A PLANNING, ANALYSIS

AND DESIGN
OF A SHOPPING MALL

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ARAVINDH S 621717103001
MADHUSUTHANAN J 621717103009
RAJESH K 621717103013
SATHISH KUMAR M 621717103016

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MUTHAYAMMAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

RASIPURAM – 637 408

(An Institution affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

ANNA UNIVERSITY,CHENNAI – 600 025

DECEMBER 2020
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project work titled, “A PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN OF A SHOPPING MALL” is the bonafide work of

ARAVIND.S 621717103001
MADHUSUTHANAN.J 621717103009
RAJESH.K 621717103013
SATHISH KUMAR.M 621717103016

who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Dr. P.PRASATH, M.E., Ph.D., MISTE Prof.P.SAMPATHKUMAR,M.E.,MISTE

Head of the department, Supervisor, Assitant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering
Muthayammal College of Engineering Muthayammal College of Engineering
Namakkal – 637408 Namakkal - 637408

Submitted for the Project viva-voice examination held on

Internal Examiner
External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is the time to express foremost thanks and gratitude to our Honorable Chairman
Shri. R. KANDASAMY, Muthayammal Education Trust and Research Foundation for
providing me the excellent infrastructure to carry this projject work.

This is the time to express foremost thanks and gratitude to our Secretary Honorable
Dr. K. GUNASEKARAN, M.E., Ph.D., F.I.E., for providing me the excellent infrastructure
to carry out this project work.

We also express our sncere thanks to the respect Principal Dr. P. VENUGOPAL,
M.E., Ph.D., F.I.E., for allowing me to use facilities that are in the college, to complete the
project.

We would like to express our grateful thanks to Dr. P. PRASATH, M.E., Ph.D.,
MISTE., Head of the Department for lending a hand for this project.

We take immense pleasure to express our thanks to Dr.P. TAMILCHELVAN, M.E.,

Ph.D., MISTE., Project Coordinator for this valuable support and suggestions for the project
work to be a successful one.

We are very inbeted to our project guide Prof. P. SAMPATHKUMAR, M.E.,

MISTE., for his valuable guidance and effective suggestions to complete this project in time.
Last but not least, we thank all teaching and non-teaching staff members of Civil Engineering
for their kind cooperation for completing our project.
 ABSTRACT

In this project planning, analysis and structural design has been done for a
commercial building of shopping mall based on all Indian Standard Codes of practice.
Detailing drawings pertaining to the structural design of shopping mall are presented.
Analysis of the structure was done using STAAD.Pro V8i. All the structural members like
slabs, beams, columns and footings are designed using Indian Standard Code IS 456-2000,
IS-875 and design aid SP-16. The structural components are designed by limit state method.
Materials were used as specified by National Building Code. Concrete M20 grade and Fe415
steel bars were considered for all the design. Brick walls are worked in C.M 1:5 mix 230 mm
thick. The mall is built with almost all the amenities required for the people to get entertained
in their busy schedule. This structure is going to be designed with the view that all the
entertainment facilities should be made available under one roof. The overall plot area of the
mall is 90,000 sq.ft. and the built area is around 30,000 sq.ft.
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

A – Area
Ag – Gross section of section
As – Area of flexural steel
A – Area of compression steel
sc

A – Area of tension Steel

st

A – Area of vertical stirrup

sv

Av – Area of vertical stirrup

b – Width of a section
bf – Width of flange
bw – Width of web
c – Distance of neutral axis from compression surface
d – Effective depth of a section
D – Overall depth of a section
Df – Depth of flange
e – Eccentricity
E – Modulus of elasticity
f –Compressive strength of concrete – IS 456:2000
ck

fs – Stress in tension steel

fy – Tensile strength of steel – IS 456:2000
k – Effective length factor for columns
L – Length of a section
l – Length of column
leff – Effective length of a section
lu – Unsupported length of column
Mu – Factored moment
M – Moment about xx-axis
ux

M – Moment about yy-axis

uy
Pt – Percentage of steel
P – Unfactored concentrated load
Po – Axial strength of a concentrically loaded column
Pu – Factored axial load
r – Radius of gyration
St – Tie spacing
Sv – Spacing for vertical stirrups
V – Shear to be resisted by stirrup
us

Xu – Neutral axis depth

α – ratio of stiffness
β – Reinforcement ratio
ε – Strain
εt – Tensile strain
ζ – Shear stress of concrete
λ – Slenderness ratio
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.NO DRAWINGS PAGE

NO.

