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The No
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VOL
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7 N
o. 7 J
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998
and Co mputer P
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LO W BATTERY I NDICATOR b y Andy R
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GREENHOUSE CO MPUTER - 1 b y C
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M
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NOISE CANCELLING UN IT b
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I
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lan W instan
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n? g
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/
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.
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.
s
NE W TECHNOLOGY UPDATE b y Ia
n Poole 491
R
esearch i
n
to k
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h
ips c
ool i
shot
ting-up
!

I
NTERFACE b y Rober
t Penfo
ld 506
T
eam q
uiz mon
ito
ring v
ia t
he PC
's p
r
inte
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ort

TEACH-IN '98 - An I ntroduct ion to D

igita
l Electronics - 9 508
by I
an B
el
l, R
ob Miles
, D rT ony Wilk
inson, A
lan W
instanley
T
his mon
th: Coun
ters and Sh
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ters

PEAK DCA50 CO MPONENT ANALYSER b y Andy F

l
ind 536
R
eview
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evice f
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rau
toma
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nalys
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emiconduc
tors

USING THE L200CV VOLTAGE REGULATOR b y A ndy F

l
ind 538
V
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tage r
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lat
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l t
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C
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lan Wins
tan
ley and Ia
n Bel
l 539
L
i
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; Rese
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psets
; T
rai
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tas
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;
I
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NET W ORK -THE I

NTERNET PAGE s
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lan W
ins
tan
ley 549
Mo
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Xe6ulao
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ED
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I
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P
lus e
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CD-RO MS FOR ELECTRONICS 500

P
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its a
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lec
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READOUT J
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r
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BACK I
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id y
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SHOPTALK with D
avid B
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T
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D
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Awide r
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oWimborne Publishing L
td 1
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. C
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LECTRON
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ideos 547
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VERYDAY P RACTICAL ELECTRON ICS i s fu
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PE p
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of
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ADVERT
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NDEX 552
O
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erv
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J
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998
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age 4
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E
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F
LOAT CHARGER L
A MPSAVER
Don '
tg etc augh tf l
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ightbulbs t end t o blow when t hey are sw i
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la men ti scold it
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nstantly
I
nr ecen t years, sma lls ealed l ead/acid batteries have b eco me p
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A i nstantaneous ly
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lb
They a re ava i
lab le in aw ide r ange o fc apac it
ies and u sua
lly have
t
o the ma ins when t he ma ins al
terna ting voltage isa tz ero v o
lts -
an om inal v ol
tage o fe i
ther 6V ( 3c e
lls) or 12V ( 6cel
ls). They can
which itis 100 times as econd -y ou c an prolong t he li
fe o fthe
p
rov ide v ery high o u
tpu tc urren ts and d o note xh
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bec ontinuous ly t opped u p b y a" f
loa t" charger, ready tos upply
emergency p owe r when r equ ired. opto-
isola tor i.
c
, t op rovide zero v ol
tage sw itching. U se rs wil
ln ot
T
his unitp rov ides ap recisely r egulated v o
l tage, t
oge ther with a be aware o fthe o perat
ion o fthe circu i
tu nti
lt hey rel
ise t hatthe
curren tlim i
tt op reven te xcess ive c harging c urrents and therefore t
ime b e
tween b ulb c hanges h as increased .
p
ro long t he li
f e oft he battery.

E
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,Ju
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URVEIL I
A A N C E

