NEET Biology Chapter 4 Biological Classification - WWW - Tamilaruvi.in

tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.
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tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in BIOLOGY
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Number of Question(s) in
Ch. No Chapter Name 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016
Ph-1 Ph-2
tamilaruvi.in
1 The www.tamilaruvi.in
Living World www.tamilaruvi.in
4 1 1 0 1www.tamilaruvi.in
0 1 0 0 1www.tamila
1
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2 www.tamilaruvi.in
Biological Classification www.tamilaruvi.in
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4
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3 www.tamilaruvi.in
Plant Kingdom www.tamilaruvi.in
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4 www.tamilaruvi.in
Animal Kingdom www.tamilaruvi.in
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2
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5 www.tamilaruvi.in
Morphology of Flowering Plants www.tamilaruvi.in
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6
tamilaruvi.in Anatomy of Flowering
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tamilaruvi.in Structural Organisations in Animals
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tamilaruvi.in Cell:www.tamilaruvi.in
The Unit of Life 2 3 4
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9
tamilaruvi.in Biomolecules
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tamilaruvi.in Cell www.tamilaruvi.in
Cycle and Cell Division 0 0 2
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11
tamilaruvi.in Transport in Plants
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0
12 Mineral Nutrition 2 1 2 3 4 3 1 1 2 1 2
13 Photosynthesis 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 4 2
14 Respiration in Plants 2 3 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 1
15 Plant Growth and Development 3 1 2 2 0 0 2 4 2 1 1
16 Digestion and Absorption 2 3 4 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1
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17
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Breathing and Exchange of Gases
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1 2 0 2 0
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2
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18
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Body Fluids and Circulation
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0 2 5 3 5
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2
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19
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Excretory Products and their Elimination
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2 2 2 3 5
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1 1 1 2 1
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1
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Locomotion and Movement www.tamilaruvi.in
1 3 1 2 1www.tamila
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Neural Control and Coordination www.tamilaruvi.in
3 2 3 2 2www.tamila
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Chemical Coordination and Regulation www.tamilaruvi.in
3 3 2 1 3www.tamila
4
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Reproduction in Organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
1 3 0 0 1www.tamila
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Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants www.tamilaruvi.in
3 6 3 4 2www.tamila
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25 Humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
Reproduction www.tamilaruvi.in
4 3 3 3 2www.tamila
5
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Reproductive Health www.tamilaruvi.in
2 3 3 1 2www.tamila
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27
tamilaruvi.in Heredity and variation
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tamilaruvi.in Molecular basis of Inheritance
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29
tamilaruvi.in Evolution
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30
tamilaruvi.in Health and disease
6 2 2 6 3www.tamila
2
Strategies for Enhancement in Food
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Production
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2 1 1 2 1www.tamila
3
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Microbes in Human Welfare www.tamilaruvi.in
7 2 1 0 2www.tamila
1
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Biotechnology: Principles and processes www.tamilaruvi.in
5 2 3 0 3www.tamila
4
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Biotechnology and its Applications www.tamilaruvi.in
1 1 2 3 0www.tamila
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Organisms and Environment www.tamilaruvi.in
0 2 4 2 3www.tamila
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Ecosystem www.tamilaruvi.in
6 3 1 6 2www.tamila
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Biodiversity and its Conservation www.tamilaruvi.in
2 1 4 2 2www.tamila
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38
tamilaruvi.in Environmental Issues
3 3 2 3 3www.tamila
2
tamilaruvi.in Total Questions
www.tamilaruvi.in 100 100 100 100 100
www.tamilaruvi.in 100 90
www.tamilaruvi.in90 90 90 90
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 16www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inBIOLOGYwww.tamil
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
C
www.tamilaruvi.in HAPTER 2
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B IOLOGICAL C
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LASSIFICATION
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2.1 Kingdom Monera Since the dawn of civilisation, there have been many attempts to classify
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
living organisms. It was done instinctivelywww.tamilaruvi.in
not using criteria that were www.tamil
2.2 Kingdom Protista
scientific but www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
borne out of a need to use organisms for our own use – for www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 2.3 Kingdom Fungi
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
food, shelter and clothing. Aristotle was thewww.tamilaruvi.in
earliest to attempt a more www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Plantae scientific basiswww.tamilaruvi.in
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2.4 Kingdom for classification. He used simple morphological characters
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to classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs. He also divided animals
2.5 Kingdom www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
into two groups, those which had red blood and those that did not.
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Animalia In Linnaeus'www.tamilaruvi.in
time a Two Kingdom system www.tamilaruvi.in
of classification with www.tamil
2.6 Viruses, Viroids www.tamilaruvi.in
Plantae and Animalia www.tamilaruvi.in
kingdoms was developed that included all plants www.tamil
and Lichens www.tamilaruvi.in
and animals respectively. This system waswww.tamilaruvi.in
used till very recently. This www.tamil
amilaruvi.in system did not
www.tamilaruvi.in distinguish between the eukaryotes
www.tamilaruvi.in and prokaryotes,
unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae)
and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms. Classification of organisms
into plants and www.tamilaruvi.in
animals was easily done and www.tamilaruvi.in
was easy to understand, www.tamil
but, a large number www.tamilaruvi.in
of organisms did not fall into either category. Hence www.tamil
the two kingdom www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
classification used for a long time was found inadequate. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in A need was also
www.tamilaruvi.in felt for including, besides
www.tamilaruvi.in gross morphology, other
characteristics like cell structure, nature of wall, mode of nutrition, habitat,
methods of reproduction, evolutionary relationships, etc. Classification
systems for the living organisms have hence, undergone several changes
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over time. Though www.tamilaruvi.in
plant and animal kingdoms have been a constant www.tamil
under all different systems, the understanding www.tamilaruvi.in
of what groups/organisms www.tamil
be included under these kingdoms have been www.tamilaruvi.in
changing; the number and www.tamil
nature of other kingdoms have also been understood differently by
different scientists over time.
