SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

18LEM110L – INDIAN ART FORM
REG NO: RA1811003010227 NAME: Rashi Gambhir

Assignment-4

1. Write brief notes on the following artworks from Indus Valley

civilization. Paste relevant images along with your writing.
 Stone Statues: Bearded Man (Priest Man, Priest-King), Indus Valley Priest, Male Torso
 Bronze Casting: Human as well as animal figures - buffalo with its uplifted head,
goat, dog and bird, bull, Dancing Girl
 Terracotta: bearded males, terracotta mask of a horned deity, Toy carts with wheels,
whistles, rattles, bird and animals, gamesmen, and discs, figures of Mother Goddess.
 Seals: beautiful figures of animals such as unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant,
bison, goat, buffalo, etc., Pashupati Mahadeva
 Pottery: Painted Earthen Jar
 Beads, Ornaments and Cosmetics

Arts of Indus Valley Civilization

 The arts of Indus Valley civilisation, one of the earliest civilisations of the world, emerged during
the second half of the third millennium (Bronze Age).
 The forms of art found from various sites of civilisation include sculptures, seals,
pottery, gold ornaments, terracotta figures, etc.
 Their delineation of human and animal figures was highly realistic in nature.
 Modelling of figures was done in an extremely careful manner.
 Two major sites of Indus Valley civilization, along the river Indus are: North – cities
of Harappa; South – Mohenjo-Daro.
 The site showcases one of the earliest examples of civic planning.
 Houses, markets, storage facilities, offices, etc. arranged in a grid-like pattern.
 In this pattern, roads were cut across one another in 90-degree angle and the city was divided into
blocks.
 There was also a highly developed drainage system.
 While Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are situated in Pakistan, the important sites excavated in India
are:
o Lothal, Surkotada, Dholavira – Gujarat
o Rakhigarh and Banwali – Haryana
o Ropar – Punjab
o Kalibangan and Balatha – Rajasthan
Materials used: Stone, Bronze, Terracotta, Clay etc.
The arts of Indus valley which are excavated yet are:

Stone Statues:
 Stone statues found in Indus valley sites are excellent examples of handling the 3D volume.
 Two major stone statues are:
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
18LEM110L – INDIAN ART FORM
REG NO: RA1811003010227 NAME: Rashi Gambhir

Bearded Man (Priest Man, Priest-King)

 Found in Mohenjo-Daro.
 Bearded man’s figure made of Steatite.
 The figure interpreted as a priest and is draped in a
shawl coming under the right arm and covering the
left shoulder.
 The shawl is decorated with trefoil pattern.
 The eyes are elongated and half closed as in a
meditative concentration.
 Nose is well formed and medium size.
 Short cut moustache and a short beard and whiskers.
 Hair is parted in the middle and a plain woven fillet is
passed round the head.
 An armlet on the right hand and holes around neck
suggest necklace.
 A slight touch of the Greek style of statues can be
seen overall.

Male Torso
 Found in Harappa (only major art element found in Harappa).
 Made of Red Sandstone.
 There are socket holes in the neck and shoulders for the attachment of head and arms.
 Legs are broken.
 The shoulders are well baked and the abdomen slightly prominent.
 One of the well carved and finished work.

Bronze Casting:
 Bronze casting was practiced in wide scale in almost all major sites of the civilization.
 The technique used for Bronze Casting was Lost Wax Technique.
[Initially, the figure needed is made of wax and covered it with clay. After allowed to dry the clay, the
whole thing is heated so that the wax inside the clay will be melted. The molten wax was then drained out
through a tiny hole made in the clay part. The hollow mold of clay thus created was filled with molten
metal. Once it cooled, the clay cover was completely removed].
 Human as well as animal figures are present in the Bronze casting.
 Amongst animal figures the buffalo with its uplifted head, back and sweeping horns and the goat
are artistic merits.
 Copper dog and bird of Lothal and the Bronze figure of a bull from Kalibangan shows that Bronze
casting was popular at all centers of Indus valley civilization.
 Metal casting continued even after the Indus valley civilization through late Harappan,
Chalcolithic people, etc.
Examples of Bronze casting are:
1. Dancing Girl:
 Found from Mohenjo-Daro.
 Made up of Bronze.
 One of the best-known artifacts from Indus valley.
 Approximately 4-inch high figure of a dancing girl.
 This exquisite casting depicts a girl whose long hair is tied in the bun and bangles cover her left
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
18LEM110L – INDIAN ART FORM
REG NO: RA1811003010227 NAME: Rashi Gambhir

