DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL OF COMMERCE &

MANAGEMENT

TUTORIALS ON

“BUSINESS RESEARCH MANAGEMENT”

Submitted By

Vipul Poddar

Roll No. 45

Division B

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Sachin Lad sir
 Acknowledgement

We take this opportunity to express our gratitude

towards SANJAY GHODAWAT UNIVERSITY
for permitting us to perform this project.

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to

all those who provided me the possibility to
complete this report. It is a part of intimate feeling
to mention the constant encouragement, inspiration
and valuable guidance by Mrs. Sachin Lad. Lastly,
I would like to express sincere thanks to all those
who have directly or indirectly help me in the
completion of the project work.

Student’s Signature Professor’s Signature

 Chapter-I

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The systematic pollution of our environment is one of the biggest hazards that humanity faces
today. People are becoming increasingly aware of the threat posed by pollution and
governments are enacting legislations aimed at protecting the environment.
During the last few decades, the global environment has gone through serious challenges and
changes. Population pressure has escaped rapidly consequently resources have dwindled.
Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical and biological operations of our air, land
and water. They may be or will be harmful to human life, species our industries process;
living condition and culture assets or deteriorate our material resources.
Human being can be exposed to pollutant in many ways through the air they breathe, the
water they drink, the food they eat and the cosmetics, drugs and other products they use. The
continuing discovery of previously unsuspected hazards from various chemicals and other
substances underscore the point. The environmental and human health effect of even those
substances identified for priority consideration.
Scientific developments have been a growing concern about the links between the health and
environment and worldwide industrial, land and resources management practices. Today
there is a growing concern for global scale environmental degradation brought by
combinations of all people on earth.
Manufacturing plants, agriculture production and other sources release pollutants into the air,
water and soil; pollutants are intentionally moved away through the management of waste
including residues removed from the air and water by pollution control equipment.
Pollutants also move among the media by changing into more or less hazardous substances as
they move through environment. They may accumulate in sinks for long period of time and
people often are exposed to the same pollutant through the one medium by breathing air,
drinking water, eating food or absorbing it through skin.
Generally new industrial plants reduce less waste than older ones. One report estimates that
new factories cut the amount of hazardous waste to half. Dilution which increases the volume
of waste is now more common than segregations.
Firms dilute waste to lower pollutant concentration for discharge into a sewage treatment
plant or directly into air or water, or to inject them more easily into deep wells. To save
money, small electroplating firms after mix their organic waste with those containing metals
and cyanide before dumping them in the sewer rather than treating them independently.
The sewage treatment plant can degrade the organic waste but the metal of cyanide
accumulates in the plants sludge. A cross media approach designed to avoid this problem
might require the discharger to segregate and treat separately the heavy metals and cyanide to
prevent their release.
Once wastes are segregated, they are easy to recycle or treat. As a better understanding of
nature and extent of Cross media problem is gained, society will also find better ways to
improve both the effectiveness and efficiency of pollution control policies.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Environment studies are all about learning the way we should live and how we can develop
sustainable strategies to protect the environment. It helps individuals to develop an
understanding of living and physical environment and how to resolve challenging
environmental issues affecting nature. In addition to studying the physical aspects of the
environment, it also emphasizes the need to conserve biodiversity and adopt a more
sustainable lifestyle and utilize resources in a responsible way. To create awareness among
today’s generation on pressing environmental problems, the University Grants Commission
(UGC) has made it mandatory for the universities to introduce a course in environmental
studies and teach students about the eco-system, pollution and problems concerned with the
environment. Let us discuss the dire need to include environmental studies in the course
curriculum.

Learn how to use resources sustainably

With natural resources such as air, water, oil, minerals are getting depleted rapidly; the
environmental studies course can help students understand the importance of these resources
and how we can improve the situation by taking appropriate actions in our regular lives to
preserve these resources.

Create awareness about preserving the environment

Whether it is spreading awareness against plastic use or air pollution, universities can conduct
various beyond-the-classroom activities as a part of this course to make students understand
the significance of protecting the environment. Activities such as conducting awareness
programs and rallies can prevent the degradation of the environment.

Participate in the mass movement to protect nature

While pursuing a course in environmental studies, students can be a part of mass public
awareness movements and encourage their fellow batch mates to participate. Whether it is
taking an initiative by planting trees in the campus, conducting workshops on various
pressing issues or joining an NGO that supports environmental conservation, students can
learn about various ways of protecting and conserving the environment.

1.3 .STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

“Study of Environmental education and pollution and its effect on all the living beings
and nature”. This study has been particularly taken by the researcher to understand the
present scenario of the environment across the globe. Researcher wants to find out
environment is how much been polluted and its effects on future.
1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE SUDY:
1. To develop the sense of awareness among the peoples about environment and its various
problems.