2.3 SITE PLAN 7

2.3.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN 8

2.3.2 FIRST FLOOR PLAN 8

2.3.3 SECOND FLOOR PLAN 9

2.3.4 THIRD FLOOR PLAN 9

2.3.5 SECTIONAL PLAN 10

2.4 ELEVATION 10

3.2.1 STAAD.Pro RENDERING VIEW 12

3.2.2 BEAM STRESS CONTOUR 12

3.2.3 BENDING MOMENT ALONG Z AXIS 13

3.2.4 BENDING MOMENT ALONG Z & Y AXIS 13

4.2.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SLAB 28

4.3.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM 33

4.4.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF COLUMN 36

4.5.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING DESIGN OF

42
FOOTING
4.6.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF STAIRCASE 48

4.7.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SEPTIC TANK 52

 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No TITLE PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1GENERAL 1
1.2OBJECTIVES 1
1.3SCOPE 1
1.4 SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY 2
2 PLANNING 3
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.2 REGULATIONS OF NATIONAL BUILDING 5
CODE OF INDIA
2.3 PLAN 7
2.4ELEVATION 10
3 ANALYSIS 11
3.1 GENERAL 11
3.2ANALYSIS REPORT 12
4 DESIGN 16
4.1 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 16
4.2 SLAB 17
4.2.1 DEFINITION 17
4.2.2 TYPES OF SLAB 17
4.2.3 DESIGN 18
4.2.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SLAB 28
3.3 BEAM 29
4.3.1 DEFINITION 29
4.3.2 TYPES OF BEAM 29
4.3.3 DESIGN 30
4.3.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM 33
 4.4 COLUMN 34
4.4.1 DEFINITION 34
4.4.2 TYPES OF COLUMN 34
4.4.3 DESIGN 35
4.4.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF COLUMN 36
4.5 FOOTING 37
4.5.1 DEFINITION 37
4.5.2 TYPES OF FOOTING 37
4.5.3 DESIGN 38
4.5.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF FOOTING 42
4.6 STAIR CASE 43
4.6.1 DEFINITION 43
4.6.2 TYPES OF STAIR CASE 43
4.6.3 DESIGN 45
4.6.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF 48
STAIRCASE
4.7 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK 49
4.7.1 DEFINITION 49
4.7.2 DESIGN 52
4.7.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF 52
SEPTIC TANK

5 CONCLUSION 53
6 REFERENCES 54
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
This project deals with the design of planning, analysis and designing of a
Shopping mall. A Shopping Mall is a building designed for entertaining the
people.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
 Planning of shopping building with proper ventilation and sunlight.
 Analysis of frame by STAAD.Pro.
 Designing of all structural members based on limit state method of
design.
 Designing of other miscellaneous structures like septic tank by
working stress method.
 To suggest a cost effective building.
1.3 SCOPE
 Design of slab by using limit state method.
 Preliminary design of beam and slab is done to adopt the beam and
column size for the respective designs.
 Analysis of frame is done using STAAD.Pro V8i
 Design of beam is done as per IS code.
 Design of column is done according to SP-16.
 Design of footing is done by using limit state method.
 Design of dog-legged and open wall staircase.
 Design of septic tank as per NBC requirements.
1.4 SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

Selection of plot is very important for building a shopping mall. Site

should be in good place where there is community and service is convenient
but not so closed that becomes a source of inconvenience or noisy. The
conventional transportation is important not only because of present needs but
for the retention of property value in future closely related to are
transportation, shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the
road condition whether there is indication of future development or not in case
of undeveloped area.
The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-
• Access to park & playground.
• Agriculture polytonality of the land.
• Availability of public utility services, especially water,
electricity & sewage disposal.
• Contour of land in relation to the building cost and cost of land.
• Distance from places of work.
• Ease of drainage.
• Location with respect to Shopping Mall, college & public
buildings.
• Nature of use of adjacent area.
• Transport facilities.
• Wind velocity and direction.
 CHAPTER 2
PLANNING

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Brunner and Mason (1968): investigated the importance of driving
time upon the preferences of consumers towards regional shopping
centers. They expressed that although it is recognized that population,
purchasing power, population density, newspaper circulation, and other
factors are influential in determining the shopping habits of consumers,
a factor which is generally overlooked is the driving time required to
reach the center. In this study, it was established that the driving time
required to reach a center is highly influential in determining consumer
shopping center preferences. The most consistent and significant
driving time dimension in delineating

 Huff (1964 and 1966): concluded that the comparative size of the
centers and the convenience of access were the primary characteristics
that consumers sought when choosing a shopping center to visit.
 Cox and Cooke (1970): determined customer preference for shopping
centers and the importance of driving time. The authors concluded that
location and attractiveness are important determinants of consumer
shopping center preferences.
 Mehrabian and Russell (1974): noted that the response that store
atmosphere elicits from consumers, varies along three dimensions of
pleasantness, arousal and dominance.
 Kang and Kim (1999): also conducted surveys at three malls in San
Diego, Cleveland and Atlanta to examine the impact of ‘entertainment
as motivation for shopping.’ Their survey asked mall patrons to rate.
  ULI–the Urban Land Institute, Michael D. Beyard, Mary Beth
Corrigan, Anita Kramer, Michael Pawlukiewicz, and Alexa Bach:
In addition to having possible code problems, many building systems
are notsized adequately for current demands; serviceable but aging
systems have been known. To literally fall apart when worked on
extensively. Water, gas, electrical, fire sprinkler, Sewer, and smoke-
control systems may not withstand extensive rework without overall
reconstruction. It is crucial to assess building systems and utility
demands, and to work with utility companies early many older malls
predate current standards for hazardous materials, such as asbestos.
These materials can be difficult to discover before construction starts.
Hazardous-materials abatement is expensive and time-consuming.
Unfortunately, if abatement is needed, it is likely to take.
 Sonia Longjam1, S. Aravindan: As traffic congestion reaches crisis
proportions in many locations, the vaunted convenience of mall
shopping is disappearing. Most malls can be reached by only one means
—the automobile—and, in more and more metropolitan areas, this puts
them at a disadvantage in relation to locations that are walkable or
linked to public transit, and that offer more multidimensional urban
environments. While it’s probably true that most customers will always
drive to the mall, their busy lives are reducing the time they are willing
to spend shopping.
2.1.1 General
A building should be planned to make it comfortable economical and to
meet all requirements. All the requirements should be taken up and the
number of alternative proposal should be prepared. On comparing its
advantage and disadvantage the best one should be adopted. Planning mainly
depends upon the climatic condition.
3 Orientation