arm.
 Cowry shell necklace is seen around her neck.
 Her right hand is on her hip and her left hand is clasped in a traditional Indian dance gesture.
 She has large eyes and flat nose.

2. Bull from Mohenjo-Daro

 Bronze figure of the bull found in Mohenjo-Daro.
 The massiveness of the bull and the fury of the charge are eloquently expressed.
 The animal is shown standing with his head turned to the right.
 There is a cord around the neck.

Terracotta:
 Terracotta figures are more realistic in Gujarat sites and Kalibangan.
 In terracotta, we find a few figurines of bearded males with coiled hairs, their posture rigidly
upright, legs slightly apart, and the arms parallel to the sides of the body. The repetition of this
figure in exactly the same position would suggest that he was a deity.
 A terracotta mask of a horned deity has also been found.
 Toy carts with wheels, whistles, rattles, bird and animals, gamesmen, and discs were also rendered
in terracotta.
 The most important terracotta figures are those represent Mother Goddess.

Mother Goddess
 Mainly found in Mohenjo-Daro.
 These figures are usually crude standing figures.
 Adorned with necklaces hanging over the prominent breast and wearing a loin cloth and a grid.
 The fan-shaped headdress with a cup like projection on each side is a distinct decorative feature of
the mother goddess.
 The pellet eyes and beaked nose of the figure are very crude (constructed in a rudimentary way).
 Mouth is indicated by a narrow opening.

Seals:
 Thousands of seals were discovered from the sites, usually made of steatite, and occasionally of
agate, chert, copper, faience and terracotta, with beautiful figures of animals such as unicorn bull,
rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo, etc.
 The purpose was mainly commercial.
 They were also used as amulets, carried on the persons of their owners, perhaps as modern identity
cards.
 Standard Harappan seal was 2 x 2 square inches.
 Every seal is engraved in a pictographic script which
is yet to be deciphered.
 Some seals were also been found in Gold and Ivory.
Seals of Pashupati Mahadeva
 Found in Mohenjo-Daro.
 The seal depicts a human figure seated cross legged.
 An elephant and a tiger are depicted to the right side
of the figure, while on the left a rhinoceros and a
buffalo are seen.
 Two antelopes (deer) are shown below the seat
(nearby his feet).
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
18LEM110L – INDIAN ART FORM
REG NO: RA1811003010227 NAME: Rashi Gambhir
 The figure has a three horned head.

Pottery:
 Indus valley pottery consists of very fine wheel made wares, very few being handmade.
 Plain pottery is more common than painted ware.
 Plain pottery is generally red clay, with or without a fine red or grey slip.
 The black painted ware has a fine coating of red slip on which geometric and animal designs are
executed in glossy black paint.

Painted Earthen Jar

 Found in Mohenjo-Daro.
 Made on a potters’ wheel with clay.
 The shape was manipulated by pressure of the crafty fingers of the potter.
 After baking a clay model, it was painted with black colour.
 High polishing was done as a finishing touch.
 Motifs are vegetal and geometric forms.
 Designs are simple.

