ELECTRICAL MACHINE II

Synchronous Machine

Prepared By:
Er. Prabin Gautam
Baisakh, 2078
Content / Syllabus Overview
CHAPTER 1: THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (10 TO 16 MARKS)
- Constructional Details, Armature Windings, Types of Rotor, Exciter
- Working Principle, Rotating Magnetic Field - EMF equation, distribution factor, pitch factor
- Armature Reaction and its effects - Alternator with load and its phasor diagram
- Voltage Regulations - Parallel Operation and Synchronization - Operation on infinite bus

CHAPTER 2: THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR (10 TO 16 MARKS)

- Principle of operation - Starting methods - No load and Load operation, Phasor Diagram
- Effect of Excitation and power factor control, V and Inverted V Curves - Hunting
- Power angle Characteristics of Cylindrical Rotor Machine - Two reaction Model of Salient
. pole machine - Power Angle Characteristics of Salient Pole Machine

CHAPTER 3: FRACTIONAL KILOWATT MOTORS (6 TO 12MARKS)

- Single phase Induction Motors: Construction and Characteristics
- Double Field Revolving Theory
- Split phase Induction Motor (Capacitor Start Motor, Capacitors start and run motor, Shaded
. pole motor, Reluctance start motor)
- Single phase Synchronous Motor (Reluctance motor, Hysteresis motor)
- Universal motors 1
- Special Purpose Machines: Stepper motor, Schrage motor and Servo motor
INTRODUCTION TO SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current generators.
Synchronous machine is an important electromechanical energy converter.
It is named as synchronous machine as either runs at synchronous speed or not
operated.
The synchronous generator is driven at constant speed equal to the
synchronous speed. Most of the power generating stations use synchronous
generator. They are also called as alternators.
Synchronous machines can also be run as synchronous motors.
 Synchronous machines are AC machines that have a field circuit supplied
by an external DC source. Synchronous machines are having two major parts
namely stationary part stator and a rotating part called rotor.
 In a synchronous generator, a DC current is applied for magnetic field. The
rotor is then driven by external means, which induces a 3-phase voltage
within the armature winding based on Faradays law of electromagnetic 2
induction.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
The main parts of the synchronous machine are:-
i. Stator ii. Rotor iii. Exciter
 Stator
It is exactly same as the stator of 3-phase induction motor. It has uniformly
distributed 3-phase armature winding.
 Rotor
It is the rotating part of the machine with number of magnetic poles excited by
the dc source (110-400) Volt from exciter. There are two types of rotor namely
salient pole rotor and cylindrical type rotor.
a) Salient pole rotor
This type of the rotor has projected magnetic poles as shown in fig
(a) Construction of this type of the rotor is easier and
cheaper than the cylindrical rotor. This types rotor are
generally used in the generator driven by low speed
prime mover such as water turbine, diesel turbine(engine).
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b) Cylindrical Type rotor
It has smooth magnetic poles in a form
of a closed cylinder as shown in fig (b).
Construction of this type of the rotor is
more compact and robust with compare
to salient pole rotor. It is generally used
in high speed prime movers like steam turbine, gas
turbine. Fig (b). Cylindrical rotor

 Exciter
Exciter is a self-excited dc generator mounted on the shaft of the alternator.
This will provide dc current required to magnetize the magnetic poles of the
rotor. The dc current generated by the exciter is fed to field winding of the
alternator through slip ring and carbon brush arrangement.
Nowadays brushless exciter are available to magnetize the alternator which is
available through rotating diode principle. 4
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ARMATURE WINDING

It is exactly same as the stator winding of the 3-phase induction motor. It has
uniformly distributed 3-phase armature winding. It is made up of numbers of
circular stamping. The inner circumference of the stator core has alternate
number of sloth and teethes on which armature winding are placed. Each
phase winding are 120o spaced electrically.
It is insulated from slots with the help of
insulating paper. Stator core is protected
by the outer covering called yoke made of
cast iron.
Example of 3-phase stator winding
Let, total no of slots = 12
Pole = 4
Then, coil span = 12/4 = 3
No of slots per phase = 12/3 = 4
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ADVANTAGES OF ROTATING MAGNETIC SYSTEM AND STATIONARY ARMATURE SYSTEM:-

 The magnetic field system in synchronous generator is opposite to

that in a dc generator. A dc generator has stationary magnetic field
pole and rotating armature conductor. Whereas a synchronous has
rotating magnetic system and stationary armature conductors. The
rotating magnetic system has following advantages:
a) The output can be fed directly from the fixed terminal of stator
without slip ring and brushes.
b) It is easier to insulate stationary armature winding for high
voltage (usually 11 KV or higher) rather than rotating
armature.
c) The field windings deal with low current and voltage.
Therefore the rotating field winding can be easily insulated.
Also slip ring and brushes do not have to handle large current
so that the sparking problem at slip rings is minimum.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE, ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD

Like dc generator, alternators are also operates in the principle of

electromagnetic induction. But there is one important difference between
two.
 DC generator – field pole stationary and armature conductor rotating

 AC generator – field pole rotating and armature conductor stationary

When the ac machine (generator) is driven by the prime mover at a

constant speed equal to the synchronous speed, (for example if the
number of pole = 2, then synchronous speed Ns = 3000 rpm for 50 Hz
frequency and if P = 4 then Ns = 1500 rpm the exciter (dc generator)
builds up its voltage by self-excitation and supplies dc current to the
field winding of the main generator (alternator). The magnetic flux
produced by rotor poles will cut the stationary three phase stator
winding. Hence, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, 3-phase emf will induce in the stator winding. The actual
power generating station, synchronous speed is kept constant by
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governor so that the frequency of generated emf is constant.
EMF EQUATION OF AN ALTERNATOR:
Let,
Z = no of conductor = 2T, where T = no of coil or turns per phase
P = pole; f = frequency of induced emf; Φ = Magnetic flux per pole
N = speed of rotor in rpm
In one revolution of rotor (60 / N) sec each stator conductor is cut by a flux ‘ ΦP ’ wb.
𝑑∅ ∅𝑃 ∅𝑃𝑁
Average emf induced per conductor = = 60 = volts
𝑑𝑡 𝑁 60
120 𝑓
But, N = 𝑃
∅𝑃 120 𝑓
Average emf induction per conductor = × = 2∅𝑓 volts
60 𝑃
Then, Average emf induced per phase = 2∅𝑓Z = 4∅𝑓T volts
𝑅𝑀𝑆
We have, form factor = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 1.11
RMS value of emf per phase = 4.44 f Φ T volts

Actually the value of EMF generated depends on various factors defined by the 10
windings details and termed as winding factor.