2. To help the peoples in realizing the inter-relationship between man and environment.

3. To inform the peoples about the social norms that provides unity with environmental
characteristics.

4. To create positive attitude about environment among the people.

5. To develop proper skill required for the fulfillment of the aims of environmental education
and educational evaluations.

6. To help the peoples in realizing the importance of taking proper steps to solve
environmental problems.

7. To develop required curiosity among the peoples for the realization of environmental
problems so that they would be inspired to work for the solution of such problems.

1.5 .SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of environmental education is very wide and it deals with many areas like
Conservation of natural resources, ecological aspects, pollution of the surrounding natural
resources, controlling the pollution, social issues connected to it, and impacts of human
population on the environment.

1.6. LIMITATIONS

• Inadequate personnel such as teachers, researchers

• Shortage of teaching/learning materials
• Shortage of funding
 • Lack of integration of indigenous knowledge in the teaching of environmental
education
• High levels of illiteracy and hence failure of environmental education to reach all
people because environmental education information is not available in all languages
• Lack of adequate co-ordination especially of non-formal environmental education
activities
• Research may not be generalizable because the data available

with us was limited at certain point.

• The limitations of our research is restricted up to the data which is available online

1.7. Hypothesis

Hypothesis 1

H1 (a): Environmental education positively influences Individuals’ attitudes toward

environmental conservation. Adopted from the Anderberg (2009) model, ESD incorporates
EE and sustainability development. It is reasonable to believe that when the same message is
delivered to the students in the ESD group, the education program will increase awareness
and positive attitudes towards sustainability development, including both environmental
conservation and economic development across a wide spectrum of settings (Pavlou &
Fygenson, 2006).

H1 (b): ESD positively influences individuals’ attitudes towards environmental conservation.

Hypothesis 2

H2 (a): Environmental education increases the differences between individuals’ attitude

towards environmental conservation and individuals’ attitude towards economic
development. However, the function of ESD is to provide the knowledge and analytical skills
to realize sustainability in order to balance the consumption of natural resources. If students
treat technology as a reliable source that may bring forth solutions for environmental
problems, they will be more likely to engage in initiatives to synergize development and
conservation. With the students' change in attitude and belief towards a win-win outcome for
both environmental conservation and economic development, as illustrated in Based on H1
(b), I have hypothesized that the contention between environmental conservation and 11
economic development will lessen after ESD intervention is applied.

H2 (b): ESD decreases the differences between individuals’ attitudes towards environmental
conservation and individuals’ attitudes towards economic development.
 CHAPTER-2

1. Review of literature

1.1 MEANING OF LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review is a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current

knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological

contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and do not report

new or original experimental work. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature,

such reviews are found in academic journals, and are not to be confused with book

reviews that may also appear in the same publication. Literature reviews are a basis for

research in nearly every academic field. A narrow-scope literature review may be included as

part of a peer-reviewed journal article presenting new research, serving to situate the current

study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide context for the reader. In such a

case, the review usually precedes the methodology and results sections of the work.

Producing a literature review may also be part of graduate and post-graduate student

work, including in the preparation of a thesis, dissertation, or a journal article. Literature

reviews are also common in a research proposal or prospectus (the document that is approved

before a student formally begins a dissertation or thesis).

PROCESS AND PRODUCT

Shields and Rangarajan (2013) distinguish between the process of reviewing the

literature and a finished work or product known as a literature review. The process of

reviewing the literature is often ongoing and informs many aspects of the empirical

research project. All of the latest literature should inform a research project. Scholars need to

be scanning the literature long after a formal literature review product appears to be

completed.

A careful literature review is usually 15 to 30 pages and could be longer. The process

of reviewing the literature requires different kinds of activities and ways of

thinking.[6] Shields and Rangarajan (2013) and Granello (2001) link the activities of doing a

literature review with Benjamin Bloom’s revised taxonomy of the cognitive domain (ways of

thinking: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating).

The first category in Bloom's taxonomy is remembering. For a person doing a

literature review this would include tasks such as recognition, retrieval and recollection of the

relevant literature. During these stage relevant books, articles, monographs, dissertations, etc.

are identified and read. Bloom’s second category understanding occurs as the scholar

comprehends the material they have collected and read. This step is critical because no one

can write clearly about something they do not understand. Understanding may be challenging

because the literature could introduce the scholar to new terminology, conceptual

framework and methodology. Comprehension (particularly for new scholars) is often

improved by taking careful notes. In Bloom’s third category applying the scholar is able to

make connections between the literature and his or her larger research project. This is

particularly true if the literature review is to be a chapter in a future empirical study. The

literature review begins to inform the research question, and methodological approaches.