The next step is orientation of the shopping complex building, which

means fixing the direction of the building in such a way than it derives
maximum benefit from sun, air and nature. In some places orientation of the
shopping complex is not at the choice of the designer because a limited area is
only allotted.

2.1.3 Ventilation

Unless there are windows reaching the top of the wall and capable of
being opened, ventilators are necessary near the top of the wall. The
ventilators should be regularly distributed in the same way as windows.

3 REGULATIONS OF NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

The National Building code of India is a single document in which, like

a network, the information contained in various Indian Standards is woven
into a pattern of continuity and cogency with the interdependent requirements
of sections carefully analysed and fitted into make the whole document a
cogent continuous volume.
A continuous thread of ‘preplanning’ is woven which, in itself,
contributes considerably to the economies in construction particularly in
building and plumbing services.
2 Plinth Regulations

No plinth or any part of the building should be less than 30cm above
the determined level of:
 The center part of abutting street.
 The foot path of the abutting street.
  The highest part of the service lane which determines the drainage
of the premises.
 Any portion of the ground within 3m distance of such a building.
 Undulating or slopping land 1.2m above the drainage or country
water level.
3 Rest Room

 The height of the water closets measure from the surface of the floor
to the lowest point to the ceiling shall not be less than 2m.
 The area of water closet shall be 1.1m with the minimum width of 0.9m.

 It should have a ventilator opening to the shaft of open pace of area not less
than 0.3m2 with side not less than 0.3m.

4 Parapet Wall

 Parapet walls and handrails provided on the edge of roof terrace

shall not be less than 1.05m and not more than 1.2m in height from
finished floor level.
5 Boundary Wall

 Except from with special permission of the authority, the maximum

height of the compound wall shall be 1.5m above the centre line of
the front street.
 Compound wall up to 2.4m height may be permitted if the top 0.9m
is of the open type, the construction of the design is to be approved
by the authority.
 In case of corner plot, the height of the boundary wall shall be
restricted to 0.75m for a length of 10m on the front and side of the
intersections and the balance height of 0.75m if required in
 accordance with open type constructions and the design is to be
approved by the authority.
5.2.1 Septic Tank

 Septic tank have minimum width of 75cm, a minimum depth of 1m

below the water level and the minimum liquid capacity of 1m3.
 The length of the tank shall be 3 to 4 times the width.
 The ventilation pipe shall have extend to a height on which would
cause to smell nuisance to any building in that area.
5.2.2 Stair case

 For shopping complex building the minimum width of stair case is 1.2m
 The rise should not be more than 200 mm and the tread should not
be less than 200mm
2.3 PLAN:
2.3.1 SITE PLAN
2.3.1 Ground Floor Plan
2.3.2 First Floor Plan
2.3.2 Second Floor Plan
2.3.3 Third Floor Plan
2.4 ELEVATION:
 CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS
3.1 GENERAL
The analysis of the structure that is determination of the internal forces
like bendingoment, shear force, etc. in the component members, for which
these members have to be designed, under the action of given external loads.
This process requires the knowledge of structural mechanics which includes
mechanics of rigid bodies (i.e. mechanics of forces), mechanics of deformable
bodies (i.e. mechanics of deformations) and the theory of structures (i.e. the
science dealing with response of structural system to external loads). A brief
review is taken of structural analysis to refresh the basic principles.
2.1 ANANLYSIS REPORT
The bending moments in the beam and columns of a substitute frame may be
computed by STAAD.Pro

2.1.1 Rendering view:

2.1.2 Beam Stress Contour

2.1.2 Bending Moment along Z axis

2.1.3 Bending Moment along Y axis

Job Information

Engineer Checked Approved

Name:
Date: 28/12/20

Structure Type SPACE FRAME

Number of Nodes 654 Highest Node 664

Number of 1308 Highest Beam 1735
Number of Plates 374 Highest Plate 1712

Number of Basic Load Cases 2

Number of Combination Load Cases 1

Included in this printout are data for:

All The Whole Structure

Section Properties
I I
Area yy zz J
Prop Section Material
(cm2) (cm ) 4
(cm ) 4
(cm4)
1 Rect 0.60x0.30 18.0E 3 1.15E 6 1.15E 6 1.94E 6

Included in this printout are results for load cases:

Type L/C Name

Primary 1 DEAD LOAD
Primary 2 LIVE LOAD
Combination 3 COMBINATION LOAD CASE 5
 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN
STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

Structural design is an art and science of understanding the

behaviour of structural members subjected to loads and designing them with
economy and elegance to give a safe, serviceable and durable structure.

