Module II

Double and Iterated Integrals Over Rectangles
15 D OUBLE I NTEGRALS
RIYAS P
Government Brennen College,

Thalassery, Kerala
Email:riyasmankadavu@gmail.com
Mob No-9746004847
1 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Double Integral Over Rectangle

Riemann Integral
Z b n
X
f (x)dx = lim f (xi∗ )∆xi
a n→∞
i=1
where a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xn = b is a partition of [a, b] and

x ∗ ∈ [xi−1 , xi ]
Z b
The definite integral f (x)dx of a function of one variable f (x) ≥ 0
a
is the area under the curve from x = a to x = b.
Double Integral
Definition 1.1 (Riemann Sum)

Consider a function f (x, y ) defined on a rectangular region R,
R : a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d
Divide the region R into small rectangles using a network of lines

parallel to the x− and y -axes.

Suppose that these lines divide R into n rectangular pieces.These

rectangles form a partition P of R. Also note that the number of such
rectangular pieces n gets large as the width and height of each piece
gets small.
A small rectangular piece of width ∆x and height ∆y has area
∆A = ∆x∆y . Suppose that the areas of n rectangular pieces
partitioning R be ∆A1 , ∆A2 , · · · ∆An in some order.
Then the Riemann sum of f (x, y ) corresponding to the partition P is
defined by
X n
Sn = f (xk , yk )∆Ak
k =1
where (xk , yk ) is any point in the k th small rectangle.

Riemann Sum

Remark 1.2
Depending on the choice (xk , yk ) in the k th small rectangle, we may
get different values for Sn .
Definition 1.3 (Norm of a Partition)

Let P be a partition of the rectangular region R.The norm of a
partition P, denoted by ||P||, is the largest width or height of any
rectangle in the partition.
Remark 1.4
||P|| → 0 if and only if number n of rectangles in the partition P tends
to infinity.

Definition 1.5 (Double integral)

Suppose that a function f (x, y ) is defined on a rectangular region
Rand let P be any partition of R into n rectangular pieces. If
X n X n
lim f (xk , yk )∆Ak or lim f (xk , yk )∆Ak exists, then f is said
||P||→0 n→∞
k =1 k =1
to be integrable over R and the limit is called the double integral of f
over R, denoted by
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dA or f (x, y )dxdy
R R
Thus, if f is integrable over R : [a, b] × [c, d] then

ZZ Z b Z d n
X
f (x, y )dxdy = f (x, y )dA = lim f (xk , yk )∆Ak
R a c n→∞
k =1

Definition 1.6 (Double Integrals as Volumes)

If f (x, y ) is a positive function over a rectangular region R in the
xy -plane, the double integral of f over R as the volume of the
3-dimensional solid region over the xy -plane bounded below by R
and above by the surface z = f (x, y )

Evaluation of the double integral

RR
Consider R
(4 − x − y )dA where R : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1

Then volume of solid region over the xy -plane bounded below by R

and above by the surface z = 4 − x − y is
ZZ Z 2
volume = (4 − x − y )dA = A(x)dx
R 0
where A(x) is the cross sectional area at x. For each x, we have

R1
A(x) = 0 (4 − x − y )dy . Hence
ZZ Z 2 Z 2 Z 1
(4 − x − y )dA = A(x)dx = (4 − x − y )dydx
R 0 0 0
2 y =1 Z x=2
y2
Z
7
= 4y − xy − dx = − x dx = 5
0 2 y =0 x=0 2

Now if we consider the volume by slicing with planes perpendicular to

the y -axis

Then volume of solid region over the xy -plane bounded below by R

and above by the surface z = 4 − x − y is
ZZ Z 1
volume = (4 − x − y )dA = A(y )dy
R 0
where A(y ) is the cross sectional area at y . For each y , we have

R2
A(y ) = 0 (4 − x − y )dx. Hence
ZZ Z 1 Z 1 Z 2
(4 − x − y )dA = A(y )dy = (4 − x − y )dxdy
R 0 0 0
1 x=2 Z x=2
x2
Z
= 4x − − xy dy = (6 − 2y ) dy = 5
0 2 x=0 x=0

Fubini’s Theorem
Theorem 1.7
If f (x, y ) is continuous throughout the rectangular region
R : a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d , then
ZZ Z d Z b Z b Z d
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dxdy = f (x, y )dydx
R c a a c
Example 1.8
Evaluate R f (x, y )dA for f (x, y ) = 100 − 6x 2 y and
RR
R : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1
Solution: By Fubini’s theorem

ZZ Z 1 Z 2
100 − 6x 2 y dxdy

f (x, y )dA =
R −1 0
!
Z 1 Z 2
2

= 100 − 6x y dx dy
−1 0
Z 1 2
100x − 2x 3 y 0 dy

=
−1
Z 1
= (200 − 16y ) dy
−1
1
200y − 8y 2 −1 = 400

=
(or)
ZZ Z 2 Z 1
100 − 6x 2 y dydx

f (x, y )dA =
R 0 −1
!
Z 2 Z 1
2

= 100 − 6x y dy dx
0 −1
Z 2 1
Z 2
100y − 3x 2 y 2 −1 dx =

= 00dx
0 0
2
= [200x]0 = 400


Example 1.9
Evaluate the iterated integral
Z 2 Z 4
2xydydx
1 0
Solution:
!
Z 2 Z 4 Z 2 Z 4
2xydydx = 2xydy dx
1 0 1 0
Z 2 2 4
Z 2
= xy 0 dx = 16xdx
1 1
2 2
= 8x 1 = 24

Exercise
Example 1.10
Evaluate the following iterated integrals:

Example 1.11
Evaluate the double integral
ZZ
(6y 2 − 2x)dA
R
over the region

R : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2
Solution: By Fubini’s theorem,

ZZ Z 1 Z 2
(6y 2 − 2x)dA = (6y 2 − 2x)dydx
R 0 0
Z 1 3 2
Z 1
= 2y − 2xy 0 dx = (16 − 4x)dx
0 0
1
16x − 2x 2 0 = 14

=

Exercise
Example 1.12
Evaluate the following double integral over the given region R

Example 1.13
Find the volume of the region bounded above by the ellipitical
paraboloid z = 10 + x 2 + 3y 2 and below by the rectangle
R : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2.

