QUAID-E-AZAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

BSc. Civil Engineering, Session 2018-22

Name: Registration No:

Subject: CE-315 Hazard and Disaster Management Semester: 6th
Assessment Type Problem Based Learning Due Date 07-07-2021
Total
Question# 1 10
Marks
CLO-4
CLOs Addressed
Domain & Level C-3
PLOs Addressed & PLO-3
Intensity Medium
Marks
Obtained Examiner
CLO's Total Marks 10 in
Marks Sign
words
Question 1.

Prepare and present at least two case studies for the below mentioned specified countries for each group
regarding Pre-Disaster, During Disaster and Post Disaster Management.

Civil Engineering 6th-B

2018-UET-QET-SWL-69 Anwaar Safdar
Group-3 Afghanistan 2018-UET-QET-SWL-70 (G.L) Zain-ul-Abideen
2018-UET-QET-SWL-71 M. Hassaan Kharal

Constraints: Report must be completed by following the given below constraints:

● Project must be completed like a Report comprising of Introduction, Case Studies, Pre-Disaster,
During Disaster and Post Disaster Management, Conclusions and Lastly References.

● Report must be properly Formatted (Text must be Justified using Times New Roman having size
14 for Headings and 12 for Text)

Project Deliverables:
a. Complete Report.

b. Conclude the findings.

c. Viva and Presentations.

Marks Distribution with Linkage to CLOs:

Sr.
Criteria Marks
No.

1 Introduction 1
 Pre-Disaster Management of Case
2 1
Studies

During-Disaster Management of
3 1
Case Studies

Pre-Disaster Management of Case

4 1
Studies

5 Report Formatting 1

6 Report the findings/ Conclusions 1

7 Viva and Presentation. 4

Introduction:
A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving
widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the
ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk.
These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike
in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all
deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20
times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries

Classifications:
Researchers have been studying disasters for more than a century, and for more than forty years
disaster research The studies reflect a common opinion when they argue that all disasters can be seen
as being human-made, their reasoning being that human actions before the strike of the hazard can
prevent it developing into a disaster. All disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce
appropriate disaster management measures. Hazards are routinely divided into natural or human-
made, although complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in
developing countries. A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact.
A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.

Natural Hazard:
A Natural Hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other
health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods,
hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of
people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. However, the rapid growth
of the world's population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environments has
escalated both the frequency and severity of disasters. With the tropical climate and unstable land
forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions
which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no budgetary
allocation for
Disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically by natural disasters. Asia
tops the list of casualties caused by natural hazards.

Airplane crashes and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters: they cause pollution, kill
people, and damage property. This example is the September 11 attacks in 2001 at the World Trade
Center in New York.
Human-Instigated Disasters:

Main article: Man-made disasters

Human-Instigated disasters are the consequence of technological hazards. Examples include stampedes,
fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and
deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events
that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where
man-made hazards have become reality in an event.

Types of Disasters:

Disasters are simply defined as any over helming ecological disruption which disturb environment and
economic positions.
Disasters are mainly divided as two types:
 Natural Disasters
 Artificial Disasters also called as Man Made Disasters.

Natural Disasters:

Disasters that are caused by Natural causes are called as Natural Disasters. Earthquakes, Landslides,
Floods, River erosion, Cyclones, Tsunami, Forest Fires etc…

Artificial Disasters:

These are the disasters that are occurred due to man made changes over the surface of the Earth.
e.g., Nuclear Disasters, Chemical Disasters, Mine Disasters, Biological Disasters.

Disaster Management:
Y
As per Disaster Management Act, 2005, “disaster management” means a continuous and integrated
process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are Necessary or
expedient for:
 Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster;
 Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences;
 Capacity-building;
 Preparedness to deal with any disaster;
 Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster;
 Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster; evacuation, rescue and relief;
 Rehabilitation and reconstruction;

Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness,
Response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
Disaster management includes administrative decisions and operational activities that involve

 Prevention
 Mitigation
 Preparedness
 Response
 Recovery
 Rehabilitation

Disaster Management Cycle:

The traditional approach to disaster management has been to regard it as a number of phased sequences of action or a
continuum. These can be represented as a disaster management cycle.

