• Particles – 3D –

resultant force
Rectangular Components of a Force in Space – Force
Direction Defined by Angles
 
The vector F is Resolve F into horizontal Resolve Fh into rectangular
contained in the plane and vertical components. components
OBAC. Fx  Fh cos 
Fy  F cos y
 F sin  y cos 
Fh  F sin y
Fz  Fh sin 
 F sin  y sin 
Rectangular Components of a Force in Space – Force
Direction Defined by its Direction Cosines

 
     is a unit vector along the line of action of F
F  Fx i  Fy j  Fz k and cos  x , cos  y , and cos  z are
 the direction
Fx  F cos  x , Fy  F cos  y , Fz  F cos  z cosines for F

   
 F  F cos  x i  cos  y j  cos  z k

 F
   
  cos  x i  cos  y j  cos  z k
  
 x i   y j  z k
2  x 2   y 2  z 2  1
Rectangular Components of a Force in Space – Force
Direction Defined by Two Points on its Line of Action
Direction of the force is defined by the 
location of two points,
d  vector joining M and N
  
 d xi  d y j  d z k
M x1 , y1 , z1  and N x2 , y2 , z2 
d x  x2  x1 d y  y2  y1 d z  z2  z1


 
 MN d 1   
   d xi  d y j  d z k
MN d d
 
  F   
 F  F  d xi  d y j  d z k
d
Fd x Fd y Fd z
Fx  , Fy  , Fz 
d d d

dx dy d
x  cos  x  ,  y  cos  y  , z  cos  z  z
d d d
Addiction of Concurrent Forces in Space
Sample Problem 2.7
The tension in the guy wire is 2500 N. Determine:
a) components Fx, Fy, Fz of the force acting on the bolt at A;
b) the angles x, y, z defining the direction of the force.
Sample Problem 2.7
SOLUTION:
Determine the unit vector pointing from A towards B.

   
AB   40i  80 j  30k m 
AB   402  802  302
 94.3 m

   40    80    30  
  i    j  k
 94 .3   94.3   94.3 
  
 0.424 i  0.848 j  0.318k

Determine the components of the force.

 
F  F
 2500  0,424 i  0,848 j  0,318k 
   

  1060i  2120 j  795k  N

  
Sample Problem 2.7
Noting that the components of the unit vector are the
direction cosines for the vector, calculate the
corresponding angles.

   
  cos  x i  cos  y j  cos  z k

  
  0.424 i  0.848 j  0.318k

 x  115.1
 y  32.0
 z  71.5
Sample Problem
Given: The screw eye is subjected
to two forces.
Find: The magnitude and the
coordinate direction angles
of the resultant force.

Plan:
1) Using the geometry and trigonometry,
write F1 and F2 in the Cartesian vector
form.
2) Add F1 and F2 to get FR .
3) Determine the magnitude and , , .
Sample Problem
First resolve the force F1 .
F1z = 300 sin 60° = 259.8 N
F1z
F´ = 300 cos 60° = 150.0 N

F´
F’ can be further resolved as,
F1x = -150 sin 45° = -106.1 N
F1y = 150 cos 45° = 106.1 N

Now we can write :

F1 = {-106.1 i + 106.1 j + 259.8 k } N
Sample Problem
The force F2 can be represented in the
Cartesian vector form as:
 F2 =500{cos60° i + cos45° j + cos120° k } N
= { 250 i + 353.6 j – 250 k } N

 FR = F1 + F2
FR = { 143.9 i + 459.6 j + 9.81 k } N


FR = (143.9 2 + 459.6 2 + 9.81 2) ½ = 481.7 = 482 N

 = cos-1 (FRx / FR) = cos-1 (143.9/481.7) = 72.6°
 = cos-1 (FRy / FR) = cos-1 (459.6/481.7) = 17.4°
 = cos-1 (FRz / FR) = cos-1 (9.81/481.7) = 88.8°
Problem 2.73, Ed. 8
Problem 2.95, Ed. 8

Scalar solution Vector solution

• Particles – 3D –
resultant force
Equilibrium of a Particle in Space
Sample Problem 2.9
Sample Problem 2.9
Sample Problem 2.9
Problem
Determine the magnitudes of F1, F2, and F3 for equilibrium of the particle.
F = {−9i −8j − 5k} kN.

Scalar solution Vector solution

SOLVED PROBLEMS
Sample Problem
A torre de uma antena é suportada por três cabos. Se as forças nos cabos forem
FB=520 N, FC=680 N e FD=560 N, determine a intensidade e a direcção da
resultante das forças que actuam em A.

Solução Vectorial

F  F 
F
d
 
d x i  d y j  d z k ; d  d x2  d y2  d z2

FB  520
1
d AB

 0  0  i   10  0  j   0  24  k ; 
d AB   0   10    24   26
2 2 2

FC  680
1
dCA

16  0  i  18  0  j   0  24  k  ; dCA  34

FD  560
1
d DA
 12  0 i  8  0  j   0  24  k  ; d DA  28
Sample Problem

F  F 
F
d
 
dxi  d y j  dz k ;

FB  200 j  480k ; FC  320i  360 j  480k ; FD  240i  160 j  480k ;

Fz   F    320    240   i   200  360  160  j   480   480   480  k ;  
Fz  80i  320 j  1440k ; Fz  802  3202   1440  ; Fz  1447.3 N
2

 80   320  1  1440 
  cos 1    86.9º ;   cos 1    77.5º ;   cos    167º
 1477.3   1477.3   1477.3 
Sample Problem
Solução Escalar (usando o MAPLE)
Problem 2.105, Ed. 8
Problem 2.105, Ed. 8
Problem 2.105, Ed. 8