John Allen Muhammad

John Allen Muhammad (December 31, 1960 – November 10, 2009) was an
John Allen Muhammad
American convicted murderer from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He, along with his
partner/accomplice Lee Boyd Malvo (aged 17), a native of Kingston, Jamaica,
carried out the D.C. sniper attacks of October 2002, killing 10 people.
Muhammad and Malvo were arrested in connection with the attacks on October
24, 2002, following tips from alert citizens. Although the pair's actions were
classified by the media as psychopathy attributable to serial killer
characteristics, whether or not their psychopathy meets this classification or that
of a spree killer is debated by researchers.[1]

Born as John Allen Williams, Muhammad joined the Nation of Islam in 1987
and later changed his surname to Muhammad.[2]

At Muhammad's trial, the prosecutor claimed that the rampage was part of a
plot to kill his ex-wife and regain custody of his children, but the judge ruled
that there was insufficient evidence to support this argument.[3] Muhammad during his time in the
military
His trial for one of the murders (that of Dean Harold Meyers in Prince William
County, Virginia) began in October 2003, and the following month he was Born John Allen Williams
found guilty of capital murder. Four months later he was sentenced to death. December 31, 1960
While awaiting execution in Virginia, in August 2005, he was extradited to Baton Rouge, Louisiana,
Maryland to face some of the charges there. He was convicted of six counts of U.S.
first-degree murder on May 30, 2006. Upon completion of the trial activity in Died November 10, 2009
Maryland, Muhammad was returned to Virginia's death row pending an (aged 48)
agreement with another state or the District of Columbia seeking to try him. He Greensville Correctional
was not tried on additional charges in other Virginia jurisdictions, and faced Center, Greensville
potential trials in three other states and the District of Columbia involving other County, Virginia, U.S.
murders and attempted murders. All appeals of his conviction for killing Dean Cause of Execution by lethal
Harold Meyers had been made and rejected. Appeals for Muhammad's other death injection
[4]
trials remained pending at the time of his execution.
Nationality United States
Muhammad was executed by lethal injection on November 10, 2009, at Other names The Beltway Sniper
9:06 p.m. EST at the Greensville Correctional Center near Jarratt, Virginia, and The D.C. Sniper
was pronounced dead at 9:11 p.m. EST.[5] Muhammad declined to make a final
Occupation U.S. Army soldier
statement.[6]
Criminal Death (March 9, 2004)
penalty
Details
Contents
Victims 10 killed, 3 injured (D.C.
Early life
metropolitan area)
Military service 7 killed, 7 injured
Beltway sniper attacks elsewhere
Criminal case Span of February 16, 2002–
Civil case crimes October 23, 2002
Testimony of Lee Boyd Malvo
Country United States of America
 Execution State(s) Alabama, Arizona,
In film California, Florida,
See also Georgia, Louisiana,
References Maryland, Texas,
External links Virginia, Washington
State, and Washington,
D.C.
Early life Date October 24, 2002
apprehended
Born John Allen Williams in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to Ernest and Eva
Williams, he and his family moved to New Orleans when his mother was diagnosed with breast cancer; she died when he was three
years old.[7] After his mother's death, his father left. Williams was mainly raised by his grandfather and an aunt. In 1987 he joined the
Nation of Islam, and in 2001, he changed his name.[8]

As a member of the Nation of Islam, Muhammad helped provide security for the "Million Man March" in 1995. Nation of Islam
leader Louis Farrakhan has publicly distanced himself and his organization from Muhammad's crimes.[9]

Muhammad kidnapped his children and brought them to Antigua around 1999, apparently engaging in credit card and immigration
document fraud. It was during this time that he became close with Lee Boyd Malvo, who later acted as his partner in the killings.
Williams changed his name to John Allen Muhammad in October 2001. After his arrest, authorities also claimed that Muhammad
admitted that he admired and modeled himself after Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, and approved of the September 11 attacks.
Malvo testified that Muhammad had indoctrinated him into believing that the proceeds of the extortion attempt would be used to
[10][11]
establish "a camp in Canada where homeless children would be trained as terrorists."

Muhammad was twice divorced; his second ex-wife, Mildred Muhammad, sought and was granted a restraining order. Muhammad
was arrested on federal charges of violating the restraining order by possessing a weapon. Under federal law, those with restraining
orders are prohibited from purchasing or possessing guns, as per theLautenberg Amendment to the Gun Control Act of 1968.[12]

Defense attorneys in the Malvo trial, and prosecutors in Muhammad's trial, argued that the ultimate goal of the Beltway sniper
[13]
murders was to kill Mildred in order to regain custody of his three children.