Key Phases of Disaster Management:

There are three key phases of activity within disaster management:

1. Pre – Disaster: Before a disaster to reduce the potential for human, material or environmental losses caused
by hazards and to ensure that these losses are minimized when the disaster actually strikes.
2. During Disaster: It is to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met to alleviate and minimize
suffering.
3. Post Disaster: After a disaster to achieve rapid and durable recovery which does not reproduce the original
vulnerable conditions.
Pre – Disaster Phase;

Prevention and Mitigation:

Reducing the risk of disasters involves activities, which either reduce or modify the scale and intensity of the
threat faced or by improving the conditions of elements at risk.
Although the term „prevention‟ is often used to embrace the wide diversity of measures to protect persons and
property its use is not recommended since it is misleading in its implicit suggestion that natural disasters are
preventable. The use of the term reduction to describe protective or preventive actions that lessen the scale of
impact is therefore preferred. Mitigation embraces all measures taken to reduce both the effects of the hazard
itself and the vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster.
In addition to these physical measures, mitigation should also be aimed at reducing the physical, economic
and social vulnerability to threats and the underlying causes for this vulnerability. Therefore, mitigation may
incorporate addressing issues such as land ownership, tenancy rights, wealth distribution, implementation of
earthquake resistant building codes, etc.

Preparedness:

This brings us to the all-important issue of disaster preparedness. The process embraces measures that enables
governments, communities and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them
effectively. Preparedness includes for example, the formulation of viable emergency plans, the development
of warning systems, the maintenance of inventories, public awareness and education and the training of
personnel. It may also embrace search and rescue measures as well as evacuation plans for areas that may be
“at risk” from a recurring disaster. All preparedness planning needs to be supported by appropriate rules and
regulations with clear allocation of responsibilities and budgetary provision.

Early Warning:

This is the process of monitoring the situation in communities or areas known to be vulnerable to slow onset
hazards, and passing the knowledge of the pending hazard to people in harm’s way. To be effective, warnings
must be related to mass education and training of the population who know what actions they must take when
warned.

The Disaster impact:

This refers to the “real-time event of a hazard occurring and affecting elements at risk. The duration of the
event will depend on the type of threat; ground shaking may only occur in a matter of seconds during an
earthquake while flooding may take place over a longer sustained period.

During disaster Phase:

Response:

This refers to the first stage response to any calamity, which include for examples such as setting up control
rooms, putting the contingency plan in action, issue warning, action for evacuation, taking people to safer
areas, rendering medical aid to the needy etc., simultaneously rendering relief to the homeless, food, drinking
water, clothing etc. to the needy, restoration of communication, disbursement of assistance in cash or kind.
The emergency relief activities undertaken during and immediately following a disaster, which includes
immediate relief, rescue, and the damage needs assessment and debris clearance.

The Post- disaster Phase:

Recovery:

Recovery is used to describe the activities that encompass the three overlapping phases of emergency relief,
rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Rehabilitation :

Rehabilitation includes the provision of temporary public utilities and housing as interim measures to assist
long-term recovery.

Reconstruction:

Reconstruction attempts to return communities to improved pre-disaster functioning. It includes such as the
replacement of buildings; infrastructure and lifeline facilities so that long-term development prospects are
enhanced rather than reproducing the same conditions, which made an area or population vulnerable in the
first place.

Development:

In an evolving economy, the development process is an ongoing activity. Long-term prevention/disaster

reduction measures for examples like construction of embankments against flooding, irrigation facilities as
drought proofing measures, increasing plant cover to reduce the occurrences of landslides, land use planning,
construction of houses capable of withstanding the onslaught of heavy rain/wind speed and shocks of
earthquakes are some of the activities that can be taken up as part of the development plan.

