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Module 2 Class Notes Ecology
Module 2 Class Notes Ecology
AND
ECOSYSTEM
-=ECO ldE)_Gl ~~
:rii: scienLilic stud) or 1th~ cli:drihution_abundunce .ind J ym1mics
or l)f{!rUlllSlllS. tb cir im1lcractilll]~ \\ ith otlicr c)fg~111is111s u11d ,,·itlt
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Eco,s·vsTEM
The tem1 ,\as fust inLroduceJ b,· A.G.Ta.rrsle\' in i9 35. ·Eel, ..
~ &
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All l1[g~• rus111s anJ U1e al'lit,tic en,"trttru1.1e~l t'tlu.nd ia i_i ,Jefined
spatii.ll area. gencrall~· assumed to be the collecti,-e description
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POP UL ATION
1
11 is the slud~e r,f tl1e urga11i7.~tl10 T1 ::u,d ft111cti,,uii11g t)f COl11Illl1nit i~s
11 is t]1 c s111t:ly c,r 1J1c 11roc.a~scs 1]1al ui:l~cl 1]1c dislrmll111ticu1 amid
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,1:,;]?he s,~tluen·,ce rir 1In1tn:sJers rJ1f fo-rld ·e11erg)~in. U1e· ,ec11Js),sl,e1n fr,om
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0irga_.n;,~~rn. t_9'.. Qit,g~1Jf~~J1j .i~'..e-~JJc~ .Ft-J,(!(l C(,:•~'J~~;:~f ·_Q_9¢t_ql1~1:_~J~_ :irrut~r1,~ri~[!lO
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locally .·iu1toi a food 1-~,:eh l,e.cai:ts.e· :nr1ost. iorga·n,:sms c.l}n_su·me 1n,Jire fl,a.-n.
_;o·aJ,!· '~)-,.pe -,o.f a11i:rn.al -o.r ·pliunt.
~:~, '.7ro.rn /1iJ'c.~le,,el:.. i-s· a sl,e·p.- i11 .a foods cl1a:~.l] ,c..-:f Ull ecos··,,!l;te.]l1, 'I 'lt_e.
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~
,oirga:m1is:m.s ,o·f .a •C:l1nu1 anrc. clrts.,s1iJlcd!. :into thcs,c ]c·,rc~s 0n.1th.c l,,aJs.is ,o(f
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tlheir fccc]iug bohu.., :riflttr,i. ·"rh1e c,o:n.1ce;p'L (J,f trie1,pli1ic l~v,eJ is t1a:s;e'c:i rim th,,e
. .. .
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cla:s·sic· \V·qrk of R~I~.I~indm1n~ (194.2).
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Ecosys:tetil Productivity
·O epends ,c111:
1
. .
re~.pir.~t:i-on.
3. Thus GPP =NPP +R.
NPP -= ·GPP--.R.
ThLtS r.J.PP is tl1e·tfs·a b!le ,e11erg)'r'. a:vailable:. at higl1er trophic le\'els.
- - - ·- . - ,
;J
·1:. c~
~ - ]) ~·t·...,,
,. \J _.c ~
b . Orga·:ni,c -su·bs·tmices - c1:1:1~bo'h),cJr~t;~s~ pr0L~~ ;ns, fat~,
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in.otga11ac ~i1·1~~ta~nices.
h~Consumers or Phagtotrop11s· ,o;r·I-Teterotrophs - arc.tl,:e '.P . ._.,31)':
soc0Ji¢la1).r & tert5a·ryr co11s·ui,1e:rs i l!l ib_e ,crtmi,~r-es,
1
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as t r () p 1, i c i 11 t ~ r ac t 1(.l 11 s .
+
D[ CDnPDSIRS
+
heal
La\\rs o:f Thermo d,ynamics 1
· -e 2nd
? To
. . . .~"' •
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" .- ' I_ - . - -
1-a.,,,. of'• tl1·e·-,n- n·od7':Jr
; . , 'l"'I . •. ,. , ---,,.J', s·t•
]~·a,'v,Ji, o·. .·f·. ·e· 1:1·.:·t·.r·,op
, 1·a··-n11
-··c·.· s··
, ~- , '.. . , ,·.a·t·e·s
11
JL.. I . I . . , . . ;' .
/ . . ,
o:d1er ,,rords ,1il1e11 \¥o·r k :·is iqo11e e11erg)1 ;is c[is.si:p,ated . W,o:r~ k:.
:is d<JJ1 e ·1\~l1en.. e11erg)t :is tJ·llllsformerl.
1
·r11c n bcr t1f species. their l1io1nass and energy transfer at cacl1
trtJpl1ic lc,·cl sl1t1,,· certain ct1n1111011 characteristics :
1.·r11c nun1hcr l,r species tends t(J decline succcssi,·cly frl11n the base
c1f tl1e lropl1ic lc\·cl tc1 tl1c tllp of the lrtlphic level .
2.·rhc llllal l11lHTIUSS lends lo dccrcas~ prc1grcssi\·cl)' rrcJm t}1c l1asc ()r
ll1c lrtlphic lc\·cl h.1 successive l1ighcr lfllph1c level lll tl1c lllf1.
3_·r11c energy a\·ailahil1Ly alst1 decreases ,vitl1 tl1c increase i11 tro1)l1ic
lc\·cl.
2.l)yra,nid <ll' 13icl111ass - lcllal ,vcigl1l elf c1rganic 1natlcr al each trc1phic
lc, cl.
1
~att1ral i\rtifici~1l
( \t ~111-111~1(lc ··111t)c.lilicc.l)
·rcrrcstri~1I ( 1:()rest.
(jr~1ssl~111(l. Sa\ ~11111~1.
l)cscrt. ·rt111c.l r~1) I:st t1ari 11e \'tari11c
1: r cs I1\ \ at c r
• I.i1n11elic Zo11c - <)pen surface \Valer a\vay frc>m shore \Vith light
pc11ctralion lo tl1c bottom~ (}1~·drl>phytcs like lc1ru1a. \Vtllll'ia.
l1)·drilla: pl1)1oplanktor1s like blue-green algae. zt1oplankll)ns).
~•i~il9~~1•1 lmEsl~11f!9•>fWim
~1f{)bt!J ?lilt:@~
~~flll~®ffils,;riltfluts.
..,.__ _ _ _ _ _ pel egic _ _ _ _ ___,..
~- , .-- ner1l1c ► .__ _ ocean1c-----. ==r
photi c==i_
epipe1agic m
200
mesopelagi c
~";:?'SW,]tttatll~
~ - - - - -~ 1,000 m
bath_y !.,
ephotic
4,000 m
t O 000 m
©1996 Encyclopa•dia Britannica, Inc.