Military service
In August 1978, Muhammad enlisted in the Louisiana Army National Guard at Baton Rouge as a combat engineer. Muhammad
transferred to the Regular Army on November 6, 1985 and Muhammad's first tour was with the 15th Engineer Battalion at Fort Lewis
in 1985. In 1991, he served in the Gulf War with a company that dismantled Iraqi chemical warfare rockets. In 1992, he was at Fort
[14]
Ord, California, with the 13th Engineers, and in 1993 back at Fort Lewis with the 14th Engineer Battalion.

While in the U.S. Army, Muhammad was trained as a mechanic, truck driver, and specialist metalworker. He qualified with the
Army's standard rifle, the M16, earning the Expert Rifleman's Badge. This rating is the Army's highest of three levels of basic rifle
marksmanship for a soldier.[15]

Muhammad served in an engineer unit during the 1991 Gulf War. Muhammad received the Southwest Asia Service Medal, the
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia), and the Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait).[16][17] He was honorably discharged from the
Army on April 24, 1994 after 17 years of service with the rank of Sergeant. For his service in the Army, Muhammad received the
following awards: Army Service Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Overseas Ribbon, Noncommissioned Officers Professional
[18]
Development Ribbon, and Army Achievement Medal.

Beltway sniper attacks

Police followed a lead in which Muhammad or Malvo left a note at one of the shootings to tell the police to investigate a liquor store
robbery-murder that had occurred in Montgomery, Alabama. Investigators responding to that crime scene found one of the suspects
had dropped a magazine with his fingerprints on it; these were subsequently identified as belonging to a 17-year-old Jamaican illegal
immigrant, Lee Boyd Malvo, whose prints were on file with the INS. Malvo was known to associate with Muhammad. They had
lived together in Tacoma, Washington, for around one year, where Malvo used the alias John Lee Malvo.[19]

Muhammad's identification led to the discovery that he had purchased a former police car, a blue Chevrolet Caprice, in New Jersey
on September 11, 2002.[20][21]

A lookout broadcast to the public on that vehicle resulted in their arrest when it was spotted parked in an Interstate 70 rest stop in
Myersville, Maryland.[22]

Criminal case
On October 24, 2002, Muhammad was captured in Maryland, where most of the attacks and murders took place. Although Maryland
sought to bring him to trial, United States attorney generalJohn Ashcroft reassigned[23] the case from the Maryland prosecutor Doug
Gansler, a Democrat, to a Republican prosecutor in Virginia, Jerry W. Kilgore. Kilgore was planning to run forgovernor.[24][25]

Virginia was viewed as the more likely jurisdiction to provide a death sentence, which was borne out by the Virginia and Maryland
verdicts, and Virginia also allowed the death penalty for juveniles.[26]

In October 2003, Muhammad went on trial for the murder of Dean Meyers at a Prince William County service station near the city of
Manassas. The trial had been moved from Prince William County, to Virginia Beach, approximately 200 miles away. Muhammad
was granted the right to represent himself in his defense, and dismissed his legal counsel, though he immediately switched back to
having legal representation after his opening argument. He was charged with murder, terrorism, conspiracy and the illegal use of a
firearm, and faced a possible death sentence. Prosecutors said the shootings were part of a plot to extort $10 million from local and
state governments. The prosecution said that they would make the case for 16 shootings allegedly involving Muhammad. The
terrorism charge against Muhammad required prosecutors to prove he committed at least two shootings in a three-year period.

The prosecution called more than 130 witnesses and introduced more than 400 pieces of evidence intended to prove that Muhammad
undertook the murders and ordered Malvo to help carry it out. Evidence included a rifle, found in Muhammad's car, that was linked
by ballistics tests not only to 8 of the 10 killings in the Washington area but also to two others, in Louisiana and Alabama; the car
itself, which was modified so that a sniper could shoot from inside the trunk; and a laptop computer, also found in the car, that
contained maps with icons pinpointing shooting scenes. Witness accounts that put Muhammad across the street from one shooting
and his car near the scene of several others. There was also a recorded phone call to a police hotline in which a man, his voice
identified by a detective as Muhammad's, demanded money in exchange for stopping the shootings.

Muhammad's defense asked the court to drop the capital murder charges because there was no direct evidence. Malvo's fingerprints
were on the Bushmaster rifle found in Muhammad's car, and DNA from Muhammad was discovered on the rifle, but the defense
contended that Muhammad could not be put to death under Virginia's "trigger-man law" unless he actually pulled the trigger to kill
Meyers, and no one testified that they saw him do so.