Disasters in Afghanistan:

Afghanistan is a landlocked country, which is recurrently hit by natural disasters, mainly earthquake, flood,
drought and landslides, causing major losses to lives, livelihoods and property. Since 1970, the country
experienced around 170 disasters, with a total number of persons killed exceeding 21,000 and the affected
persons exceeding 280,000 excluding those who are affected from droughts, as reported by EM-DAT
International Disaster Database. These figures are highly unreliable in presenting the true picture in
Afghanistan, where the actual numbers are believed to be far more than the estimated numbers. The impacts
are higher not because of high exposure to devastating disasters, but high vulnerability of the country to those
disasters, which was constantly exacerbated due to more than 30 years of civil war and violent conflict.

According to the law (Article 10) ANDMA is mandated to coordinate and manage all aspects related to
disasters and emergency response in Afghanistan, Ministries, Departments, Aid Organizations,
Provincial and District Administrations and people are obliged to provide the necessary support to
ANDMA in its efforts to all of these, ANDMA and the line ministries require considerable capacity
strengthening to carry out their tasks effectively and in a sustainable manner. The National Disaster
Management Plan outlines systems for the ANDMA and its 34 provincial offices to be prepared for and
respond to disasters. The current structure of ANDMA is along three main steams dealing policy &
coordination, de-mining and Admin & Finance. Policy & Coordination Section handles foreign
relations, mitigations, NEOC, Surveys and Assessments. The De Mining Section has specific
responsibility of dealing with risk analysis and operations. The Admin and Finance Section primarily
look after the Procurement, Accounts and HR functions. (Figure 6) National Emergency Operations
Centre Based on the disaster management policy and National Plan for Disaster Management in
Afghanistan which was approved by the cabinet Advisory committee, the National Emergency
Operation Centre (NEOC) was established in Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority
(ANDMA), in 2005. The aim of NEOC at the national level is to provide centralized direction and
control of any or all for the following functions:
1. Emergency Operations
2. Communication and warning
3. Requesting additional resources during the disaster phase from neighboring province of the affected
area
4. Coordinating overseas support and aid
5. Development of National policies and contingency plans
6. Issuing emergency information and instructions specific to Central ministries: consolidation, analysis
and dissemination of Damage Assessment data and preparation of consolidated reports.

Mobile Rapid Response Task Force:

The Mobile Rapid Response Task Force of the ANDMA is expected to augment the response functions
at the Province level through the following activities: Expedite dissemination of Early Warning Arrange
to carry out the Damage, Needs and Capacity Assessments with the assistance from Province Disaster
Management Committee and allied agencies. Provide services for efficient use of resources to
humanitarian assistance, such as consolidating, managing and disseminating the information, including
situation reports, early warning data and needs assessments. Synchronize the local, provincial and
national response at the time of disaster, to improvise humanitarian response. Support the local, district
and provincial governments to secure the impacted area at the earliest.
Overall responsibilities of the ANDMA are as follows:
1. To convene meetings of the National Commission, serve at its Secretariat.
2. Convene periodically the national and provincial platform(s).
3. Mobilize Rapid Response Force to carry out assessments, coordination and provide additional support
Province level ANDMA offices in disaster situations
4. Mobilize and facilitate immediate humanitarian assistance to communities affected by disasters.
5. To coordinate all the aspects of disaster management with other line Ministries at National level and
through the zonal offices at the provinces and districts.
6. Adequate and timely recruitment, deployment and retention of qualified and diverse staff.
7. Promote Disaster Management Plan at national and provincial level. Systematically engage with all the
stakeholders involved in the implementation of the plan.
8. Follow up the implementation of the guidelines and regular reporting to National Commission.
9. Maintain & share Disaster Management Information System.
10. Promote capacity building efforts in the country

Strategic Interventions under NDRRP:

In line with the overall vision and objectives of the NDMP and the priorities for Afghanistan identified
under the HFA, the following strategies are proposed under the NDRRP:
 Assess and monitor risk conditions in the country, especially hotspots.
 Time bound programmes on risk reduction in the country.
 Continuous training for disaster actors in national and provincial offices.
 Promotion of knowledge and awareness products on risk reduction.
  Engagement with key national stakeholders on incorporating DRR in development programming.
Key Roles and responsibilities of concerned Ministries under NDRRP:
The following roles have been identified for various Ministries under the NDRRP
1. Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development :
Integration of risk reduction in planning and implementation of development and rehabilitation projects,
through close cooperation and consultation with Community Development Councils (CDC) and District
Development Assembly (DDA),which helps in vulnerability reduction, poverty eradication and
livelihood improvement at the community level Accessibility to districts-villages and inter-village
roads, access roads and related passes for movements. Construction of roads through contracting with
CDCs taking into consideration vulnerability reduction.
2. National Environmental Protection Authority :
Prevent soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing and rehabilitation of green cover. Conservation of water
resources and monitoring of environmental sanitation Assessment of disaster impact on environment
Prevention of environmental degradation, monitoring of chemical factories, control of know how
energy production and monitoring of greenhouse gases emission.
3. Ministry of Energy and Water :
Take steps for strengthening of flood protection walls and canals before the flood season Keep watch on
hydraulic infrastructures and flood protective works Strengthening of river banks against flood threats
Water regulation and undertaking the implementation of irrigation projects taking into consideration the
mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into the development process Ensure efficient management of
flood forecasting and improve procedure of flood forecasts including operationalizing Flood
Information Centre in the flood season every year. Collect all the information on weather forecast,
water level of all rivers and other water Establishing early warning system on sudden water level raising
for public alertness iv.
4. Ministry of Urban Development:
Preparation of building codes and based on this undertaking practical steps in monitoring of designing,
site selection and implementation of the construction of higher buildings and housing resistant to
earthquake. Design of housing and ensure the implementation of the city master plans taking into
consideration the risk reduction. Take precautionary steps for the protection of property against possible
loss and damage during disaster. Prepare technical guidelines for line agencies, NGOs, private sectors,
and individuals for all reconstruction activities under rehabilitation programmes. Assessment of citizen
vulnerability and ensure accountability for prevention of life and property loss.

Case study 1
Flood Disaster in Afghanistan:

Flooding is the most frequently occurring natural hazard in Afghanistan. The country is prone to river
flooding because of steep slopes in headwaters. Flooding in rivers mainly occurs as a result of heavy rainfall
coupled with rapid snowmelt; the sources of most of the rivers lie in the mountains and are fed by snow and
glaciers.
The 2014 Northern Floods:

In many parts of northern Afghanistan, substantial rain was received in the first 3 months of 2014, in some
cases over half of the annual average, leaving the soil profile saturated. The heavy rain of 24 and 25 April
2014 then caused severe flooding in 10 provinces of northern Afghanistan. Across the provinces, flood waters
destroyed houses, public infrastructure, and roads. Thousands of hectares of agricultural land and crops were
destroyed. By 30 April, over 67,000 people had been affected mainly in Jawzjan, Faryab and Sar-e-pul
provinces.

Northern Floods 2014

On 2 May 2014, a series of heavy rain storms induced a landslide in the Argo district of
Badakhshan in the northeast, affecting 1000 families, destroying 300 houses and killing 260. By
22 May 2014, the number of people affected by floods stood at 125,000 people in 123 districts in
27 provinces.5 Jawzjan, Faryab, Sar-e-Pul, Baghlan and Balkh remained the most affected provinces,
accounting for over 75% of the people affected. Further rain in June caused a flash
flood in Baghlan province, killing over 73 people, leaving around 200 missing and causing extensive
damage to housing, irrigation infrastructure, and road networks.