4 STRUCTURAL COMPONETS

✔ Design of slab
✔ Design of beam
✔ Design of column
✔ Design of footing
✔ Design of stair case
✔ Design of septic tank
4.1 SLAB

4.1.1 DEFINITIONS
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings.
Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 100 and 500
millimeters thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while
thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.
5 TYPES OF SLAB
One way slab
An One way slab is a simply a very wide beam that’s span between
supports. A rectangular reinforced concrete slab which spans a distance very
much greater in one direction than the other; under these conditions, most of
the load is carried on the shorter span.
Ly/Lx > 2
Two way slab
A concrete lab supported by beams along all four edges and reinforced
with steel bar arranged perpendicularly.
 A concrete floor slab in which the main reinforcement runs in two direction
 Rectangular reinforced concrete slab having a span on long side.
Ly/Lx < 2

4.2.3 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB:

Given:
Lx = 3048mm
Ly = 9144 mm
Wall thickness = 230mm
Fy = 415N/mm2
Fck = 20N/mm2
Weight of Floor finish = 1.5KN/m2
Breadth = 1000mm
Solution:
ly/lx = 3>2
ly/lx>2 so it is one way slab
Step:1 Calculation of effective depth
Effective Depth = Span/32
D = 95.25 mm
Assume :
Cover = 15 mm
D = d+ cover
D = 110.25 mm
Step:2 Load Calculation:
Density = 25KN/m3
Dead load = 2.75625KN/m2
Live load = 4KN/m
Total load w = 8.25626KN/m

Factored load wu = 1.5xW

Wu = 12.3844 KN/m
Step:3
L = L+d
eff

= 3.143 m
L = c/c support
eff

= 3.278 m
L = 3.143 m
eff

Bending moment:
2
Mu = Wu x Leff /8
= 10.1965 kNm
= 17197000 Nmm
Step:4 Check for effective depth
M = 0.138 x fck x bd2
u lim
 2 = 3694.203
d
d = 60.779
= 60.78 mm
D = 100 mm (minimum)
Overall depth D = 115 mm
Calculation of Ast:
From IS 456:2000 annexure G, clause 38.1, equation
Mu = 0.87xfyxAstxdx(1-((fyxAst)/(fckxbxd))
Ast = 301.226
Ast = 4518.051
Ast = 301.226 mm2
Assume :
Dia of bars = 10 mm
Ast = ᴨd2/4
= 78.5 mm2
No. of bars = Ast/ast
= 3.83
= 4 bars
Spacing = 1000/no of bars
= 250 mm
Step:5 Check for spacing:
3 x eff depth = 300 mm
Provide 10mm dia of spacing 300 mm
Step:6 Design of distributory reinforcement:
Astd = 0.12% of crosss sectional area
= 138 mm2
assume :
D = 8 mm
Ast = 50.24 mm2
 No of bars = 2.746
= 3 bars
Spacing = 300 mm
Step:7 Check for spacing:
5 x eff depth = 500 mm
Provide 3 number of 8 mm dia bars
Step:8 Shear calculation:
τv = vu/bd
vu = wu x Leff/2
= 19.463 kN
τv = 0.000194 N/mm2
τc max>τC>Τv Refer table 19 of IS 456-2000
Pt = 100 x (Ast/bd)
= 0.3012
= 0.3 %
τc = 0.384 N/mm2
τ = 2.8 N/mm2
c max

Step:9 Check for deflection:

fs = 0.58 x fy x Ast/(No of bars x ast)
= 230.904 mm
Modification factor = 1.5 (from IS 456 page no 32)
(l/d)max = 30
(l/d)steel = 33.528
(l/d)steel > (l/d)max
Hence safe against deflection

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

Data: Lx =3.048m
 Ly = 3.048 m
Wall thichness = 0.23m
Imposed load = 4kN/m
Floor finish = 1.5kN/m2
Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m3
Grade of concrete = 20 N/mm2
Grade of steel = 415N/mm2
Check for slab:
ly/lx =1

ly/lx < 2 hence it is two way slab

Depth calculation:
Effective depth, d = (Span/32) = 95.25mm
Assume diameter, φ = 10mm
Clear cover = 15mm
Effective cover, d' = 20mm
Overall depth, D = 115.25mm
Effective span for shorter span:
Least of as follows
1. c/c distance between support = 3.278m
2. clear span + effective depth = 3.143m

Effective span for shorter span lx = 3.143 m

Load calculation:
(From IS 456: 2000 Clause 22.2 )
Imposed load = 4kN/m
Floor finish = 1.5kN/m
Self-weight of slab = b x D x 25 = 2.881kN/m
Total load, W = 8.381 kN/m
Design load, Wu = 12.571 kN/m
Bending moment co-efficient:
Shorter span:
Positive moment co-efficient at mid span,
αxp = 0.024
Negative moment co-efficient at support,
αxn = 0.032

