Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Disaster Management Cases
Disaster Management Cases
Disaster Management Cases
Prepare and present at least two case studies for the below mentioned specified countries for each group
regarding Pre-Disaster, During Disaster and Post Disaster Management.
● Report must be properly Formatted (Text must be Justified using Times New Roman having size
14 for Headings and 12 for Text)
Project Deliverables:
a. Complete Report.
Sr.
Criteria Marks
No.
1 Introduction 1
Pre-Disaster Management of Case
2 1
Studies
During-Disaster Management of
3 1
Case Studies
5 Report Formatting 1
Classifications:
Researchers have been studying disasters for more than a century, and for more than forty years
disaster research The studies reflect a common opinion when they argue that all disasters can be seen
as being human-made, their reasoning being that human actions before the strike of the hazard can
prevent it developing into a disaster. All disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce
appropriate disaster management measures. Hazards are routinely divided into natural or human-
made, although complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in
developing countries. A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact.
A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.
Natural Hazard:
A Natural Hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other
health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods,
hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of
people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. However, the rapid growth
of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environments has
escalated both the frequency and severity of disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land
forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions
which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary
allocation for
Disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia
tops the list of casualties caused by natural hazards.
Airplane crashes and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters: they cause pollution, kill
people, and damage property. This example is the September 11 attacks in 2001 at the World Trade
Center in New York.
Human-Instigated Disasters:
Types of Disasters:
Disasters are simply defined as any over helming ecological disruption which disturb environment and
economic positions.
Disasters are mainly divided as two types:
Natural Disasters
Artificial Disasters also called as Man Made Disasters.
Natural Disasters:
Disasters that are caused by Natural causes are called as Natural Disasters. Earthquakes, Landslides,
Floods, River erosion, Cyclones, Tsunami, Forest Fires etc…
Artificial Disasters:
These are the disasters that are occurred due to man made changes over the surface of the Earth.
e.g., Nuclear Disasters, Chemical Disasters, Mine Disasters, Biological Disasters.
Disaster Management:
Y
As per Disaster Management Act, 2005, “disaster management” means a continuous and integrated
process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are Necessary or
expedient for:
Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster;
Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences;
Capacity-building;
Preparedness to deal with any disaster;
Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster;
Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster; evacuation, rescue and relief;
Rehabilitation and reconstruction;
Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness,
Response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
Disaster management includes administrative decisions and operational activities that involve
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Rehabilitation
The traditional approach to disaster management has been to regard it as a number of phased sequences of action or a
continuum. These can be represented as a disaster management cycle.
Reducing the risk of disasters involves activities, which either reduce or modify the scale and intensity of the
threat faced or by improving the conditions of elements at risk.
Although the term „prevention‟ is often used to embrace the wide diversity of measures to protect persons and
property its use is not recommended since it is misleading in its implicit suggestion that natural disasters are
preventable. The use of the term reduction to describe protective or preventive actions that lessen the scale of
impact is therefore preferred. Mitigation embraces all measures taken to reduce both the effects of the hazard
itself and the vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster.
In addition to these physical measures, mitigation should also be aimed at reducing the physical, economic
and social vulnerability to threats and the underlying causes for this vulnerability. Therefore, mitigation may
incorporate addressing issues such as land ownership, tenancy rights, wealth distribution, implementation of
earthquake resistant building codes, etc.
Preparedness:
This brings us to the all-important issue of disaster preparedness. The process embraces measures that enables
governments, communities and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them
effectively. Preparedness includes for example, the formulation of viable emergency plans, the development
of warning systems, the maintenance of inventories, public awareness and education and the training of
personnel. It may also embrace search and rescue measures as well as evacuation plans for areas that may be
“at risk” from a recurring disaster. All preparedness planning needs to be supported by appropriate rules and
regulations with clear allocation of responsibilities and budgetary provision.
Early Warning:
This is the process of monitoring the situation in communities or areas known to be vulnerable to slow onset
hazards, and passing the knowledge of the pending hazard to people in harm’s way. To be effective, warnings
must be related to mass education and training of the population who know what actions they must take when
warned.
This refers to the “real-time event of a hazard occurring and affecting elements at risk. The duration of the
event will depend on the type of threat; ground shaking may only occur in a matter of seconds during an
earthquake while flooding may take place over a longer sustained period.
Response:
This refers to the first stage response to any calamity, which include for examples such as setting up control
rooms, putting the contingency plan in action, issue warning, action for evacuation, taking people to safer
areas, rendering medical aid to the needy etc., simultaneously rendering relief to the homeless, food, drinking
water, clothing etc. to the needy, restoration of communication, disbursement of assistance in cash or kind.
