SRI RAMAKRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

COIMBATORE-10
DEPARTMENT OF IT

UNIT – I
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

PART – A

1. Define step function and delta function.

Ans : CT unit step function u(t) = 1 for (t ≥ 0)

0 for (t < 0)

DT unit step function u(n) = 1 for (n ≥ 0)

0 for (n < 0)

CT delta function ∫ (t) = 1

(t) = 1 for t=0
0 for t≠0
DT delta function (n) = 1 for n=0
0 for n≠0

2. What is the total energy of the discrete time sinal x(n) which takes the
value of unity at n= -1,0,1?

Ans : Energy of the signal is given as,

∞ 1
2
E = ∑ │x(n)│ = ∑ │x(n)│2
n = -∞ n = -1

= │x(-1)│ + │x(0)│2 + │x(1)│2 = 3

2

2. Classify the signals as, periodic or nonperiodic signal e an , a>1

Ans : Since it is exponential the given signal is non periodic.

3. Draw the waveform x(-t) and x(2-t) of the signal x(t) = t 0≤t≤3
0 t>3
Ans:

1
 X(t) X(-t)

0 1 2 3 t -3 -2 -1 0 t

X(2-t)

-1 0 1 2 t

4. Define power signal.

Ans : A signal is said to be power signal if tis normalized power is nonzero
and finite. i.e.. (0<p<∞)

5. Is the signal x(t) = 2 cos(3 π t) + 7cos(9t) periodic?

Ans :

2 π f1 t = 3 π t
f1 = 3 / 2
T1 = 2 / 3

2 π f2 t = 9 t
f1 = 9 / 2 π
T1 = 2 π / 9 which is not a ratio of a integer.
Hence the given signal is not periodic.

6. Is the system y(t) = y(t-1) + 2t y(t-2) time invariant?

Ans:
Put t =t-1

Y(t-1) = y(t-1-1) + 2(t-1) y(t-1-2)

≠ y(t)

This is time variant system.

7. Is the following system is invertible? Given y(t) = x 2(t)

Ans :

The system squares input. The invertible system has to take square root
(i.e.,) π √ x2(t). but [-x(t)]2 = [x(t)]2 = x2(t). This means output of x2(t) is
btained for two inputs -x(t) as well as x(t). Hence this system is not invertible.

2
8. Check whether the system having input-output relation
y(t)= ∞ ∫ -∞ x(t) dt is linear time invariant or not.
Ans:

This is an integration of input. An integration is always independent of time

shift. Hence this is time invariant system.

What do you mean by an even signal and an odd signal?

Ans:
Odd signal x(-t) = -x(t) CT
x(-n) = -x(n) DT
Even signal x(-t) = x(t) CT
x(-n) = x(n) DT

10.. Draw the signal x(n) = u(n) – u(n-3)

Ans :

u(n)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n

u(n-3)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n

X(n)=u(n)-u(n-3)

0 1 2 n

11. Define Signal.

Ans :Signal is a physical quantity that varies with respect to time , space or
any other independent variable. Or It is a mathematical representation of the
system Eg y(t) = t. and x(t)= sin t.

3
12. What are the classifications of the signal?
Ans:
1. Deterministic and Random Signal
2. Energy and Power Signal
3. Periodic and nonperidic Signal
4. Analog and Digital signal
j 4 πn / 7
13. Determine the fundamental period of x(n)=1 + e - e j 2 πn / 5
Ans:

1 = 4 π / 7
f 1 = 2 / 7 = k 1 / N1
2 = 2 π / 5
f 2 = 1 / 5 = k 2 / N2
N1 = 7 and N2 = 5. The fundamental period will be least common multiple
of N1 and N2 (i.e.,) 35.
j3π(n+(1/2)
14. Find the fundamental period of the signal x(n) = { 3 e } / 5.
Ans :

X(n) = (3/5) e j3πn e j3π/2

= -j (3/5) e j3πn
 = 3π
f = 3 / 2 = k / N . The fundamental period N=2

15. Find the fundamental period of the signal

x(n) = 2 cos((π/4)n) + sin((π/8)n) – 2 cos((π/2)n + (π/6))
Ans:

1 = π / 4 f1 = (1 / 2 π) ={ (π/4) / 2π } = {1/8) , N1= 8

2 = π / 8 f2 = (2 / 2 π) ={ (π/8) / 2π } = {1/16) , N1= 16
3 = π / 2 f3 = (3 / 2 π) ={ (π/2) / 2π } = {1/4) , N1= 4

The fundamental period will be least common multiple of N 1 , N2 and N3 (i.e.,)

N=16..

16. Define periodic signal. and nonperiodic signal.

A signal is said to be periodic ,if it exhibits periodicity.i.e.,
X(t +T)=x(t), for all values of t.
Periodic signal has the property that it is unchanged by a time shift of T.
A signal that does not satisfy the above periodicity property is called an
aperiodic signal.