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amilaruvi.in BIOLOGICAL
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CLASSIFICATION www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 17 www.tamil
TABLE 2.1 Characteristics of the Five Kingdoms
Five Kingdoms www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Characters www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Monera www.tamilaruvi.in
Protista Fungi www.tamilaruvi.in
Plantae Animalia www.tamil
amilaruvi.inCell typewww.tamilaruvi.in
Prokaryotic www.tamilaruvi.in
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic www.tamilaruvi.in
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic www.tamil
amilaruvi.inCell wallwww.tamilaruvi.in
Noncellulosic
www.tamilaruvi.in Present
Present in Present
(Polysaccharide somewww.tamilaruvi.in
(without www.tamilaruvi.in
(cellulose) Absent www.tamil
amilaruvi.in + amino
www.tamilaruvi.in acid) cellulose)
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inNuclearwww.tamilaruvi.in
Absent
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Present Present www.tamilaruvi.in
Present Present www.tamil
amilaruvi.inmembranewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Body Cellular Cellular M u l t i c e u l l a r / Tissue/ Tissue/organ/
amilaruvi.inorganisation
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
loose tissue www.tamilaruvi.in
organ organ system www.tamil
Autotrophic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Autotrophic H e t e r o t r o p h i c Autotrophic Heterotrophic
(chemosyn- www.tamilaruvi.in
(Photosyn- ( S a p r o p h y t i c / ( P www.tamilaruvi.in
hotosyn- ( H o l o z o i c / www.tamil
thetic and
amilaruvi.inMode ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
photosynthetic) www.tamilaruvi.in
thetic) and Parasitic) www.tamilaruvi.in
thetic) Saprophytic www.tamil
nutrition Hetero- etc.)
and Hetero- www.tamilaruvi.in
trophic
trophic (sapro-
phytic/para- www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
sitic) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in R.H.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five Kingdom Classification.
The kingdoms defined by him were named www.tamilaruvi.in
Monera, Protista, Fungi, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Plantaewww.tamilaruvi.in
and Animalia. The main criteria www.tamilaruvi.in
for classification used by him www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
includewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
reproduction
amilaruvi.in and phylogenetic
www.tamilaruvi.in relationships.
www.tamilaruvi.inTable 2.1 gives a
comparative account of different characteristics of the five kingdoms.
Let us look at this five kingdom classification to understand the issues
and considerations that influenced the www.tamilaruvi.in
classification system. Earlier www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
classification systems included bacteria,www.tamilaruvi.in
blue green algae, fungi, mosses, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
ferns, gymnosperms and the angiosperms www.tamilaruvi.in
under ‘Plants’. The character www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
that
amilaruvi.in unified this whole
www.tamilaruvi.in kingdom was that all the organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in included had
a cell wall in their cells. This placed together groups which widely differed
in other characteristics. It brought together the prokaryotic bacteria and
the blue green algae with other groups which were eukaryotic. It also
amilaruvi.in
groupedwww.tamilaruvi.in
together the unicellular organismswww.tamilaruvi.in
and the multicellular ones, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
say, for www.tamilaruvi.in
example, Chlamydomonas andwww.tamilaruvi.in
Spirogyra were placed together www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
under www.tamilaruvi.in
algae. The classification did www.tamilaruvi.in
not differentiate between www.tamilaruvi.in
the www.tamil
heterotrophic group – fungi, and the autotrophic green plants, though
they also showed a characteristic difference in their walls composition –
the fungi had chitin in their walls while the green plants had a cellulosic
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cell wall. When such characteristics were considered, the fungi were placed
in a separate kingdom – Kingdom Fungi. All prokaryotic organisms were
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grouped together www.tamilaruvi.in
under Kingdom Monera and www.tamilaruvi.in
the unicellular eukaryotic www.tamil
organisms were www.tamilaruvi.in
placed in Kingdom Protista. www.tamilaruvi.in
Kingdom Protista has www.tamil
brought together www.tamilaruvi.in
Chlamydomonas, Chlorella www.tamilaruvi.in
(earlier placed in Algae www.tamil
amilaruvi.in within
www.tamilaruvi.in Plants and both having
www.tamilaruvi.in cell walls) with Paramoecium
www.tamilaruvi.in and Amoeba www.tamil
(which were earlier placed in the animal kingdom which lack cell wall). It
has put together organisms which, in earlier classifications, were placed
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in different kingdoms. This happened because www.tamilaruvi.in
the criteria for classificationwww.tamil
changed. Thiswww.tamilaruvi.in
kind of changes will take place www.tamilaruvi.in
in future too depending on www.tamil
the improvement www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in our understanding of characteristics and evolutionary www.tamil
amilaruvi.in relationships.
www.tamilaruvi.in Over time,
www.tamilaruvi.inan attempt has been made
www.tamilaruvi.in to evolve a
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classification system which reflects not only the morphological,
physiological and reproductive similarities, but is also phylogenetic, i.e.,
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is based on evolutionary relationships. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
In this chapter www.tamilaruvi.in
we will study characteristics of Kingdoms Monera, www.tamil
Protista and Fungi of the Whittaker system ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
classification. The Kingdoms www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Plantae
www.tamilaruvi.in and Animalia, commonly
www.tamilaruvi.in referred to as plant
www.tamilaruvi.in and animal www.tamil
kingdoms, respectively, will be dealt with separately in chapters 3 and 4.