The emergency relief activities undertaken during and immediately following a disaster, which includes
immediate relief, rescue, and the damage needs assessment and debris clearance.
Recovery is used to describe the activities that encompass the three overlapping phases of emergency relief,
rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Rehabilitation :
Rehabilitation includes the provision of temporary public utilities and housing as interim measures to assist
long-term recovery.
Reconstruction:
Reconstruction attempts to return communities to improved pre-disaster functioning. It includes such as the
replacement of buildings; infrastructure and lifeline facilities so that long-term development prospects are
enhanced rather than reproducing the same conditions, which made an area or population vulnerable in the
first place.
Development:
Disasters in Afghanistan:
Afghanistan is a landlocked country, which is recurrently hit by natural disasters, mainly earthquake, flood,
drought and landslides, causing major losses to lives, livelihoods and property. Since 1970, the country
experienced around 170 disasters, with a total number of persons killed exceeding 21,000 and the affected
persons exceeding 280,000 excluding those who are affected from droughts, as reported by EM-DAT
International Disaster Database. These figures are highly unreliable in presenting the true picture in
Afghanistan, where the actual numbers are believed to be far more than the estimated numbers. The impacts
are higher not because of high exposure to devastating disasters, but high vulnerability of the country to those
disasters, which was constantly exacerbated due to more than 30 years of civil war and violent conflict.
According to the law (Article 10) ANDMA is mandated to coordinate and manage all aspects related to
disasters and emergency response in Afghanistan, Ministries, Departments, Aid Organizations,
Provincial and District Administrations and people are obliged to provide the necessary support to
ANDMA in its efforts to all of these, ANDMA and the line ministries require considerable capacity
strengthening to carry out their tasks effectively and in a sustainable manner. The National Disaster
Management Plan outlines systems for the ANDMA and its 34 provincial offices to be prepared for and
respond to disasters. The current structure of ANDMA is along three main steams dealing policy &
coordination, de-mining and Admin & Finance. Policy & Coordination Section handles foreign
relations, mitigations, NEOC, Surveys and Assessments. The De Mining Section has specific
responsibility of dealing with risk analysis and operations. The Admin and Finance Section primarily
look after the Procurement, Accounts and HR functions. (Figure 6) National Emergency Operations
Centre Based on the disaster management policy and National Plan for Disaster Management in
Afghanistan which was approved by the cabinet Advisory committee, the National Emergency
Operation Centre (NEOC) was established in Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority
(ANDMA), in 2005. The aim of NEOC at the national level is to provide centralized direction and
control of any or all for the following functions:
1. Emergency Operations
2. Communication and warning
3. Requesting additional resources during the disaster phase from neighboring province of the affected
area
4. Coordinating overseas support and aid
5. Development of National policies and contingency plans
6. Issuing emergency information and instructions specific to Central ministries: consolidation, analysis
and dissemination of Damage Assessment data and preparation of consolidated reports.
Case study 1
Flood Disaster in Afghanistan:
Flooding is the most frequently occurring natural hazard in Afghanistan. The country is prone to river
flooding because of steep slopes in headwaters. Flooding in rivers mainly occurs as a result of heavy rainfall
coupled with rapid snowmelt; the sources of most of the rivers lie in the mountains and are fed by snow and
glaciers.
The 2014 Northern Floods:
In many parts of northern Afghanistan, substantial rain was received in the first 3 months of 2014, in some
cases over half of the annual average, leaving the soil profile saturated. The heavy rain of 24 and 25 April
2014 then caused severe flooding in 10 provinces of northern Afghanistan. Across the provinces, flood waters
destroyed houses, public infrastructure, and roads. Thousands of hectares of agricultural land and crops were
destroyed. By 30 April, over 67,000 people had been affected mainly in Jawzjan, Faryab and Sar-e-pul
provinces.
On 2 May 2014, a series of heavy rain storms induced a landslide in the Argo district of
Badakhshan in the northeast, affecting 1000 families, destroying 300 houses and killing 260. By
22 May 2014, the number of people affected by floods stood at 125,000 people in 123 districts in
27 provinces.5 Jawzjan, Faryab, Sar-e-Pul, Baghlan and Balkh remained the most affected provinces,
accounting for over 75% of the people affected. Further rain in June caused a flash
flood in Baghlan province, killing over 73 people, leaving around 200 missing and causing extensive
damage to housing, irrigation infrastructure, and road networks.