Pre Disastar Management: (Preparedness , Prevention nd Mitigation)

The Pre-Disaster Stage:
This stage focuses on minimizing the damage to life, property and environment is that before the disaster
strikes and at the prohibition stage, various schemes are drafted for controlling the losses to lives and
property to minimize the effects of disaster. There are several techniques to embark upon this stag
where the disaster has not occurred, wherein there is a call for being better prepared and to have an
effective of warning mechanism prior to the disaster.
Preparedness:
It refers to the readiness, on the governmental, social and personal levels, to effectively face the disaster
that has already visited and it includes practical disaster-layouts. Here, the local residents along with the
state officials need to be sensitized regarding the measures to be taken when faced by a crisis, such as
landslides, floods, earthquakes etc. So in case of such emergencies they can take necessary action.
The Warning of Disaster:
It is very crucial that immediately after receiving slightest hint of a disaster, the information about its
advent reaches the entire danger-prone area. In the case of Badakhshan in the northeast was seen that the
State Disaster Management Authority did not have a scheme so as to curtail the disaster nor were the
warnings issued by the meteorology department taken seriously.
During disaster:
Response and Relief Measures:
This includes a wide range of activities including the erection of control booths, action according to the
action-plan drafted, the broadcasting of danger notice. Post the disaster various relief measures were
initiated by the authorities in forms of rescue missions by the Afghan Armed Forces, so as to rescue
victims and provide rehabilitation and in monetary terms to reconstruct the destination
The Post – Disaster Stage:
While restoring the state to normalcy, it is also equally necessary to ensure that if, unfortunately, the
disaster revisits, the extent of damage is lesser. Restoration includes assistance, rehabilitation and
reconstruction. “In addition to this, many protective steps will be taken to prevent if same calamity
recurs in any case. It is decided to keep a track of the Afghan as well as foreigners. Moreover, this time
efforts will be made to handle things thoroughly and systematically” returns).
Revival / Resurrection:
In revival, the focus is on the erection of facilities of greater competence than those built in pre-disaster
stage. Erection of new buildings, taking ultra- care of durability while erecting various essential facilities –
are some illustrations of revival activities. During this stage care is to be taken to see to it that building do
not encroach nature and that they are built in a sustainable manner which now will take these three years
to restore, as from the building to the roads were washed away in the flood (IAN, 2014). Thus this stage
will require this ample time to plan appropriately for the revival of this holy destination.
The reconstruction of the affected region and bringing back people’s lives to normalcy is a pretty long
process – especially because of the existence of severe financial constraints. The government is taking
initiative to raise fund from both the public and private fronts. To facilitate the above various funds
Development:
A Systematic Approach - Improves Destination Restoration Success to assist planners in conducting cost-
effective monitoring for destination restoration, techniques can be developed consisting of four
components, following which is the brief explanation regarding the four components: planning,
construction and implementation, assessment of performance and management of the system.
Planning:
The key element in planning the restoration project would require: conceptual modeling, site assessments,
and cost estimation. A conceptual model details the structural aspects of the system that must be
developed to meet the goals. Whereas as site assessment is essential where the site lacks the characteristics
necessary to reach performance goals, the restoration project will likely fail. Thus in the case of
Badakhshan an assessment of the destination must be made prior to any constructions made. Also cost
estimation is to be made to the end of the planning stage. Restoration managers must account for land
acquisition, engineering design, and construction, among other factors.
Construction and Implementation:
Projects that require less physical restructuring of the site are more likely to develop successfully without
human intervention. Projects requiring more engineering to massively rework the site often have a higher
degree of uncertainty. These factors are to address while restoring the disaster hit regions of
BADAKSHN.
Assessment of Performance:
Post-implementation monitoring should focus on a parameter indicative of thr original goal. There are
numerous low-cost ways to effectively monitor a restoration project. Within the span of the three years
there is a need for continuous assessment to see to it that the destination is being restored as per the
action plan and no deviations occur.
Management of the System:
Restoration management plans should be modified according to the principles of adaptive management,
which is nothing but decision making in times of uncertainty, where policies and practices are altered
according to learning from outcomes. Thereby restoration policy can be understood well, depending on
the application of alterations.