17. Check whether the system is linear. Y(n)=nx(n)

Ans:

Put y(n)=y1(n)= nx1(n)

y(n)=y2(n)= nx2(n)
y3(n) = y1(n) + y2(n)

4
y1(n) + y2(n) = nx1(n) + nx2(n)
a1y1(n) + a2 y2(n) = a1 nx1(n) + a2 nx2(n)
= a1y1(n) + a2 y2(n)
Hence system is linear.
–j2πft
18. Check the following signal is power signal e
Ans:

 This is the periodic signal.

lim T/2
P = T  ∞ (1/T) ∫ │x(t)│2 dt
-T/2

lim T/2
P = T  ∞ (1/T) ∫ │ e –j2πft │2 dt
-T/2

lim T/2
P = T  ∞ (1/T) ∫ 1 dt
-T/2

=1 ( since │e-jө │= 1 )
Hence this is power signal.

19. Find whether the following signal is periodic or not.

X(n) = 5 cos (6 π n)
Ans:

n = 6 π n
2πfn=6πn
f=3
f = k / N = 3 / 1 ( rational ) . Hence this signal is periodic.
N=1

20. Check the time invariability of the system.

Y(n+2) = a x(n+1) + b x(n+3)
Ans:

Put n = n-k
Y(n-k +2) = a x(n-k +1) + b x(n-k +3)
Hence the system is time invariant.

21. Determine whether the given system is static or not.

d y(t) / dt + 10 y(t) = x(t)
Ans :
Since the system involves differentiation, it is dynamic system.

22. Determine whether the system is causal or not.

Y(t)=x(t+10) + x2(t)
Ans:

Y(t) depends upon x(t+10) (i.e.,) future input. Hence the system is
noncausal.

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23. Determine whether the system is stable or not.
∞
Y(n) = ∑ x(k)
n = -∞

Ans :

If n  ∞ then y(n)  ∞ , y(n) is unbounded . hence the system is unstable.

24. Determine the energy of the sequence ,

X(n) = (1/2)n n≥0

0 n<0
Ans:
∞ ∞
E = ∑ │x(n)│2 = ∑ (1/2)n
n = -∞ n=0

= 1 + (1/2) + (1/2)2 + (1/2)3 + (1/2)4 + …….+[1 / { 1 – (1/2) }]

= 1 / { 1 – (1/2) }
=2

25. Determine whether the following sequences are periodic or not. , if

periodic determine the fundamental period..
X(n) = sin(n / 8)
Ans :

 = 1/8
f =  / 2 π = { (1/8) x (1 / 2π ) } = 1 / 16π (rational)
Hence this is a periodic signal.

PART – B

1. (i) Find the following period T of the following signal:

X(n) = cos(nπ/2) – sin(nπ/8) + 3 cos{ (nπ/4) + (n/3) } (8
marks)
(ii) Define and plot the following signals.
Ramp , Step , Pulse , Impulse , Exponential. (5 Marks)

2. (i) What is the periodicity of the signak x(t) = sin 100πt + cos 150 πt?
(3 Marks)
(ii) What are the basic continuous time signals? Draw any four Waveforms
and write their equations. (9 Marks)

3. (i) Determine the energy of the discrete time signal. X(n) = (1/2) n , n≥0
3n , n<0
(8 marks)
(ii) Verify the following system is linear. Y(n) = x(n) + n x(n+1) (5 marks)
4. (i) Test whether the system described by the equation y(n) = n x(n) is
linear (4 marks)
(ii) Verify the linearity , causality and time invariance of the system.

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 Y(n+2) = a x(n+1) + b x(n+3). (9 marks)

5. (i) Test whether the system described by the equation y(n) = n x(n) is Shift
invariant. (4 marks)
(ii) Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. If the
signal is periodic, determine the fundamental period.
(i) x(t) = [ cos((2t – (π/3)) ]2
(ii) x(n) = ∑(n) – 4k - (n-1-4k) (8 Marks)

6. (i) Describe the classification of the system. (10 Marks)

(ii) Check for the linearity and time invariance (6 Marks)

7. (i) Determine whether the system are linear, time invariant , causal and
stable.
a. y(n) = nx(n)
b. y(t) = x(t) + x(t-2) for t≥0 and 0 for t<0 (8 Marks)

(ii) Consider a continuous time signal x(t) = (t+2) - (t-2). Calculate the
t
value of Eα for the signals y(t) = ∫ x(t)dt (4 Marks)
-∞
n
8. (i) Express x[n] = (-1) -2≤n≤2 as a sum of scaled and shifted unit step
function. (8 Marks)
(ii) Given y[n] = x[n] + n x[n+1]. Determine whether the system is causal,
linear,time invariant and memoryless. (8 Marks)

9. Find even and odd parts of the signal x(t) given in fig.(a) (12 Marks)

Fig. (a)
X(t)

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 t

10. (i) Given y(t)= x(t+10) + x2(t). Determine whether the system is causal,
linear,time invariant and memoryless. (8 Marks)
2
(ii) Given y(t)= x(t ). Determine whether the system is causal,
linear,time invariant and memoryless. (8 Marks)

UNIT – I I
Analysis of continuous Time Signals

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 PART – A

1. What do the fourier series coefficients represent?

Ans:
Fourier series coefficients represent various frequencies present in the signal.
It is nothing but spectrum of the signal.