On November 17, 2003, by verdict of his jury, Muhammad was convicted in Virginia of all four counts in the indictment against him:
capital murder for the shooting of Dean H. Meyers; a second charge of capital murder under Virginia's antiterrorism statute, for
homicide committed with an intent to terrorize the government or the public at large; conspiracy to commit murder; and the illegal
use of a firearm. In the penalty phase of the trial, the jury, after five hours of deliberation over two days, unanimously recommended
that Muhammad should be sentenced to death. On March 9, 2004, a Virginia judge agreed with the jury's recommendation and
sentenced John Allen Muhammad to death.

On April 22, 2005, the Virginia Supreme Court affirmed his death penalty, stating that Muhammad could be sentenced to death
because the murder was part of an act of terrorism. The court also rejected an argument by defense lawyers that he could not be
sentenced to death because he was not the triggerman in the killings. Virginia Supreme Court Justice Donald W. Lemons said at the
time, "With calculation, extensive planning, premeditation and ruthless disregard for life, Muhammad carried out his cruel scheme of
terror."

In May 2005, Maryland and Virginia reached an agreement to allow his extradition to face Maryland charges, but Muhammad was
fighting the action legally. He was held at the maximum security Sussex I State Prison near Waverly, Sussex County, Virginia, which
houses Virginia's male death row inmates. While awaiting execution in Virginia, in August 2005, he was extradited to Montgomery
County, Maryland to face charges there.

On May 30, 2006, a Maryland jury found John Allen Muhammad guilty of six counts of murder in Maryland. In return, he was
sentenced to six consecutive life terms without possibility of parole on June 1, 2006. Neither Alabama, Arizona, Louisiana, or
Washington (state) moved to try Muhammad, given his death sentence for murder in Virginia. In 2006, Malvo confessed that the pair
also killed 14 victims in California, Arizona, and T
exas.

On May 6, 2008, it was revealed that Muhammad asked prosecutors in a letter to help him end legal appeals of his conviction and
death sentence "so that you can murder this innocent black man." An appeal filed by Muhammad's defense lawyers in April 2008
cited evidence of brain damage that would render Muhammad incompetent to make legal decisions, and that he should not have been
allowed to represent himself at his Virginia trial.[27]

[28][29]
On September 16, 2009, Muhammad's execution date was set for November 10, 2009.

U.S. Supreme Court.[30][31]

On November 9, 2009, Muhammad's petition for review of his death sentence was denied by the

Justice Stevens, joined by Justices Ginsburg and Sotomayor wrote a separate opinion stating that Virginia's rush to set an execution
date "highlights once again the perversity of executing inmates before their appeals process has been fully concluded,"[32] while
noting that they concurred with the decision that the appeal ought not be heard.

Civil case
In 2003, Malvo and Muhammad were named in a major civil lawsuit by the Legal Action Project of the Brady Center to Prevent Gun
Violence on behalf of two of their victims who were seriously wounded and the families of some of those murdered. Although Malvo
and Muhammad were each believed to be indigent, co-defendants Bull's Eye Shooter Supply and Bushmaster Firearms, Inc.
[33]
contributed to a landmark $2.5 million out-of-court settlement in late 2004.

Testimony of Lee Boyd Malvo

In Muhammad's May 2006 trial in Montgomery County, Maryland, Lee Boyd Malvo, who was sentenced to a term of life without
parole for his role in the shootings, took the stand and confessed to a more detailed version of the pair's plans. Malvo, after extensive
psychological counseling, admitted that he was lying at the earlier Virginia trial where he had admitted to being the trigger-man for
every shooting. Malvo claimed he had done this to try to save Muhammad from a potential death penalty sentence, as Malvo, being a
minor, would not face the death penalty. In his two days of testimony, Malvo outlined detailed aspects of all the shootings.

Part of his testimony concerned Muhammad's complete multiphase plan. His plan consisted of three phases in the Washington, D.C.
and Baltimore metro areas. Phase One consisted of meticulously planning, mapping, and practicing their locations around the DC
area. This way after each shooting they would be able to quickly leave the area on a predetermined path, and move on to the next
location. Muhammad's goal in Phase One was to kill 6 white people a day for 30 days (180 per month). Malvo described how Phase
One did not go as planned due to heavy traffic and the lack of a clear shot and/or getaway routes at dif
ferent locations.

