Development of Surfaces

Introduction

• Imagine a solid enclosed in a wrapper of thin

materials such as papers
• If the covering is opened out and laid on a flat plane,
the flattened out paper is the development of solid
• When the surfaces of a solid are laid out on a plane,
the figure obtained is called its development.
Example of a square prism
Example of a match box
Application of surface development

• Automobiles, Aircraft, Shipbuilding, Packaging

• Sheet metal works
• In construction of boilers, bins, pressure vessels,
hoppers, funnels, chimneys etc., the plates are marked
and cut according to the developments which when
folded form the desired objects
• The form of the sheet obtained by laying all the outer
surfaces of the solid with suitable allowances for the
joints is known as pattern
Method of Development of surfaces

• Parallel line development: Employed in case of

prism and cylinders
• Radial line development: Used for pyramids and
cones in which the true length of the slant edge or
generator is used as radius
• Triangulation development: Used to develop
transition pieces
• Approximate method: Used to develop double curve
such as sphere, paraboloid etc.
 Parallel line development(Prism)
Problem Statement
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the open
pentagonal prism shown in the figure.
 Parallel line development(Prism)
Problem Statement
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the
pentagonal prism shown in the figure.
 Parallel line development(Prism)
Problem Statement
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the part
p of the pentagonal prism shown in the figure.
 Parallel line development(Prism)

• Name the corners of the prism and the points at which

the edges are cut.
• Draw the development assuming the prism to be
whole. It is made up of five rectangles.
• Draw horizontal lines from the front view through the
points 1, 2…4 to cut the lines for the corresponding
edges in the development at points 1, 2 etc.
• Draw lines joining these points and complete the
development as shown.
Parallel line development(Prism)
 Parallel line development(Cylinder)
Problem Statement
Draw the development of the lateral surface of open cylinder
of base diameter of  and height h shown in the figure
 Parallel line development(Cylinder)
Problem Statement
Develop the lateral
surface of the truncated
cylinder shown in figure.
Parallel line development(Cylinder)
• Divide the circle in the top view into twelve equal parts.
Project the division points to the front view and draw the
generators. Mark points a, b and b1, c and c1 etc. in
which the generators are cut.
• Draw the development of the lateral surface of the whole
cylinder along with the generators. The length of the line
is1-1 is D. Divide this line into 12 equal parts
• Draw horizontal lines through points a, b and b1 etc. to
cut the corresponding generators in points A, B and B1
etc.
• Draw a smooth curve through the point obtained.
Parallel line development(Cylinder)
Radial line development(Pyramid)
Problem Statement
Draw the development of a
lateral surface of a square
pyramid resting on its base
in the H.P. as shown in the
figure. The solid is placed
in such a position that the
plan vhch of the slant edge
VC is parallel to GL so that
the vvcv is equals to TL.
Radial line development(Pyramid)

• Draw a circular arc with centre V and radius equal to

TL of the slant edge of the pyramids
• Mark A,B,C,D and A on the arc such that AB, BC,
CD and DA are equal to TL’s of the base edges
• Attach the square base ABCD to AD
Radial line development(Pyramid)
 Radial line development(Pyramid)
Problem Statement
Draw the development of
the lateral surface of the part
p of the triangular pyramid
as shown in figure.
Radial line development(Pyramid)
• The line o1 in the front view is the true length of the slant
edge because it is parallel to xy in the top view. The true length
of the side of the base is seen in the top view
• Draw the development of the lateral surface of the whole
pyramid as explained in the earlier problem.
• On O1, mark a point A such that OA=oa. o2 and o3 are not
the true length of the slant edge.
• Through b, draw a line parallel to the base and cutting oaat
b. So ob is the true length of ob as well as oc. Mark point
B in O2 and C in O3 such that OB=OC= ob .
• Draw lines AB, BC and CA and get the developed surface
Radial line development(Pyramid)
 Radial line development(Cone)
Problem Statement
The plan and elevation of
a cone with radius r and
slant height l are shown in
figure. Develop the
surface.
 Radial line development(Cone)
Solution