PROFESS
IONAL QUALITY K
ITS

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lo u
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ome complete w
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l in
s
truct
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.
c
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cluding fi
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nd can b
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no r
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UMA k
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vai
lab
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nly d
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eware i nfer
ior i
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!
UTX Ultra-m iniature R oo m T
rans mi
t ter UTLX U
ltra
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elephone T
r
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ter
S
mal
les
t r o
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c
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nc
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ange 05
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MTX M icro-m iniature Roo m Trans m
itter
B
es
t-se
l
ling micro
-min
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ransm
it
ter
. Jus
t 1
7mm x 1
7mm i
n
c
lud
ing m
ic
. TLX 7 00 Micro -m iniature T e
lephone T rans m
itter
3
V-
12V opera
tion 1000m ra
nge £
13
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est
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ll
ing t e
lephone tr
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. Being 2
0mm x2 0mm iti
seas
ier t
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semble
STX High -performance Roo m T rans mitter t
h
an U TLX. Connects t
ol i
ne (a
nywhere) a
nd sw
i
tches o
n and o
f wi
th p
hone use
H
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it
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tab
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li
ty and A
lconversa
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om l
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. 1000m r
a
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.45
r
ange
. Measures 2mm x2m. i
nc
lud
ing m
ic. 6
V
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rat
ion
. 15
00m ra
nge. £15
.45 STLX High -perfor mance T e
lephone T rans m it
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VT500 H
igh-power Roo m Trans mitter H
igh p
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rfo
rmance t r
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th bu
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lentra
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rmance
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nd p
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formance
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ne (a
nywhe
re) a
nd sw
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nd of w
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th phone
S
i
ze 20mm x4
0mm 9
V-
12V ope
rat
ion.3000m ra
nge £
16
.45 u
se.A
lc o
nversa
tions tr
ansmi
tted. P
owered f
r
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in
e.
S
i
ze 2mm x2mm . 15
00m r ange £
16.45
VXT Vo
ice-Activated Transm itter
T
r
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rson
ly w
hen s
ounds a
redete
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. Ve
ry l
o
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andb
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ren
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riab
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ens
i
tivi
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ling/T racking Trans mitter
a
nd d
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lay w
i
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ED i
nd
ica
tor
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0mm x6 7mm
.9Vope
rat
ion. 1
000m ra
nge
. £19.45 T
ransmits ac
ont
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t
ream ofaud
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lses wi
th va
riab
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one a
nd ra
te
. I
d
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o
r
s
i
gnal
ling o
rtr
ack
ing pu
rposes
. Hi
gh p
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tg i
ving ra
nge u
pto3000m.
HVX400 Ma ins Powered Roo m T
rans mit
ter
S
i
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tion £
22
.95
C
onnec
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l yt
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. s
upp
ly f
o
rlo
ng-
term m
oni
tor
ing
.
S
i
ze 30mm x35mm
. 500m r
a
nge £
19
.45 CD400 Pocket Bug D e
tec tor/Loca tor
SCRX S ubcarr
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rans m it
ter L
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c
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ceive
r. S
ize 2
0mm x67mm 9Vopera
tion
. 1
000m r
a
nge £
22.95 S
i
ze 4
5mm x54mm. 9
Vopera
tion £
30
.95

SCLX S ubcarr
ier Telephone T rans m it
ter CD600 P rofessiona l B ug D etec
tor/Loca tor
C
onne c
ts t
ote
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ephone li
n
e anywhere
. requ
ires no b
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utput sc
ramb
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o M
ul
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lourr e
adoutofsi
gnal st
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th wi
th v
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ra nd v
ar
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e
nsit
ivi
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r
equ
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CDM c
onnec
ted t
ore
ceive
r. S
ize 3
2mm x3 7mm. 10
00m r
ange £
23
.95 u
sed todetec
t and l
o
cate hidden t
r
ansmi
tte
rs. S
wi
tch toA UD
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nd normal l
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gi
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gna
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uch as
SCDM S ubcarrier Decoder Uni
t f
or SCRX p
agers ce
l
lular
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x
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c
. Size 70mm x100mm.9 Vopera
t
ion £
50.95
C
onnects to r
ece
iver e
a
rphone s
ocke
t and pr
ov
ides d
ecoded a
ud
io o
u
tput t
o
h
eadphone
s. S
ize 32mm x7
0mm. 9
V
-12V o
pera
t
ion £
22
.95 QTX180 C rysta
l Con trol
led Roo m T rans mitter
N
ar
row band FM t
ransmi
tter fo
r th
e ul
t
imate inp r
i
vac
y. Operates o
n 18
0MH
z and
ATR2 M icro-Size T elephone R ecording In
ter face
r
e
qui
res t
heuseof asc
anne rre
ceive
roro u
rQ RX180 k
i
t(see c
ata
logue
).
C
onnects be
tween te
lephone l
i
ne (
an
ywhere
) and c
asse
tte re
corde
r. Sw
i
tches ta
pe
S
i
ze 20mm x67mm 9 Voperat
ion 1000m range £
40
.95
a
u
tomatica
l
l y a
s phone isused
. Al co
nve
rsat
ions r
e
corded. S
ize 16mm x3 2mm.
P
owered f
rom li
n
e £
13.45 OLX180 Crys
tal Con tro
lled T elephone Trans m
itter
A
sperQTX
180 b
ut c
onnects t
ote
lephone li
n
e t
omon
ito
rbo
th si
des o
fconve
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tions
.