When scholars analyze (fourth category in Bloom's taxonomy) they are able to separate

material into parts and figure out how the parts fit together. Analysis of the literature allows

the scholar to develop frameworks for analysis and the ability to see the big picture and know

how details from the literature fit within the big picture. Analysis facilitates the development

of an outline (list). The books, articles and monographs read will be of different quality and

value. When scholars use Bloom’s fifth category evaluating they are able to see the strengths

and weaknesses of the theories, arguments, methodology and findings of the literature they

have collected and read. When scholars engage in creating the final category in Bloom's

taxonomy, they bring creativity to the process of doing a literature review. In other words,

they draw new and original insights from the literature. They may be able to find a fresh and

original research question, identify a heretofore, unknown gap in the literature or make

surprising connections. By understanding how ways of thinking connect to tasks of a

literature review, a scholar is able to be self-reflective and bring met cognition to

the process of reviewing the literature.

Most of these tasks occur before the writing even begins. The process of reviewing

the literature and writing a literature review can be complicated and lengthy. It is helpful to

bring a system of organization and planning to the task. When an orderly system can be

designed, it is easier to keep track of the articles, books, materials read, notes, outlines and

drafts.

PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

In general, the literature review should:

1. Provide A Context For The Research

2. Justify The Research

3. Ensure The Research Hasn't Been Done Before (Or If It Is Repeated, That It Is

Marked As A "Replication Study")

4. Show Where The Research Fits Into The Existing Body Of Knowledge

5. Enable The Researcher To Learn From Previous Theory On The Subject

6. Illustrate How The Subject Has Been Studied Previously

7. Highlight Flaws In Previous Research

8. Outline Gaps In Previous Research

9. Show That The Work Is Adding To The Understanding And Knowledge Of The Field

10. Help Refine, Refocus Or Even Change The Topic

A REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The researcher has carried out of literature on performance appraisal. The relevant parts of

literature reviewed are presented in the following manner.

1. Review of Research Journals and Articles

2. Review of Thesis & Dissertations

3. Review of Books
1.2. REVIEW OF RESEARCH JOURNALS AND ARTICLES

Research Paper – 1

Title:-Environmental pollution: causes, effects, and the remedies

Authors; - Prince O. Ukaogo, Chibuzo V. Onwuka, in Microorganisms for Sustainable

Environment and Health, 2020

SUMMARY

Environmental pollution is not a new phenomenon, yet it remains the world’s greatest

problem facing humanity, and the leading environmental causes of morbidity and mortality.

Man’s activities through urbanization, industrialization, mining, and exploration are at the

forefront of global environmental pollution. Both developed and developing nations share

this burden together, though awareness and stricter laws in developed countries have

contributed to a larger extent in protecting their environment. Despite the global attention

towards pollution, the impact is still being felt due to its severe long-term consequences. This

chapter examines the types of pollution—air, water, and soil; the causes and effects of

pollution; and proffers solutions in combating pollution for sustainable environment and

health.
 Research Paper – 2

Title: - Exploring the Potential and Opportunities of Current Tools for Removal of

Hazardous

Authors; - Materials from Vimal Chandra Pandey, Vijai Singh, in Phytomanagement of

Polluted Sites, 2019 Environments.

SUMMARY

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious global challenges. Wild-type organisms

have a slower degradation rate of hazardous materials. Currently, advanced molecular

biology tools along with conventional approaches allow us to rapidly degrade or accumulate

hazardous materials from environments. This can help modify microorganisms to gain the

ability to sense and degrade hazardous chemicals from contaminated sites, in turn, allowing

us to grow vegetation and improve crop productivity. In this chapter, conventional and

advanced molecular biology tools for the removal and detoxification of contaminants from

soil and water to improve environmental conditions are highlighted.

 Research Paper – 3

Title: - Societal Responsibility and Economic Viability

Authors; - Dilip Kumar, Deepak Kumar, in Management of Coking Coal Resources, 2016

SUMMARY

Environmental pollution represents an obstacle to the economic exploitation of coal deposits.

In industrialized countries, the rules for protection of the environment are stricter than in

developing countries. Thus, to get a license to open mines involves lengthy procedures which

in turn cause delay. Indian authorities have also started to put stringent conditions in place

regarding environmental pollution. Consequently, ecological problems can be totally

prevented, but such measures are costly.