Solution: The volume is given by the double integral

Exercise

Double Integral Over General Region

Definition 1.14 (Double Integral Over General Region)
Suppose we have a bounded non-rectangular region RR in the plane R
and a function f (x, y ). Then the double integral R f (x, y )dA is
defined as follows:
Divide the region R into small rectangular pieces, numbered from 1 to

n . Let ∆Ak be the area of the k th piece and also pick a point (xk , yk )
23 / 225in that piece. RIYAS P Maths Honours
If f (x, y ) is a continuous function then the Riemann Sum

X n
Sn = f (xk , yk )∆Ak converges as ||P|| → 0 and this limit is called
k =1
the double integral of f (x, y ) over R. Thus,
ZZ n
X
f (x, y )dxdy = lim f (xk , yk )∆Ak
R ||P||→0
k =1
Definition 1.15 (Double Integrals as Volumes)

If f (x, y ) is a positive and continuous over a region R in the xy -plane,
the double integral of f over R is the volume of the 3-dimensional
solid region over the xy -plane bounded below by R and above by the
surface z = f (x, y )




Example 1.16
Sketch the region of integration
0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x
Solution:

Example 1.17
−1 ≤ x ≤ 2, x − 1 ≤ y ≤ x 2
Solution:

Example 1.18
−2 ≤ y ≤ 2, y 2 ≤ x ≤ 4
Solution:

Example 1.19
0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 2y
Solution:

Example 1.20
Sketch the described regions of integration :


Solution
1 The given region R is bounded by the inequality
0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and x 3 ≤ y ≤ 8
or
0 ≤ y ≤ 8 and 0 ≤ x ≤ y 1/3
Hence
ZZ Z 2 Z 8 Z 8 Z y 1/3
dA = dydx = dxdy
R 0 x3 0 0
0 ≤ x ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x
or
y
0 ≤ y ≤ 6 and≤x ≤3
2
Hence ZZ Z 3 Z 2x Z 6Z 3
dA = dydx = dxdy
y
R 0 0 0 2

Exercise
Example 1.21
RR
Write an iterated integral for R dA over the described region R using
(a) vertical cross-sections, (b) horizontal cross-sections.

Solution
√
0 ≤ x ≤ 9 and 0 ≤ y ≤ x
or
0 ≤ y ≤ 3 and y 2 ≤ x ≤ 9
Hence √
ZZ Z 9 Z x Z 3 Z 9
dA = dydx = dxdy
R 0 0 0 y2

Solution
π
0≤x ≤ and tan x ≤ y ≤ 1
4
or
0 ≤ y ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ x ≤ tan−1 y
Hence
ZZ Z π
4
Z 1 Z 1 Z tan−1 y
dA = dydx = dxdy
R 0 tan x 0 0

Example 1.22
Sketch the region of integration and hence evaluate the integral
Z πZ x
x sin ydydx
0 0
Solution:
Z π Z x Z π Z x
x sin ydydx = x sin ydy
dx
0 0
Z0 π 0
Z π
x
= x [− cos y ]0 dx = x(1 − cos x)dx
0 0

Z π
= (x − x cos x)dx
0
π
x2

= − x sin x − cos x
2 0
π2 π2
= −0+1−0+1= +2
2 2
Example 1.23
Sketch the region of integration and hence evaluate the integral
Z π Z sin x
ydydx
0 0

Solution:
Solution:
!
Z π Z sin x Z π Z sin x
ydydx = ydy dx
0 0 0 0
π sin x π
y2
Z Z
1
= dx = sin2 xdx
0 2 0 2 0
Z π π
1 1 sin 2x π
= (1 − cos 2x)dx = x− =
4 0 4 2 0 4

Example 1.24
Sketch the described regions of integration :

Solution
1.

Solution
2.

Solution
3.

Exercise
Example 1.25
RR
Write an iterated integral for R dA over the described region R using
(a) vertical cross-sections, (b) horizontal cross-sections.

Solution
4.
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
dA = dA = dA + dA
R R1 +R2 R1 R2
Z 1 Z 1 Z e Z 1
= dydx + dydx
0 0 1 ln x

Solution
4.
ZZ Z 1 Z ey
dA = dxdy
R 0 0

Solution
5.
ZZ Z 1 Z 3−2x
dA = dydx
R 0 x

Solution
5.
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
dA = dA = dA + dA
R R1 +R2 R1 R2
1
Z 1 Z x Z 3 Z 2 (3−y )
= dxdy + dxdy
0 0 1 0
Solution
6.
ZZ Z 2 Z x+2
dA = dydx
R −1 x2

Solution
6.
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
dA = dA = dA + dA
R R1 +R2 R1 R2
√ √
Z 1 Z y Z 4 Z y
= √
dxdy + dxdy
0 − y 1 y −2
Example 1.26
Sketch the region of integration and hence evaluate the integral.
Solution: (1)

Solution
Z ln 8 Z ln y Z ln 8 x+y ln y
ex+y dxdy = e 0
dy
1 0 1
Z ln 8
ln 8
= (y − 1)ey dy = [(y − 1)ey − ey ]1
1
= (ln 8 − 2)8 + e = 8 ln 8 + e − 16
(2)

Solution
Z 2 Z y2 Z 2
y2
dxdy = [x]y dy
1 y 1
2 2
y3 y2
Z
2
= (y − y )dy = −
1 3 2 1

8 1 1 8 3 5
= −2− + = − =
3 3 2 3 2 6
(3)

Solution
Z 1 Z y2 Z 1 2
xy y
3 xy 3e
3y e dxdy = 3y dy
0 0 0 y 0
Z 1 h 3 i1
3
= (3y 2 ey − 3y 2 )dy = ey − y 3
0 0
= [e − 1 − 1] = e − 2
(4)

Solution
√ " √ # √x
4 x 4
3 y / √x ey / x
Z Z Z
3
e dydx = √ dx
1 0 2 2 1 1/ x
0
4 h√ √ 4
√ i x √
Z Z
3 y/ x 3
= xe dx = (e − 1) x dx
2 1 0 2 1
4
3 2
= (e − 1) x 3/2 = (e − 1) [8 − 1]
2 3 1
= 7(e − 1)

Example 1.27
Calculate ZZ
sin x
dA
R x
where R is the triangle in the xy -plane bounded by the x-axis, the line
y = x, and the line x = 1.
Solution:
The region of integration is bounded by the inequalities

0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ x or 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 and y ≤ x ≤ 1
.
Example 1.28
Integrate f (x, y ) = yx over the region in the first quadrant bounded by
the lines y = x, y = 2x, x = 1, and x = 2.
Solution:

1 ≤ x ≤ 2 and x ≤ y ≤ 2x
.
ZZ Z 2 Z 2x
x x
dA = dydx
R y 1 x y
Z 2
2x
= x [ln y ]x dx
1
Z 2
= (ln 2)xdx
1
2
x2

= (ln 2)
2 1
3
= ln 2
2

Exercise

Solution:-
1.

0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ −x + 1
.
ZZ Z 1 Z −x+1
f (x, y )dA = (x 2 + y 2 )dydx
R 0 0
1 −x+1
y3
Z
2
= x y+ dx
0 3 0
1
(1 − x)3
Z
2
= x (−x + 1) + dx
0 3
Z 1
(1 − x)3

= −x 3 + x 2 + dx
0 3
4 1
x x3 (1 − x)4
= − + −
4 3 12 0

1 1 1 1
= − + + =
4 3 12 6
2.