*
** S
pec
ials *
**
2
0mm x6
7mm. 9
Voperat
ion. 1
000m range £
40.95
OSX180 Line P
owered C rystal Control
led Phone T rans mi
tter
A
spe
rO LX
180 b
utdr
awsp owe
rr e
qui
rements f
r
om li
n
e. N
oba
tte
ries r
e
qui
red
DLTX /DLRX Rad io Con tro l Switch S
i
ze 3
2mm x37mm Range 5
00m £
35
.95
R
emo te c ontro
l a nything ar ound your home o r ga
rden. o u
tside li
gh ts
, ORX 1 80 C rystal Control
led FM R eceiver
a
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arms , paging system e tc
. System consis
ts o
f as ma
ll VHF t
ransm i
tte
rw ith F
or mon
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ring any o
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C
Y ra
nge tr
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it
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gh sensi
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ni
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F sec
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d
i
gitale ncode rand r ece
iveru ni
t wi
th decoder a
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lay ou
tput, m omenta r
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upp
l
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lt a
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li
gned module r
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t o n b
oa
rd so n
o d
i
f
f
icult
y
o
r al
ternate. 8-way d i!
. s w
itches on b o
th boards set you
r o wn un
ique s
e
tt
ing up
. Outputtohe
adphones
. 6
0mm x7 5mm. 9Vopera
tion £
60
.95
s
ecuri
ty c ode. TX s ize 45mm x 4 5mm . R X s
ize 35mmx 9 0mm . B o
th 9 V
o
perat
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omp lete System ( 2k i
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rvice i
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nal o
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rki
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equ
ired
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I
n
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tterD LTX £
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rs pl
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I
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4
78 E
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.Ju
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998
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ven s igna ls i nm ic
rop rocesso rcircu
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.
T
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ing m ea surements indig
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T
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ata 24 hours aday
, 365
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ear,e
ven i
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inspowerf a
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la t
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s,product
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g
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t of r
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ts you w
ith v a
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ne t est
sa nd o n-
the-spotm easuring.
Itp rovides t
heu l
timate
t
e
lephone mes
sage
. i
np ortab i
li ty a nd f
lexibi
l i
ty.
A
s w ith t he r est ofthe Pico T echnology r a
nge, t
he P C li
nk
E
ave
l
t.
,,H
oa S
tar
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395 +VAT g
i
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he abi
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C
omp lete p rice £98
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ables
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all f
or f
ul
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ange and FREE
a
nd s oftwa re included.
d
emo d isk o
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roadway House
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-ma
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icotech
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t
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ost @p
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tp:www
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id. e CB3 7QJ
 E19
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rS treet
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tafs
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ices i
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clude V
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ay
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IL ORDER ONLY • CALLERS B
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INTMENT
. . . . . . •
N
O.0 M
I
E
PE MICROCONTROLLER1 P
IC P
IPE D
ESCALER IS
PACE WR
ITER
e
IA n innovat
ive and exci
ting
RI
.T REASURE H
UNTER! •SI MPLE TO BU
ILD • SWEPT Iproject. Wave the wand through c
ia,
i
t
,
IT
he l
a
tes
t MAGENTA DESIGN -hi
ghly • H
IGH PO WER OUTPUT F
REQUENCY t
he airand your message a ppears
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Is
t
able & s
ens
it
ive - w
i
th \I
C cont
rol I • AUDIO E
t V
ISUA L MON
ITORING IProg ram mable to ho
ld any message
I upt o 1
6 dig
its l
ong
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re-loaded
Io
fal tim
ing f u
nct
ions and advanced IAn a
ffordab le circuit wh ich sweeps ▪with "MERRY XMAS" . K
it i
nc
ludes 11
7
p
u
lse separa
tion t
echn
iques. t
he inco ming wa ter supp ly w
ith IP CB, al c
o mponents E rt
ube plus 4
v
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ions fo
r message l oad
ing.
I• N
ew circu
itd es
ign 1994 s
ignals. May r educe s cale f
or mation, K
IT 8
49 £
16.99
I• H
igh st
abi
lity d
issolve e x
isting s cale a nd improve ▪ m
m m
m m
m m
m u
m m
m m
m m
m m
m m
m m
m m
m m
m