Beads, Ornaments and Cosmetics:

 The Harappan men and women decorated themselves with a large variety of ornaments produced
from every conceivable material ranging from precious metals and gemstones to bone and baked
clay.
 White necklaces, fillets, armlets and finger rings were commonly worn by both sexes.
 Jewellery found at Mohenjo-Daro and Lothal include necklaces of gold and semiprecious metal
stones, copper bracelets and beads, gold earrings and head ornaments.
 A cemetery has been found at Farmona in Harappa where dead bodies were buried with
ornaments.
 Well-developed bead industries were present at Chauhudaro and Lothal.
 Some beads were made of two or more stones cemented together.
 Also made models of animals, especially monkeys and squirrels, used as pin head and beads.
 Spinning of cotton and wool was very common (both rich and poor practiced spinning).
 Men and women wore two separate pieces of attire similar to dhoti and shawl.
 Shawl covered the left shoulder passing below right arm.
 They were conscious of fashion.
 Different hair styles were in vogue and beard was popular.
 Cinnabar was used as a cosmetic and face-paint, lipstick and collyrium (eyeliner) were also known
to them.
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
18LEM110L – INDIAN ART FORM
REG NO: RA1811003010227 NAME: Rashi Gambhir

2. Identify a small, simple, yet beautiful Madhubani painting from

web resources.
Emulate the painting using sketch colours, duly acknowledging the
source. Alternately, create your own Madhubani painting. Paste the
image in the space given below.

Madhubani art (or Mithila painting) is a style of Indian painting, practiced in the Mithila
region of the Indian subcontinent. This painting is done with a variety of tools, including
fingers, twigs, brushes, nib-pens, and matchsticks and using natural

dyes and pigments. It is characterised by its eye-

catching geometrical patterns. There is ritual content for particular occasions, such as birth
or marriage, and festivals, such as Holi, Surya Shasti, Kali Puja, Upanayana, and Durga
Puja.

EMULATED PAINTING
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
18LEM110L – INDIAN ART FORM
REG NO: RA1811003010227 NAME: Rashi Gambhir

3. The following quiz borrowed from a web source

(http://godivinity.org/quiz-time-indian-art-kalamkari/), would add
to your general knowledge about Kalamkari art.
Discuss the questions with your peers and look for answers.
1. What fabric is Kalamkari art done on?
A. Polyester B. Cotton C. Canvas
Answer: B – Cotton.
2. Another name for Kalamkari art is “pattachitra”, which means _______________.
A. Beautiful painting B. Colorful Art C. Cloth picture
Answer: C – Cloth Picture.
3. Where were Kalamkari art pieces traditionally displayed?
A. Markets B. Temples C. Homes
Answer: B – Temples.
4. Storytellers often used Kalamkari art in performances of ______.
A. Religious stories B. Popular myths C. Folk tales
Answer: A – Religious Stories.
5. What are the sources for the colors that are generally used in Kalamkari art?
A. Plant B. Oil paint C. Ink
Answer: A – Plant.
6. When creating patterns, certain areas of cloth need to be masked to protect it from
the ink. What material is used?
A. Painter’s tape B. Glue C. Wax
Answer: B – Glue.
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
18LEM110L – INDIAN ART FORM
REG NO: RA1811003010227 NAME: Rashi Gambhir
7. There are ______ distinctive styles of Kalamkari art.
A. Two B. Five C. Seven
Answer: A – Two.
8. Kalamkari art was used in ancient times as ____________.
A. Chariot banners, wall hangings in temples, and scrolls. B. Wall hangings in
homes C. Sarees
Answer: A - Chariot banners, wall hangings in temples, and scrolls.
9. Name the different styles of Kalamkari paintings.
A. Katchni, Barni, Tantrik, Godna and Kohbar B. Srikalahasthi and Machilipatnam
C. Pattachitra, Warli, Bharni, Katchni and Tantrik
Answer: B - Srikalahasthi and Machilipatnam.
10. What does “Kalamkari” mean?
A. Kalam (pen) + kari (work) B. Kalam (time) + kari (work) C Kalam (color) +
kari (painting)
Answer: A - Kalam (pen) + kari (work).
11. Where was Kalamkari most popular in the Middle Ages?
A. Chennai B. Hyderabad C. Jaipur
Answer: B – Hyderabad.

12. An animal’s milk is used in fixing the dyes to the fabric. Which animal’s milk is
used in fixing the dyes to the fabric?
A. Cow B. Goat C. Buffalo
Answer: C – Buffalo.