2. Define fourier series.

Ans:
∞

X(t) = ∑ X(k) e jk0 t

k = -∞

where , X(k) = (1/T) ∫ x(f) e jk0 t dt

3. State Dirichlet conditions for fourier series.

Ans:

i) The function x(t) should be within the interval T 0

ii) The function x(t) should have at the most finite number of
discontinuities in the interval T0
iii) The function x(t) should have finite number of maxima and minima
in the interval T0.
iv) The function x(t) should be absolutely integrable.

∫ x(f) dt < ∞
<T >
0
4. What are the differences between fourier series and fourier
transform?
Ans:
S.No Fourier Series Fourier Transform
It is calculated for the periodic It is calculated for the non periodic
1.
signals. and periodic signals.
Expands the signal in time Represents the signal in frequency
2.
domain domain

5. What is the relationship between fourier transform and laplace

transform?
Ans:

X(s) = X(j) when s=j

5. State the modulation property and convolution (time) property of

fourier transform.
Ans:
1. Modulation property :

X(t) cos(2 πfct + ø) < --- > ( ej ø/2 ) X(f-fc) + ( e-j ø/2 ) X(f+fc)

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 2. Convolution property :
FT
x1(t) * x2(t) < ---- > X1(f) . X2(f)

6. Write the fourier transform pair for x(t).

Ans:

FT FT

x(t) < --- > X(f) (or) x(t) < --- > X()
∞

X() = ∫ x(t) e-jt dt

-∞

x(t) = ( 1 / 2 π ) ∫ X() ejt d

-∞

7. Determine the laplace transform of x(t) = e-at sin(t) u(t)

Ans:

LT e-at sin(t) = LT { e-at [ (ejt - e-jt ) / 2j ] }

= (1 / 2j) LT (e-(a-j) t - e-(a+j)t )

= (1 / 2j) { (1/ (S + (a-j) } - (1/ (S + (a+j) }

=  / [ (s+a)2 + 2 ] , ROC , Re(s)>-a

8. What is the laplace transform of e-at sin(t) u(t)

Ans:
LT

e sin(t) < ------ >  / [ (s+a)2 + 2 ]

-at

9. A signal x(t) = cos(2 πf t) is passed through a device whose input –

output is related by y(t)=x2(t). What are the frequency components in
the output?
Ans:

Since an input is squared,

Y(t) = ( cos(2πft) )2
= (1+cos(4πft) ) / 2

= (1/2) + (1/2) cos[2π(2f)t]

The output present in the output is ‘ 2f ‘
10. Define the fourier transform pair for continuous time signal.
Ans:
Fourier Transform :
∞

X() = ∫ x(t) e-jt dt

9
 -∞

Inverse Fourier Transform :

∞

X(f) = ( 1 / 2 π ) ∫ X() ejt d

-∞

11. Find the laplace transform of x(t) = t e-at u(t) , where (a>0)
Ans:

LT
e-at u(t) < ---- > ( 1 / (s+a’) ) , ROC: Re(s) > (-a)

Differentiation in S-Domain property gives,

LT
-t x(t) < --- > (d X(s) / ds )

LT
-t e-at u(t) < --- > (d(1/(s+a)) / ds )

LT
t e-at u(t) < --- > 1/(s+a)2 ROC: Re(s) > (-a)

12. Find the Fourier transform of x(t) = t e-at u(t) , where (a>0)
Ans:
∞
X(f) = ∫ x(t) e-j2πf t dt
-∞

∞
= ∫ e-at e-j2πf t dt
0

∞
= ∫ e-(a+j2πf) t dt
0

= (1 / (a+j2πf) )

13. State the initial and final value theorem of laplace transform.
Ans:
initial value theorem
lt
f(0+) = s∞ [ s F(s) ]
final value theorem
lt lt
t∞ f(t) = s0 [ s F(s) ]

14. Find the laplace transform of signal u(t).

Ans:
∞
LT [ u(t) ] = ∫ u(t) e-st dt
-∞

10
 ∞
= ∫ e-st dt [ since u(t) =0 for t<0 ]
0

∞
= (-1/s) [e-st] = 1/s
0

15. Define parsaval’s relation for continuous time periodic signals.

Ans:

It states that the total average power of the periodic signal x(t) , is equal to the
sum of the average powers of its phasor components (i.e.,)
∞
P= ∑ │cn)│2
n = -∞