I dri
ftcancell
ing e l
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ing a b
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ity b y al
tering the way 1
2V E
PROM E
RASER
s
alts i
nt he wa ter b ehave . Asa
fe low c os
te raserfor up t
o 4EPROMS a t atime
I•E
asy t
obu
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it i
ncludes c ase , P C
.B , coup
ling i
nless t
han 2 0minu tes
. Operates f
rom a 1
2V supply
&u
se e co
il and al
l c o mponen ts. 1
400mA). U sed e xtens
ively fo
r mob i
le work - u p
-
•N
og round e H
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efect
o
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l c
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u
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to r
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tc. A
uppl
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-
l
-
I e
f
fect, works e l
owed. Safety in
ter
lock prevents c
ontactwi
th U V
.
i
nseawa ter eK
IT 8
68 £
22.95 PO WER UN
IT £
3.99
K
IT 7
90 £
28.5
1
•D
etects go
ld,
s
i
lver,fe
rrous E M
ICRO PEsT SUPER BAT ,z
4
n
on -
fer
rous
SCARER
•E
fic
ientq uar
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lled
meta
ls
Our l
a
test d
esign -T he ul
t
ima te DETECTOR
s
carerfo
rt heg arden. Uses
m
icrocon trol
ler pu
lse genera
tion
. s
pecia
l mic
rochip t ogive random 1WATT 0
/P
,BUILT I
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•F
u
ll ki
tw i
th h eadphones 6a l d
elay a
nd pulse time. Easy to
h
ardwa re b
ui
ld re
l
iable ci
rcuit
. K eeps pets/ S
PEAKER,COMPACT C ASE
p
ests away fr
om n ewly sown a reas
,
K
IT 8
47 £
63.95 p
lay a
reas, e
tc. Uses p owers ource 2
0
kHz
-140
kH z
f
r
om 9t o2 4 vo
lts. N
EW DESIGN W
ITH 40kH
zM IC
.
PORTABLE U
LTRASON
IC • RANDOM PULSES Anew ci
rcu
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sing a'
f
u
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PEsT S
CARER •HIGH PO WER amp
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3kHz u
l
trasound g
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r i UAL OPT
ION P
l
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in p
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rsupp
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4.99 s
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ac ompact hand -held c ase
. MOSFET o utpu
t K
IT 8
67 £1 9.99 p
hone/
tape socke
t.The
d
r
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l s ealed t ransducer with in
-
t
ense pulses vi
a as pecial tuned t
ransformer
. K
IT+ SLAVE UNIT £32.50 la
testsens
it
ive tr
ansduce
r,
Sweeping frequency o utpu t is d
esigned to a
nd '
double ba
lanced mixe
r'
g
ive max imum o u
tpu t w i
thou t any specia
l W
IND
ICATOR g
i
ve astable
, hi
gh pe
formance
s
ett
ing up.
Anove
l wind speed i
ndicato
r w
ith LED r
eadout
. Ki
t comes s
upe
rheterodyne des
ign.
K
IT 8
42 £
22.56 c
omplete wi
th s ensor cups, a
nd weatherproof sens
ing
h
ead. Ma
ins power un
it £5
.99 e
xtra
. K
IT 8
6 1 £24.99
A
LSO A VAILABLE Buil
t &T es
ted .
.£39
.99
SUPER ACOUST
IC P
ROBE K
IT 8
56 £
28.00
* T
ENS UN
IT * E
.E
. TREASURE HUNTER
O
ur very p opular project -n ow w ith ready
