University of Technology

Civil Engineering Department

3rd Year, II Semester, 2020-2021 Sanitary

Engineering Lab. II

Test’s Title

FILTRATION CAPABILITY

Branch

geomatics engineering

Group’s Students

‫إيليا طالب حامد‬

1) Introduction:

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Filtration is a process that removes particles from suspension in water.
Removal takes place by a number of mechanisms that include straining,
flocculation, sedimentation and surface capture. Filters can be categorised by
the main method of capture, i.e. exclusion of particles at the surface of the
filter media i.e. straining, or deposition within the media i.e. in-depth filtration.

Strainers generally consist of a simple thin physical barrier made from metal
or plastic. In water treatment they tend to be used at the inlet to the treatment
system to exclude large objects (e.g. leaves, fish, and coarse detritus). These
may be manually or mechanically scraped bar screens. The spacing between
the bars ranges from 1 to 10 cm. Intake screens can have much smaller
spacing created by closely spaced plates or even fine metal fabric. The latter
are usually intended to remove fine silt and especially algae and are referred
to as microstrainers.

Filtration is one of purification processes for drinking water and domestic and
industrial waste used in filtering stations after sedimentation tanks.
There are different types of filters depending on the purpose to be used: repaid sand
filter, slow sand filter, and pressure filter. All these filters rely on the same basic
mechanism in the purification of water, water passes through the porous granular
medium (sand and gravel or anthrax) to capture the pollutants.

• Filtration Capability: Filtration capacity (F) can be calculated as follows:

F=H*C/V*t* C °
H.C H- dispersion Energy (mm)
C- filtrate water turbidity (NTU)
C- raw water turbidity (NTU)
V = speed of water passing through the pore media (which discharges per unit area)
t=filteration time (min)

(F) value is a unitless value and C / C ° is the ratio therefore can use any unit of measurement
of turbidity or suspended solids. In the Good filtration process, the capacity of filtration
plants should be few and drop a little pressure as a result of the homogeneity of deposition
of suspended particulate in the porous media as well as leachate concentration is low.
Device user needs some facilities to be able to measure the flow rate and control as well as
read (H) and inter flow and exit filtrate flow and measure C °/C
The speed is high-speed that mean the (F) high and therefore C ° / C = 1 i.e There
is no filtered and thus we conclude that when the high-speed filtering is not good.

Device Description: The device consists from the following : 2Page |

 1. A glass column (A) (perspex) and has a connection to enter the liquid

2. In the down the column used mesh (sieve 0.55BS30 mesh mm) at the top of
the column the pore used to exit air can be controlled by (screen).

3.The stuck inter to the column by Funnel (B) and the stuck passes through the glass
column (A) until it reaches the valve control (C) and then to (D) (Flow meter) and
then to the outside.

Pipe connected between parts of the device are made of a substance (P.V.C) solid.
These strapped to a glass tube to measure liquid (E). AIR RELEASE SCREW DRAIN The
figure shows parts portability filtration device

Materials used:

1. Baker glass size (L 1) to collect the filtrate.

2. Thermometer standard limits (10-110 C °).
3. Stopwatch.
4. Large size Funnel.
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Procedure: 4Page |
 In the beginning you should full the device with water and in most cases, using
water to remove bubbles airways in pipes connected and the best way to remove air
bubbles, is the process of reverse flow (back wash) seemed tube exit (drain) and
using funnel also suppress where water valves are open thus, the air is expelled
through the glass tube column and enter the liquid.
The air manometer opens during the washing process (back wash) until the liquid
enters the pipeline pressure gauge and the end of the pipe to a limit (500 mm) the
manometer is then closed. The valve control on the flow should be closed by the
amount (Q) either tube out filtrate is placed in a baker to collect leachate. In the
case of air remains in the pipeline conductive manometer must open the air valve
located in a glass column, and then presses the pipes to flush out the bubbles and if
they do not exit the babble, therefore required to reduce the level of liquid under
repression inside and then open the air valve located in manometer. Close the air
valve carefully that does not close tightly, because the pipeline is composed of (PVC).
Then the pure water enter the device through the repression after the confirmation
of the flow valve is closed in this case when there is no flow of the liquid level, in the
ends of tubular pressure gauge should be equal.

A) Preparation of stuck: Suspended liquid must mixed by (blenders) before the test
in order to get homogenized stuck. Stuck consists of (0.55 mm) granular size kaolin
clay; add (100 mg) of kaolin per litre of tap water.

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