17. Find the laplace transform of the signal x(t) = -t e -2t u(t)
Ans:

The standard relation is

LT
{ tn-1 / (n-1)! } e-at u(t) < ----- > 1 / (s+a) n’ , Re(s) > -a

n=2
LT
{ t / (n-1)! } e-at u(t) < ----- > 1 / (s+a) n’ , Re(s) > -a
2-1

a=2
LT
t e-at u(t) < ----- > 1 / (s+2) n’
LT
-t e-at u(t) < ----- > - 1 / (s+2) n’ , Re(s) > -2

18. let x(t)=t, 0≤t≤1 be a periodic signal with fundamental period T=1 and
fourier series coefficients ak , Find the value of a0
Ans:
t+T0
C0 = (1/T0) ∫ x(t) dt
t
1 1
= (1/1) ∫ t dt = [ t2 / 2 ] = 1/2
1 0

19. What is the relationship between fourier transform and laplace

transform ?
Ans:
X(s) = X(j) when s=j
20. Define fourier series and fourier transform
Ans:

Fourier series
∞

X(t) = ∑ X(k) e jk0 t

11
 k = -∞

where , X(k) = (1/T) ∫ x(f) e jk0 t dt

Fourier Transform :

X() = ∫ x(t) e-jt dt

-∞

Inverse Fourier Transform :

∞

X(f) = ( 1 / 2 π ) ∫ X() ejt d

-∞

21. What is difference between fourier transform and laplace transform?

Ans:

- Laplcae transform is evaluated over complte s-plane , but fourier

transform is evaluated over j axis in s-plane.
- Laplcae transform is broader compared to fourier transform. In
other words, fourier transform is the special case of laplace
transform.

22. obtain the fourier transform of x(t)= e j 2 fc t .

Ans:
∞
X(f) = ∫ x(t) e - j2 fc t dt
-∞

∞
j2 f t
= ∫e e - j2 fc t dt
-∞

∞
j2 (f- fc) t
= ∫e dt
-∞

= (f - fc)

23. obtain the fourier transform of inmpulse function.

Ans:

∞
X(f) = ∫ x(t) e - j2 f t dt
-∞

∞
= ∫  (t) e - j2 f t dt
-∞

The shifting property of impulse function is given as,

∞
∫f(t) f(t-t0) = f(t0)
-∞

12
 f(t)= e - j2 f t and t0=0

∞
X(f) = ∫ e - j2 f t  (t-0) dt = e - 2 f . 0 = 1
-∞

24. State the Time scaling property of fourier transform.

Ans:

Let x(t0 and X(f) be a fourier transform pair and ‘a’ is some constant.
Then by time scaling property

X(at) < -- > (1/│a│) X(f/a)

25. obtain the fourier transform of unit step function.

Ans:

CT unit step function u(t) = 1 for (t ≥ 0)

0 for (t < 0)
∞
X(f) = ∫x(t) e - j2 f t dt
-∞

∞
= ∫1. e - j2 f t dt
-∞

∞
- j2 f t
= (1/- j2 f ) [e ]
0

=(1/- j2 f )

PART-B

1. (i)Find the fourier series for the periodic signal x(t)=t , 0≤t≤1 and repeats
every 1sec. (10 Marks)
(ii) Determine the fourier series representation for x(t)=2sin(2t-3)+sin(6t).
(6 Marks)

2. (i) Determine the trigonometric fourier series representation of the half

wave rectifier output. (10 Marks)

(ii) State and prove parsaval’s theorem for complex exponential fourier
series. (6 Marks)

3. Find the fourier transform of the signal x(t) and plot the amplitude
spectrum. (16 Marks)

X(t) = 1 , (-2/‫≤ )ح‬t≤(2/‫)ح‬

0 , otherwise
2

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4. Find the fourier series of the signal x(t) = ∫ sin(2f0 m)t . cos(2f0 n)t dt,
0
where
f0 is the fundamental frequency and m and n are any positive integer.
(16 Marks)

5. (i) Determine the trigonometric fourier series representation of the full wave
rectified output. (10 Marks)

(ii) Find the Inverse laplace transform of

(2s2 + 9s – 47 ) / { (s+1)(s2 +6s +25) } . (6 Marks)

6 (i) Find the laplace transform of x(t) = e-b│t│ for (b<0) and e-b│t│ for (b>0)
(10 Marks)
(ii) Determine the fourier transform of x(t) = 1 for (-1≤t≤1) and zero for other
value of t. (6 Marks)
.
7. (i) State and prove convolution theorem of laplace transform. (8 Marks)
(ii) Prove that the convolution of two signals is equivalent to multiplication of
their respective spectrum in frequency domain. (8 Marks)

8. (i) Find the Laplace transform of tx(t) and x(t-t0) where t0 is a constant term
and
x(t)< --- > X(s). (10 Marks)
(ii) Determine the laplace transform of x(t) = 2t for (0≤t≤1)
0 Otherwise
(6 Marks)

9. State and explain following properties of fourier transform. (16 Marks)

10. (i) Find the laplace transform of x(t) = e-at u(t) (8 Marks)

(ii) Determine the fourier series coefficients of (a) x(t) = sin 0t
(b) x(t) = sin 0t (8 Marks)

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 Unit-III
Linear Time Invariant – Continuous Time System

PART –A

1.Give four steps to compute convolution integral.

