‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﻻﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﺒﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﱪﻙ ﺃﻭ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺹ ( ﺃﻭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﲔ ﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﱪﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﺮﻥ ﺟﺮﺱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻇﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﺠﻼﺕ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻧﱪﻙ‪ ،‬ﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺗﺮﻭﺱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺪ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻧﱪﻙ ﺃﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻗﺎﺹ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻠﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﳝﻨﺢ ﻣﻬﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻼﻡ ﺗﻨﻘﻀﻲ ﺑﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺻﻤﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺛﻘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺎء ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻼء‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺎء ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﱰﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺟﺮﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻛﺘﻴﺴﺒﻴﻮﺱ ﻋﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩ )‪ ٢٤٦-٢٧٠‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﻴﺴﺒﻴﻮﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺩﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﻛﺘﻴﺴﺒﻴﻮﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻞ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻘﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻓﻮﻕ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻼﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻗﺬﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﻊ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎء‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺎء ﻧﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻨﻊ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻣﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎء‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ‬
 ‫ﺍﻫﺘﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻷﺟﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺃﳓﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺠﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳉﺎﺣﻆ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎءﻫﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮﻻﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﲤﻸ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺗﻪ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺎﺭﳌﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺠﻮﺑﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺩﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﺵ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻔﺘﺤﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﺴﺤﺒﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻐﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺩﻫﺸﺔ ﺑﻼﻁ ﺷﺎﺭﳌﺎﻥ ﻭﻇﻨﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﱄ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ "ﻓﻴﻪ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﲢﻮﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳎﻮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻴﻂ ﻣﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻇﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﲢﺘﻪ ﻃﺎﺱ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﻟﻮ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺱ ﻭﲰﻊ ﻃﻨﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺛﻘﺐ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺛﻘﺒﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ ﺍﳌﺎء‬
‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺍﳌﺎء ﺍﳔﻔﻀﺖ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻓﺎﻣﺘﺪ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﲢﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻜﺎﺱ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﻜﺲ ﻓﺘﺪﺣﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﻄﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎء ﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻌﺘﲔ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺿﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺎء"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻱ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺧﱰﺍﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻱ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺟﲑﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺠﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﲟﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﺒﲑ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺟﲑﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﲰﻲ "ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ"‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﺒﲑ "‪...‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻦ ﳝﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺟﲑﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻬﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺎ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻃﺎﻕ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻃﻴﻘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻓﺘﺤﺖ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺑﺎ ﺻﻐﺎﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺑﺮﺕ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎء ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﺻﻨﺠﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﲔ ﻣﺼﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﺳﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﲢﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﲢﺖ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻘﻮﺑﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻗﺘﲔ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﳝﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻨﺎﻗﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺪﻗﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺳﺘﲔ ﻭﻳﻘﺬﻓﺎﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺪﺑﲑ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﺗﺘﺨﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﺳﺤﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻗﺘﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺳﺘﲔ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﳍﺎ ﺩﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﲔ ﺑﻠﻮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎء ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻀﻲ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺪﺑﲑ ﺁﺧﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻄﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺛﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﳐﺮﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﱰﺽ ﰲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺑﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺖ ﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻮء ﺍﳌﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﻓﺎﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﺣﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﳏﻤﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﻀﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﲢﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﻛﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺪ ﳊﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺏ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻴﺪ ﻓﺘﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺻﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺭﺿﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺸﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﻋﺼﺮﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٦١٨‬ﻫـ ‪ ١٢٨٢ /‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺟﺪﺩﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٧٢٦‬ﻫـ ‪ ١٣٢٦ /‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ‬
 ‫ﻋﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﺒﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻃﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ "ﻋﻦ ﳝﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺟﲑﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻃﺎﻕ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻃﻴﻘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﺑﺎﻃﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳋﻀﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺫﻫﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻃﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻮﱃ ﻗﻠﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻐﺮﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻓﺎﺱ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٧٥٨‬ﻫـ ‪ ١٣٥٧ /‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﰲ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﻨﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺤﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﳓﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﳛﺴﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﳜﺘﺼﺮﻭﻥ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﺩﻗﺘﻬـﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺟﻌﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻱ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
 ‫ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ )‪ (٣٠‬ﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﲎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻭﺁﻻﺗﻪ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺨﺮﺝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎء ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺧﺬﻭﺍ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺇﱃ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ ﻭﻗﻠﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﺟﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻮ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺫﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺹ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺹ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺎﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٠٨٦‬ﻫـ ‪١٦٧٥ /‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳍﻮﻟﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﳚﻴﻨﺰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﻗﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻋﻮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﱰﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﲑﺕ ﻫﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻛﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺗﺎﺡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻨﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﻱ ﻗﻮﺱ‬
 ‫ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺻﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻮﺵ‬
‫ﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٠٨٣‬ﻫـ‪-‬‬
‫‪١٦٧٣‬ﻡ ‪ ١١٦٤ /‬ﻫـ‪١٧٥١-‬ﻡ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﻳﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