Longer span:
Positive moment co-efficient at mid span, αyp = 0.024
Negative moment co-efficient at support, αyn = 0.032
Design bending moment:
Shorter span:
Positive moment at mid span, Mxp = Co-eff x Load x Span x Span = 2.981 kN-m
Negative moment at support, Mxn = 3.974 kN-m
Longer Span:
Positive moment at mid span, Myp = 2.981 kN-m
Negative moment at support, Myn = 3.974 kN-m
Middle strip reinforcement:
width of middle strip in shorter span = 2.286 m
width of middle strip in longer span = 2.286 m
Shorter span:
Mid span reinforcement
M = 0.87xfyxAstxd (1-(fy x Ast/fck x b x d))
xp

Ast = 88.385
Ast = 4501.976
Ast = 88.385 mm2
Minimum reinforcement:
[For Fe415 grade steel]
Ast (min)
 Spacing at midspan:
Assume diameter, φ = 10mm
Ast = 78.5mm2
1 S = ast/Ast x 1000 = 568.75mm
2 3d = 285.75mm
3 300 = 300mm
Spacing = 300mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar @ 300 mm c-c spacing
Area of steel provided at mid span:
Ast (pro) = (ast/spacing) x 1000 = (78.5/300) x 1000
= 274.715mm2

Support reinforcement:
Mxn =0.87 x fy x Ast x d (1(fy x Ast/fck x b x d))
Ast =118.644
Ast =4471.716
Ast =118.644mm2
Spacing at supports:
Assume diameter, φ
Ast = 78.5mm2
1 ast/Ast x 1000 = 661.639mm
2 3d = 285.36 mm
3 300 =300mm
Spacing =300mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar @ 300mm c-c spacing
Longer Span:
Midspan reinforcement:
Myp = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d (1-(fy x Ast/fck x b x d))
Ast =88.385
Ast =4501.976
 Ast = 88.385mm2
Spacing at midspan :
Assume diameter, φ=10mm
Ast = 78.5mm2
1 ast/Ast x 1000 = 567.26mm
2 3d = 285.75 mm
3 300 = 300mm
Spacing = 300mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar @ 300 mm c-c spacing
Support reinforcement:
Myn = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d (1-(fy x Ast/fck x b x d))
Ast = 118.644mm2
Ast = 4471.716
Ast = 118.644mm2
Spacing at supports:
Assume diameter, φ=10mm
Ast =78.5mm2
1. ast/Ast x 1000 = 567.264mm

2 3d = 285.75mm
3 300 = 300mm
Spacing = 300mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar @ 300 mm c-c spacing
Edge Strip reinforcement:
Distance of edge strip in shorter span = 0.381m
Distance of edge strip in longer span = 0.381
m Area of steel required = 118.644 mm2
Spacing:
Assume diameter, φ = 10 mm
ast = 78.5 mm2
1 S = ast/Ast x 1000 = 661.64 mm
2 5d = 476.25 mm
3 300 = 300 mm
Spacing = 300 mm

Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 300 mm c/c edge strip in both direction.

Torsion Reinforcement::
Size of mesh = 0.2 x Lx = 0.609 m

area of steel provide @ mid span = 274.669mm2

Area of steel required per layer of torsion = 206.0367 mm2

Use 10 mm dia bar
Number of bars = 5 Nos

Length over which steel is provided = 0.61 m

Check for shear:
τv = vu/bd
vu = wl/2 = 19.7583 kN
τv = 0.197 N/mm2
Pt = 100Ast/bd
τc = 0.28 N/mm2
τv < τc hence it is safe under shear
Check for deflection
l/d act
Fs = 0.58 fy(Astreqd/Astprov)

Modification factor = 1.4 ( from graph IS 456:2000 )

l/d (max)
l/d act<l/dmax hence safe under deflection.

Result: Overall depth ,D

Middle Strip reinforcement:

At middle of short span

At support of short span

At middle of longer span

At support of longer span

Edge strip reinforcement

Torsion Reinforcement
4.2.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SLAB
5.2 BEAM

5.2.1 DEFINITION
Horizontal or inclined structural member spanning a distance
between one more supports, and carrying vertical loads across its longitudinal
axis as a girder, joist, purlin, or rafter.
6 TYPES OF BEAM
Cantilever Beam
A cantilever beam is one whose one end is fixed and the other end
carries a point or concentrated load.
Simply Supported Beam
A simply supported beam is one which carries two reaction forces at
its two ends & a point load at its mid-point.
Overhanging Beam
It is a type of simply supported beam which overhangs from its
supports. An overhanging beam may overhang on one side only or on both
sides of the supports.
Rigidly Fixed or Built-In-Beam
It is a type of beam in which both ends are fixed and carries a point
load at its centre.
Continuous Beam
It is a type of overhanging beam which consists of a numerous
reaction forces and point load
7 DESIGN OF BEAM
Data:
Clean Span l = 9.144 m
Wall thickness t = 230 mm
Concrete Grade fck = 20 N/mm²
Steel Grade fy = 415 N/mm²
Dia of Bars = 20 mm
Design:
Width of the beam = 300 mm
Overall depth of the beam = 600 mm
Effective depth d = 565 mm (approx)
Effective span calculation:
Effective Span
Leff =l + wall thickness = 9374 mm
Load calculation:
Total load on the slab = 15.938 kN/m
Wall load = 13.004 kN/m
Dead load (b x D x 25) = 4.5 kN/m
Total load W = 33.439 kN/m
Ultimate load Wu = 50.159 kN/m
Bending moment calculation:
From Analysis, Mumax= 364.07 kNm
Mu = Wu x l2/12 = 367.298
kNm Mulim = 0.138 fck
bd²
Mulim = 396.477 kNm
Since, Mulim>Mu The beam is designed as under reinforced beam
Main reinforcement design:
Tension zone:
From IS 456:2000 annex G, clause 38.1, equ b
Mu = 0.87xfy x Ast x d x(1-((fy x Ast)/(fck x b x d))
364070000 = 203993.25 Ast(1-0.000122 x 10-5Ast)
Ast = 2634.148 mm²
Ast = 5533.526 mm²
Ast = 2634.148 mm²
Assume: 20 mm dia bars
ast = 314 mm²
No of bars 'n'= Ast/ast
= 7.68
Spacing = (1/n) x 1000 = 119.203 mm
= 6 bars