Ans:
a) Folding: One of the signal is first folded at t=0
b) Shifting: The folded signal is shifted right or left depending upon time at
which output is to be calculated.
c) Multiplication: The shifted signal is multiplied other signal.
d) Integration: The multiplied signals are integrated to get the convolution
output.

2. What is the overall impulse response h(t) when two systems with
impulse response h1(t) and h2(t) are in parallel and in series?
Ans:
For parallel connection h(t)= h1(t) + h2(t)
For series connection h(t)= h1(t)*h2(t)

3. Write down the input-output relation of LTI system in time and

frequency domain.
Ans:
y(t) = h(t) * x(t) :time domain
Y(f) = H(f) X(f) :frequency domain
Or Y(s) = H(s) . X(s) : frequency domain

4. Define transfer function in CT systems.

Ans:
H(f) = Y(f)/X(f)’ using fourier transform
Or
H(s) = Y(s) / X(s)’ using laplace transform.

5. Define linear time invariant system.

Ans:
The output response of linear time invariant system is linear and time
invariant.

6. Define impulse response of a linear time invariant system.

Ans:
The impulse response of LTI system is denoted by h(t). It is the response
of the system to unit impulse input.

7. State the properties of convolution.

Ans:

1. Commutative : x(t) * h(t) = h(t) *x(t)

2. Associative : [x(t) *h1(t)] *h2(t) =x(t) * [h1(t)* h2(t)]
3. Distributive : x(t) *h1(t) +x(t) * h2(t) =x(t) *{h1(t) +h2(t) }

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8. What is the relationship between input and output of an LTI system?
Ans:

Input and output of an LTI systems are related by,

Y(t) = ∫ x(ι) h(t-ι) dι (i.e., ) convolution.

9. What is the transfer function of a system whose poles are at -0.3 ± j0.4
and a zero at -0.2 ?
Ans:

P1 = -0.3 + j 0.4, p2 = -0.3 – j 0.4

Z = -0.2

H(s) = ( s-z) /(s-p1)(s-p2)

= (s+0.2) / (s+0.3-j0.4)(s+0.3+j0.4)

= (s+0.2) / ( s2 +0.6s + 0.25)

10. Find the impulse response of the system given by H(s) = 1/(s+9)
Ans:

e-at u(t) <-- 1/(s+a)

e-9t u(t) < 1/ (s+9)

Thus the impulse response h(t) = e-9t u(t)

11. Find the fourier transform of impulse response.

Ans:

Impulse response h(t) = x(t) * h(t)

FT { h(t) } = FT { x (t)*h(t) }

H(f) = X(f) . H(f).

12. A LTI system is characterized by the following differential equation

Ans:

dy(t)/dt +ay(t) = x(t). Find the frequency response of the system.

H(ω) = Y(ω)/ X(ω)

= 1/ (a+ jω)
= a/(a2+ω2) - jω /( a2 + ω2)
______
| H (ω)| = 1 / √a2+ ω2

Angle H(ω) = -tan-1 (ω/a)

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13. Given y(t) = ∫ x(ι) h(t-ι)dι . If x(t) = u(t-1) and h(t) = u(t+3). The upper
limit in the integral changes to-----------and lower limit changes
to-----------.
Ans:
The convolution integral will be,

Y(t) = ∫ x(ι) h(t-ι ) dι

= ∫ u(ι -1)u(t- ι+3) dι

= ∫ 1x 1 dι
t+3
= ∫ dι

Thus the upper & lower limits will be t+3 and 1 respectively.

14. What is meant by impulse response?

Ans:

The impulse response is the output produced by the system when unit
impulse is applied at the input. The impulse response is denoted by h(t).

15. Write the convolution integral of x(t).

Ans:

The convolution integral of x(t) is given by

Y(t) = ∫ x(ι ) h(t - ι) dι

16. What are the basic steps involved in convolution integral?

Ans:

a) Folding: One of the signal is first folded at t=0

b) Shifting: The folded signal is shifted right or left depending upon time at
which output is to be calculated.
c) Multiplication: The shifted signal is multiplied other signal.
d) Integration: The multiplied signals are integrated to get the convolution
output.

17. The impulse response of the LTI –CT system is given as h(t) =e-t
u(t). Determine transfer function and check whether the system is causal
and stable.
Ans:

h (t) = e-t u(t)

Taking Laplace transform,

H(s) = 1/(s+1)

17
Here pole at s=-1, ie located in left half of s—plane. Hence this system is
causal and stable.
18. Define eigen value and eigen function of LTI –CT systems.
Ans:

Y(t) = H(s) e st

Thus the output is equal to input multiplied by H(s). Hence e st is called eigen
function and H(s) is called eigen value.