0 ≤ u ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 1 − u
.
ZZ Z 1 Z 1−u √
f (u, v )dA = (v − u)dvdu
R 0 0
1 1−u
v2 √
Z
= − uv du
0 2 0
1
(1 − u)2 √
Z
= − u(1 − u) du
0 2
Z 1
(1 − u)2 √

3/2
= − u+u du
0 2
1
(1 − u)3

2 2
= − − u 3/2 + u 5/2
6 3 5 0

2 2 1 1
= − + + =−
3 5 6 10

(3)

1 ≤ t ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ s ≤ ln t
.
ZZ Z 2 Z ln t
f (u, v )dA = (es ln t)dsdt
R 1 0
Z 2
ln t
= ln t [es ]0 dt
1
Z 2
= ln t(t − 1)dt
1

2 Z 2
(t − 1)2 (t − 1)2

= ln t − dt
2 1 1 2t
1 2
Z
1 1
= ln 2 − t −2+ dt
2 2 1 t
2
1 t2

1
= ln 2 − − 2t + ln t
2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1
= ln 2 − 2 − 4 + ln 2 − + 2 =
2 2 2 4

Exercise
Example 1.29
Sketch the region and Evaluate the following integral:

Reversing the Order of Integration

Example 1.30
Sketch the region of integration for the integral
Z 2 Z 2x
(4x + 2)dydx
0 x2
and write an equivalent integral with the order of integration reversed.
Solution: The region of integration is given by the inequalities

0 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 2 ≤ y ≤ 2x. It is therefore the region bounded by the
curves y = x 2 and y = 2x between x = 0 and x = 2.

To find limits for integrating in the reverse order, we imagine a

horizontal line passing from left to right through the region. It enters
at x = y2 and leaves at x = y . To include all such lines, we let y run
from y = 0 to y = 4 .
The integral is
Z 4 Z √y 4 √y
Z
2
(4x + 2)dxdy = 2x + 2x y /2 dy
0 y /2 0
4
√ y2
Z
= y +2 y − dy
0 2

4
y2 y3

4
= + y 3/2 −
2 3 6 0
32 32
= 8+ − =8
3 3

Exercise

Solution
Solution: (33) The region of integration is given by the inequalities
0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 2 ≤ y ≤ 4 − 2x. It is therefore the region bounded by the
curves y = 2 and y = 4 − 2x between x = 0 and x = 1.

at x = 0 and leaves at x = 4−y 2 . To include all such lines, we let y run
from y = 2 to y = 4 .
The integral is
4−y
4 4
4−y
Z Z 2
Z
dxdy = dy
2 0 2 2
4
y2

1
= 4y −
2 2 2
1
= [8 − 6] = 1
2
Solution: (34) The region of integration is given by the inequalities
0 ≤ y ≤ 2, y − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0. It is therefore the region bounded by the
curves x = y − 2 and x = 0 between y = 0 and y = 2.

To find limits for integrating in the reverse order, we imagine a vertical

line passing from lower to upper through the region. It enters at y = 0
and leaves at y = x + 2. To include all such lines, we let x run from
x = −2 to x = 0 . The integral is
Z 0 Z x+2 Z 0
dydx = (x + 2) dx
−2 0 −2
0
x2

= + 2x
2 −2
= [0 − 2 + 4] = 2

Example 1.31
Sketch the region of integration, reverse the order of integration, and
evaluate the integral Z πZ π
sin y
dydx
0 x y
.
Solution:


at x = 0 and leaves at x = y . To include all such lines, we let y run
from y = 0 to y = π Hence
Z πZ π Z πZ y Z π
sin y sin y sin y y
dydx = dxdy = [x]0 dy
0 x y 0 0 y 0 y
Z π
π
= sin ydy = [− cos y ]0 = 2
0
Example 1.32
Sketch the region of integration, reverse the order of integration, and
evaluate the integral
2 4−x 2
xe2y
Z Z
dydx
0 0 4−y
.

Solution:

horizontal line passing fromp left to right through the region. It enters
at x = 0 and leaves at x = 4 − y . To include all such lines, we let y
run from y = 0 to y = 4 Hence
√
Z 2 Z 4−x 2 Z 4 Z √4−y Z 4 2y 2 4−y
xe2y xe2y e x
dydx = dxdy = dy
0 0 4−y 0 0 4−y 0 4−y 2 0
1 4 2y e8 − 1
Z
1 2y 4
= e dy = e 0=
2 0 4 4

Example 1.33
Evaluate R (y − 2x 2 )dA where R is the region bounded by the
RR
square |x| + |y | = 1
Solution:
Let R = R1 + R2 where R1 and R2 are non overlapped region in the

above figure. The region R1 is bounded by the inequalities
R1 : −1 ≤ x ≤ 0, −1 − x ≤ y ≤ 1 + x and the region R2 is bounded
by the inequalities R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x
Then
ZZ ZZ ZZ
(y − 2x 2 )dA = (y − 2x 2 )dA + (y − 2x 2 )dA
R R1 R2
Z 0 Z 1+x Z 1 Z 1−x
= (y − 2x 2 )dydx + (y − 2x 2 )dydx
−1 −1−x 0 x−1
2
........ = −
3
Example 1.34
RR
Evaluate R xydA where R is the region bounded by the lines
y = x, y = 2x and x + y = 2.

Solution:
ZZ Z 2/3 Z 2x Z 1 Z 2−x
xydA = xydydx + xydydx
R 0 x 2/3 x
13
= ········· =
81
Volume Beneath a Surface z = f (x, y )
Example 1.35
Find the volume of the prism whose base is the triangle in the
xy-plane bounded by the x−axis and the lines y = x and x = 1 and
whose top lies in the plane z = f (x, y ) = 3 − x − y
Solution:

ZZ Z 1 Z x
Volume = f (x, y )dA = (3 − x − y )dydx
R 0 0
1 2 x 1
Z Z
y 3 2
= 3y − xy − dx = 3x − x dx
0 2 0 0 2

1
3 2 1 3
= x − x =1
2 2 0
(or)
ZZ Z 1 Z 1
Volume = f (x, y )dA = (3 − x − y )dxdy
R 0 y
1 1 Z 1
x2
Z
5 3 2
= 3x − − xy dy = − 4y + y dy
0 2 y 0 2 2
1
5 1
= y − 2y 2 + y 3 = 1
2 2 0

Example 1.36
Find the volume of the region bounded above by the paraboloid
z = x 2 + y 2 and below by the triangle enclosed by the lines
y = x, x = 0, and x + y = 2 in the xy -plane.
Solution:
The region R is bounded by the inequalities

R : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ 2 − x
ZZ Z 1 Z 2−x
Volume = f (x, y )dA = (x 2 + y 2 )dydx
R 0 x
1 3 2−x
Z
y
= x 2y + dx
0 3 x
Z 1
7x 3 (2 − x)3

= 2x 2 − + dx
0 3 3
3 1
2x 7x 4 (2 − x)4
= − −
3 12 12 0
4
=
3
Example 1.37
Find the volume of the solid that is bounded above by the cylinder
z = x 2 and below by the region enclosed by the parabola y = 2 − x 2
and the line y = x in the xy -plane.