2.1 KINGDOM MONERA
amilaruvi.in Bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in are the sole members
www.tamilaruvi.in of the Kingdom Monera. They
www.tamilaruvi.in are the most www.tamil
abundant micro-organisms. Bacteria occur almost everywhere. Hundreds
of bacteria are present in a handful of soil. They also live in extreme habitats
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such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deepwww.tamilaruvi.in
oceans where very few otherwww.tamil
life forms canwww.tamilaruvi.in
survive. Many of them live www.tamilaruvi.in
in or on other organisms aswww.tamil
parasites. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inBacteria are grouped under
www.tamilaruvi.in four categories based on their
www.tamilaruvi.in shape: thewww.tamil
spherical Coccus (pl.: cocci), the rod-shaped Bacillus (pl.: bacilli), the
comma-shaped Vibrium (pl.: vibrio) and the spiral Spirillum (pl.: spirilla)
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(Figure 2.1). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Spore www.tamilaruvi.in
Flagellum www.tamil
Spirilla
Cocci Bacilli
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Vibrio www.tamil
Figure 2.1 Bacteria of different shapes
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Though the bacterial structure is very simple, they are very complex
in behaviour. Compared to many other organisms, bacteria as a group
amilaruvi.in
show thewww.tamilaruvi.in
most extensive metabolic diversity. www.tamilaruvi.in
Some of the bacteria are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
autotrophic, i.e., they synthesise their own www.tamilaruvi.in
food from inorganic substrates.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
They may www.tamilaruvi.in
be photosynthetic autotrophicwww.tamilaruvi.in
or chemosynthetic autotrophic. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
The
amilaruvi.in vast majority of bacteria
www.tamilaruvi.in are heterotrophs, i.e., they
www.tamilaruvi.in do not synthesise
their own food but depend on other organisms or on dead organic matter
amilaruvi.in
for food.
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amilaruvi.in
2.1.1 www.tamilaruvi.in
Archaebacteria www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
These bacteria are special since they live inwww.tamilaruvi.in
some of the most harsh habitats www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
such as extreme salty areas (halophiles),www.tamilaruvi.in
hot springs (thermoacidophiles) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
and marshywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
areas (methanogens). Archaebacteria www.tamilaruvi.in
differ from other bacteria www.tamil
in having a different cell wall structure and this feature is responsible for
their survival in extreme conditions. Methanogens are present in the gut
of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and they are
responsible for the production of methane www.tamilaruvi.in
(biogas) from the dung of thesewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
animals.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Eubacteria www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
There are thousands of different eubacteria or ‘true
bacteria’. They are characterised by the presence of a
amilaruvi.in
rigid cellwww.tamilaruvi.in
wall, and if motile, a flagellum. www.tamilaruvi.in
The www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
cyanobacteria www.tamilaruvi.in
(also referred to as blue-green algae) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
have chlorophyll a similar to green plants www.tamilaruvi.in
and are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
photosynthetic
amilaruvi.in autotrophs
www.tamilaruvi.in (Figure 2.2). The
cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous,
freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae. The colonies
are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath.www.tamilaruvi.in
They www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
often formwww.tamilaruvi.in
blooms in polluted water bodies. www.tamilaruvi.in
Some of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
these organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
can fix atmospheric nitrogen in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
specialised
amilaruvi.in cells called
www.tamilaruvi.inheterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and
Anabaena. Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
oxidise various inorganic substances such as
amilaruvi.in
nitrates,www.tamilaruvi.in
nitrites and ammonia and use the www.tamilaruvi.in
released www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
energy forwww.tamilaruvi.in
their ATP production. They playwww.tamilaruvi.in
a great role www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
in recycling www.tamilaruvi.in
nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
iron
amilaruvi.in and sulphur.
Heterotrophic bacteria are the most abundant
in nature. The majority are important decomposers.
Many of them have a significant impact on human
Figure 2.2 A filamentous blue-green
affairs. They are helpful in making curdwww.tamilaruvi.in
from milk, www.tamilaruvi.in
algae – Nostoc
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amilaruvi.in
productionwww.tamilaruvi.in
of antibiotics, fixing nitrogenwww.tamilaruvi.in
in legume www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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roots, etc. Some are pathogens causing damage
to human beings, crops, farm animals and pets.
Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are well
known diseases caused by different bacteria.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Bacteria reproducewww.tamilaruvi.in
mainly by fission (Figure www.tamil
2.3). Sometimes, underwww.tamilaruvi.in
unfavourable conditions, www.tamil
they produce spores. www.tamilaruvi.in
They also reproduce by www.tamil
a
sort of sexual reproduction by adopting www.tamil
a
primitive type of DNAwww.tamilaruvi.in
transfer from one bacterium www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in to
www.tamilaruvi.inthe other. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Figure 2.3 A dividing bacterium The Mycoplasma are organisms that
completely lack a cell wall. They are the smallest
living cells known and can survive without oxygen. Many mycoplasma
are pathogenic in animals and plants.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in2.2 KINGDOM www.tamilaruvi.in
PROTISTA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
All single-celled eukaryotes are placed underwww.tamilaruvi.in
Protista, but the boundaries www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inof this kingdomwww.tamilaruvi.in
are not well defined. What www.tamilaruvi.in
may be ‘a photosynthetic www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inprotistan’ to one biologist
www.tamilaruvi.in may be ‘a plant’ to another. In
www.tamilaruvi.in this book wewww.tamil
include Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime moulds and
Protozoans under Protista. Members of Protista are primarily aquatic.
This kingdom forms a link with the others dealing with plants, animals
and fungi. Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body contains a well defined
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.innucleus and www.tamilaruvi.in
other membrane-bound organelles. www.tamilaruvi.in
Some have flagella or www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incilia. Protistswww.tamilaruvi.in
reproduce asexually and sexually www.tamilaruvi.in
by a process involving www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.incell fusion andwww.tamilaruvi.in
zygote formation. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in2.2.1 Chrysophytes
This group includes diatoms and golden algae www.tamilaruvi.in
(desmids). They are found www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inin fresh waterwww.tamilaruvi.in
as well as in marine environments.www.tamilaruvi.in
They are microscopic www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inand float passively in water
www.tamilaruvi.in currents (plankton). Most
www.tamilaruvi.in of them are
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photosynthetic. In diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells,
which fit together as in a soap box. The walls are embedded with silica
and thus the walls are indestructible. Thus, diatoms have left behind
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large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat; this accumulation over
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billions of years is referred to as ‘diatomaceouswww.tamilaruvi.in
earth’. Being gritty this www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.insoil is used inwww.tamilaruvi.in
polishing, filtration of oils andwww.tamilaruvi.in
syrups. Diatoms are the www.tamil
chief ‘producers’ in the oceans. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2015-16(19/01/2015) www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
2.2.2 Dinoflagellates
These
amilaruvi.in organisms are mostly
www.tamilaruvi.in marine and photosynthetic.
They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending
on the main pigments present in their cells. The cell wall
amilaruvi.in
has stiffwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
cellulose plates on the outer surface. Most of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
them have two flagella; one lies longitudinally and the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
other transversely in a furrow between www.tamilaruvi.in
the wall plates. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Very often,
amilaruvi.in red dinoflagellates (Example:
www.tamilaruvi.in Gonyaulax)
undergo such rapid multiplication that they make the
sea appear red (red tides). Toxins released by such large
amilaruvi.in
numberswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
may even kill other marine animals such as www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
fishes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2.2.3
amilaruvi.in Euglenoids
amilaruvi.in
Majoritywww.tamilaruvi.in
of them are fresh water organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
found in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
stagnant water. Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein
rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible.
amilaruvi.in
They have www.tamilaruvi.in
two flagella, a short and a longwww.tamilaruvi.in
one. Though www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
they are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, when www.tamilaruvi.in
(a) www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
deprivedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of sunlight they behave like heterotrophs by www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
predating
amilaruvi.in on other smaller
www.tamilaruvi.in organisms. Interestingly, the
pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present in
higher plants. Example: Euglena (Figure 2.4a).
2.2.4
amilaruvi.in Slime Moulds
Slime moulds www.tamilaruvi.in
are saprophytic protists. The body moves www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
along decaying www.tamilaruvi.in
twigs and leaves engulfing organic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
material.
amilaruvi.in Under suitable
www.tamilaruvi.in conditions, they form an
aggregation called plasmodium which may grow and (b)
spread over several feet. During unfavourable conditions,
the plasmodium differentiates and formswww.tamilaruvi.in
fruiting bodies Figure www.tamilaruvi.in
2.4 (a) Euglena www.tamil
bearing spores www.tamilaruvi.in
at their tips. The spores possess true walls. www.tamilaruvi.in
(b) Paramoecium www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
They arewww.tamilaruvi.in
extremely resistant and survivewww.tamilaruvi.in
for many years, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
even
amilaruvi.in under adverse conditions.
www.tamilaruvi.in The spores are dispersed
by air currents.
amilaruvi.in
Protozoans www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators or
amilaruvi.in
parasites.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
They are believed to be primitive relatives of www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
animals.www.tamilaruvi.in
There are four major groups ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
protozoans. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Amoeboid www.tamilaruvi.in
protozoans: These organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
live in fresh www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
water, seawww.tamilaruvi.in
water or moist soil. They move www.tamilaruvi.in
and capture www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2015-16(19/01/2015) www.tamil
their prey by putting out pseudopodia (false feet) as in Amoeba. Marine
forms have silica shells on their surface. Some www.tamilaruvi.in
of them such as Entamoeba www.tamil
are parasites.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Flagellated protozoans: The members of this www.tamilaruvi.in
group are either free-living www.tamil
or parasitic. They have flagella. The parasitic www.tamilaruvi.in
forms cause diaseases such www.tamil
as sleeping sickness. Example: Trypanosoma. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Ciliated protozoans: www.tamilaruvi.in
These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because www.tamil
of the presencewww.tamilaruvi.in
of thousands of cilia. They havewww.tamilaruvi.in
a cavity (gullet) that opens www.tamil
amilaruvi.in to the
www.tamilaruvi.in outside of the cell surface.
www.tamilaruvi.in The coordinated movement
www.tamilaruvi.in of rows of
www.tamil
cilia causes the water laden with food to be steered into the gullet. Example:
Paramoecium (Figure 2.4b).