Case study 2
Preparedness:
It refers to the readiness, on the governmental, social and personal levels, to effectively face the disaster
that has already visited and it includes practical disaster-layouts. Here, the local residents along with the
state officials need to be sensitized regarding the measures to be taken when faced by a crisis, such as
landslides, floods, earthquakes etc. So in case of such emergencies they can take necessary action. The
authorities should guide people for construction of houses as according they can bear earthquake shoks.
But unfortunately there no proper preparedness was taken by the authorities to tackle out the pre-disaster
impact on building.
During disaster:
Response and Relief Measures:
ANDMA during disaster the authorities also sent machinery for the welfare of the people, the purpose
of which was to keep the people out of the rubble and keep them safe, and what was to be done, is to
save the lives of people the people. Succeeded in evacuation and since then teams has been working
here to save lives and to take people to the refeugee camps.
The Post – Disaster Stage:
While restoring the state to normalcy, it is also equally necessary to ensure that if, unfortunately, the
disaster revisits, the extent of damage is lesser. Restoration includes assistance, rehabilitation and
reconstruction. “In addition to this, many protective steps will be taken to prevent if same calamity
recurs in any case. It is decided to keep a track of the Afghan as well as foreigners. Moreover, this time
efforts will be made to handle things thoroughly and systematically” returns).
Revival / Resurrection:
In revival, the focus is on the erection of facilities of greater competence than those built in pre-disaster
stage. Erection of new buildings, taking ultra- care of durability while erecting various essential facilities –
are some illustrations of revival activities. During this stage care is to be taken to see to it that building do
not encroach nature and that they are built in a sustainable manner which now will take these three years
to restore, as from the building to the roads that were collapsed during earthquake.
Development:
A Systematic Approach - Improves Destination Restoration Success to assist planners in conducting cost-
effective monitoring for destination restoration, techniques can be developed consisting of four
components, following which is the brief explanation regarding the four components: planning,
construction and implementation, assessment of performance and management of the system.
Planning:
The key element in planning the restoration project would require: conceptual modeling, site assessments,
and cost estimation. A conceptual model details the structural aspects of the system that must be
developed to meet the goals. Whereas as site assessment essential where the site lacks the characteristics
necessary to reach performance goals, the restoration project will likely fail. Thus in the case of Kabul
an assessment of the destination must be made prior to any constructions made. Also cost estimation is to
be made to the end of the planning stage. Restoration managers must account for land acquisition,
engineering design, and construction, among other factors.
Construction and Implementation:
Projects that require less physical restructuring of the site are more likely to develop successfully without
human intervention. Projects requiring more engineering to massively rework the site often have a higher
degree of uncertainty. These factors are to address while restoring the disaster hit regions of Kabul. But
in Kabul there was no proper construction support provided by the government authorities so people
restructure their roads and building on their own,
Assessment of Performance:
Post-implementation monitoring should focus on a parameter indicative of the original goal. There are
numerous low-cost ways to effectively monitor a restoration project. Within the span of the three years
there is a need for continuous assessment to see to it that the destination is being restored as per the
action plan and no deviations occur. But it takes 6 to 7 years in recovery because locals were
structuring there own and no proper aid was provided due to war and costs so much mismanagement.
Management of the System:
Restoration management plans should be modified according to the principles of adaptive management,
which is nothing but decision making in times of uncertainty, where policies and practices are altered
according to learning from outcomes. There by restoration policy can be understood well, depending on
the application of alterations.
Conclusion:
Earthquake in Kabul was not properly monitored by the government authorities result in loss of almost
60 poor citzens so no proper care was taken that conclude that need of hour is that there should be
proper implementation of polices which are alredy made to give early relief to sve life of poor people.
REFERENCE:
CoAR. (2015), Types of Disaster in Afghanistan (Rep.), Coordination of Afghan Relief. SESRIC
(2014), Managing Disasters and Conflicts in OIC Countries, Ankara.
UNDP (2004), Reducing Disaster Risk. Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, United Nations
Development Programme
UNDP (2010), National Disaster Management Plan for Afghanistan, United Nations Development
Programme, National Disaster Management Project, October, available at ANDMA website.
UNISDR (2011), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and poverty in a
changing climate. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.
UNISDR (2012), Reducing Vulnerability and Exposure to Disasters: The Asia-Pacific Disaster Report
2012. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.
UNU (2016), World Risk Report 2016. United Nations University in collaboration with The Nature
Conservancy.
World Bank (2017). Disaster Risk Profile Afghanistan (Rep.). Washington USA: The World Bank
GFDRR.