b
ui
lt probe assemb ly a nd diecast box. Picks
u
p vibrat
ions amp l
if
ies, a nd d r
ives h ead- P
I
. METAL DETECTOR
p
hones. S ounds from e ngines, w a
tches, a nd MKI
s
peech through w al
ls c an be h eard clearly
. DUAL OUTPUT T ENS UNIT ( Se
t of Magen ta
's hi ghly
U
sefu
l f o
r mechan ics, ins
trumen t e ng
inee rs
a
nd nosey parkers! Av ery usefu
l piece ofk i
t. As f
eatured i
n March '
97 i
s
sue
. 4spa
re d
eve
a
ccla
loped &
imed d esign.
e
l
ect
rodes
K
IT 8
65 £
29.95 Magen ta have prepa red aF ULL KIT fo
r t
h
is £ 6
.50
Quartz c
rystal
c
on t
rolled circuit
e
xcellen t n
ew p roject. A
ll c
omponen ts, P
CB, MOSFET c oi
l d r
ive.
h
ardwa re and electrodes ar
e inc
luded . D
.C. coupled
DC Mo
tor
/Gearboxes D
esigned f ors imp le a
ssemb ly and tes
ting a
nd amplif
icat
ion .
OurP opularand V ersat
ile DC F
ull ki
t i
ncludes
motor/Gearbox s e
ts. p
roviding h igh level dua
l outpu
t drive.
PCB, handle,
I
dealf o
r Mode ls
, Robo t
s, •K
IT I
NC.
B
ugg ies et
c. 1.5to4 .5V K
IT 8
66.
... F
u
ll k
i
t i
n
clud
ing f
our e
lec
trodes £
32.90 c
ase &
s
earch c o
il. HEADPHONES
Mul
tir a
tio gearbox
g
ives wide range ofs peeds
. •E
FFIC
IENT
1
000V E
t500V I
NSULATION CMOS DESIGN
LARGE TYPE - MGL £
6.95
SMALL - MGS -£4
.77 TESTER • PO WERFUL CO
IL
DR
IVE
S
upe rb n ew d es
ign. R egulated
S
tepp
ing Mo
tors o
utput, e fic
ien t c i
rcuit
. D ua
l-
•D ETECTS FERROUS AND
s
cale me ter
, c ompac t c ase.
NON-FERROUS METAL -GOLD ,
R
eads u pto 2 00 Megoh ms .
M
D38
.
..Min
i48s t
ep
...£8.65 K
i
t includes wound c o
il
, cut-out
S
ILVER, COPPER ETC .
M
D35
.
..Std 4
8st
ep.
..£9.99 c
ase, me ter s cale
, P CB Er A LL • 1
90mm S EARCH CO IL
M
D200
.
..200st
ep
..
.£12.9 9 c
omponen ts. • NO '
GROUND E FFECT '
M
D24
.
..Lar
ge 20
0s t
ep..
.£22.9
5 K
IT 8
48 £
32.95 K
IT 8
15 £
45.95
MOSFET Mk11 VAR
IABLE BENCH 3
-NOTE ULTR AS ON
IC PEsT SCARER
PO WER SUPPLY 0
-25V 2
-5A. DOORCH
I ME Keep p ets/pests away f rom
newly s
own a
reas, f
rui
t,
B
ased o n o ur Mk1 d esign I
D
EAL P U
v
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le a nd f lower b eds,
a
nd p
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l t
he O L
B
EG
INNERS c
hildren
's p lay a reas
, p a
tios W T
f
eatures
, but n
ow w
ith
sw
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regu lator f or
P
ROJECT e
tc. T his p roject p roduces E R
i
ntense p ulses o f ul
trasound R A
Uses S AB0600 c hip to
much highe r e f
iciency . Panel p
roduce n a
tu ral sounding which dete
r vis
iting an
i mals
.
:4
0 ;0
meters i ndicate V o
lts a nd 3
-note c h
ime . A djustab
le IT I
• K NCLUDES A
LL P
EsT
Amps . Fu
lly v ar
iable d own t o p
i
tch -s ot hatt wo can be COMPONENTS
, P
CB & CASE S
CARER 6
z
ero. T oroidal ma ins t r
ans - u
sed f orfronta nd b ack
d
oo rs. •EFFIC
IENT 100V
f
orme r
. Kit includes p unched
K
it in
cludes P C
.B., al TRANSDUCER OUTPUT • UP TO 4 METRES
a
nd p r
inted c ase a nd a l
p
arts
. A s f eatured i n A p
ri
l p
arts and in s
tructions. • COMPLETELY I
NAUD
IBLE RANGE
Noc ase or b a
ttery TO HUMANS •L
O W CURRENT D RA
IN
994 E
1 PE. An e ssential piece
o
fe quipmen t. K
i
t N
o. 8
45 £
64.95 K
IT 8
69 £
5.99 K
IT 8
12 £
14.81