Some environmental consequences of mining and processing coal deposits are deforestation,

land damage, water pollution and hydrological damage, air pollution, noise pollution, ground

vibration and rock dispersal, and visual impact. Such environmental impacts are increasing

day by day because the scale of individual mining operations is increasing as mining of lower

grade deposits increases. The current trend toward surface mining, and mine mechanization,

is also aggravating such problems.

The use of environmental standards as criteria for decision making in a developing country

like India has to be properly assessed. If the norms of developed countries are applied in

India, costs will be very high. Thus, the standards selected should be compatible with the

country’s economic situation.

 Research Paper – 4

Title: - Particulate Matter and Its Size Fractionation

Authors; - Prabhat K. Rai, in Biomagnetic Monitoring of Particulate Matter, 2016

SUMMARY

Environmental pollution is the unfavorable alteration of our surroundings, wholly or largely

as a byproduct of man’s actions, through direct or indirect effects of the changes in the

energy pattern, radiation levels, and chemical and physical constitution and abundance of

organisms. Environmental pollution is a global problem and is common to both developed as

well as developing countries, which attracts the attention of human beings for its severe long-

term consequences. The decline in environmental quality as a consequence of pollution is

evidenced by loss of vegetation, biological diversity, excessive amounts of harmful chemicals

in the ambient atmosphere and in food grains, and growing risks of environmental accidents

and threats to life support systems. Pollution is viewed from different angles by different

people but is commonly agreed to be the outcome of urban-industrial and technological

revolution and rapacious and speedy exploitation of natural resources, increased rate of

exchange of matter and energy, and ever-increasing industrial wastes, urban effluents, and

consumer goods. Hold gate (1979) defined environmental pollution as the introduction by

man, into the environment, of substances or energy liable to cause interference with

legitimate uses of environment. Singh (1991) has defined pollution in a very simple manner,

i.e., “Disequilibrium condition from equilibrium condition in any system.” This definition

may be applied to all types of pollution ranging from physical to economic, political, social,

and religious. Over the past couple of decades, various sources of pollution were identified

that altered the composition of water, air, and soil of the environment. The substances that

cause pollution are known as pollutants. A pollutant can be any chemical (toxic

metal, radionuclides, organ phosphorus compounds, gases) or geochemical substance (dust,

sediment), biological organism or product, or physical substance (heat, radiation, sound

wave) that is released intentionally or inadvertently by man into the environment with actual

or potential adverse, harmful, unpleasant, or inconvenient effects. Such undesirable effects

may be direct (affecting man) or indirect, being mediated via resource organisms or climate

change. Depending on the nature of pollutants and also subsequent pollution of

environmental components, the pollution may be categorized as follows:

1. Air Pollution

2. Water Pollution

3. Soil/Land Pollution

4. Noise Pollution

5. Radioactive Pollution

6. Thermal Pollution

Among these types of pollution, air pollution is the main type threatening the environment,

humans, plants, animals, and all living organisms.

 Research Paper – 5

Title: - Ecotoxicology, Avian

Authors; - A.J. García-Fernández, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), 2014

SUMMARY

Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals has been responsible for numerous

pathologies in wild species. Cadmium (Cd) is widely distributed in the environment and has

been described as highly toxic for living beings, affecting the survival and reproduction of

birds. Birds are exposed to Cd primarily throughout their diets, but its intestinal absorption is

very low (less than 7% of ingested). Cadmium levels in bird tissues are influenced by many

factors such as feeding habits and diet, age, physiological status, ecosystem use, etc.

Significant differences exist among species regarding Cd accumulation in tissues. In

fact, pelagic species accumulate more Cd than other seabirds, terrestrial birds, freshwater

birds, and shorebirds.

Diverse alterations in birds have been reported after field or experimental exposure to Cd,

such as intestinal damage and altered nutrient uptake; kidney damage with alteration

of vitamin D metabolism; skeletal effects such as osteomalacia, osteoporosis, or osteopenia;

effects on osmoregulation, and energy metabolism; effects on reproductive organs and

reproduction, such as atrophied testes, reduced egg production, or experimental eggshell

thinning; endocrine disruption; anemia; behavioral alterations; and immune deficiencies.

 Research Paper – 6

Title: - Genetic Strategies for Advancing Phytoremediation Potential in Plants

Authors; - Sumira Jan, Parvaiz Ahmad, in Plant Metal Interaction, 2016

SUMMARY

Environmental pollution is one the major problems that affects biodiversity, ecosystems, and

human health worldwide by contaminating soil and water. This issue cannot be resolved

through conventional tools and traditional strategies. The in-depth understanding of

biotechnological interventions with the prospect to upgrade the phytoremediation potential

needs to be elucidated. Plants deploy multiple physiological, biochemical, and molecular

mechanisms to counter the deleterious effects of environmental pollutants. Phytoremediation,

the use of plants for environmental restoration, exploits naturally occurring uptake

capabilities of plant root systems, together with the translocation, bioaccumulation, or

detoxifying abilities to clean up the surrounding environments. Phytoremediation is a cost-

effective, environmentally friendly, nonintrusive, and affordable technological solution used

to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water.