19. What is the impulse response of the system y(t) = x(t-t0)

Ans:

Take laplace transform of given equation

Y(s) = e-st X(s)

H(s) = Y(s)/X(s)

= e-st0
Taking inverse laplace transform of the above equation

h(t) = δ (t-t0).

PART ---B

1.Find the convolution of x(t) and h(t)

X(t) =1 0≤t≤2
0 otherwise

h(t) = 1 0≤t≤3
0 otherwise

2. a) How do you represent any arbitrary signal interms of delta function and
its delayed function (8 Marks)
b) Determine the response of the system with impulse response h(t) = u(t)
for the input x(t)= e-2t u(t) (8 Marks)

3. a) Find the output of an LTI system with impulse response h(t) =δ(t-3) for
the input x(t)= cos 4t + cos 7t. (8 Marks)
b) Using laplace transform find the impulse response of an LTI system
described by the differential equation d2y(t)/dt2 – dy(t)/dt -2y(t) =x(t) (8 Marks)

4. a) Find and plot the magnitude spectrum of the transfer function,

H(jω) = (ejω + ά) /( ejω +1/ά) (10 Marks)
b) Define linear time invariant system. (6 Marks)

5. a) Derive the convolution integral of a system (8 Marks)

18
 b)Find the response of the system x(t) = δ(t)-δ(t-1.5).Here h(t) is the
impulse response of the system. (8 Marks)

6. a) What is meant by causality and stability? Derive conditions for causality

and stability. (8
Marks)
b) Determine the impulse response of the CT system described by
differential equation, d2y(t)/dt2 +4 dy(t)/dt +3y(t) = dx(t)/dt +2x(t).(8 Marks)

7. a) Derive the expression for convolution integral (6 Marks)

b) Describe how state equation are used to continuous time system and
how frequency response is obtained from the state equation? (10 Marks)

8. a) Explain any 3 properties of convolution integral (6 Marks)

b) Find the state equation of a continuous time LTI system described by
d2y(t)/dt2 +3 dy(t)/dt +2y(t) =x(t) (8 Marks)

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 UNIT - IV
ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

PART –A

1.What is the relation between Z-transform and Fourier transform of

discrete time signal?
Ans:
X(Ω) = X(z) |z= e jw
This means Z-transform is same as Fourier transform when evaluated on unit
circle.

2. What is the Z- transform of an u(n)?

Ans:

Z{ an u(n)} = 1/(1-az-1) ,ROC : |z| > |a|

3. Define region of convergence with respect to Z-transform.

Ans:

Region of convergence(ROC) is the area in Z- plane where Z-transform

converges .In other words , it is possible to calculate X(z) in ROC.

4. State the initial value theorem of z- transform.

Ans:

The initial value of the sequence is given as,

X(0) = Lt z∞X(z)

5. What is the difference between the spectrum of the CT signal and the
spectrum of the corresponding sampled signal.
Ans:

1. The spectrum of CT signal and sampled signal are related

as,

X(f) = fs ∑ X (f-nf s)
n=-∞

2. This means spectrum of sampled signal is periodic

repetition of spectrum of CT signal.
3. It repeats at sampling frequency and amplitude is also
multiplied by fs.

6. State the final value theorem for z-transform.

Ans:

20
 x(∞) = Lt z1 (1-z-1)X(z)

7. Define DTFT pair.

Ans:

DTFT , X(Ω) = ∑ x(n) e-jΩn ,

IDTFT x(n) = 1/2∏ ∫X(Ω) e j Ωn dΩ.

8. Define ROC of z- transform.

Ans:
The value of z for which the z-transform converges is called the
region of convergence.

9. Obtain z- transform of x(n) = {1,2,3,4}

Ans:

X(z) = ∑ x(n) z-n

= 1+2z-1+3z-2+4z-3

10. Define initial value theorem and differentiation theorem of z-

transform.
Ans:
The initial value of the sequence is given as,

X(0) = Lt z∞X(z)

The Differentiation theorem

nx(n) > -z d/dz X(z)

11. Define Parseval’s theorem.

Ans:
E = ∑| x(n)| 2 = 1/2∏ ∫|X(Ω)|2dΩ.

The above equation gives the energy of the signal.

12. Write the properties of ROC of z-transform.

Ans:
1. ROC of causal sequence is exterior of some circle of radius r=a.
2. ROC of non causal sequence is interior of some circle of radius r=b.
3. If the sequence is both sided then its ROC is a disc lying between
a<r< b.

13. Write the analysis and synthesis of DTFT.

Ans:

Analysis equation : X(Ω) = ∑ x(n) e-jΩn

21
 j Ωn
Synthesis equation : x(n) = 1/2∏ ∫X(Ω) e dΩ.

14. Find the fourier transform of h(n)=δ (n-n0)

Ans:

FT { δ (n)}=1

x(n-n0) > e-jΩn0 X(Ω)

FT { δ (n-n0) } = e-jΩn 0
15. Write the differentiation and integration property of Fourier
transform.
Ans:

-jnx(n)> d/dΩ X(Ω) for differentiation.

