Mr.P.

Krishna
Asst.Prof, EE
RGUKT
NUZVID
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1) Electrical technology
2) Network theory
3) Control systems
4) Basic electronics
5) Digital electronics

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RESISTANCE- OHM

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INDUCTANCE- HENRY

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CAPACITANCE- FARAD

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Ohm’s law
Kirchhoff's current law
Kirchhoff's voltage law

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 Mesh analysis
Nodal analysis
Theorems
1. Superposition theorem
2. Thevenin theorem
3. Norton theorem
4. Maximum power transfer theorem
5. Reciprocity theorem
6. Compensation theorem
7. Millman’s theorem

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What does it mean?
Measurement is the process or the result of
determining the magnitude of a quantity,
such as length or mass, relative to a unit of
measurement, such as a meter or a kilogram.
Why it is needed?
Knowing what you don’t know
The way to test the theory-scientist
The way to validate the design-engineer
To improve the quality of the product
To improve the efficiency of production
To maintain the proper operation
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What does it mean?
Devices used in measurement system

Why it is needed?
To acquire data or information about
parameters in terms of physical quantities.

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 Fundamental units
Length-meter
Mass-kilogram
Time-second
Temperature-Kelvin
Derived units
Expressed in terms of fundamental units
Volume

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1. Accuracy
2. Precision
3. Resolution
4. Speed of response

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Absolute error = Measured value - Absolute Value
δA = Am – A
Relative error = absolute error/ true value
εr = δA/A = εo/A
Generally expressed as a fraction or
percentage value
Example:
Resistance = 1000±5% (color coding)
950Ω to 1050Ω
A = Am ± δA
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20±1H

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3.33%

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Mistakes in observed readings
Usually occur because of human mistake
Improper use of the measuring instrument

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At least 2, 3 or more readings of the
measuring quantity should be taken by
different observers.
If the readings differ by an unacceptable
large amount, the situation can be
investigated.
The more erroneous readings eliminated.

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 Errors that remain constant or change
according to a definite law on repeated
measurement of the given quantity.
These errors can be evaluated and their
influence on the results of measurement can
be eliminated by the introduction of proper
correction.
1) Instrumental error
2) Environmental error

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Mechanical structure
Calibration
Operation of the apparatus used

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Errors change with time in an unpredictable
manner
Introduced due to using an instrument in
different conditions than in which it was
assembled and calibrated
Change in temperature is the major cause
These errors cam be reduced or eliminated
by taking the following precautions

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These errors are of variable magnitude and
sign and do not maintain any known law.
Observed by taking different results on
repeated measurements of the same
quantity.
quantity
Minimized by measuring the given quantity
many times under the same conditions and
calculating the arithmetical mean of the
results obtained.

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Measuring device
acting as a load.

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