Solution:

R : −2 ≤ x ≤ 1, x ≤ y ≤ 2 − x 2
ZZ Z 1 Z 2−x 2
Volume = f (x, y )dA = x 2 dydx
R −2 x
Z 1 2−x 2
Z 1
2
x 2 (2 − x 2 ) − x dx

= x y x
dx =
−2 −2

Z 1
2x 2 − x 3 − x 4 dx

=
−2
1
2 3 1 4 1 5
= x − x − x
3 4 5 −2

13 44 189 63
= + = =
60 15 60 20
Example 1.38
Find the volume of the wedgelike solid that lies beneath the surface
2 2
z = 16√− x − y and above the region R bounded by the curve
y = 2 x, the line y = 4x − 2, and the x− axis.
Solution:

y2 1
R : 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, ≤ x ≤ (y + 2)
4 4
1
ZZ Z 2 Z 4 (y +2)
Volume = f (x, y )dA = (16 − x 2 − y 2 )dxdy
y2
R 0 4

Example 1.39
Find the volume of the solid whose base is the region in the xy −
plane that is bounded by the parabola y = 4 − x 2 and the line y = 3x,
while the top of the solid is bounded by the plane z = x + 4.
Solution: Exercise
Example 1.40
Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the
coordinate planes, the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4, and the plane z + y = 3.

Solution:
ZZ Z 2 Z √4−x 2
Volume = f (x, y )dA = (3 − y )dydx
R 0 0
= ······
9π − 8
=
3
Example 1.41
Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded hy the
coordinate planes, the plane x = 3, and the parabolic cylinder
z = 4 − y 2.

Solution:
ZZ Z 3 Z 2
Volume = f (x, y )dA = (4 − y 2 )dydx
R 0 0
= ······
= 16
Example 1.42
Find the volume of the solid cut from the first octant by the surface
z = 4 − x2 − y.
ZZ Z 2 Z 4−x 2
128
Volume = f (x, y )dA = (4 − x 2 − y )dydx =
R 0 0 15
Exercise

Properties of Double Integral

Integrals over Unbounded Region

Example 1.43
Z ∞Z 1
1
Evaluate dydx
1 e−x x 3y
Solution:
Z ∞Z 1 Z ∞ 1
1 ln y
dydx = dx
1 e−x x 3y 1 x 3 e−x
Z ∞
1
ln 1 − ln e−x dx

= 3
x
Z1 ∞ Z ∞
x 1
= 3
dx = 2
dx
1 x 1 x
Z b b
1 −1
= lim dx = lim
b→∞ 1 x 2 b→∞ x 1

−1
= lim +1 =1
b→∞ b
Example 1.44
√
Z 1Z 1/ 1−x 2
Evaluate √ (2y + 1)dydx
−1 −1/ 1−x 2
Solution:
√ √
Z 1 Z 1/ 1−x 2 Z 1 1/ 1−x 2
√
2
√ (2y + 1)dydx = y +y 2
dx
−1/ 1−x
−1 −1/ 1−x 2 −1
Z 1
2
= √ dx
−1 1 − x2
Z b
2
= 2 lim− √ dx
b→1 0 1 − x2
h ib
= 4 lim− sin−1 x
b→1 0
h i
−1
= 4 lim sin b − 0 = 2π
b→1−

Exercise
Example 1.45
Evaluate the following

Double Integrals in Polar form
Suppose that a function f (r , θ) is defined over a region R that is

bounded by the rays θ = α and θ = β and by the continuous curves
r = g1 (θ) and r = g2 (θ). Suppose also that 0 ≤ g1 (θ) ≤ g2 (θ) ≤ a for
every value of θ between α and β.Then R lies in a fan shaped region
Q determined by the inequalities 0 ≤ r ≤ a and α ≤ θ ≤ β.

We cover Q by a grid of circular arcs and rays.The arcs are cut from
circles centered at the origin, with radii
∆r , 2∆r , · · · m∆r
a
where ∆r = m. The rays are given by
θ = α, θ = α + ∆θ, θ = α + 2∆θ, · · · , θ = α + m0 ∆θ = β
where ∆θ = β−α m0 .
The arcs and rays partition Q into small patches called ”polar
rectangles”.
We number the polar rectangles that lie inside R , calling their areas
∆A1 , ∆A2 , . . . ∆An . We let (rk , θk ) be any point in the polar rectangle
whose area is ∆Ak . We then form the sum
n
X
sn = f (rk , θk )∆Ak
k =1

If f is continuous throughout R,then the sum sn will approach a limit

as n → ∞. This limit is called the double integral of f over R and is
denoted by ZZ
lim sn = f (r , θ)dA
n→∞ R
Remark 1.46
To evaluate the above limit, we choose rk to be the average of the
radii of the inner and outer arcs bounding the k th polar rectangle
∆Ak .The radius of the inner arc bounding ∆Ak is then rk − (∆r /2)
and the radius of the outer arc is rk + (∆r /2).


Finding Limits of Integration


Example 1.47
Find the limits of integration for integrating f (r , θ) over the region R
that lies inside the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ and outside the circle r = 1.
Solution:

Example 1.48
Describe the given region in polar coordinates:

Solution: 1) The given region is bounded by the circle x 2 + y 2 = 92 .
x 2 + y 2 = 92 =⇒ r = 9
The region is bounded by the inequalities

π
≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 9
2

Solution: 2) The given region is bounded by the circles

x 2 + y 2 = 1 and x 2 + y 2 = 42 .
x 2 + y 2 = 1 =⇒ r = 1 and x 2 + y 2 = 42 =⇒ r = 4
.