Sporozoans: This includes diverse organisms that have an infectious
spore-like stage in their life cycle. The most notorious is Plasmodium
www.tamil
(malarial parasite) www.tamilaruvi.in
which causes malaria, a disease which has a staggering www.tamil
effect on humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
population. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 2.3 KINGDOM
www.tamilaruvi.in FUNGI
The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms. They
show a greatwww.tamilaruvi.in
diversity in morphology and www.tamilaruvi.in
habitat. When your bread www.tamil
develops a mould www.tamilaruvi.in
or your orange rots it is because of fungi. The common www.tamil
mushroom you www.tamilaruvi.in
eat and toadstools are also www.tamilaruvi.in
fungi. White spots seen on www.tamil
amilaruvi.in mustard
www.tamilaruvi.in leaves are due to
www.tamilaruvi.in a parasitic fungus. Some unicellular
www.tamilaruvi.in fungi,
www.tamil
e.g., yeast are used to make bread and beer. Other fungi cause diseases
in plants and www.tamilaruvi.in
animals; wheat rust-causing www.tamilaruvi.in
Puccinia is an important www.tamil
example. Some www.tamilaruvi.in
are the source of antibiotics, www.tamilaruvi.in
e.g., Penicillium. Fungi are www.tamil
cosmopolitanwww.tamilaruvi.in
and occur in air, water, soilwww.tamilaruvi.in
and on animals and plants. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in They
www.tamilaruvi.in prefer to grow in warm
www.tamilaruvi.in and humid places. Have you
www.tamilaruvi.in ever wondered www.tamil
why we keep food in the refrigerator ? Yes, it is to prevent food from going
bad due to bacterial or fungal infections.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inWith thewww.tamilaruvi.in
exception of yeasts whichwww.tamilaruvi.in
are unicellular, fungi are www.tamil
filamentous. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Their bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures www.tamil
amilaruvi.in called
www.tamilaruvi.in hyphae. The network
www.tamilaruvi.inof hyphae is known as mycelium.
www.tamilaruvi.in Some hyphae www.tamil
are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm – these are
called coenocytic hyphae. Others have septae or cross walls in their
www.tamil
hyphae. The cell walls of fungi are composedwww.tamilaruvi.in
of chitin and polysaccharides. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inMost fungiwww.tamilaruvi.in
are heterotrophic and absorb www.tamilaruvi.in
soluble organic matter from www.tamil
dead www.tamilaruvi.in
substrates and hence are called www.tamilaruvi.in
saprophytes. Those that depend www.tamil
on living plants and animals are called parasites. They can also live as
symbionts – in association with algae as lichens and with roots of higher
plants as mycorrhiza. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inReproduction
www.tamilaruvi.in
in fungi can take place www.tamilaruvi.in
by vegetative means www.tamil–
fragmentation, www.tamilaruvi.in
fission and budding. www.tamilaruvi.in
Asexual reproduction is by sporeswww.tamil
2015-16(19/01/2015) www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
called conidia or sporangiospores or zoospores, and sexual reproduction
is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores. The various spores are
amilaruvi.in
produced www.tamilaruvi.in
in distinct structures called fruitingwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
bodies. The sexual cycle www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
involves www.tamilaruvi.in
the following three steps: www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(i) Fusion of protoplasms between two www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
motile or non-motile gametes www.tamil
amilaruvi.in calledwww.tamilaruvi.in
plasmogamy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(ii) Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(iii) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid www.tamilaruvi.in
spores. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Whenwww.tamilaruvi.in
a fungus reproduces sexually, www.tamilaruvi.in
two haploid www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
hyphae www.tamilaruvi.in
of compatible mating types come www.tamilaruvi.in
together and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
fuse. Inwww.tamilaruvi.in
some fungi the fusion of two www.tamilaruvi.in
haploid cells www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
immediately
amilaruvi.in results in
www.tamilaruvi.in diploid cells (2n). However, in other
fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening
dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e., two nuclei per cell) occurs;
such a condition is called a dikaryon and www.tamilaruvi.in
the phase is www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
called dikaryophase of fungus. Later, thewww.tamilaruvi.in
parental nuclei www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
fuse andwww.tamilaruvi.in
the cells become diploid. The fungi www.tamilaruvi.in
form fruiting www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
bodies in which reduction division occurs, leading to (a)
formation of haploid spores.