4
80 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly /
998
 4l
a_
S
IMPLE P IC P
ROGRAM MER IC Tutor
EPE P ial
I
NCRED
IBLE L
OW K
i 57 £
t 8 12.99 A
t Last
! AR eal
, Practica
l, H
ands
-On S
eries
PR
ICE
! 3
-Part Se
ries -Start
ing March '
98
P
owe
r S ly £
upp 3.99
I
NCLUDES 1-P
IC16C84 CH
IP
SOFT WARE D
ISK, L
EAD E
XTRA CH
IPS: •L
earn P
rogra m m
ing f
rom s
cratch
CONNECTOR, PROFESSIONAL P 6C84 £
IC 1 4.84 •U
ses R
e-Progra m mab
le P
IC16C84 C
hip
PC BOARD E
tINSTRUCT
IONS
•S
tar
t by l
i
ght
ing an l ed. and work u
p through
B
ased o n t
he design i
nF ebruary '
96 EPE ar
ticle
, o
ver 3
0 t
utor
ials t
o S ound Generat
ion, Data
Magenta have made a p roper PCB and ki
t for t
his D
isp
lay
, and a S
ecurity Sys
te m
p
roject
. PCB has 'r
eset
' sw itch, P
rogra m swi
tch, 5 V
•P
IC TUTOR Board h
as I
nput Sw itches
, Output
r
egulator a
nd test L
.E
.D.s . There a
re a
lso extra
connect
ion po
in ts f
or access to a
l Aa nd B p or
t pins. I
.
e.d
.s, a
nd o
n board p
rogra m mer