Recent technological development of molecular genetics and transgenic approaches has

significantly increased the understanding of mechanisms of phytoremediation and recent

results including the overexpression of genes engaged with metal uptake, transport, and

sequestration of enzymes engaged with degradation of hazardous organic compounds have

opened up new possibilities of phytoremediation. This chapter provides a critical review of

the recent progress made toward the development of transgenic plants with improved

phytoremediation capabilities and their potential use in environmental cleanup.

 Research Paper – 7

Title: - The Impacts of Petroleum Production on Terrestrial Fauna and Flora in the Oil-

Producing Region of Nigeria

Authors; - K.S. Chukwuka, W.A. Jimoh, in the Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in

the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem, 2018

SUMMARY

Environmental pollution and degradation resulting from oil spillage in major oil-producing

regions of the world as in the Niger Delta cannot be eschewed. The effects of oil spillage on

the germination of seeds have been reported by several researchers. Udo and Fayemi

(1974) reported that oil spillage accounted for a 50% reduction in the germination of Zea

mays L. seeds and seedling development. The poor growth of the seedlings was attributed to

suffocation of the plants due to exclusion of air by the oil, which interfered with the plants’

soil-water relationships. Similarly, Agbogidi and Eshegbeyi (2006) showed that the

germination and seedling growth of a cash crop, Dacryodes edulis (African pear) (an

endangered species) in oil-producing areas of Delta State was affected by oil spillage. Amadi,

Dickson, and Moate (1993) and Amadi, Abbey, and Nma (1996) reported that crude oil

concentration above 3% in the soil will reduce germination by suffocating seeds, thereby

affecting their physiological activities. Anoliefo and Vwioko (1994) similarly reported that

contamination of soil with 4% and 5% spent oil consistently inhibited germination of hot

pepper and tomatoes seeds. Evidence on the toxic effects of crude and spent oil on plant seed

embryos abounds (Baker, 1970; Gill, Nyawuame & Eruikhametalor, 1992; Kolattukudy,

1979). Their findings show that penetration of crude and/or spent oil into seed embryos, plant

tissues, and cells is lethal and can lead to plant injury and/or death.
 Research Paper – 8

Title: - Endangered Amphibians

Authors; - Tim Halliday, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2007

SUMMARY

Environmental pollution has caused the decline or extinction of some local populations of

amphibians. In California, for example, amphibians have declined dramatically in habitats

downwind from agricultural areas where there is extensive use of pesticides, herbicides,

and fertilizers. Such chemical contaminants can also have a harmful effect at long distances

from where they were released. Declines of amphibians in Yosemite National Park in

California appear to be due to chemical pollution that has drifted on the wind from

agricultural areas many miles away. Amphibians provide sensitive biological indicators of

pollution because their highly permeable skin readily absorbs toxic substances. Mercury,

which is released globally from many sources, notably power plants, is believed to have

caused dramatic population declines among salamanders in Acadia National Park in Maine.

A major form of pollution that can affect very large areas is atmospheric acid deposition or

acid rain; this has caused amphibian declines downwind of industrial areas in North America,

Europe, and Scandinavia. Some chemical compounds of human origin are readily absorbed

by aquatic animals and interfere with their endocrine systems; these are known as endocrine

disruptors and they disrupt the anatomical and reproductive development of both sexes,

causing severe deformities, usually of the limbs, and the occurrence of male frogs that show

clear female characteristics. Endocrine disruptors include the insecticide dichloro-diphenyl-

trichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from plastics, and the widely used

herbicide atrazine.
 Research Paper – 9

Title: - Biodegradation of environmental pollutant through pathways engineering and

genetically modified organisms approaches

Authors; - Ravi Shankar Kumar, Prabodh Kumar Trivedi, in Microorganisms for Sustainable

Environment and Health, 2020

SUMMARY

Environmental pollution caused by the dumping of a wide range of industrial waste is now

serious (Jain et al., 2005a). Hazardous waste sites occur worldwide resulting in the deposition

of xenobiotics in soil and water (Jain et al., 2005a). Bacteria and fungi are capable of

degrading PAH completely or partially. In bioremediation technology a diversity of

microorganisms is used to degrade hazardous pollutants through different metabolic

pathways (Seo et al., 2009). Like all living creatures, microorganisms need carbon, nutrients,

and energy to survive and replicate. Such organisms obtain nutrients and energy from the

chemical degradation of contaminants into simple compounds, that is, water, carbon dioxide,

salts, and other nontoxic substances (Seo et al., 2009). Some of the examples of the microbial

removal of pollutants are discussed below. Near refineries or oil industries and other

contaminated sites, benzo(a)pyrene was found to be degraded with 11 isolated bacterial

strains such as Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, Rodococcus, Agrobacterium, and Bacillus sp.