The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore
amilaruvi.in
formationwww.tamilaruvi.in
and fruiting bodies form the www.tamilaruvi.in
basis for the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
division www.tamilaruvi.in
of the kingdom into various classes. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2.3.1
amilaruvi.in Phycomycetes
amilaruvi.in
Members www.tamilaruvi.in
of phycomycetes are found in aquatic www.tamilaruvi.in
habitats www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as
(b) www.tamil
obligate parasites on plants. The mycelium is aseptate
and coenocytic. Asexual reproductionwww.tamilaruvi.in
takes place by www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
zoosporeswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(motile) or by aplanospores (non-motile). These www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
spores www.tamilaruvi.in
are endogenously produced in www.tamilaruvi.in
sporangium. A www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
zygospore
amilaruvi.in is formed
www.tamilaruvi.in by fusion of two gametes. These
gametes are similar in morphology (isogamous) or
dissimilar (anisogamous or oogamous). Some common
amilaruvi.in
examples www.tamilaruvi.in
are Mucor (Figure 2.5a), Rhizopus www.tamilaruvi.in
(the bread www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
mould mentioned earlier) and Albugo (the www.tamilaruvi.in
parasitic fungi www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
on
amilaruvi.in mustard).
amilaruvi.in
Ascomycetes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Commonly known as sac-fungi, the as comycetes are mostly (c)
multicellular, www.tamilaruvi.in
e.g., Penicillium, or rarely unicellular, e.g., yeast www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
(Saccharomyces). They are saprophytic, www.tamilaruvi.in
decomposers, Figure 2.5 www.tamilaruvi.in
Fungi: (a) Mucor www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
parasiticwww.tamilaruvi.in
or coprophilous (growing on www.tamilaruvi.in
dung). Mycelium www.tamilaruvi.in
(b) Aspergillus (c) Agaricus www.tamil
2015-16(19/01/2015) www.tamil
is branched and septate. The asexual spores are conidia produced
exogenously on the special mycelium called conidiophores. Conidia on
germination produce mycelium. Sexual spores are called ascospores
www.tamil
which are produced endogenously in sac like www.tamilaruvi.in
asci (singular ascus). These www.tamil
asci are arrangedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps. www.tamil
Some examples www.tamilaruvi.in
are Aspergillus (Figure 2.5b),www.tamilaruvi.in
Claviceps and Neurospora. www.tamil
Neurospora iswww.tamilaruvi.in
used extensively in biochemical www.tamilaruvi.in
and genetic work. Many www.tamil
members like www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
morels and truffles are edible and are considered delicacies. www.tamil
2.3.3 Basidiomycetes
amilaruvi.in Commonly
www.tamilaruvi.in known forms of basidiomycetes
www.tamilaruvi.in are mushrooms,
www.tamilaruvi.in bracket fungi
www.tamil
or puffballs. They grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living
plant bodies as parasites, e.g., rusts and smuts. The mycelium is branched
and septate. The asexual spores are generally not found, but vegetative
www.tamil
reproduction by fragmentation is common. The sex organs are absent,
www.tamil
but plasmogamy www.tamilaruvi.in
is brought about by fusion www.tamilaruvi.in
of two vegetative or somatic www.tamil
cells of different www.tamilaruvi.in
strains or genotypes. The resultant structure is dikaryotic www.tamil
which ultimately www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
gives rise to basidium. Karyogamy and meiosis take www.tamil
place in the basidium www.tamilaruvi.in
producing four basidiospores. The basidiospores www.tamil
are exogenously www.tamilaruvi.in
produced on the basidiumwww.tamilaruvi.in
(pl.: basidia). The basidia are www.tamil
amilaruvi.in arranged
www.tamilaruvi.in in fruiting bodies called
www.tamilaruvi.in basidiocarps. Some common
www.tamilaruvi.in members www.tamil
are Agaricus (mushroom) (Figure 2.5c), Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust
fungus).
2.3.4 Deuteromycetes www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual or
www.tamil
vegetative phaseswww.tamilaruvi.in
of these fungi are known. www.tamilaruvi.in
When the sexual forms of www.tamil
these fungi were www.tamilaruvi.in
discovered they were moved www.tamilaruvi.in
into classes they rightly www.tamil
belong to. It is www.tamilaruvi.in
also possible that the asexual www.tamilaruvi.in
and vegetative stage have www.tamil
been given one www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
name (and placed under deuteromycetes) and the sexual www.tamil
stage anotherwww.tamilaruvi.in
(and placed under another class).www.tamilaruvi.in
Later when the linkages www.tamil
amilaruvi.in were
www.tamilaruvi.in established, the fungi
www.tamilaruvi.inwere correctly identified and
www.tamilaruvi.in moved out of
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in deuteromycetes.
www.tamilaruvi.in Once perfect
www.tamilaruvi.in (sexual) stages of
www.tamilaruvi.in members of
www.tamil
dueteromycetes were discovered they were often moved to ascomycetes
and basidiomycetes. The deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores
known as conidia. The mycelium is septate and branched. Some members
www.tamil
are saprophytes www.tamilaruvi.in
or parasites while a www.tamilaruvi.in
large number of them are www.tamil
decomposers www.tamilaruvi.in
of litter and help in mineralwww.tamilaruvi.in
cycling. Some examples are www.tamil
Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2015-16(19/01/2015) www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
CLASSIFICATION www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in25 www.tamil
2.4 KINGDOM PLANTAE
amilaruvi.in
Kingdom www.tamilaruvi.in
Plantae includes all eukaryotic www.tamilaruvi.in
chlorophyll-containing www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
commonly called plants. www.tamilaruvi.in
A few members are partially www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
heterotrophic
amilaruvi.in such as
www.tamilaruvi.in the insectivorous plants or parasites.