P
IC TUTOR BOARD K
IT
P
I C16C84 L CD DISPLAY DR
IVER I
ncludes: P
IC16C84 Chip, TOP Q ualty P
i CB pr
inted wi
th
I
NCLUDES 1
-P
IC 16C84 K
i 60 £
t 8 19 9
9 C
S
o mponen
ocket o
t L
r D
ayou
isp
lays
)
t a
. In
nd a
c
ll c
luded w i
o mponen
th t
ts* (
he Magen
*no
t Z
ta K
it i
IF
sa
W
ITH DE MO P
ROGRAM
SOFT WARE D
ISK
, PCB
, P
ower S ly £
upp 3.99 d
isk wi
th Test a
nd De monst
ration routines.
I
NSTRUCTIONS AND
FULL P
ROGRAM SOURCE K
IT 8
70 £
27.95
, Bu
ilt E
rTested £
42.95
2
4-CHARACTER 2-L
INE CODE SUPPL
IED - D
EVELOP
Op
tiona
l: P
o we
r S
upp
ly -£3
.99
, Z
IF S
ocke
t -£9
.99
L
CD D
ISPLAY YOUR OWN APPL
ICAT ION
!
L
CD D
isp
lay W
ith S
oftwa
re a
nd C
onnec
tion d
eta
ils £
7.99
Another s
uper PIC p
ro ject from Magen ta. Supp
lied
L
ED D
isp
lay I
n
clud
ing S
oftware £
6.99
w
ith PCB, indus
try s
t andard 2-L INE x 24
-charac
ter
d
isplay
, data, a
l
l componen ts, and sof
tware to i
nc
lude
i
ny our own programs . Ideal develpmen t b
ase f
or
meters
, te
rm ina
ls, c
alcula tors, coun
ters, t
imers -Jus
t P
IC TOOLK
IT
wai
ting f
or your app
lication ! •PROGRAMS P IC16C84 and 16F84
•ACCEPTS TASM AND MPASM CODE
* C
hip i
spre
-progra m med w
ith d
e mo d
isp
lay *
F
u
ll k
i
t i
ncludes PIC16C84 chip
, top q
ual
ity p
.
c.b
. pr
inted w
ith c
om-
p
onen
t l
ayout, t
u
rned p in P
IC s
ocket
, a
l components a
nd s
of
tware*
*
Needs QBASIC o r QU
ICKBAS IC
P
IC
16C84 MAINS P
OWER 4 -CHANNEL K
IT 8
71 . .£
13.99
. B
ui
lt a
nd t
es
ted £
21.99
CONTROLLER E
rLIGHT CHASER
•W ITH PROGRAM MED 1 6C84 AND D ISK W ITH
SOURCE CODE I N MPASM N ow f eatures f u
l
l IC P
SUPER P ROGRAMMER
•Z ERO VOLT SWITCHING - 4 -channe l chase r so
ftware
• R
EADS
, P
ROGRAMS
, AND V
ERIF
IES
1
0 CHASE P ATTERNS o
n DISK a nd
p
re-prog rammed •W
INDO WS
' 9 SOFT WARE
• OPTO ISOLATED
P
IC16C84 c hip . Eas
ily
• 4 X 3K
EYPAD CONTROL • P
IC16C6X
, 7
X, AND 8
X
r
e
-p rogrammed f o
ry ou
r
•S PEED CONTROL POT . own applications. • USES ANY P
C PARALLEL PORT
• HARD FIRED TR
IACS S
oftware s ou rce code is • USES STANDARD MICROCHIP • H
EX F
I
LES
• 4 CHANNELS p 5 AMPS f
u
lly 'c
ommen ted' sotha
t
i
tc
an b
efo
l
lowed e
as
ily
. • OPT
IONAL D
ISASSEMBLER SOFT WARE (
EXTRA
)
K
i
t 8
55 £
39.95 L
OTS O
F O
THER A
PPL
ICAT
IONS • P
CB, L
EAD
, A
LL CO MPONENTS
, TURNED P
IN
SOCKETS F
OR 1
8
, 2
8, AND 4
0 P
IN I
CS
.
DEVELOPMENT AND K
IT 60
1
6
8000 TRA
INING K
IT
,£
69.95 • SEND F
OR DETA
ILED
K
i
t 8
62 £
29.99
• USED W ORLD W IDE IN SCHOOLS
COLLEGES I
NFOR MAT
ION -A P
owe
r S ly £
upp 3.99
• FULL FEATURED MON ITOR, SUPERB P
RODUCT AT AN
L
INE ASSE MBLER &
UNBEATABLE LOW P
RICE
. D
ISASSEMBLER
CROSS ASSE MBLER D ISK
• NO W WITH EXPANDED SOFTWARE £
11.75
RA M & RO M

