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Astm D8004 - 15
Astm D8004 - 15
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
coating that is chosen to offer specific solubility to fuel vapors. 4. Summary of Test Method
The mechanism of detection is a reversible absorption of the 4.1 A liquid sample is placed into the fuel dilution sample
fuel component into the polymer. When this device is excited holder (see Figs. 1 and 2) of the SAW fuel dilution apparatus
by external RF (radio frequency) voltage, a synchronous and fuel dilution (percent by mass) is determined.
Rayleigh wave is generated on the surface of the device. When
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fuel contamination comes in contact with the SAW sensor 4.2 The vapor headspace of the sample, equilibrated at room
surface, it will absorb into the polymer coating. This absorption temperature, is drawn into the SAW sensor by means of a
into the polymer causes a mass change, which produces a diaphragm pump, which draws the vapor into the chamber of
corresponding change in the amplitude and velocity of the the SAW sensor.
surface wave. When used in a self-resonant oscillator circuit, 4.3 The SAW sensor registers the buildup of mass on its
the change in Rayleigh wave velocity resulting from vapor polymer absorbent coating over a period of approximately one
absorption into the polymer coating causes a corresponding minute.
change in oscillator frequency. This change in frequency is the 4.4 Based on this mass buildup and a calibration, fuel
basis of detection of the fuel dilution apparatus. dilution (percent by mass) for the sample is determined.
3.1.7 surface acoustic wave (SAW), n—a mechanical defor-
mation travelling on the surface of a material; such a defor- 5. Significance and Use
mation may be converted into electrical signals using a 5.1 This test method provides a means for a reliable field
piezoelectric material, which generates a voltage in response to determination of fuel dilution that is quick and preparation-
a mechanical deformation. free. Results are obtained in approximately 1 min. Such a
method is used, for example, at remote railroad depots where lubricant at a 5.0 % level, the reading will be approximately
it is impractical to carry out a standard laboratory method for 4.5 %. Thus, unexpected additional amounts of biodiesel can
determination of fuel dilution, such as described in Test lead to false negative indications of fuel contamination if the
Method D7593, but it is a critical need to determine if fuel has apparatus is not calibrated with that same fuel. Similarly,
contaminated the lubricant. If fuel has contaminated the unexpected lesser amounts of biodiesel can lead to false
lubricant, this is significantly detrimental to the machinery and positive indications of fuel content when the apparatus is not
it is typically serviced immediately. Further, the fuel can ignite calibrated with that fuel.
at the high temperatures encountered in machinery lubricant 6.4 Other interferences include the possibility of the cali-
paths. bration not being performed with the source fuel and lubricant
6. Interferences material under test. This can significantly reduce the precision
of the method.
6.1 Departures in temperature between the sample under
test and the sample which was used in the calibration by more 6.5 Other interferences can arise from fuel dilution sample
than 2 °C will affect the precision of the results. This is due to holders that are not completely dry or with a cleaning com-
the fact that the fuel vapor pressure is temperature dependent. pound residue.
For example, if calibration was performed with the fuel 6.6 Samples that have very high water content (>1.0 % by
standard at 20 °C and the measured samples that are at 30 °C, mass) may also degrade the precision of the measurement.
the fuel dilution determination would be approximately 50 %
high. 7. Apparatus
6.2 Creating a standard using fresh, rather than aged, fuel 7.1 The SAW fuel dilution apparatus (see Figs. 1 and 2)
will cause the method to underreport actual measured values. consists of the following components:
6.3 Possible interferences include the introduction of bio- 7.1.1 SAW Sensor Module, Fuel Dilution Sample Stand,
diesel variations or other additives in the fuel after it has been Sample Inlet, and Seal—These components work in conjunc-
calibrated on the SAW fuel dilution meter. If the sample is tion to extract a sealed vapor headspace from the sample being
calibrated with fuel containing the expected amount of bio- analyzed, and gauge fuel contamination in the in-service
diesel or additive, no error in the measurement should occur. If lubricant sample.
measured with an unexpected amount of biodiesel higher than 7.1.2 Fuel Dilution Sample Stand Holder—This is a dispos-
that calibrated with, the apparent reading will be lower. This is able bottle into which the in-service lubricant is added and
because the biodiesel is typically less volatile than the fuel placed into the apparatus.
being measured. For example, if a calibration was performed 7.2 Optional—A thermometer, for example a thermocouple,
on a 5.0 % fuel sample with no biodiesel, then a sample of that which allows for the determination of the lubricant tempera-
same fuel containing 10 % biodiesel (B10) is diluted into the ture. A thermometer is not required because users may elect to
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with the operator’s expected oil and fuel at the mid-range inlet.
(5.0 % by mass) of dilution prior to operation of the apparatus 14.3 Once the measurement is complete, remove the fuel
on a given day or before a set of measurements is run. Such a dilution sample bottle.
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 Intermediate Precision—An intermediate precision examinations have shown that the difference between two
statement in accordance with Terminology E456 was estab- single and independent results obtained by different operators
lished by means of the same test described in 17.2. In working on different apparatus in the same laboratory on
particular, the variation in results obtained by the seven identical test material would, in the long run, in the normal and
operators, each with a different instrument, was studied in correct operation of the test method, exceed the following
order to establish an intermediate precision statement. Each of values only in one case in twenty:
the operators performed the blinded tests in the same facility at
different times. The time between each operators’ test varied 0.6574~X+0.0001! 0.6126 % by mass ~fuel dilution! (X1.1)
between 4 h and 48 h. Fifteen samples were analyzed by each where:
operator in blind duplicate, comprising diesel, gasoline, and jet
X = the average of the two test results.
fuel contamination in diesel lubricant, mineral oil, and syn-
thetic gas turbine lubricant, respectively. These preliminary
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