(Haritash and Kaushik, 2009). Naphthalene and phenanthrene are readily degraded by

microorganisms in soil (Peng et al., 2008). Pseudomonas aeroginosa, the bacteria found in

streams polluted by petroleum refineries, was able to degrade phenanthrene completely

(Haritash and Kaushik, 2009). Pseudomonas fluorescens and Haemophilus sp. that were

found in a petrochemical waste disposal site contaminated with phenanthrene, anthracene,

fluorene, pyrene, and acenaphthene showed PAH degradation of 70%–100% over 40 days

(Haritash and Kaushik, 2009).

 Research Paper – 10

Title: - Leaching of Rare Earth Elements

Authors; - Sebastiaan Peelman, Yongxiang Yang, in Rare Earths Industry, 2016

SUMMARY

Environmental pollution caused by fluorine emissions during H2SO4 roasting of bastnaesite

processing in China is becoming of increasing concern (Bian et al., 2011). Because of this,

processes have been developed to prevent the emission of fluorine. A first method revolves

around only leaching the carbonate REE while leaving the REE fluorides in the residue. This

is achieved by thermally activating the ore (400 °C for 3 h) and then leaching it with HCl.

Thermal activation enables leaching of the carbonates at conditions in which the fluorides are

unaffected. The reported leaching efficiency of this process is 94.6% for the carbonates and

0.07% for the fluorides (Bian et al., 2011).

A different method involves progress in the air-roasting process mentioned in Section 2.1.

This process had already been proven ineffective in leaching the fluoride components, but the

oxidation of Ce+III to Ce+IV prevented Ce from being leached together with the other REE and

led to purification issues. The addition of thiourea (Yörükoğlu et al., 2003) offered a solution

to this problem. Thiourea prevents the oxidation of Ce, keeping it trivalent after roasting and

thus allowing it to be leached with HCl together with other REE. This allowed for the

recovery of Ce and the nonfluoride bonded REE. These methods are not optimal because not

all REEs present in the bastnaesite are being extracted, which leads to a less efficient process.

However, considering the abundance of REEs in China, the Chinese REE industry can

consider this loss in efficiency an acceptable tradeoff for reducing the environmental impact

of the REE extraction processes.

Another, more efficient process involves the mechanochemical activation of bastnaesite by

milling it with NaOH powder (Zhang and Saito, 1998). In this process, the bastnaesite
concentrate is milled together with NaOH powder, followed by washing with water to

remove the Na compounds and then leaching with HCl. These steps are performed at room

temperature and can lead to a leaching efficiency of around 90%. This process generates no

emissions, and the F is bonded with Na as NaF. Ball milling is energy intensive, however,

and the process takes several hours.

2. Questioner
 3. DATA ANALYSIS
1. Age group

No. of
Age Group Percentage
Respondents

Below 20 years 12 24%

21 - 30 17 34%
31 - 40 9 18%
Above 40 years 12 24%

Total No. of
50 100%
Respondents

Analysis

As per the table majority of them are from the age group of 21-30 years (34%),
24% from both age groups .e.i, below 20 years and above 40 years and rest 18%
are from 31-40 years.
 2. Gender

No. of
Gender Percentage
Respondents
Female 20 40%
Male 28 56%
Prefer not to
2 4%
say
Total No. of
50 100%
Respondents

Analysis

As per the table majority of them are males (56%), 40% are female and 4% are
others
 3. Education
Education No. of Percentage
respondent
Diploma 9 18%
Undergraduate 18 36%
program
Postgraduate 11 22%
program
Doctoral(PhD) 12 24%
program
Total no. of 50 100%
respondents

Analysis
Majority of the respondents are from undergraduate program (36%), 18%
from Diploma, 22% from postgraduate program and rest from Doctoral
(PhD) program
 4. On which platform you have heard environmental pollution
Platform No. of Percentage
respondent
Television 33 66%
Radio 24 48%
Newspaper 29 58%
Internet 43 86%
Environmental groups 20 40%
School/Collage/University 27 54%
Library 21 42%
Others 19 38%

