y 3  y 2 sin x) dx  (3xy 2  2y cos x) dy
10. (x 3  y 3) dx  3xy 2 dy  0
11. (y ln y  exy) dx 
12. (3x 2 y  e y ) dx  (x 3  xe y  2y) dy  0
dy
13. x  2xex  y  6x2
dx
14. 1  3y  x฀ ddxy  y  3x  1
15. x y  1 1 9x ฀ dxdy  x y  0
2 3
2
y  P(x)y  f (x). By rewriting the last equation in the differential form
(P(x)y  f (x)) dx  dy  0, we see that
My  Nx
 P(x) .
N
From (13) we arrive at the already familiar integrating factor e P(x)dx used in
Section 2.3.
Answers฀to฀selected฀odd-numbered฀problems฀begin฀on฀page฀ANS-2.
19. (4t 3 y  15t 2  y) dt  (t 4  3y 2  t) dy  0
20. 1t  t1  t y y ฀ dt  ye  t t y ฀ dy  0
2 2 2
y
2 2
In Problems 21–26 solve the given initial-value problem.
21. (x  y)2 dx  (2xy  x 2  1) dy  0, y(1)  1
22. (e x  y) dx  (2  x  ye y ) dy  0, y(0)  1
23. (4y  2t  5) dt  (6y  4t  1) dy  0, y(1)  2
2
3
24. 3y y t ฀ dydt  2yt  0,฀ y(1)  1
2
5
2
25. (y 2 cos x  3x 2 y  2x) dx
 (2y sin x  x 3  ln y) dy  0, y(0)  e
26. 1 1 y  cos x  2xy฀ dxdy  y(y  sin x), y(0)  1
2
In Problems 27 and 28 find the value of k so that the given
differential equation is exact.
1y  x ln y฀ dy  0 27. (y 3  kxy 4  2x) dx  (3xy 2  20x 2 y 3) dy  0
28. (6xy 3  cos y) dx  (2kx 2y 2  x sin y) dy  0
In Problems 29 and 30 verify that the given differential
equation is not exact. Multiply the given differential equa-
tion by the indicated integrating factor (x, y) and verify that
the new equation is exact. Solve.
29. (xy sin x  2y cos x) dx  2x cos x฀dy  0;
(x, y)  xy
3 2
30. (x 2  2xy  y 2) dx  (y 2  2xy  x 2) dy  0;
(x, y)  (x  y)2
16. (5y  2x)y  2y  0
In Problems 31 – 36 solve the given differential equation by
17. (tan x  sin x sin y) dx  cos x cos y฀dy  0
finding, as in Example 4, an appropriate integrating factor.
18. (2y sin x cos x  y  2y2e xy ) dx 31. (2y 2  3x) dx  2xy฀dy  0
2

 (x  sin2 x  4xye xy ) dy
2
32. y(x  y  1) dx  (x  2y) dy  0

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ANS-2 ● ANSWERS฀FOR฀SELECTED฀ODD-NUMBERED฀PROBLEMS

EXERCISES฀2.2฀(PAGE฀51) 31. y  2x  1  5>x; (0, )

33. (x  1)y  xln x  x  21; (0, )
1. y  51 cos 5x c 3. y  1 3x
3e c
35. y  2  3ecos x; (, )
4
5. y  cx 7. 3e 2y
 2e 3x  c 1
2 (1  e ), 0x3
冦
2 x
1 3
9. 3 x ln x  91 x3  12 y2  2y  ln 兩 y 兩  c 37. y  1 6
2 (e  1)e , x3
2 x

11. 4 cos y  2x  sin 2x  c

1
13. (e x  1) 2  2(e y  1) 1  c  32 ex , 0x1
2

15. S  ce kr 17. P 
ce t 39. y  冦( 2
1
2e  3
2 )e x 2
, x 1
1  cet
21. y  sin ( 12 x2  c) 2x  1  4e2x, 0x1
19. ( y  3) 5 e x  c(x  4) 5 e y 41. y  冦 4x2 ln x  (1  4e2 )x2, x  1