16. Find the z-transform of δ (n-2).

Ans:

δ (n-2) > z-2 .1

Thus δ (n-2) > z-2, ROC: Entire z-plane expect z=0.

17. Define discrete time fourier transform.

Ans:

DTFT , X(Ω) = ∑ x(n) e-jΩn ,

IDTFT x(n) = 1/2∏ ∫X(Ω) e j Ωn dΩ.

18. Define z-transform.

Ans:

X(z) = ∑ x(n) z-n

The z- transform pair pair is denoted by,

x(n) > X(z)

19. What is the z-transform of u(n) and δ (n)?

Ans:

u(n) > 1/(1-z-1) , ROC: |z|>1

δ(n) > 1 , ROC: Entire z plane

PART --B

1.a) What is ROC? State some properties of z transform. (6 Marks)

b) Find the inverse z- transform of x(z) = (z+4)/(z 2-4z+3) 10 Marks)

22
2. a) How will you evaluate fourier transform from pole zero plot of z-
transform. (6 Marks)
b) Find the inverse z- transform of X(z) = 1/(1-1.5z-1+0.5z-2) for ROC :
0.5<|z| <1 (10 Marks)
3. a) Write down any 4 properties of z- transform and explain (6 Marks)
b) Obtain the relation between z-transform and DTFT (10 Marks)

4. a) Find Z- transform of {u(n)-u(n-10)}

(6 Marks)
b) State and prove time shifting property of z transform. (5 Marks)
-1 -2
c) Find the final value of the given signal W(z)=1/(1+2z -3z )
(5 Marks)
5. a) Find the z transform of cos (βnt) (5 Marks)
b) Find the inverse z transform using contour integral method, given
X(z) = 1/(1-az-1) ,|z|>a (5 Marks)
c) Define one sided and two sided z transform. (6 Marks)

6. a) Find the z transform of the sequence x(n) = (1/2) n u(n)-(1/4) u(n-1)

(8 Marks)
b) Find the z transform and its ROC of
x(n)=1 ,n>=0
3 n ,n<0 (8 Marks)
7. a) State and prove convolution property of z transform. (8 Marks)
b) Determine the DTFT of x(n)=1 , 0≤n≤5
0 , otherwise (8
Marks)
8. a) Compute the 4 point DFT of the sequence x(n) = {0,1,2,3} (10 Marks)
b) Obtain the circular convolution of
x1(n)={2,1,,2,1} and x2(n)= {1,2,3,4} (6 Marks)

23
 UNIT – V
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS

PART – A

1. Is the output sequence of an LTI system finite when the input x(n0 is
finite? Justify the answer.
Ans:
If the impulse response of the system is infinite, then output sequence is
infinite even though inout is finite.
For ex: input , x(n) = (n) finite length
Impulse response h(n) = an u(n) Infinite length
Output Sequence y(n) = hn) * x(n)
= an u(n) * (n)
= an u(n)

2. Consider an LTI system with impulse response h(n)= (n-n0) for an

input x(n) ,Y(ejΩ).
Ans:

Here Y(ejΩ) is the spectrum of output. By convolution theorem we can write

Y(ejΩ) = H(ejΩ) X(ejΩ)

H(ejΩ) = DTFT (n-n0) = ejΩno

Y(ejΩ) = e-jΩno X(ejΩ)

3. Find the Linear convolution fo x(n)={ 1,2,3,4,5,6} and y(n)={2,-4,6,-8}.

Ans:

X(n) --- >

  1 2 3 4 5 6
Y(n)
2 2 4 6 8 10 12
| -4 -4 -8 -12 -16 -20 -24
|
6 6 12 18 24 30 36
-8 -8 -16 -24 -32 -40 -48

Y(n)= {2 0 4 0 -4 -8 -25 -4 -48 }

4. Determine the system function of the discrete time system described

by the difference equation.
Y(n) - { (1/2) y(n-1) } + { (1/4) y(n-2) } = x(n) – x(n-1)
Ans:

24
Y(z) - { (1/2) z-1 y(z) } + { (1/4) z-2 y(z) } = x(z) – z-1x(z)

H(z) = Y(z) / X(z) = (1-z-1) / (1 – [(1/2) z-1] + [(1/4) z-2]

5. What is the linear convolution of two signals. [2,3,4] and [1,-2,1]?
Ans:

Y[n] = {2 -1 0 -5 4}

6. What is the response of an LSI system with impulse response

h(n)= (n)+2 (n-1) for the input x(n)={1,2,3}?
Ans:

Y[n] = {1 4 7 6}

7. Write the general difference equation relating input and output of a

system.
Ans:

