Diagnostico

Repetición espaciada
https://languagemastery.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/l2mastery-aprender-
recordar-palabras.pdf
Edad vs Aprendizaje de idiomas:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249237663_Age_on_Arrival_and_Immigrant_S
econd_Language_Learning_in_Canada_A_Reassessment
Page 132 – 133 “The findings are less clear in aspects of L2 proficiency directly related to
interpersonal communicative skills, such as oral fluency, phonology and listening
comprehension (Asher & Garcia, 1969; Asher & Price, 1967; Ekstrand, 1977; Fathman,
1975, Oyama, 1976, 1978; Seliger, Krashen & Ladefoged, 1975; Snow & Hoefnagel-Hohle,
1978; Walburg, Hase & Pinzur Rasher, 1978). For example, Oyama (1976, 1978) reported
an advantage for younger immigrant learners (6-10 years old on arrival) on both
productive phonology and listening comprehension tests whereas Snow and Hoefnagel-
Hohle (1978) found that older learners performed better on measures of these skills.
Ekstrand (1977) reports that oral production was the only variable on which older
immigrant learners did not perform significantly better than younger learners.

Applied Linguistics, Vol. 11, No. 2

JIM CUMMINS 133

Genetica
https://www.mpg.de/19395/Language_genetics

“Humans have a unique natural ability to develop highly complex linguistic systems — an
ability that lies in our genes but is also shaped by our different environments. We can
learn languages from others and use them to share our thoughts, feelings and desires;
languages are the foundation of society, culture and science. So it is perhaps not suprising
that all aspects of language — including structure, global distribution, acquisition,
processing in the brain, role in thought and actions, and links with culture and education
— can be considered to be important subjects of research”