‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﺪ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﻭﻯ ﲟﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‬

‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺻﻼ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻛﺎﳉﺮﺫﺍﻥ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﺪﻭﺍﻩ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺪﻍ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﺘﻄﻔﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺪﻍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻴﺚ ﻓﺄﺭﺍ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﲤﺘﺺ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻤﻞ ﲟﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻓﺄﺭ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﺪﻏﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺻﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺇﻋﻴﺎء‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺗﺴﻤﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﺣﺘﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻗﻠﻘﺎ ﻣﺬﻋﻮﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﻠﻮﺳﺔ ﻳﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﱡ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﺭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻹﺑﻂ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻣﻠﻲ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻬﺒﺔ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻘﻴﺢ ﺃﻭ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
 ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻮء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻬﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﲢﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻤﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎ ﺭﺋﻮﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻮﻱ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻮﻱ ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ‬
‫ﻭﳐﺎﻟﻄﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺫﺍﺫ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﲟﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﻖ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎ ﺭﺋﻮﻳﺎ ﳑﻴﺘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻭﺍﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻤﻲ ﺇﺫ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﺪﻍ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻏﻮﺙ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺄﺭ ﻣﻌﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺮﻏﻮﺙ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺎﰿ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﲟﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻄﲔ‬
 ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﲔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻣﻜﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺵ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻛﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎء ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺧﺎﲤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻟﺴﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻟﺲ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٧٤٩‬ﻫـ ‪ ١٣٤٧/‬ﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺟﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎء "ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺎء ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻢ" ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻟﺲ ﰲ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺧﺎﲤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺠﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﲢﺼﻴﻞ ﻏﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻮﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻫﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻗﻠﻮﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻭﺭﺑﺎ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﻭﳝﺘﺤﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺟﺎﺯﺗﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‪.‬‬