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Aspergillosis in Green-Winged Saltators (Saltator Similis) Participants in Bird Singing Competitions
Aspergillosis in Green-Winged Saltators (Saltator Similis) Participants in Bird Singing Competitions
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ABSTRACT
Background: Aspergillosis is the most common mycosis in birds, which are considered potential host also susceptible to the infection
by Aspergillus spp. The clinical signs of the disease are often related to the respiratory tract, although other organs or systems may be
affected. Signs are generally either not specific or may be directly related to the extent of the lesions in the respiratory tract (rhinitis,
changes in the vocalization and dyspnea). The aim of this study was to describe and characterize three cases of aspergillosis in Green-
winged saltators (Saltator similis), based on reference standard diagnostics of this mycosis.
Cases: Three Green-winged adult male saltators that had been participating weekly for three months in bird singing contests were referred
to a private veterinary clinic. The clinical evaluation revealed pronounced hoarseness (3/3) and intense dyspnea (1/3). The animals were
allocated to a warmed (280C) oxygen chamber at 65% relative humidity. All birds were nebulized with saline solution and hyaluroni-
dase. In addition, the birds were treated orally with complex vitamins B, A, D and E and intravenously either with dexamethasone and
doxycycline (Case 1), azithromycin (Case 2) or metronidazole-enrofloxacin combination (Case 3), in association with the use of Arnica
Montana CH6 in the drinking water, and fluid therapy (5% glucose, Ringer-lactate and saline solution). In spite of the therapeutic treat-
ments, the birds died three days after the hospitalization. The necropsy examination revealed: syrinx with yellowish content ranging
from 2 to 5 mm diameter occluding the lumen (3/3) and the lungs were diffusely reddened (3/3) with yellowish areas of 2 mm (1/3).
The histologic findings included proliferation of connective tissue in the mucosa and submucosa of the syrinx and granulomas formation
in the lumen with necrotic centers that had large amounts of branched and septate hyphae with radiated arrangement. A large amount
s of hyphae were observed in granulomas in the lungs. The mycological culture (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Malt Extract Agar) of
lung fragments and syrinx from all three birds allowed the isolation of colonies of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Discussion: In Brazil, there are sparse reports of aspergillosis, mainly for native species of birds in captivity. The disease has been
often diagnosed in migratory marine birds (treated at specific rehabilitation centers) and, occasionally, in wild birds or in animals raised
in commercial poultry farms. The presence of fungal propagules in the respiratory system may cause colonization (a potential latent
infection), condition that allows the fungal isolation from the lung tissue. However, under stress conditions or in a fall in immunity, as
observed in this case study involving birds that intensively participate in singing competitions, it is often observed an evolution from the
colonizing stage to range of clinical symptoms indicative of aspergillosis. The adoption of preventive measures to reduce the spreading
of fungal propagules in the environment is essential, as well as proper feeding and hydration, a minimization of stress-related issues
during animal management and transport, the rational use of drugs, and conditions that may favor the development of opportunistic
mycoses, such as aspergillosis, which is the most common fungal disease in the world. The reported cases of aspergillosis in the lungs
and syrinx of Green-winged saltators emphasizes the importance of a conclusive diagnosis for the disease based on the detection of
fungal structures at the histopathological examination associated with the isolation of the agent in a fungal culture. The occurrence of
aspergillosis may cause a significant loss of native bird species maintained in captivity, which is a serious concern when related to the
preservation of the diversity of the Brazilian avian fauna.
1
A. Spanamberg, R.A. Casagrande, L. Ferreiro, et al. 2012. Aspergilose em trinca-ferros (Saltator similis) participantes
em competições de canto. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 40(4): 1084.
2
A. Spanamberg, R.A. Casagrande, L. Ferreiro, et al. 2012. Aspergilose em trinca-ferros (Saltator similis) participantes
em competições de canto. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 40(4): 1084.