 21 1 ex (erf(x)  erf(1))
23. x  tan (4t  )
3 e(11/x)
4 25. y  2 2
ANSWERS฀FOR฀SELECTED฀ODD-NUMBERED฀PROBLEMS฀฀•฀฀CHAPTER฀2

x 43. y  ex 1

13
11  x2 29. y  e冕4
x e-t dt 2

27. y  21 x  53. E(t)  E 0 e(t4)/RC

31. y   2x 2  x  1; 冢, 
2
1  15
2 冣.
33. y  ln(2  ex ); (, ln2) ฀ EXERCISES฀2.4฀(PAGE฀69)

3  e4 x1 1. x2  x  23 y2  7y  c 3. 5 2
2x  4 xy  2y4  c
35. (a) y  2, y  2, y  2
3  e4 x1 5. x 2 y 2  3x  4y  c 7. not exact
37. y  1 and y  1 are singular solutions of Problem 21; 1 2
9. xy  y cos x  2 x  c
3 2

y  0 of Problem 22 11. not exact

39. y  1 13. xy  2xe x  2e x  2x 3  c
41. y  1  101 tan (101 x) 15. x 3 y 3  tan1 3x  c
17. ln兩 cos x 兩  cos x sin y  c
45. y  tan x  sec x  c
47. y  [1  c(1  2x)]2
19. t 4 y  5t 3  ty  y 3  c
1 3
 x2 y  xy2  y  43
1x 1x
21. 3x
49. y  221xe e 4
23. 4ty  t 2  5t  3y 2  y  8
57. y(x)  (4h兾L2 )x 2  a 25. y 2 sin x  x 3 y  x 2  y ln y  y  0
27. k  10 29. x 2 y 2 cos x  c
2 2 3
31. x y x c 33. 3x 2 y 3  y 4  c
EXERCISES฀2.3฀(PAGE฀61) 35. 2ye3x  103 e3x  x  c
1. y  ce 5x, (, ) 37. ey (x2  4)  20
2

39. (c) y1 (x)  x2  1x4  x3  4

3. y  14 e3x  cex, (, ); cex is transient

y2 (x)  x2  1x4  x3  4

1
5. y   ce 3
x 3
, (, ); ce x3
is transient
7. y  x ln x  cx , (0, ); solution is transient
1 1

B
9. y  cx  x cos x, (0, ) x 9
45. (a) v(x)  8  2 (b) 12.7 ft/s
11. y  1 3
7x  1
5x  cx , (0, ); cx
4 4
is transient 3 x

13. y  21 x2 ex  cx2 ex, (0, ); cx2ex is transient

15. x  2y 6  cy 4, (0, ) EXERCISES฀2.5฀(PAGE฀74)
17. y  sin x  c cos x, (p兾2, p 兾2) 1. y  x ln兩x兩  cx
19. (x  1)e xy  x 2  c, (1, ); solution is transient
3. (x  y)ln兩 x  y 兩  y  c(x  y)
21. (sec u  tan u)r  u  cos u  c, (p兾2, p兾2)
23. y  e3x  cx 1e3x, (0, ); solution is transient 5. x  y ln兩 x兩  cy
y  51 x  251  76 7. ln(x 2  y 2 )  2 tan1( y兾x)  c
25 e ; (, )
5x
25.
9. 4x  y(ln兩y兩  c) 2 11. y 3  3x 3 ln兩 x兩  8x 3
27. y  x1ex  (2  e)x1; (0, ) 13. ln兩 x兩  e  1
y/x
15. y 3  1  cx3
1 3x
17. 3
y  x  3  ce 19. e t/y  ct
29. i 
E
R
E
冢
 i0  eRt>L; (, )
R 冣 21. y3  95 x1  495 x6
23. y  x  1  tan(x  c)

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.