The mole concept:

Mole (mol): The amount of a substance containing the Avogadro’s number of particles, L, ( 6.0 x 10 23 )
Hence, one mole of any substance contains 6.0 x 1023 of atoms, molecules or ions.
Or
Mole: amount of substance that has the same number of particles (atoms, ions, molecules or electrons) as
there are atoms in exactly 12g of the carbon-12 isotope.
Molar mass: Mass in grams possessed by one mole of a substance. Its unit is g/mol. Numerically this is
equal to Ar or Mr of the substance.
Molar gas volume,Vm : One mole of any gas occupies a volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature and
Pressure, (r. t. p.) Temp.= 25○C or 298 K and Pressure = 1 atm.
or 22.4 dm3 at standard temperature and pressure, ( s. t. p. ) Temp.= 0 ○C and Pressure = 1 atm.
Impoatant calculations:

mass∈grams
1. mol = (mol= m/Mr, Ar)
molar mass∨Mr , Ar

2. No. of particles = mol x L (where L is equal to 6.0 x 1023)

3. volume = mol x 24 dm3

mass∈ grams
4. (i) Conc. g/dm3 =
1dm 3( volof sol)

mol
(ii) Conc. mol /dm3 = or Simply: c = n/v
1dm 3( volof sol)
How to convert Conc. g /dm3 into Conc. Mol/ dm3 and vice versa.

5. Dilution of solutions: M1V1 = M2 V2 where M= molar conc. and V = volume

6. Percentage yield = Actual yield x 100

Theoritical yield

7. Percentage purity = mass of pure substance x 100

Mass of the sub. used (impure)

Or
Ar = mass number x % mass + mass number x % mass
100 100
Stoichiometry: The relationship between the amounts of reactants and products appearing in the
balanced chemical equations.
All calculations regarding chemical reactions are done in relation to the balanced chemical equations.
Substances in the balanced chemical equations are in their moles. Masses and volumes (of gases) can be
measured according to the no. of moles in the equations.
Limiting Reactant : Reactants always react in fixed (stoichiometric) ratios, but reactants may or may
not necessarily be taken (reacted) in accordance with the balanced chemical equations. The amount of
one of the reactants may be less than that required for complete reaction with the other. Hence, a reactant
whose amount is less than that required by the stoichiometric (molar) ratio is called the limiting reactant.
So, limiting reactant:
1. Is completely consumed during reaction.
2. Causes the reaction to stop.
3. Gives less product compared to the other reactant (in excess)
4. Is determined by the amount of product(s) formed, i.e. products are calculated by using the amount of
the limiting reactant available.
Empirical and Molecular formula.
Empirical formula: Gives the simplest whole number ratio between atoms of different elements
in the compound
Molecular formula: Gives the actual whole number of different atom of elements in the
compound.
It the integral multiple of the empirical formula.
Mol. Formula = ( empirical formula) n
Where n= 1,2,3,4 etc.
And n can be found as:
Mr of the compound
n ¿
Mr of theemp . form
How to calculate the empirical formula by the % masses of the elements making the compound.
Or by using the combustion analysis data of the organic compounds.
1. Write symbols of elements or formulae of polyatomic ions or molecules in a proper
sequence.
2. Write the % mass of each element under its symbol.
3. Calculate moles of each by dividing the % mass on Ar Or Mr of the substance or element.
4. To convert molar ratios of moles to whole numbers, divide all these molar ratios on the
smallest one among them and round them off to the nearest whole numbers.
5. Take these molar ratios of the relevant element as number of moles of atoms to construct
the empirical formula.