Analysis
Majority of the respondents have heard about the pollution from internet
(43 respondents) , 33 respondents from television, 24 respondents from
radio, 29 respondents from newspaper, 20 respondents from
environmental groups, 27 from schools/collages/university’s, 21
respondents from library and 19 respondents from other sources
 5. Environmental pollution poses a hazard to the whole world
Environmental No. of Percentage
pollution poses a respondent
hazard to the
whole world
Strongly agree 30 60%
Agree 12 24%
Neutral 4 8%
disagree 1 2%
Strongly disagree 3 6%
Total no. of 50 100%
respondents

Analysis
Majority of the respondents strongly agree that pollution poses a hazard to the
whole world (e.i, 60%), 24% agree with the statement, 8% of the respondents are
neutral with the statement, 2% of the respondents disagree with the statement and
rest of 6% respondents strongly disagree that pollution poses a hazard to the world
 6. How often do you recycle
How often do No. of Percentage
you recycle respondents
Never 3 6%
Once in a while 15 30%
About half the 13 26%
time
Most of the time 10 20%
Always 9 18%
Total no. of 50 100%
respondents

Analysis
Majority of the people have recycled anything once In a while, 26% have
recycled about half the time in their life, 18% of the people have always
recycled their materials, 20% of the people have recycled most of the
time and 6% have never recycled anything in their life.
 7. Does recycling helps to reduce environmental pollution
Does recycling No. of Percentage
helps to reduce respondents
environmental
pollution?
Strongly disagree 0 0%
Disagree 0 0%
Neutral 6 12%
Agree 21 42%
Strongly agree 23 46%
Total no. of 50 100%
respondents

Analysis
Thankfully nobody disagrees, or strongly disagrees that recycling helps to
reduce environmental pollution, whereas 12% are neutral with the
statement, 42% agree with the statement and rest 46% of the people
strongly agree that recycling helps to reduce environmental pollution.
8. On a scale of 1-10, please rate how environmental pollution affects
your personal health and safety?
Scale No. of Percentage
respondents
1 0 0%
2 0 0%
3 0 0%
4 3 6%
5 6 12%
6 7 14%
7 6 12%
8 13 26%
9 5 10%
10 10 20%
Total no. of 50 100%
respondents

Analysis
Nearly 82% of the people are on the scale of 6-10 who agrees that some
or the other way the pollution is affecting their personal health and the
safety and 12% are neutral and 6% disagrees with the statement.
 9. Which of the following do you think affects you the most?
Types of No. of Percentage
pollution respondents
Air pollution 26 52%
Sound pollution 4 8%
Noise pollution 3 6%
Water pollution 15 30%
Land pollution 2 4%
Total no. of 50 100%
respondents

Analysis
Majority of the people believe that Air pollution affects them the most
(52%), whereas 14% of people believe that noise and sound pollution
affects them the most and about 30% of the people believe that water
pollution affects them and rest 4% believe that land pollution affects them
the most
 10.Which of the following do you think impact and are the biggest
causes of environmental pollution?
Activities No. of Percentage
respondents
Industrial 35 70%
activities
Dumping solid 34 68%
waste
Transportation 34 68%
means
Deforestation 42 84%
Population over 32 64%
growth
Plastic waste 35 70%

Analysis

Majority of the people (84%) believe that deforestation is the biggest causes of
pollution, whereas 70% responses says that industrial activities is the biggest
causes of pollution, 68% responses say that transportation means are the main
cause of pollution
11.Are you aware of the global policies or initiatives taken by various
organizations to reduce environmental pollution?
Awareness of the global No. of Percentage
policies or initiatives respondents
taken by various
organizations to reduce
environmental pollution
Yes 33 66%
No 17 34%
Total no. of respondents 50 100%

Analysis

Majority of the respondents (e.i.66%) are aware of the global policies or

initiatives taken by various organizations to reduce environmental
pollution, whereas 34% respondents are not aware of any global policies
or initiatives.
12.Do you think your Government’s laws that restrict pollution be as
they are?
Do you think your No. of Percentage
Government’s laws that restrict respondents
pollution be as they are?
Should be much more strict 22 44%
Should be a moderately more 16 32%
strict
Should be slightly more strict 7 14%
About the same is fine 5 10%
Should be a little lax 0 0%
Should be extremely lax 0 0%
We don’t need these laws at all 0 0%

Total no. of respondents 50 100%

Analysis
Almost 44% of the respondents agreed that the government laws should
be much stricter to reduce the pollution, 32% agreed that it should be
moderately more strict, about 14% agreed that the laws should be slightly
more strict and lastly 10% agreed that the current laws are enough to
control the pollution.
 13.How often do you segregate waste?
How often do No. of Percentage
you segregate respondents
waste?
Never 4 8%
Once in a while 8 16%
About half the 16 32%
time
Most of the time 13 26%
Always 9 18%
Total no. of 50 100%
respondents