π π
− ≤ θ ≤ ,1 ≤ r ≤ 4
2 2
Solution: 3) The given region is bounded by the lines

y = x, y = −x and y = 1 .
π 3π
y =x =⇒ θ = , y = −x =⇒ θ = and y = 1 =⇒ r = cosecθ
4 4
π 3π
≤θ≤ , 0 ≤ r ≤ cosecθ
4 4

Solution:
√ 4) The given region is bounded by the lines
y = 3x, y = 0 and x = 1 .
√ π
y = 3x =⇒ θ = , y = 0 =⇒ θ = 0 and x = 1 =⇒ r = sec θ
3

π
0 ≤ θ ≤ , 0 ≤ r ≤ sec θ
3
Exercise
Example 1.49
Solution: 4) The given region√is bounded by the curves

x 2 + y 2 = 1, y = 0 and x = 2 3, y = 2 .
√ √
x 2 +y 2 = 1 =⇒ r = 1, y = 0 =⇒ θ = 0, x = 2 3 =⇒ r = 2 3 sec θ
and
y = 2 =⇒ r = 2 cosec θ

π √ π π
0≤θ≤ , 1 ≤ r ≤ 2 3 sec θ and ≤ θ ≤ , 1 ≤ r ≤ 2 cosec θ
6 6 2

Example 1.50

Area In Polar Coordinates
Example 1.51
Find the area enclosed by the lemniscate r 2 = 4 cos 2θ.
Solution:

Since the region is symmetric about both the axis, we have
Example 1.52
Find the area of the region that lies inside the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ
and outside the circle r = 1.
Solution:

Since the region is symmetric about the initial line, required area is
Z π/2 Z 1+cos θ
A = 2 rdrdθ
0 1
π/2 1+cos θ
r2
Z
= 2 dθ
0 2 1
Z π/2
2 cos θ + cos2 θ dθ

=
0
π/2
1 sin 2θ
= 2 sin θ + θ+
2 2 0
π
= 2+
4
Example 1.53
Find the area of the region cut from the first quadrant by the cardioid
r = 1 + sin θ.

Solution:
Z π/2 Z 1+sin θ
A = rdrdθ
0 0
π/2 1+sin θ
r2
Z
= dθ
0 2 0
1 π/2 h
Z i
= 1 + 2 sin θ + sin2 θ dθ
2 0
π/2
1 1 sin 2θ
= θ − 2 cos θ + θ−
2 2 2 0
1 hπ π i 3π
= +2+ = +1
2 2 4 8
Example 1.54
Find the area enclosed by one leaf of the rose r = 12 cos 3θ.
Solution:
Z π/6 Z 12 cos 3θ
A = 2 rdrdθ
0 0
π/6 12 cos 3θ π/6
r2
Z Z
= 2 dθ = 144 cos2 3θdθ
0 2 0 0
= 12π

Example 1.55
Find the area of the region common to the interiors of the cardioids
r = 1 + cos θ and r = 1 − cos θ.
Solution:
Z π/2 Z 1−cos θ
A = 4 rdrdθ
0 0
π/2 1−cos θ π/2
r2
Z Z
= 4 dθ = 2 (1 − 2 cos θ + cos2 θ)dθ
0 2 0 0
Z π/2
3 cos 2θ 3π
= 2 − 2 cos θ + dθ = −4
0 2 2 2

Changing Cartesian Integrals into Polar Integrals
Example 1.56
Find the area of the region enclosed by the positive x−axis and spiral
r = 4θ
3 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
Solution:-Exercise:-
Changing Cartesian Integrals into Polar Integrals

Example 1.57
Evaluate ZZ
2
+y 2
ex dydx
R
where R is√the semicircular region bounded by the x−axis and the

curve y = 1 − x 2 .
Solution: In Cartesian coordinates, there is no direct way to integrate

2 2
ex +y with respect to either x or y .In this case, we change the
Cartesian integral into an equivalent polar integral and then evaluate
the polar integral.
Substituting x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and replacing dydx by rdrdθ

We have
Example 1.58
Evaluate
Z 1 Z √1−x 2
(x 2 + y 2 )dydx
0 0
Solution: Here we change the Cartesian integral into an equivalent

polar integral and then evaluate the polar integral. Substituting
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and replacing dydx by rdrdθ ,
we have

Example 1.59
Change the Cartesian integral into an equivalent polar integral. Then
evaluate the polar integral
Solution:
(1)

Substituting x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and replacing dydx by rdrdθ, we

obtain
Z 1 Z √1−x 2 Z πZ 1
π
dydx = rdrdθ =
−1 0 0 0 2
(2)

obtain
Z 1 Z √1−y 2 Z π/2 Z 1
π
(x 2 + y 2 )dxdy = (r 2 )rdrdθ =
0 0 0 0 8
(3) & (4) : Exercise:-

Example 1.60

Solution:
(1)

obtain Z 6Z y Z π/2 Z 6 csc θ
xdxdy = (r cos θ)rdrdθ = 36
0 0 π/4 0

Solution:
(2)

obtain
Z √3 Z x Z π/4 Z √3 sec θ √
dydx = rdrdθ = 2 − 3
1 1 π/6 csc θ

Solution:
(4)

obtain Z 2 Z y Z π/2 Z 2 csc θ
π
√ √ dxdy = rdrdθ = 2 −
2 4−y 2 π/4 2 2

Assignment II Question-1
Example 1.61
Find the volume of the solid region bounded above by the paraboloid
z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 and below by the unit circle in the xy-plane.
Solution:- The region of integration R is the unit circle x 2 + y 2 = 1,

which is described in polar coordinates by r = 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

The volume is given by the double integral

ZZ Z 2π Z 1
2 2
(9 − x − y )dA = (9 − r 2 )rdrdθ
R 0 0
2π 1 2π 1
9r 2 r4
Z Z Z
= (9r − r 3 )drdθ = − dθ
0 0 0 2 4 0
Z 2π
17 17π
= dθ =
0 4 2

Example 1.62
The region that lies inside the cardioid r = 1 + cos θ and outside the
circle r = 1 is the base of a solid right cylinder. The top of the cylinder
lies in the plane z = x. Find the cylinder’s volume.
Solution: Exercise-
Example 1.63
2 2
Integrate f (x, y ) = ln(x
√ +y ) over the region 1 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ e.
2 2 x +y
Solution: Exercise-
Example 1.64
Using polar integration, find the area of the region R in the xy -plane
enclosed by √the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4, above the line y = 1, and below
the line y = 3x.

Solution:

Required area is given by

Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates
We have seen that the geometry of a double integral involves cutting

the two dimensional region into tiny rectangles, multiplying the areas
of the rectangles by the value of the function there, adding the areas
up, and taking a limit as the size of the rectangles approaches zero.
We will now take this idea to the next dimension. Instead of a region
in the xy-plane, we will consider a solid in xyz− space. Instead of
cutting up the region into rectangles, we will cut up the solid into
rectangular solids. And instead of multiplying the function value by
the area of the rectangle, we will multiply the function value by the
volume of the rectangular solid.
We can define the triple integral as the limit of the sum of the product
of the function times the volume of the rectangular solids.

Definition 1.65 (Riemann Sum and Integral)

Let F (x, y , z) be function defined on a closed, bounded region D in
the space. We partition a rectangular boxlike region containing D into
rectangular cells by planes parallel to the coordinate axes . We
number the cells that lie completely inside D from 1 to n in some
order, the k th cell having dimensions ∆xk by ∆yk by ∆zk and volume
∆V = ∆xk ∆yk ∆zk . We choose a point (xk , yk , zk ) in each cell and
form the sum
Xn
Sn = F (xk , yk , zk )∆Vk
k =1
This sum is known as Riemann Sum corresponding to the partition.