Provide 8 no of bars in the tension zone

Check for shear:

Shear force = (Wu x l)/2
Vu = 235.009 kN
Nominal Shear stress, Ʈv
Ʈv = Vu/bd
= 1.386 N/mm²
Percentage of reinforcement, Pt
Pt = 100 Ast/bd
= 1.55 %
Design shear strength, Ʈc (from Table 19-IS 456:2000)
Ʈc = 0.64 N/mm²
x1 = 1.5 y1 = 0.72
x2 = 0.85 y2 = 0.642
x3 = 1.75 y3 = 0.75
 Ʈc > Ʈv
Hence the stress is within safe permissible limit
Shear reinforcement design:
Sv = ( 0.87 x fy x d xAsv)/(Vus)
Vus = Vu- Ʈcbd
Provide 8 mm dia bars of 2 legged stirrups
Asv = 2 x Area of bar mm²
Area of 8 mm bar = 50.24 mm²
= 100.48 mm²
Sv = 161.3192 mm
Maximum permitted spacing for vertical stirrups,
= 0.75d mm
= 225 mm = 230 mm

RESULT:
Main Reinforcement:
Using 16 mm Dia of bars,
Number of Bars n = 8 Nos
Shear Reinforcement:
Using 8 mm Dia of bars,
Number of bars n = 2 legged vertical stirrups
Spacing Sv = 230 mm c/c
7.1.1 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM
7.2 COLUMN
7.2.1 DEFINITION

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a

vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of
the structure above to other structural elements below.

Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which

the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, “column” refers to
such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative
features.

7.2.2 TYPES

Uniaxial column:
The column having axial lad acted in such a way that it is eccentric
about one axis of the plane column then it is called uni-axial column

Biaxial column:
If the load is eccentric about both the axes in the plane of column then
it is called biaxial column
7.2.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN:
Breadth of beam , b = 300 mm
Depth of beam D = 600 mm
Axial force , pu = 2046.3 kN
Grade of concrete, f = 20 N/mm2
ck

Grade of steel, fy = 415 N/mm2

Effective Length = 0.65 x 3.6
= 2354 mm
Slenderness Ratio = Leff/LLD
= 7.84 < 12
Hence designed as short
column.

Longitudinal reinforcement:

pu = 0.4xfckxAg+(0.67xfy-
0.4xfck)xAsc Asc =(pu – 0.4xfckxAg)/(0.67xfy-
0.4xfck) = 2245.139mm2

Assume:
φm = 20 mm
asc = 314mm2

No of bars n = 8 bars

Lateral spacing:

Diameter of lateral bars = (1/4) x φm

= 5 mm < 8 mm
Hence Provide dia φl = 8mm
Spacing :
i) s = 300 mm
ii) s = 16 x φm = 320 mm
iii) s = 48 x φl mm

Spacing s = 960 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 300 mm c-c spacing.
7.2.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF COLUMN
7.3 FOOTING
7.3.1 DEFINITION

In a typical structure built on ground, the part which lies below the
ground is referred to as the substructure or the foundation structure. The
purpose of foundation to effectively support the superstructure. The
foundation provided for a RC column is called as column base or a column
footing reinforced concrete footing are designed to resist the design factored
moments and shear force due to the imposed loads. The area of the footing
should be such that the bearing pressure developed at the base of footing does
not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