“Applying the continual evaluation process of adaptive successful restoration

projects” (Beirman, 2003)”
Conclusion:
Five days of heavy rain in the northeast Afghanistan has had a devastating impact. Almost 400
confirmed deaths so far across 600,000 people stranded and the number of roads, schools and buildings
damaged too great even to start counting.
For Badakhshan, this is their worst flood in 100 years, according to the chief minister Omar Abdullah.
However for the rest of Afghanistan, mega floods of this type are becoming ‘the new normal’. However,
an extreme weather event only becomes a disaster when it hits assets and causes loss of life and
livelihood. Even if climate change was not a factor, scientists tell us that disasters are getting more
destructive as people are more exposed to floods and other such events
Preparing for a disaster does not just mean putting in place early warning systems and protocols for
evacuations. Preparedness is fundamental to the way we plan and do development. Development should
protect against the risk of disasters, rather than increasing the risk. This requires understanding and
acting upon disaster risk in plans and decisions.
Identifying risk and mitigating it is not always straightforward. For example, in chakaran district in
Badakhshan, the planting of trees on the edge of streams –to tackle climate change — actually
exacerbated the impact of the 2010 flash floods, because the trees fell into the streams forming dams which
when they broke proved disastrous. This is a classic case of why addressing climate change and disaster
risk cannot be separated.
Rather than leaving it as theory, there are opportunities now to build the risk of flooding and other
natural disasters into future development programs in the Himalayas and throughout India. Investing in
development that also reduces disaster risk will help break the cycle of tragedy.
BADAKSHN DISASTER:
The highlight is on the tourism disasters vulnerability of the tourist trade to unforeseen events which also
signifies the principles of disaster management, the content also elaborates on how to pro-actively deal
with the potential for future crisis related to tourism, steps in disaster management would give a brief
overview about the various stages involved in disaster management. Further discussion in this paper
leads to a systematic approach which improves destination restoration techniques and also describes about
the reasons for the collapse of tourism destination areas and enumerating on the aspects of an ideal area
development, with relation to Badakhshan In terms the losses faced by the tourism industry, due to the
disaster are extensive as said by an official to hempson (2014) that, “speaking on the possible losses…the
season accounted for 30 per cent (around 571,834.48 Afghan Afghani) .

Case study 2

EARTHQUAKE IN DISASTER AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan is located in a zone of high-seismic activity. Each year Afghanistan is struck by moderate to
strong earthquakes causing damage or fatalities. There is high earthquake hazard towards the north-eastern
region of Afghanistan, particularly along the borders with Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and
Pakistan.
Earthquakes during the last 20 years have caused around 8,000 fatalities in Afghanistan. A major earthquake
event in Kabul Province is predicted to cause approximately 8, 500 deaths and over $500 million in
damages. Kabul has the highest average estimated damage of all regions in Afghanistan (World Bank,
2017).
The occurrence of earthquakes cannot be prevented, but their impact can be substantially lessened by various
strategies and actions, which are referred to as mitigation. It is a continual process to reduce the adverse
consequences of disasters upon people, livelihoods and built environment. In this regard, for Afghanistan,
constructing new structures in an earthquake-resistant way and restoration existing buildings can strongly
reduce building collapse and resulting fatalities from earthquakes. It is more cost-effective to build new roads
earthquake resistant and to keep money in reserve for damage repairs than to retrofit or recon struck existing
roads.

The Pre-Disaster Stage:

This stage focuses on minimizing the damage to life, property and environment is that before the disaster
strikes and at the prohibition stage, various schemes are drafted for controlling the losses to lives and
property to minimize the effects of disaster. There are several techniques to embark upon this stage
where the disaster has not occurred, wherein there is a call for being better prepared and to have an
effective of warning mechanism prior to the disaster.