www.tamilaruvi.in Bladderwort www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and Venus fly trap are examples of insectivorous plants and Cuscuta is a
parasite. The plant cells have an eukaryotic structure with prominent
chloroplasts and cell wall mainly madewww.tamilaruvi.in
of cellulose. You will study the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
eukaryoticwww.tamilaruvi.in
cell structure in detail in Chapter www.tamilaruvi.in
8. Plantae includes algae, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms www.tamilaruvi.in
and angiosperms. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Life cycle of plants
www.tamilaruvi.in has two distinct phases – the
www.tamilaruvi.indiploid sporophytic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and the haploid gametophytic – that alternate with each other. The lengths
of the haploid and diploid phases, and whether these phases are free–
amilaruvi.in
living orwww.tamilaruvi.in
dependent on others, vary among www.tamilaruvi.in
different groups in plants. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
This phenomenon is called alternationwww.tamilaruvi.in
of generation. You will study www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
further details of this kingdom in Chapter www.tamilaruvi.in
3. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2.5 Kwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in INGDOM ANIMALIA www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
This kingdom is characterised by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms
amilaruvi.in
that arewww.tamilaruvi.in
multicellular and their cells lack www.tamilaruvi.in
cell walls. They directlywww.tamilaruvi.in
or www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
indirectlywww.tamilaruvi.in
depend on plants for food. They www.tamilaruvi.in
digest their food in an internal www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
cavity andwww.tamilaruvi.in
store food reserves as glycogen www.tamilaruvi.in
or fat. Their mode of nutrition www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
is www.tamilaruvi.in
holozoic – by ingestion of food. They www.tamilaruvi.in
follow a definite growth www.tamilaruvi.in
pattern www.tamil
and grow into adults that have a definite shape and size. Higher forms
show elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanism. Most of them are
capable of locomotion.
amilaruvi.in The sexual
www.tamilaruvi.in
reproduction is by copulation www.tamilaruvi.in
of male and female followed www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
by embryological development. Salientwww.tamilaruvi.in
features of various phyla are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
described www.tamilaruvi.in
in Chapter 4. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2.6
amilaruvi.in V IRUSES , V
www.tamilaruvi.in
IROIDS AND L ICHENS www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is no mention of some
amilaruvi.in
acellularwww.tamilaruvi.in
organisms like viruses and viroids, www.tamilaruvi.in
and lichens. These are briefly www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
introducedwww.tamilaruvi.in
here. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in All ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
us who have suffered the ill www.tamilaruvi.in
effects of common cold or ‘flu’ www.tamilaruvi.in
know www.tamil
what
amilaruvi.in effects viruses can
www.tamilaruvi.in have on us, even if we do not associate
www.tamilaruvi.in it with our
condition. Viruses did not find a place in classification since they are not
truly ‘living’, if we understand living as those organisms that have a cell
amilaruvi.in
structure.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterised www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
by having www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell. Once theywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2015-16(19/01/2015) www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Head www.tamil
Collar
Sheath
amilaruvi.in RNA
www.tamilaruvi.in
Capsid www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Tail fibres www.tamil
(a) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(b) www.tamil
Figure 2.6 (a) Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) (b) Bacteriophage
www.tamil
infect a cell they take over the machinerywww.tamilaruvi.in
of the host cell to replicate www.tamil
themselves, killing the host. Would you call www.tamilaruvi.in
viruses living or non-living? www.tamil
The name virus that means venom or poisonous fluid was given by
Pasteur. D.J. Ivanowsky (1892) recognised certain microbes as causal
www.tamil
organism of thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
mosaic disease of tobacco (Figure 2.6a). These were found www.tamil
to be smaller www.tamilaruvi.in
than bacteria because they passedwww.tamilaruvi.in
through bacteria-proof www.tamil
filters. M.W. www.tamilaruvi.in
Beijerinek (1898) demonstrated www.tamilaruvi.in
that the extract of the infectedwww.tamil
plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants and called the
fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid). W.M. Stanley
www.tamil
(1935) showed www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
that viruses could be crystallised and crystals consist www.tamil
largely of proteins. www.tamilaruvi.in
They are inert outside their specific host cell. Viruses www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are
www.tamilaruvi.in obligate parasites.
In addition to proteins, viruses also contain genetic material, that could
be either RNA or DNA. No virus contains both RNA and DNA. A virus is
www.tamil
a nucleoproteinwww.tamilaruvi.in
and the genetic material is www.tamilaruvi.in
infectious. In general, viruses www.tamil
that infect plants have single stranded RNA andwww.tamilaruvi.in
viruses that infect animals www.tamil
amilaruvi.in have either single
www.tamilaruvi.in or double stranded RNA
www.tamilaruvi.in or double stranded DNA.
