Centrex or PBX

"Centrex versus PBX" issue is not new, the introduction of IP Telephony raises this question again,
since all organizations should reconsider their Centrex or PBX deployment, with the prospect of
migrating voice and video services onto their data networks. The case for outsourcing of telecom
services is extensively developed, with attention to application, financial and management
considerations. So what you need? Centrex or PBX?

Friday

Basic Call Processing Functions

The primary call processing responsibilities of the Main System Processor are provisioning of dial
tone, digit reception and analysis, number analysis, TDM bus talk slot assignments and switch
connections for intercom and trunk calls, routing analysis, feature provisioning, and call monitoring.

There are several fundamental main processor management functions used to process calls:

1. Call sequencing control: management of the call sequence logic that takes a call from one state
to another

2. Resource management: management of various system resources, such as DTMF receivers;

time/talk slots for call connections; tone generators; and internal software records for call
processing (including the system dial plan), messaging, measurements, and call detail records

3. Terminal handling: management of different desktop terminal models, including support of line
appearances, feature buttons, display fields, adapter modules, and other functional components

4. Routing and termination selection: controls the selection of the terminating endpoint (station,
trunk) of the call, including functions such as hunting, bridging, call coverage, and least cost
routing.

Call processing is a series of events that result in the completion of a call. Figure 1 illustrates the call
dialing and connection process. The process begins when a port (station or trunk) changes from an
idle to an active state. Port seizure occurs when a station goes off-hook, a trunk port circuit receives an
incoming call signal from the Central Office or network, or an attendant begins dialing. When a station
port has been seized, the main processor seizes a register storage record, instructs a tone sender unit
to send dial tone to the caller, and instructs the switch network to establish a connection to the port.
When a CO or DID trunk port has been seized, the main processor seizes a register storage record,
assigns a tone receiver unit register to the port, and instructs the trunk circuit port to signal that the
main processor is ready to receive digits.
 Figure 1: Call dialing and connection process.

The second step in the call process is digit reception and analysis. Digits are sent by system users to
dial another station or activate a specific feature. A call register stores dialed digits or received digits
over a trunk circuit. Digits can be received one by one (manual dialing) or in a group if a dialed number
has been preprogrammed—speed dial. For station initiated calls, the first digit received by the register
suppresses the dial tone. There is typically a time-out period between going off-hook and dialing the
first digit or between the first and second dialed digits; if no digits are dialed within the programmed
period, an intercept tone is sent to the caller. In addition to seizing a register, a tone sender and
receiver are simultaneously seized, a switch connection is made, and the Class of Service of the caller
is checked. A no-progress tone is sent to the caller if a tone receiver cannot be seized.

The third step in the call process is number analysis. Number analysis allows the PBX system to
identify the number dialed and properly route the call. Internal system number analysis is performed
for all calls, both intercom and trunk calls, within the PBX system. Special number analysis processes
are performed for DID trunk calls and dialed feature access codes using * and # keys. For incoming
DID trunk calls, the main processor analyzes the digits to determine whether the number is an
attendant console position. If the number is an attendant console position, the call is processed and
routed to the attendant. If the number is not an attendant console position, the internal number
analysis program analyzes digits.

The internal number analysis program determines the correct call processing procedure to be
implemented. There are many types of dialed or received numbers that can be analyzed for call routing
purposes: station number, including hunt group number; individual, group, or emergency attendant
number; abbreviated dialing number (speed dial); paging number; automatic route selection access
code; Direct Inward System Access (DISA) code; data station number; modem pool group access
code; and external destination codes, such as 911. If a number is not defined in the number analysis
program, it is treated as a vacant number, and the appropriate intercept treatment is applied.

Another important main processor function is provisioning of call progress tones and indications. Call
progress tones and indications are single- and dual-frequency combinations applied in a variety of
cadence patterns, such as continuous tone sending, one repeated sequences (tone, pause, tone
pause…), two repeated sequence (tone 1, pause 1, tone 2, pause 2…), or three repeated sequences
(tone 1, pause 1, tone 2, pause 2, tone 3, pause 3…).

Call progress tone types include:

Busy tone
 Call diversion indication (call forward indication)

Call waiting indication

Conference tone

Confirmation tone

Dial tone

Expensive route warning tone

Intercept tone

Intrusion tone

Message waiting tone

No-progress tone (congestion tone)

Off-hook queue tone

Recall dial tone

Ringback tone

Special dial tone (do not disturb tone)

Special message waiting tone (message waiting)

at
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