Preparedness:
It refers to the readiness, on the governmental, social and personal levels, to effectively face the disaster
that has already visited and it includes practical disaster-layouts. Here, the local residents along with the
state officials need to be sensitized regarding the measures to be taken when faced by a crisis, such as
landslides, floods, earthquakes etc. So in case of such emergencies they can take necessary action. The
authorities should guide people for construction of houses as according they can bear earthquake shoks.
But unfortunately there no proper preparedness was taken by the authorities to tackle out the pre-disaster
impact on building.
During disaster:
Response and Relief Measures:
ANDMA during disaster the authorities also sent machinery for the welfare of the people, the purpose
of which was to keep the people out of the rubble and keep them safe, and what was to be done, is to
save the lives of people the people. Succeeded in evacuation and since then teams has been working
here to save lives and to take people to the refeugee camps.
The Post – Disaster Stage:
While restoring the state to normalcy, it is also equally necessary to ensure that if, unfortunately, the
disaster revisits, the extent of damage is lesser. Restoration includes assistance, rehabilitation and
reconstruction. “In addition to this, many protective steps will be taken to prevent if same calamity
recurs in any case. It is decided to keep a track of the Afghan as well as foreigners. Moreover, this time
efforts will be made to handle things thoroughly and systematically” returns).
Revival / Resurrection:
In revival, the focus is on the erection of facilities of greater competence than those built in pre-disaster
stage. Erection of new buildings, taking ultra- care of durability while erecting various essential facilities –
are some illustrations of revival activities. During this stage care is to be taken to see to it that building do
not encroach nature and that they are built in a sustainable manner which now will take these three years
to restore, as from the building to the roads that were collapsed during earthquake.
Development:
A Systematic Approach - Improves Destination Restoration Success to assist planners in conducting cost-
effective monitoring for destination restoration, techniques can be developed consisting of four
components, following which is the brief explanation regarding the four components: planning,
construction and implementation, assessment of performance and management of the system.
Planning:
The key element in planning the restoration project would require: conceptual modeling, site assessments,
and cost estimation. A conceptual model details the structural aspects of the system that must be
developed to meet the goals. Whereas as site assessment essential where the site lacks the characteristics
necessary to reach performance goals, the restoration project will likely fail. Thus in the case of Kabul
an assessment of the destination must be made prior to any constructions made. Also cost estimation is to
be made to the end of the planning stage. Restoration managers must account for land acquisition,
engineering design, and construction, among other factors.
Construction and Implementation:
Projects that require less physical restructuring of the site are more likely to develop successfully without
human intervention. Projects requiring more engineering to massively rework the site often have a higher
degree of uncertainty. These factors are to address while restoring the disaster hit regions of Kabul. But
in Kabul there was no proper construction support provided by the government authorities so people
restructure their roads and building on their own,
Assessment of Performance:
Post-implementation monitoring should focus on a parameter indicative of the original goal. There are
numerous low-cost ways to effectively monitor a restoration project. Within the span of the three years
there is a need for continuous assessment to see to it that the destination is being restored as per the
action plan and no deviations occur. But it takes 6 to 7 years in recovery because locals were
structuring there own and no proper aid was provided due to war and costs so much mismanagement.
Management of the System:
Restoration management plans should be modified according to the principles of adaptive management,
which is nothing but decision making in times of uncertainty, where policies and practices are altered
according to learning from outcomes. There by restoration policy can be understood well, depending on
the application of alterations.
Conclusion:
Earthquake in Kabul was not properly monitored by the government authorities result in loss of almost
60 poor citzens so no proper care was taken that conclude that need of hour is that there should be
proper implementation of polices which are alredy made to give early relief to sve life of poor people.

REFERENCE:
CoAR. (2015), Types of Disaster in Afghanistan (Rep.), Coordination of Afghan Relief. SESRIC
(2014), Managing Disasters and Conflicts in OIC Countries, Ankara.
UNDP (2004), Reducing Disaster Risk. Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, United Nations
Development Programme
UNDP (2010), National Disaster Management Plan for Afghanistan, United Nations Development
Programme, National Disaster Management Project, October, available at ANDMA website.
UNISDR (2011), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and poverty in a
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