Now we partition D by smaller and smaller cells, so that ∆xk , ∆yk ,

∆zk and the norm of the partition ||P||, the largest value among ∆xk ,
∆yk , ∆zk , all approach zero. When a single limiting value is attained,
no matter how the partitions and points (xk , yk , zk ) are chosen, we
say that F is integrable over D.
If F is continuous on a bounded region D, then F is integrable. That
is the sum Sn approach a limit as ||P|| → 0 or n → ∞. In this case the
limit is called the triple integral of F over D and we write
ZZZ ZZZ
lim Sn = F (x, y , z)dV or lim Sn = F (x, y , z)dV
n→∞ D ||P||→0 D






Example 1.66
Find the volume of the region D enclosed by the surfaces
z = x 2 + 3y 2 and z = 8 − x 2 − y 2 .
Solution: The volume is

ZZZ
V = dzdydx
D
To find the limits of integration for evaluating the integral, we first
sketch the region. The surfaces intersect on the elliptical cylinder
x 2 + 3y 2 = 8 − x 2 − y 2 that is x 2 + 2y 2 = 4

The boundary of the region R, the projection of D onto the xy − plane,

ellipse x 2 + 2y 2 = 4. The upper boundary of R isq
is anq the curve
4−x 2 4−x 2
y= 2 and the lower boundary is the curve y = − 2 .
To find the z− limits of integration. The line M passing through a

typical point (x, y ) in R parallel to the z−axis enters D at
z = x 2 + 3y 2 and leaves at z = 8 − x 2 − y 2 .
Next we find the y − limits of integration. q
The line L through (x, y )
4−x 2
parallel to the y − axis enters R at y = − 2 and leaves at
q
2
y = 4−x 2 .
Finally we find the x− limits of integration. As L sweeps across R, the

value of x varies from x = −2 at (−2, 0, 0) to x = 2 at (2, 0, 0).


√ Z
8 2 2
= (4 − x 2 )3/2 dx
3 0
√ Z
8 2 π/2
= (4 cos2 θ)3/2 2 cos θdθ, where x = 2 sin θ
3 0
√ Z
128 2 π/2
= cos4 θdθ
3 0
√
128 2 3 1 π √
= × × × = 8π 2
3 4 2 2
Example 1.67
Find the volume of the the tetrahedron D with vertices
(0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 1, 1).
Solution:



Example 1.68
Write six different iterated triple integrals for the volume of the
tetrahedron with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 1, 1).
Solution: Exercise
Example 1.69
rectangular solid in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes
and the planes x = 1, y = 2, and z = 3. Evaluate one of the integrals.
Solution:

Z 1 Z 2 Z 3
V = dzdydx
0 0 0
Z 1 Z 2
3
= [z]0 dydx
0 0
Z 1 Z 2
= 3 dydx
0 0
Z 1 Z 1
2
= 3 [y ]0 dx = 6 dx = 6
0 0
The other forms of iterated triple integrals for finding the volume of the
rectangular box are · · · .
Example 1.70
tetrahedron cut from the first octant by the plane 6x + 3y + 2z = 6.
Evaluate one of the integrals.

Solution:
1
Z 1 Z 2−2x Z 2 (6−6x−3y )
V = dzdydx
0 0 0
Z 1 Z 2−2x 1
(6−6x−3y )
= [z]02 dydx
0 0
Z 1 Z 2−2x
1
= (6 − 6x − 3y )dydx
0 0 2

1 2−2x
y2
Z
1
= (6y − 6xy − 3 ) dx
02 2 0
1 1
Z
3 2
= (6(1 − x)2(1 − x) − (4)(1 − x) ) dx
2 0 2
Z 1 1
(1 − x)3

1
= 3 (1 − x)2 dx = 3 − dx = 3[0 + ] = 1
0 3 0 3
The other forms of iterated triple integrals for finding the volume of the
R 2 R 1−y R 1 (6−6x−3y )
tetrahedron are 0 0 2 02 dzdxdy ,
R 1 R 3−3x R 13 (6−6x−2z)
0 0 0
dydzdx . . .

Example 1.71
Write six different iterated triple integrals for the volume of the region
in the first octant enclosed by the cylinder x 2 + z 2 = 4 and the plane
y = 3. Evaluate one of the integrals.
Solution:
Z 2 Z 3 Z √4−x 2
V = dzdydx
0 0 0

Z 2 Z 3 p
= 4 − x 2 dydx
0 0
Z 2 p
= 3 4 − x 2 dx
0
3h p i2
= x 4 − x 2 + 4 sin−1 (x/2) = 3π
2 0
Example 1.72
Let D be the region bounded by the paraboloids z = 8 − x 2 − y 2 and
z = x 2 + y 2 . Write six different triple iterated integrals for the volume
of D. Evaluate one of the integrals.

Solution:
Z 2 Z √4−x 2 Z 8−x 2 −y 2
V = √ dzdydx
−2 − 4−x 2 x 2 +y 2
= ······
= 16π

Example 1.73
Let D be the region bounded by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 and the
plane z = 2y . Write triple iterated integrals in the order dzdxdy and
dzdydx that give the volume of D. Do not evaluate either integral.
Solution:
The two integral are

Example 1.74
Evaluate Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )dzdydx
0 0 0
Solution:
Z 1Z 1Z 1 1 1 1
z3
Z
Z
2 2 2 2 2
(x + y + z )dzdydx = (x + y )z + dydx
0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Z 1Z 1
1
= x2 + y2 + dydx
0 0 3
Z 1 1
y3

1
= x2 + y+ dx
0 3 3 0
Z 1
2 2
= x + dx
0 3
3 1
x 2
= + x =1
3 3 0

Example 1.75
Evaluate the following:

Average Value of a Function in Space
Definition 1.76 (Average Value of a Function in Space)

The average value of a function F over a region D in space is defined
by the formula
ZZZ
1
Average value of F over D = FdV
Volume of D D
p
For example, if F (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , then the average value of
F over D is the average distance of points in D from the origin. If
F (x, y , z) is the temperature at (x, y , z) on a solid that occupies a
region D in space, then the average value of F over D is the average
temperature of the solid.

Example 1.77
Find the average value of F (x, y , z) = xyz throughout the cubical
region D bounded by the coordinate planes and the planes
x = 2, y = 2, and z = 2 in the first octant.
Solution: The volume of the region D is (2)(2)(2) = 8.