Bacterial viruses or bacteriophages (viruses that infect the bacteria) are
usually double stranded DNA viruses (Figure 2.6b). The protein coat
www.tamil
called capsidwww.tamilaruvi.in
made of small subunits called www.tamilaruvi.in
capsomeres, protects the www.tamil
nucleic acid. www.tamilaruvi.in
These capsomeres are arranged www.tamilaruvi.in
in helical or polyhedral www.tamil
amilaruvi.in geometric
www.tamilaruvi.in forms. Viruses cause
www.tamilaruvi.in diseases like mumps, small
www.tamilaruvi.in pox, herpes www.tamil
and influenza. AIDS in humans is also caused by a virus. In plants, the
symptoms can be mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing
www.tamil
and vein clearing, www.tamilaruvi.in
dwarfing and stunted growth. www.tamil
2015-16(19/01/2015) www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
Viroids : In 1971, T.O. Diener discovered a new infectious agent that
was smaller than viruses and caused potato spindle tuber disease. It was
amilaruvi.in
found towww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
be a free RNA; it lacked the protein www.tamilaruvi.in
coat that is found in viruses, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
hence thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
name viroid. The RNA of the viroid www.tamilaruvi.in
was of low molecular weight. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Lichenswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
: Lichens are symbiotic associations i.e. mutually usefulwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
associations, between algae and fungi. The www.tamilaruvi.in
algal component is knownwww.tamilaruvi.in
as www.tamil
phycobiont www.tamilaruvi.in
and fungal component as mycobiont, www.tamilaruvi.in
which are autotrophic www.tamil
and heterotrophic,
amilaruvi.in respectively. Algae prepare
www.tamilaruvi.in food for fungi and fungi
provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner.
So close is their association that if one saw a lichen in nature one would
never imagine that they had two differentwww.tamilaruvi.in
organisms within them. Lichens www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
are very www.tamilaruvi.in
good pollution indicators – theywww.tamilaruvi.in
do not grow in polluted areas. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
SUMMARY
amilaruvi.in Biological classification
www.tamilaruvi.in of plants and animals
www.tamilaruvi.inwas first proposed by Aristotle on
the basis of simple morphological characters. Linnaeus later classified all living
organisms into two kingdoms – Plantae and Animalia. Whittaker proposed an
www.tamil
elaborate www.tamilaruvi.in
five kingdom classification www.tamilaruvi.in
– Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and www.tamil
Animalia. The main criteria of thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
five kingdom classification were cell structure, www.tamil
body www.tamilaruvi.in
organisation, mode of nutrition and reproduction, www.tamilaruvi.in
and phylogenetic www.tamil
amilaruvi.in relationships.
In the five kingdom classification, bacteria are included in Kingdom Monera.
Bacteria are cosmopolitan in distribution. These organisms show the most extensive
metabolic diversity. Bacteria maywww.tamilaruvi.in
be autotrophic or heterotrophicwww.tamilaruvi.in
in their mode of www.tamil
nutrition. www.tamilaruvi.in
Kingdom Protista includes www.tamilaruvi.in
all single-celled eukaryotes such as www.tamil
Chrysophytes, www.tamilaruvi.in
Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, www.tamilaruvi.in
Slime-moulds and Protozoans. Protists www.tamil
have defined nucleus and otherwww.tamilaruvi.in
membrane bound www.tamilaruvi.in
organelles. They reproduce www.tamil
both asexually and sexually. Members of Kingdom Fungi show a great diversity
in structures and habitat. Most fungi are saprophytic in their mode of nutrition.
They show asexual and sexual reproduction. Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes,
Basidiomycetes www.tamilaruvi.in
and Deuteromycetes www.tamilaruvi.in
are the four classes under this kingdom. www.tamil
The plantae includes all eukaryoticwww.tamilaruvi.in
chlorophyll-containing www.tamilaruvi.in
organisms. Algae, www.tamil
bryophytes, pteridophytes, www.tamilaruvi.in
gymnosperms and angiosperms www.tamilaruvi.in
are included in this www.tamil
amilaruvi.in group. The life cycle of plants exhibit
www.tamilaruvi.in alternation of generations
www.tamilaruvi.in – gametophytic
and sporophytic generations. The heterotrophic eukaryotic, multicellular
organisms lacking a cell wall are included in the Kingdom Animalia. The mode of
www.tamil
nutrition www.tamilaruvi.in
of these organisms is holozoic. They reproduce mostlywww.tamilaruvi.in
by the sexual www.tamil
mode. Some acellular organisms like viruses and viroids as well as the lichens are www.tamil
not included in the five kingdom www.tamilaruvi.in
system of classification. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
2015-16(19/01/2015) www.tamil
EXERCISES
1. Discuss how www.tamilaruvi.in
classification systems have undergone www.tamilaruvi.in
several changes over a www.tamil
period of time?
amilaruvi.in 2. State two economically
www.tamilaruvi.in important uses of:
amilaruvi.in (a) heterotrophic bacteriawww.tamilaruvi.in
(b) archaebacteria www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
3. What is the nature of cell-walls in diatoms? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
4. Find out what do the terms www.tamilaruvi.in
‘algal bloom’ and ‘red-tides’ www.tamilaruvi.in
signify. www.tamil
5. How are viroids different from viruses? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
6. Describe briefly the four major groups of Protozoa. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
7. Plants are autotrophic. www.tamilaruvi.in
Can you think of some plants www.tamilaruvi.in
that are partially www.tamil
heterotrophic? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
8. What do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
9. Give a comparative account www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of the classes of Kingdom Fungi under the following: www.tamil
(i) mode of nutrition
(ii) mode of reproduction
10. What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?
11. Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of
genetic material. Also name four common viral diseases.
12. Organise a discussion in your class on the topic – Are viruses living or non-
living?
2015-16(19/01/2015) www.tamil

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