• The development of the curved surface of a cone is a

sector of circle with radius equal to the slant height
• The angle subtended at the centre by this arc is 360 
r/l.
• With V as centre and l as radius, draw an arc A-A
subtending angle (=360 r/l) at the centre
• V-A-A is the required surface
Radial line development(Cone)
 Radial line development(Cone)
Problem Statement
Draw the development of the
lateral surface of the truncated
cone shown in figure.
 Radial line development(Cone)
Solution
• Draw the base circle in the top view and divide it into
twelve equal parts.
• With any point o as centre and radius equal to o1 or
o7, draw an arc of the circle. The length of this arc
should be equal to the circumference of the base
circle
• Calculate the subtended angle  by the formula
=(radius of the base circle/slant height)
• Step-off with a bow-divider, twelve equal divisions
on the arc, each equal to one of the divisions of the
base circle. Cont…
 Radial line development(Cone)
• Join the division points with O, thus completing the
development of the whole cone with twelve
generators
• Truncated portion of the cone is drawn by making the
positions of points at which generators are cut. For
example, generators o2 and o12 in the front view
are cut at points b and b1, which coincide with each
other. To get the true length of the line ob, draw a
line through b, parallel to the base and cutting o7 at
b. Then obis the true length of ob.
• Mark point B and B1 on generators O2 and O-12
respectively such that OB=OB1= ob.
• Locate all points similar way and join the points.
Radial line development(Cone)
 Triangulation development
(Transition pieces)
When two different sides and shapes of pipes are joined
using special pipe joint, that joint is known as transition
piece. In most cases, transition pieces are composed of
plane surfaces and conical surfaces, the latter being
developed by triangulation.
 Triangulation development
(Transition pieces)
Problem Statement
An air-conditioning duct of a
square cross-section 70 mm 
70 mm connects a circular
pipe of 40 mm diameter
through the transition piece.
Draw the projections and
develop the lateral surface of
the transition piece.
 Triangulation development
(Transition pieces)
• Draw the front view and the top view as shown
• Divide the top view of circle into some convenient
divisions say 16 parts as shown
• The transition piece is composed of four isosceles
triangles and four conical surfaces. The seam is along
line 1-P
• Start the from the seam line 1-P(1-P). Draw the right
angle triangle 1-p-b, whose base pb is equal to half
the side ab and whose hypotenuse 1-b is equal to the
true length1-b of side 1-b.
 Triangulation
development(Transition pieces)
• The conical surfaces are developed by triangulation
methods
• In the top view, join division of the circle1, 2, 3 etc.
with the corner a, b, c and d. Project them in the front
view as shown. Obtain the true length of sides of each
triangle as shown.
• With b as centre and 2b radius draw an arc, cutting
the arc drawn with 1 as centre and 12 as radius.
Similarly obtain the points 3, 4 etc. Join them in
proper order.
Triangulation development
(Transition pieces)
 Approximate method
• Surface of a sphere can be approximately developed
by dividing it into a number of parts
• Division may be made in two different ways
– Zones
– Lunes
• A zone is a portion of the sphere enclosed between
two planes perpendicular to the axis
• A lune is the portion between two planes which
contain the axis of the sphere
 Zone method
• Top half of the sphere shown in the
figure is divided into four zones of
equal width.
• By joining the points P, Q, R etc. by
straight lines, each zone will be
cone frustum, except the upper-
most zone which becomes a cone of
small altitude.
• Development of these cone frusta
and the upper cone give the
development of the half sphere
Lune
 Lune method

• A sphere may be divided into 12 lunes, one of which

is shown in the front view
• The semi-circle qr is the top view of the center line of
that lune
• Length of the lune is length of the arc qr and its
maximum width is equal to gh.
• Divide the semicircle into a number of equal parts say
8 and project the division points on the front view to
points 1, 2 etc.
 Lune method(Cont…)
• With q as center and radii equal to q1, q2 and q3,
draw arc ab, cd and ef which will show the widths of
the lune at points 1 and 7, 2 and 6, and 3 and 5
respectively.
• Draw a line QR equal to the length of the arc qr
• Draw perpendiculars at each division point and make
AB and MN equal to ab at points 1 and 7 and follow
same procedure for other points
• Draw smooth curve through points Q, A, C etc. to get
the required surface
Lune method
Thank You