The value of the integral of F over the cube is

Exercise

Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical

Coordinates


Triple Integral In Cylindrical Coordinates

How to Integrate in Cylindrical Coordinates



Example 1.78
Find the limits of integration in cylindrical coordinates for integrating a
function f (r , θ, z) over the region D bounded below by the plane
z = 0, laterally by the circular cylinder x 2 + (y − 1)2 = 1, and above
by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 .
Solution: The base of D is also the region’s projection R on the

xy-plane. The boundary of R is the circle x 2 + (y − 1)2 = 1. Its polar
coordinate equation is
x 2 + (y − 1)2 = 1
x 2 + y 2 − 2y = 0
r 2 − 2r sin θ = 0
r = 2 sin θ

We find the limits of integration, starting with the z− limits. A line M

through a typical point (r , θ) in R parallel to the z− axis enters D at
z = 0 and leaves at z = x 2 + y 2 = r 2 .
Next we find the r − limits of integration. A ray L through (r , θ) from
the origin enters R at r = 0 and leaves at r = 2 sin θ.
Finally we find the θ-limits of integration. As L sweeps across R, the

angle θ it makes with the positive x− axis runs from θ = 0 to θ = π.
The integral is
ZZZ Z π Z 2 sin θ Z r2
f (r , θ, z)dV = f (r , θ, z)dzrdrdθ
D 0 0 0
Example 1.79
Give the limits of integration for evaluating the integral
ZZZ
f (r , θ, z)dz rdrdθ
as an iterated integral over the region that is bounded below by the

plane z = 0, on the side by the cylinder r = cos θ, and on top by the
paraboloid z = 3r 2

We find the limits of integration, starting with the z− limits. A line M

through a typical point (r , θ) in R parallel to the z− axis enters D at
z = 0 and leaves at z = 3r 2 .
Next we find the r − limits of integration. A ray L through (r , θ) from
the origin enters R at r = 0 and leaves at r = cos θ.
As L sweeps across R, the angle θ it makes with the positive x− axis
runs from θ = − π2 to θ = π2 .
The integral is
ZZZ Z π
2
Z cos θ Z 3r 2
f (r , θ, z)dV = f (r , θ, z)dzrdrdθ
D − π2 0 0
Example 1.80
Convert the integral
Z 1 Z √1−y 2 Z x
(x 2 + y 2 )dzdxdy
−1 0 0
to an equivalent integral in cylindrical coordinates and evaluate the

result

Solution: Using the Cylindrical coordinates, the given integral can be

written as
Z 1 Z √1−y 2 Z x Z π/2 Z 1 Z r cos θ
2 2
(x + y )dzdxdy = r 2 dzrdrdθ
−1 0 0 −π/2 0 0
Z π/2 Z 1
r cos θ
= r 3 [z]0 drdθ
−π/2 0
Z π/2 Z 1
= r 4 cos θdrdθ
−π/2 0
Z π/2 Z π/2
1 2
= cos θdθ = cos θdθ
5 −π/2 5 0
2
=
5

Example 1.81
Let D be the region bounded below by the plane z = 0, above by the
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, and on the sides by the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = 1. Set up the triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates that
give the volume of D .
Solution:
Required integral is
Z 2π Z 1 Z √4−r 2
dzrdrdθ =?
0 0 0

Example 1.82
p
Let D be the region bounded below by the cone z = x 2 + y 2 and
above by the paraboloid z = 2 − x 2 − y 2 . Set up the triple integrals in
cylindrical coordinates that give the volume of D.
Solution:
Required integral is
Z 2π Z 1 Z 2−r 2
dzrdrdθ =?
0 0 z=r


Solution:
(1)
Z 2π Z 1 Z √2−r 2 Z 2π Z 1 √
2−r 2
dzrdrdθ = [z]r rdrdθ
0 0 r 0 0
Z 2π Z 1 p
= 2 − r 2 − r rdrdθ
0 0
2π 1
r3
Z
21
= − (2 − r 2 )3/2 − dθ
0 32 3 0
Z 2π √ !
2 2 2
= − dθ
0 3 3
4π √
= 2−1
3

Triple Integral in Spherical Coordinates

Definition 1.83 (Spherical Coordinates)

Spherical coordinates locate points in space with two angles and one
distance.
~
The first coordinate, ρ = |OP|,is the point’s distance from the origin.
Unlike r , the variable ρ is never negative.
The second coordinate, φ is the angle OP ~ makes with the positive z−
axis. It is required to lie in the interval [0, π].
The third coordinate is the angle θ as measured in cylindrical
coordinates.
Example 1.84
The equation ρ = a describes the sphere of radius a centered at the
origin

Example 1.85
The equation φ = φ0 describes a single cone whose vertex lies at the
origin and whose axis lies along the z-axis.
Example 1.86
The equation θ = θ0 describes the half-plane that contains the z−
axis and makes an angle θ0 with the positive x−axis.

Definition 1.87 (Relation Between Spherical Coordinates and

Cartesian Coordinates)
Example 1.88
Find a spherical coordinate equation for the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + (z − 1)2 = 1

Solution:

Example 1.89
p
Find a spherical coordinate equation for the cone z = x 2 + y 2.
Solution :




How to Integrate in Spherical Coordinates



Example 1.90
Find the volume of the "ice cream cone" D cut from the solid sphere
ρ ≤ 1 by the cone φ = π3 .
Solution :

The Volume is

Coordinate Conversion Formulas

Example 1.91

Solution

Example 1.92

Example 1.93
Find the volume of the portion of the solid sphere ρ ≤ a that lies
between the cones φ = π/3 and φ = 2π/3
Solution: Exercise
Substitution in Multiple Integrals
Definition 1.94 (Jacobian determinant or Jacobian)

Suppose that a region G in the uv − plane is transformed one-to-one
into the region R in the xy − plane by equations of the form
x = g(u, v ), y = h(u, v ).The Jacobian determinant or Jacobian of
the coordinate transformation x = g(u, v ), y = h(u, v ) is
∂x ∂x
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
J(u, v ) = ∂u
∂y
∂v =
∂y −
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u

Substitutions in Double Integrals
Remark 1.95
The Jacobian can also be denoted by
∂(x, y )
J(u, v ) =
∂(u, v )
Definition 1.96
Suppose that a region G in the uv − plane is transformed one-to-one
into the region R in the xy − plane by equations of the form
x = g(u, v ), y = h(u, v ). Any function f (x, y ) defined on R can be
thought of as a function f (g(u, v ), h(u, v )) defined on G as well.
If g, h and f have continuous partial derivatives and J(u, v ) is zero
only at isolated points, then
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dxdy = f (g(u, v ), h(u, v ))|J(u, v )|dudv
R G

Example 1.97
Find the Jacobian for the polar coordinate transformationRR
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and write the Cartesian integral R f (x, y )dxdy
as a polar integral.
Solution: For polar coordinates, we have r and θ in place of u and v .