7.3.2 TYPES OF FOOTING

Isolated footing
Combined footing
Wall footing
Spread footing
Raft or mat foundation
Strap footing
Cantilever footing
Pile footing
7.3.3 DESIGN OF
FOOTING Available data:
Width of column = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Depth of column = 600 mm = 0.6 m
Factored load Pu = 2246.93 kN
(including 10% of column load as self-weight of
footing) Safe bearing capacity of soil q = 200
kN/m2
Grade of concrete fck = 20 N/mm2
Grade of steel fy = 415 N/mm2
Solution:
Step 1: Size of footing
Area of footing A = (Load)/SBC
= 11.23 m2
Let, 6.5x X 4.73x =
11.23 X2 =
0.3652
X = 0.6043
Short side of footing = 4.73x = 4.75 x 0.6043
= 2.9 m
Long side of footing = 6.5x = 6.5 x 0.6043
= 3.9 m
Step 2: Determination of soil pressure
Soil pressure P = (load)/provided
area P = 200 kN/m2
Step 3: Bending Moment
Cantilever projection of short side of footing,
= 0.5(3.9-0.6) = 1.65 m
Cantilever projection of short side of footing,
 = 0.5(2.9-0.3) = 1.3 m
Bending moment @ short face of column,
= (P x L 2)/2 = (200 x 1.652)/2
= 272.25 kNm
Bending moment @ long face of column,
= (P x L 2)/2 = (200 x 1.32)/2
= 169 kNm
Step 4: Determination of depth of footing
1) Based on flexure
Mulim = 0.138 x fck x b x d2
d = √Mu/(0.138 x fck x b x
d2) d = 314.07 mm
2) Based on one way shear
Vu = Soil pressure x {(L/2-B/2)-
d} Vu = 200 x (1650 – d)
Permisible shear stress is taken from IS 456 2000
Take Pu=0.25% τper = 0.36
N/mm2
τc = Vu/bd
200(1650−d)
=
1000 x d
d = 600 mm
Depth of footing d = 0.6 m
D = 650 mm
Overall depth D = 0.65 mm
Step 5: Area of reinforcement
i) Longer Direction
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (1-(Ast x fy/(fck x b xd)))

272.25 x 106= 216630 Ast -7.473 Ast2

 Ast = 1315.2 mm2
No. of bars = Ast/ast
20 mm bars ast = 314.15 mm2
No. of bars = 1315.2/314.15
= 5 Nos
Spacing = 1000/5 = 200 mm

Adopt 20 mm dia bars of 200 mm c/c

i) Short Direction
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (1-(Ast x fy/(fck x b x
d))) 169 x 106 = 216630 Ast -7.473 Ast2
Ast = 802.339 mm2
No. of bars = Ast/ast
16 mm bars ast = 201.06 mm2

No. of bars = 802.339/201.06

= 4 Nos
Adopt 16 mm dia bars of 250 mm c/c
Step 6: Central Band
Central band width = width of footing = 2.9 m
Reinforcement in central band
Total Reinforcement in short = 2 / β+1
direction
β = 3.9/2.9 = 1.344
2 x 802.339 x 2.9
Reinforcement in central band 2.9 m =
1.344+1

= 1985.30 mm2
Minimum reinforcement = 0.0012 x 1000 x 650
= 780 mm2
Provide 16 mm dia bars at 100 mm c/c spacing
Step 7: Check for shear
Shear force = 200(1650 – 600)/103
= 210 kN
Pt = 100Ast/bd
100 x 1315.2
P =
1000 x 600
= 0.2192 mm2
ks x τc = 1 x 0.3354 = 0.3354 N/mm2

Permissible shear stress = τv = 210 x 1000

1000 x 600
= 0.35 N/mm2
Providing ks x τc = τv = 0.35 N/mm2
τv = 210 x 103/1000 x
dd = 600 mm
Provided depth is adequate
7.3.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF FOOTING
 7.4 STAIR CASE
7.4.1 DEFINITION

Accessibility between various floors is afforded by various

structures such as stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders and escalators. A stair consists of
a number of steps leading from one floor to another. The main aim of
providing stairs is for an easy and quick access to different floors.

7.4.2TYPES OF STAIR CASE

✔ Straight stairs
✔ Quarter turn stairs
✔ Dog legged stairs
✔ Three Quarter turn stairs
✔ Geometrical stairs
✔ Bifurcated stairs
✔ Multiple flight stairs

Straight stairs:

In this type of stairs there is no change in direction or any flight

between successive floors. These stairs may have

Straight run with a single flight between floors

Straight run with a series of flights without change in direction.
Quarter turn stairs:

These types of stairs are provided when there is need for change of
direction by 90’. The change in direction may be accompanied by providing
either introducing quarter space landing or by providing winders.
Dog legged stairs:

These types of stairs are provided with change of direction through 180’.
This type of stair is called as half turn stair.

Three quarter stairs:

These type of stairs are provided with change in direction through 270’.
That is the direction is changed three times.

Geometrical stairs:
These stairs have no newel post and may be of any geometrical shape.
The directional changes are effected by providing winders.

Bifurcated stairs:

These stairs with a wide flight. This is subdivided after the landing into
two narrow flights from either side of the landing.

Multiple flight stairs:

It is an open well type stair which has four flights each flight turn 90’. It
has an excellent view in a building.
8 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Data:

Type of staircase Dog-legged with waist slab, treads and risers.

Assume

Tread = 300mm

Rise = 150mm

Height of each flight = 3.6/2

= 1.8 m

No of rise require = 1.8/0.15 = 12

No of tread require = 12 - 1 = 11

Space occupied by tread = 11 x 300 =

3300mm M25 grade concrete and Fe415 HYSD bars

Effective span:

Width of landing = 1000 mm

Effective span = 1000/2 + 3300 + 1000/2

= 4300 mm

Thickness of waist slab = Span/30 = 4300/30

=143.33mm~150mm

Overall depth D = 150 +15

= 165mm

Load Calculation:

Self-weight of waist slab =wl(R2+T2)*25

= 5.59 kN/m
 Self-weight of steps= 1xRx25
2

1
= x 0.150 x25
2

=1.875 kN/m

Finishes =1.5 kN/m

Live load = 4 kN/m

Total load = 12.96 kN/m

Bending moment Calculation:

Mu = Wu *l^2
8

= 12.96 x 4.3^2/8

= 29.95 kNm

Check for
depth:
d = √ (Mu/0.138 x fck x b)

= √(29.95x106/138x25)

= 93.17mm

Effective depth provided is 150mm

Hence safe

Main reinforcement Design:

Mu = (0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150[ 1- 415 Xast ]

1000x150x25
2
Ast = 591.77mm

Providing 12mm dia bars at 200mm c/c

Distribution reinforcement Design:

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 percent of cross section

= (0.12 x 1000 x 165) / 100

=270 mm2

Provide 8mm dia bars at 150 mm c/c

Check for shear:

Vu = 27.864 kN

‫ﺡ‬v = Vu/bd

= (27.864x1000)/ (1000x165)

= 0.17 N/mm2

% of Ast = (591.77)/(1000x165)x100

= 0.35%

‫ﺡ‬c = 0.40

‫ﺡ ﺡ‬
N/mm2 c> v

Hence safe.

Result:

Main reinforcement = 12mm dia bar@200mm c/c

Distribution rod = 8mm dia bar @ 150mm c/c

Tread = 300mm

Rise = 150mm
4.6.4 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF STAIRCASE
8.1 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
8.1.1 DEFINITION

A septic tank is key component of the septic system, a small

scale sewage treatment system common in areas with no connection to main
sewage pipes. Septic are a type of on-site sewage facility

The term “septic” refers to the anaerobic bacterial environmental

that developers in the tank which decomposes or mineralizes the waste
discharged into the tank. Septic tanks can be coupled with other onsite
wastewater treatment units such as bio filters or aerobic systems involving
artificial forced aeration.

Periodic preventive maintenance is required to remove the

irreducible solids that settle and gradually fill the tank, reducing its efficiency
.in most jurisdictions this maintenance by law, yet often not enforced.
8.1.2 DESIGN OF SEPTIC
TANK Data:
No of users = 1500 persons
Rate of water supply = 45 lit/day
Design:
Assume that whole quantity of water appears as
sewage. Flow of sewage per day = 45 x
1500/1000
= 67.5 m3/day
= 70
m3/day Assume a detention period of 24 hours,
Tank capacity required = 70 x 24/24
= 70 m3.
Sludge storage at 0.0708 m3 = 0.0708x1500
= 106.2 m3.
For cleaning period at 2 years,
Total capacity = 70+106.2 =
176.2 Add 25% for future expansion = (25/100) x
176.2
= 44.05 m3.
Total design capacity = 230 m3
Plan area of tank =
230/5. Z = 46
m2.
Provide tank dimensions = 10 m x 5m x 4.6m
Assume free board = 0.4 m
Total depth of tank = 6.4 m
The size of tank =10 m x 5 m x 6.4 m
Check for spaces:
 1. Sedimentation volume for a clear span of 0.3 m deep.
V = clear span x surface area
= 0.3 x 50
= 75 m3
2. Sludge storage at 0.01m3/ capita
= 1500 x 0.01
= 15 m3.
3.Sludge digestion at 0.028 m3/ capita
= 0.028 x 1500
= 42 m3.
4. Sludge storage at 0.078 m3/ capita for two years interval,
= 1500 x 0.078 = 117 m3.
Total space = 75+15+42+117
= 189 m3.
Hence the design is safe.
Result:
Length = 10 m Breadth = 5 m
Liquid depth = 5 m
Free board = 0.4 m.
DESIGN OF SOAK PIT
Flow of sewage per day = 189
m3 Extra flow taken for future expansion =
106.2 m3
Assume the percolation capacity of filter media of the pit as 2.25
m3 Volume of pit required = 295.2/2.25
= 127.2 m3
Assume the depth of pit as 6 m below the invert of the inlet pipe.
Area required = 127.2/6
= 21.2 m2
Diameter of pit, d = √21.2 x 4/π = 5.19 m
A sewage pit of diameter 5.19 m and 6 m deep below the inverted level of
inlet pipe may.
8.1.3 STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF SEPTIC TANK WITH SOAK PIT
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The proposed Shopping Mall Building is planned to be constructed in
Gangapuram, Erode. In this building detailed plan on design are prepared as per standard
specification. We have designed the building according to IS 456:2000 and we have
used the limit state concept for the members.

By this project the objective of entertaining the people under one roof is met with the
inclusion of all the amenities and requirements.

The attempt of this project made us to understand concepts of design of slab, beam,
column and footing we gained knowledge in softwares like STAAD.Pro and AutoCADD
and some codal provisions.
 CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES

1. National Building Code – 2005.

2. Design standards for urban infrastructure shopping centres and
other public urban spaces, Edition 1 Revision 0, page no: 17-4.
3. Ten Principles for Rethinking the Mall, Page No: 6.
4. Journal City Walk , page no: 6-8
5. Design Standards of Shopping Mall, April 1, 2009, page no: 95
6. IS 875 part 2, Design loads Table 26.
7. IS 456:2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
8. A text book of “Limit State Design of RC Structures”, by Jain,
A.K., Nemchad Publications, Rourkee.