Nos pulmões evidenciou-se nos brônquios (Figura 4). No caso 1 ainda foram evidenciadas hifas
secundários (caso 2), parabrônquios e capilares aéreos invadindo a parede de vaso e formação de um granuloma
(casos 1, 2 e 3) granulomas multifocais caracterizados no lúmen vascular associado às hifas (Figura 5). Na
por um centro necrótico com deposição de fibrina e pleura havia formação de granulomas multifocal mode-
debris celulares circundado por grande quantidade de rado (caso 2). Em todas as aves, as hifas apresentavam
macrófagos epitelióides e raras células gigantes multi- marcação positiva na coloração de Grocott (Figura 6).
nucleadas, heterófilos e fibroblastos. Nesses granulomas Na cultura micológica dos fragmentos de
visualizava-se grande quantidade de hifas hifas morfo- pulmão e siringe dos três trinca-ferros foi isolado
logicamente semelhante aquelas observadas na siringe Aspergillus fumigatus.
Figura 1. Aspergilose em trinca-ferro (caso 2). Siringe com uma massa amarelada Figura 2. Aspergilose em trinca-ferro (caso 2). Pulmões difusamente
de aproximadamente 5 mm de diâmetro ocluindo o lúmen (seta). avermelhados com áreas amareladas de 2 mm de diâmetro (setas).
Figura 3. Aspergilose em trinca-ferro (caso 3). Na mucosa e submucosa Figura 4. Aspergilose em trinca-ferro (caso 1). No pulmão há um granu-
da siringe observa-se fibrose difusa moderada (setas). No lúmen há ex- loma caracterizado por um centro necrótico com deposição de fibrina e
tensa área de necrose caseosa com deposição de fibrina e debris celulares debris celulares (asterisco) circundado por macrófagos epitelióides e raros
(asteriscos) [HE, Obj. 4]. heterófilos. Evidenciam-se hifas basofílicas, septadas e ramificadas em
ângulo agudo (seta) [HE, Obj. 20].
3
A. Spanamberg, R.A. Casagrande, L. Ferreiro, et al. 2012. Aspergilose em trinca-ferros (Saltator similis) participantes
em competições de canto. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 40(4): 1084.
Figura 5. Aspergilose em trinca-ferro (caso 1). Evidenciam-se hifas in- Figura 6. Aspergilose em trinca-ferro (caso 1). Foco de necrose pulmonar
vadindo a parede do vaso sanguíneo (seta) com formação de granuloma no com hifas septadas, ramificadas em ângulo agudo com arranjo irradiado
lúmen vascular (asterisco) em meio a hifas (cabeça de seta) [HE, Obj. 40]. [Grocott, Obj. 20].
4
A. Spanamberg, R.A. Casagrande, L. Ferreiro, et al. 2012. Aspergilose em trinca-ferros (Saltator similis) participantes
em competições de canto. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 40(4): 1084.
siringe de exemplares de trinca-ferros enfatiza a neces- tresse na criação e no transporte, além do uso racional
sidade de que o diagnóstico definitivo da doença seja de medicamentos, condições que podem favorecer o
baseado no isolamento de A. fumigatus e na detecção desenvolvimento de micoses oportunistas, entre as
do mesmo no exame histológico [11]. quais, aspergilose é a mais frequente no mundo.
A ocorrência de aspergilose, em relação à
NOTAS INFORMATIVAS
preservação da diversidade da fauna ornitológica
1Bio-Optica Milano s.p.a, Milão, Itália.
brasileira, pode causar importante número de óbitos de
2HIMEDIA Laboratories, Mumbai, Índia.
aves nativas mantidas em cativeiro. É imprescindível
a adoção de medidas preventivas com a finalidade de
Declaration of interest. The authors report no conflicts of
reduzir a dispersão de conídios no ambiente, fornecer interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and
alimentação e hidratação adequadas, diminuir o es- writing of the paper.
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Pub. 1084
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