Phase Two was meant to be undertaken in Baltimore. Malvo described how this phase was close to
being implemented, but never was
carried out. Phase Two would begin with the killing of a pregnant woman with a shot to the abdomen. The next step would have been
to shoot and kill a Baltimore City police officer. Then, at the officer's funeral, they were to detonate several improvised explosive
devices complete with shrapnel. These explosives were intended to kill a lar
ge number of officers attending the funeral.
Phase Three was to take place very shortly after, if not during, Phase Two. It was to extort several million dollars from the United
States government. This money would be used to finance a larger plan to travel north into Canada, stopping enroute at YMCAs and
orphanages recruiting other impressionable young boys with no parents or guidance. Muhammad thought he could act as their father
figure as he did with Lee Boyd Malvo. Once he recruited a large number of young boys and had arrived in Canada, he would begin
their training. Malvo described how Muhammad allegedly intended to train the youths with weapons. After their training was
complete, Muhammad would send them out across the United States to carry out mass shootings in many different cities, just as he
had done in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore.[34][35][36]

Execution
On September 16, 2009, Prince William County Circuit Court Judge Mary Grace O'Brien set a Nov
ember 10, 2009 execution date for
Muhammad.[28][29] On November 9, 2009, the Supreme Court of the United States refused a last-minute appeal.[30][31] On
November 10, hours before Muhammad's scheduled execution, pleas for clemency made by his attorneys were denied by Virginia
Governor Tim Kaine.[37][38]

Under Virginia law, an inmate is allowed to choose the method by which he or she will be put to death, either lethal injection or
electrocution. As Muhammad declined to select a method, by law, the method of lethal injection was selected for him. He was offered
a selection of a last meal, which he accepted. J. Wyndal Gordon, Muhammad's attorney, told the Associated Press that Muhammad's
[39]
last meal consisted of "chicken and red sauce, and ... some cakes".

Muhammad declined to make a final statement, and the execution began at 9:00 p.m. EST at the Greensville Correctional Center,
Greensville County, near Jarratt, Virginia.[40][41] According to the official statement of the prison spokesperson, the actual lethal
injection process started at 9:06 pm EST. He was then pronounced dead at 9:11 p.m. EST.[42][43] Muhammad was the second of three
killers in Virginia to be executed at Greensville; the first was Earl Bramblett, who murdered the Hodges family in August 1994, for
which he was executed on April 9, 2003, and the third would be Ricky Gray, who murdered the Harvey family on January 1, 2006
during the 2006 Richmond spree murders, for which he was executed by lethal injection on January 18, 2017.

[44]
Muhammad's body was cremated and the ashes given to his son in Louisiana.

In film
Muhammad is portrayed byBobby Hosea in the 2003 film D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear, by Ken Foree in the 2010 film D.C. Sniper,
and by Isaiah Washington in the 2013 film Blue Caprice.

See also
Ali Muhammad Brown 2014 murder spree
Vaughan Foods beheading incident(Alton Nolen)
2013 Wichita bomb plot(Terry Lee Loewen)
2002 Brooklyn Bridge plot(Iyman Faris)
2005 Los Angeles bomb plot
2006 Toledo terror plot
2006 Hudson River bomb plot(Assem Hammoud)
2007 Fort Dix attack plot
2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot
2008 Long Island Rail Road bomb plot(Bryant Neal Vinas, a.k.a. Ibrahim)
2009 Bronx terrorism plot
2009 New York City Subway and United Kingdom plot (Najibullah Zazi)
2009 Springfield bomb plot(Michael Finton, a.k.a. Talib Islam)
2009 Dallas bomb plot (Hosam Maher Husein Smadi)
2010 Times Square car bombing attempt(Faisal Shahzad)
2010 Washington Metro bomb plot(Farooque Ahmed)
 2010 Portland car bomb plot
Khalid Ali-M Aldawsari
2011 Manhattan terrorism plot
Naser Jason Abdo
Rezwan Ferdaus
2011 New York City bomb plot (Jose Pimentel, a.k.a. Muhammad Yufus)
Sami Osmakac
2012 United States Capitol bomb plot(Amine El Khalifi)

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b/20091117070136/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/us_sniper_execution). Yahoo! News. Archived from the original (http
s://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/us_sniper_execution)on November 17, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
43. Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Corrections Announcement Of Death Press Conference, as carried on
CNN.
44. "Son of Infamous 'D.C. Sniper' John Allen Muhammad Lives in Dad's Shadow" (https://web.archive.org/web/2011012
6153418/http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/son-dc-sniper-lives-dads-shadow/story?id=10249182&page=2) . ABC
News. Archived from the original (http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/son-dc-sniper-lives-dads-shadow/story?id=10249
182&page=2) on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2012.

External links
An Angry Telephone Call Provided One Crucial Clue, The New York Times, October 25, 2002 – explains tracking
and arrest of Muhammad
Louis Farrakhan addresses sniper arrestPress Conference Transcript, October 26, 2002
CNN Special Report: Sniper Attacks, the legal caseat the Wayback Machine (archived June 5, 2008)
Indictment Virginia. v. Muhammad
Order changing venue: Virginia v. Muhammad
NY Times-Prosecution closes case

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