The generalized difference equation is given as

N M
Y(n) = - ∑ ak y(n-k) = ∑ bk y(n-k)
K=1 k=0

8. Write the difference equation and the transfer function of the system
in fig.

X(n)
Z-1 Z-1 Y(n)
B2
Z-1

A1
Z-1

A2

H(z) = Y(z) / X(z) = ( b2 z-2 ) / { (1- a1z-1) - (a1z-1 ) }

9. Draw the direct form-II realization of the system decribed by the
differential equation,

[d2y(t) / dt2] + 5 [dy(t) / dt] + 4y(t) = [dx(t) / dt]

Ans:

25
 X(t)
B2=0
Y(t)

-5
B1=1

∫
-4 B0=0

10. Determine the transfer function of the system described by

y(n)= a y(n-1) + x(n)
Ans:

H(z) = Y(z) / X(z) = 1 / (1 - az-1)

11. State two advantages of FFT computations.

Ans:

1. FFT algorithms are extremely fast.Hence they are computationally

efficient.
2. FFT algorithms require less memory.

12. Draw direct form-II representation of H(z) = (1+z-1 + 3z-2 ) / (1+z-2 + z-3 )
Ans:
X(n) 1 y(n)

Z-1

-1 1

Z-1

-1 -3

13. Find the convolution sum for x(n) = {1,1,1,1} and h(n)={1,2,2,1}
Ans:
Y(n) = { 1 3 5 6 5 3 1}

26
14. Draw the radix-2 basic butterfly diagram.
Ans:

a A=a+ WNrb

WNr

b B=a- WNrb

15. Draw the black diagram for H(z) = (1+2z-1+4 z-4) / (1-z-1+4 z-2)

Ans:

X(n) 1 Y(n)

Z-1

2 Z-1

1
-1
Z

Z-1 Z-1

-1

Z-1
4

1jhdfDraw the block diagram for the system specified by the difference
equation y[n]+ay[-2]=b0x[n]+b1x[n-1]

Ans:

27
 X(n) B0
Y(n)

z-1
B1

z-1

-a
17. For a state space representation of the system. Find the transfer
function of the system.

A= 0 1 B=0 C=1 2
-3 -2 1

Ans:

H(z)= ( 2z-1 + z-2 ) / (1+ 2z-1 + 3z-2)

18. Draw the block diagram of state variable equation.

Ans:

X(n) Y(n)
Q1(n+1)

Z-1

-a1 Q1(n) b1

Q2(n+1)
-1
Z

-a2

Q2(n) b2
19. What are the properties of convolution?
Ans:
1. Commutative property of convolution
2. Associative property of convolution
3. Distributive property of convolution
20. What are Impulse response and properties of LTI systems?
Ans:
1. Causality
2. Stability

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 PART – B

1. Find the output of the system whose input-output is related by,

y(n) = 7 y(n-1) – 12 y(n-2) + 2 x(n) – x(n-2) for the input x(n) = u(n).
(16 Marks)

2. Find the impulse response of the stable system whose input-output relation
is given by the equation y(n) - 4 y(n-1) + 3 y(n-2) = x(n) + 2 x(n-1) (16 Marks)

3. (i) Find the linear convolution of x(n) = {1,2,3,4} and h(n)={2,3,4,1}

(6 Marks)
(ii) Compute the convolution of the two sequences given and plot the
output. (10 Marks)

4. Find the output sequence y(n) of the system described by the equation
Y(n) = 0.7 y(n-1) – 0.1 y(n-2) + 2 x(n) – x(n-2).
For the input sequence x(n) = u(n). (16 Marks)

5. (i) What is the impulse response x(n) of the system if the poles and zeros
are
radially moved k times their original location? (3 Marks)
(ii) Find the overall impulse response of the causal system in fig.
h1(n) = (1/3)n u(n) , h2(n) = (1/2)n u(n) and h3(n) = (1/5)n u(n) (12 Marks)

6. Realize direct form-I , direct form-II , cascade and parallel realization of the
discrete time system having system function
H(z) = 2(z+2) / {z(z-0.1) (z+0.5)0 (z+0.4)} (16
Marks)

7. (i) The difference equation of the system is

y(n) – (3/4) y(n-1) + (18) y(n-2) = x(n) + (1/2) x(n-1).
Draw the direct form-I and II structures. (10
Marks)
(ii) Find the convolution of x(n) = {1,2,3,4,5} with h(n) = {1,2,3,3,2,1}
(6 Marks)

8. (i) Find the impulse of the discrete time system described by the difference
equation. Y(n-2) – 3y(n-1) + 2 y(n) = x(n-1) (6 Marks)
(ii) Describe radix-2 DIT FFT algorithm (10 Marks)

9. (i) Explain the state variable description of discrete time system. (8 Marks)
(ii) Compute the linear convolution of x(n) = { 1,1,0,1,1} and
h(n) ={1,-2,-3,4} (8 Marks)

10. Given H(z) = (0.3 +z-1 – 0.47 z--2) / (1-0.5 z-1 + z-2 + 6 z-3) . Draw the block
diagram representation using DFI and DF II realization. (16 Marks)

29