Analysis
8% of the respondents have never segregated the waste in their life, 16%
respondents have segregated once in a while, 32% have segregated the
waste about half the time, 26% respondents have segregated their waste
most of the time and 18% of the respondents segregated their waste all
the time.
14.When people get together to solve environmental pollution problems,
how often do you think they succeed?
When people get No. of Percentage
together to solve respondents
environmental pollution
problems, how often do
you think they succeed?
Never 0 0%
Always 10 20%
Often 16 32%
Sometimes 15 30%
Rarely 9 18%
Total no. of respondents 50 100%

Analysis
About 20% of the respondents believe that When people get together to
solve environmental pollution problems they always succeed, 32%
believe that often people succeed when they get together to solve
pollution issues, 30% believe that people sometimes succeeds with
motives of saving environment, 18% believe that people rarely succeed
when they come together to overcome the pollution.
4. Data Interpretations
From the survey and analyzing the data we conclude following points:
1. The data analyses very well shows that 88% of the responses have heard about the
environmental pollution from internet. This shows that internet is the common
source to find the problems of the world. And to find the solution as per the
problems.
2. Even though most of the people (84%) are aware that pollution poses hazard to the
whole world they don’t take any measure to control it.
3. 46% people agree that recycling helps to reduce the pollution still only 18%
always recycle whereas 6% of the respondents never recycled anything in their
life.
4. Even after knowing that air pollution affects them the most they keep on using
vehicles for unnecessary reasons. Leaving harmful gases behind which causes
severe breathing problems.
5. Segregation of the waste will drastically reduce the pollution from the world still
24% people are very casual with it.
6. As per the respondents the government laws should be stricter to reduce the
pollution. Government as well as organizations should be stricter with the laws of
pollution control.
7. 34% are not even aware of the global policies or laws to conserve or protect
environment even after having wide range of open source of knowledge.
5. Findings
1. Environmental pollution has truly effected everyone’s life one or the other way
but only a small majority of the people accept that they should take some
initiatives or measures to reduce the pollution.
2. The general findings also suggest that majority of the people segregate their waste
and majority of them also recycle things to reduce the waste.
3. The data also shows that the 18% people rarely thinks when they will come
together to solve the environmental problems they will succeed whereas 20%
believe that they will always succeed when they come together to solve
environmental problems.
4. The following is the descending order of the data of the effects of the type of the
pollution to them the most:-
a. Air pollution (52%)
b. Water pollution (30%)
c. Sound pollution (8%)
d. Noise pollution (6%)
e. Land pollution (4%)
5. About 60% of 50 people believe that pollution poses hazard to them still 18%
among them always recycle, 18% always segregate their waste and 20% wants to
come together to solve the problem.
6. Suggestions
1. We have to work together to conserve and save environment
2. Pollution does not depend on activity of one person, whole society should be aware of it.
Remember “we have not inherited this earth from our forefathers; we have borrowed it
from our children."
3. Nature is our mother, it is our responsibility to protect it, we should be aware of it, the
survival is not just of the people but also of the planet
4. Grow more Plants 🌱
5. Human is cause of its own destruction, so stop polluting your environment. Let the planet
survive from humanly monster
6. Telling others what to do is easy rather set an example so that others will also see and do
automatically
7. Siting in a building against a computer won't give you anything, come down on the ground
and then you will know the real world
8. Government should provide clean water to every household
9. Even if for small distance you remove a car then shame on you. The beggar walking there
is able to contribute more to the earth than you
10. Sustainable development is beneficial for both our self and mother nature for long term.
7. Conclusion
With natural resources such as air, water, oil, minerals are getting depleted rapidly;
the environmental studies course can help students understand the importance of
these resources and how we can improve the situation by taking appropriate actions
in our regular lives to preserve these resources.
Create awareness about preserving the environment
Whether it is spreading awareness against plastic use or air pollution, universities
can conduct various beyond-the-classroom activities as a part of this course to
make students understand the significance of protecting the environment. Activities
such as conducting awareness programs and rallies can prevent the degradation of
the environment.
Participate in the mass movement to protect nature
While pursuing a course in environmental studies, students can be a part of mass
public awareness movements and encourage their fellow batch mates to participate.
Whether it is taking an initiative by planting trees in the campus, conducting
workshops on various pressing issues or joining an NGO that supports
environmental conservation, students can learn about various ways of protecting
and conserving the environment.
 8. Bibliography
➢ www.google.co.in
➢ www.wikipedia.com
https://sciencdirect.com
➢ www.environmentalpollution.in
➢ www.researchgate.com

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