With x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, the Jacobian is
∂x ∂x
cos θ −r sin θ
= r (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) = r

∂r ∂θ
J(r , θ) = ∂y ∂y =

∂r ∂θ
sin θ r cos θ
Since we assume r ≥ 0 when integrating in polar coordinates,

|J(r , θ) = |r | = r , so that
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dxdy = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)|J(r , θ)|drdθ
R G
ZZ
= f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ
G

The following figure shows how the equations x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ

transform the rectangle G : 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, : 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2, into the quarter
circle R bounded by x 2 + y 2 = 1 in the first quadrant of the xy -plane.


Solution:


Solution:


Solution:

Example 1.98
Evaluate
4 x=(y /2)+1
2x − y
Z Z
dxdy
0 x=y /2 2
by applying the transformation
2x − y y
u= , v=
2 2
and integrating over an appropriate region in the uv-plane
Solution:



Example 1.99
Evaluate ZZ
(2x 2 − xy − y 2 )dxdy
R
for the region R in the first quadrant bounded by the lines

y = −2x + 4, y = −2x + 7, y = x − 2, and y = x + 1by applying the
transformation
u = x − y , v = 2x + y
and integrating over an appropriate region in the uv-plane
Solution: Given that
u = x − y , v = 2x + y .
Solving for x and y , we get
1 1 1
x= (u + v ), y = (−2u + v ), J(u, v ) =
3 3 3


Example 1.100
Evaluate
1 1−x
√
Z Z
x + y (y − 2x)2 dydx
0 0
Solution: Consider the transformation
u = x + y , v = y − 2x
so that
1 1
(u − v ), y = (2u + v )
x=
3 3
The Jacobian of the transformation is
∂x ∂x 1
− 13 1

J(u, v ) = ∂u
∂y
∂v = 3
∂y 2 1 =
∂u ∂v 3 3 3


Example 1.101
Use the transformation u = 3x + 2y , v = x + 4y to evaluate the
integral ZZ
(3x 2 + 14xy + 8y 2 )dxdy
R
for the region R in the first quadrant bounded by the lines

y = −(3/2)x + 1, y = −(3/2)x + 3, y = −(1/4)x and y = −(1/4)x + 1
Solution:Exercise
Example 1.102
Evaluate the integral
2 y
r
y √xy
Z Z
e dxdy
1 1/y x

r
√ y
u= xy , v =
x
so that
u
, y = uv x=
v
∂x ∂x 1

∂u ∂v

v − vu2 2u
J(u, v ) = ∂y ∂y =
=
∂u ∂v
v u v
Then
2 y
r
y √xy
Z Z ZZ ZZ
2u
e dxdy = veu dudv = 2ueu dudv
1 1/y x G v G


Substitutions in Triple Integrals
Definition 1.103
Suppose that a region G in the uvw− Space is transformed
one-to-one into the region D in the xyz− space by differentiable
equations of the form x = g(u, v , w), y = h(u, v , w), z = k (u, v , w).
Any function F (x, y , z) defined on D can be thought of as a function
F (g(u, v , w), h(u, v , w), k (u, v , w)) = H(u, v , w) defined on G as well.
If g, h, and k have continuous partial derivatives , then
ZZZ ZZZ
F (x, y , z)dxdydz = H(u, v , w)|J(u, v , w)|dudvdw
D G
where the Jacobian determinant J(u, v , w) is given by

∂x ∂x ∂x

∂u
∂y
∂v
∂y
∂w
∂y
J(u, v , w) = ∂u ∂v ∂w

∂z ∂z ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂w

Remark 1.104 (Cylindrical Coordinates)

Consider the transformation from Cartesian r θz-space to Cartesian
xyz− space given by the equations
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z

∂x ∂x ∂x

∂r ∂y
∂θ
cos θ
∂z −r sin θ 0
J(r , θ, z) = ∂y ∂y

∂r ∂θ ∂z
= sin θ r cos θ 0
∂z ∂z ∂z 0 0 1
∂r ∂θ ∂z
= r (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) = r
Then,
ZZZ ZZZ
F (x, y , z)dxdydz = H(r , θ, z)|J(r , θ, z)|drdθdz
D G
ZZZ
= H(r , θ, z)rdrdθdz
G
Remark 1.105 (Spherical Coordinates)

Consider the transformation from Cartesian ρφθ-space to Cartesian
xyz− space given by the equations
x = ρ sin φ cos θ, y = ρ sin φ sin θ, z = ρ cos φ

∂x ∂x ∂x
∂ρ ∂φ ∂θ
J(ρ, φ, θ) = ∂y ∂y ∂y
= ρ2 sin φ

∂ρ
∂z
∂φ
∂z
∂θ
∂z
∂ρ ∂φ ∂θ
Then,
ZZZ ZZZ
F (x, y , z)dxdydz = H(ρ, φ, θ)|J(ρ, φ, θ)|dρdφdθ
D G
ZZZ
= H(ρ, φ, θ)ρ2 sin φdρdφdθ
G

Example 1.106
Evaluate
3 4 x=(y /2)+1
2x − y
Z Z Z
z
+ dxdydz
0 0 x=y /2 2 3
by applying the transformation
2x − y y z
u= , v= , w=
2 2 3
and integrating over an appropriate region in uvw− space.

2x − y y z
u= , v= , w=
2 2 3
so that
x = u + v , y = 2v , z = 3w


∂x ∂x ∂x
1 1 0
∂u
∂y
∂v
∂y
∂w
∂y

J(u, v , w) = ∂u ∂v ∂w = 0
2 0 = 6
∂z ∂z ∂z 0 0 3
∂u ∂v ∂w

Then,






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Double and Iterated Integrals Over Rectangles

Government Brennen College,

1 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Double Integral Over Rectangle

where a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xn = b is a partition of [a, b] and

Definition 1.1 (Riemann Sum)

Divide the region R into small rectangles using a network of lines

3 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Suppose that these lines divide R into n rectangular pieces.These

where (xk , yk ) is any point in the k th small rectangle.

4 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

5 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Definition 1.3 (Norm of a Partition)

6 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Definition 1.5 (Double integral)

Thus, if f is integrable over R : [a, b] × [c, d] then

7 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Definition 1.6 (Double Integrals as Volumes)

8 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Evaluation of the double integral

9 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Evaluation of the double integral

Then volume of solid region over the xy -plane bounded below by R

where A(x) is the cross sectional area at x. For each x, we have

10 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Now if we consider the volume by slicing with planes perpendicular to

11 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Evaluation of the double integral

Then volume of solid region over the xy -plane bounded below by R

where A(y ) is the cross sectional area at y . For each y , we have

12 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Solution: By Fubini’s theorem

14 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

15 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

16 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

17 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

over the region

Solution: By Fubini’s theorem,

18 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

19 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

20 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Solution: The volume is given by the double integral

21 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

22 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

Double Integral Over General Region

Divide the region R into small rectangular pieces, numbered from 1 to

If f (x, y ) is a continuous function then the Riemann Sum

Definition 1.15 (Double Integrals as Volumes)

24 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

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26 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

27 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

28 / 225 RIYAS P Maths Honours

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