P
IC S
TEPP
ING MOTOR D
RIVER
• FULL 8MHz 6 8000 1
6-BIT DATA BU PSU £
12.99
• FULL MANUAL , DATA CO M MS (
*5V
. +12V
. 1
2V
SOFT WARE D ISK
S
ERIAL L
EAD K
IT
• 2S ERIAL PORTS Er EXPANDABLE I/O
9w
ay 8
.25
-way £
4.99 I
NCLUDES
P
: P
IC16C84 W
CB
ITH
,
K
i
t 8
63 £
18.99
DE MO P
ROGRAM ,
M
ini
-Lab & M
icro Lab SOFT WARE D
I
NSTRUCT
ISK
IONS
,
FULL SOURCE CODE SUPPL
ALSO USE FOR DR
IV
IED
ING OTHER
.

E
lec
tron
ics Teach
-In 7 AND MOTOR
Another N
.
E W Magen ta P
PO WER DEV

IC project
ICES e

. D
r
.g. SOLENO

ives a
ny 4
IDS .

-phase unipolar motor -up

A
s featured i nE PE and now t
o 24V and 1A. K
it i
ncludes a l
l co mponents a
nd 4 8 s
tep motor Chip is
p
ublished a s Teach-In 7.Al
l p
re-progra m med wi
th d e mo s of
tware, t
hen wr
ite your own, and r
e-progra m
p
arts t
he sa me c
hip! C
ircuit accepts inputs f
rom sw
itches etc a
nd d r
ives motor i
n
a
re supplied by Magen ta
. r
esponse. Also r
uns s t
anda rd d e mo s
equence fr
o m me mory.
T
each -In 7i s£3
.95 f r
om u s o
r
EPE
F
ul
l Min i Lab K
it -£ 119.95 -
P
owe r s upply ex
t ra -£22.55
F
ul
l Mic ro Lab Ki
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T
el: 0
191 2514363 F
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191 2522296 Ema
il: s
ales@esr
.co
.uk h
t
tp:/
/ w ww
.esr
.co
.uk

482 E
ver
yday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 E
dito
rial Of
fices :
E
VERYDAY E
VERYDAY P
A
LLEN H OUSE
RACT
, E
ICAL E
AST B
LECTRON
OROUGH , W
ICS E D
IMBORNE
ITORIAL

DORSET B H2 1 1 PF
P
RACT
ICA
L P
hone
F
a
o
x
ve
: W
: (
0
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1202
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.
ostw ec annotreply t
o

E
LECTRON
ICS
E
-mail
: editorial0 epemag .w
imbo rne .co .uk
Web Si
te: http://www .epemag .wimbo rne.co.uk
S
ee notes on R eade r
s' Enqui
ries b elow -w eregre
tl e
ngthy
t
echn
ical enqu iries c
annotb ea nswe red o verthete
lephone.
Advert
isemen t Ofices:
EVERYDAY P RACT ICAL E LECTRON ICS
ADVERT ISEMENTS
MILL LODGE , M ILL LANE
VOL
. 2
7 No
. 7 JULY '
98 T
P
HORPE
hone
-LE
/Fax
-SOKEN
: ( 01255
, E
) 86
SSEX C
1161
016 O ED

E
d
ito
r: M
IKE K
EN WARD
EXPENS
IVE? S
ecre
tary
: P
AM B
RO WN
I
tisi n
teresting t o no
te h ow v arious r eaders view t h
e h obby o fe l ectronics: we sometimes g et
D
epu
ty E
dito
r: DAV
ID B
ARR
INGTON
r
esponse f rom r eaders regarding t he cost oft he hobby b e
ing r a
the r high , what with th
e price of
t
e
st gea r and t ools
, plus componen ts and h a
rdwa re b y ma i
l o rder f or projects
. etc. Howeve r, i
f T
echn
ica
l E
dito
r: J
OHN B
ECKER
we s
ee a ny response f rom i ndustry , perhaps o n t
he price oft he m agaz ine , b
ooks or manua ls, i
tis On
-Line E
dito
r: A
LAN W
INSTANLEY
u
sual
ly c ommen ting on the excellen t v
alue for money w e can o f
f er
. B
usiness Manage
r: DAV
ID J
.LEAVER
I
tal
l c omes d own t oh ow y ou v i ew electronics - as ac onstructiona l h obby or for t
ra
ining a nd
S
ubsc
rip
tions
: MAR
ILYN GOLDBERG
e
ducation . Do y ou simply w ant tob e ab
le t oconstruct the equiva lent o f ac omme rcia
l produc t a
t
asi
gnifican t saving? - often n o l onger p oss
ible with t he manuf actu rers' buying p ower and mass E
dito
ria
l: W
imbo
rne (
0
1202
) 8
81749
p
roduction s av ings; or do y ou l ook u pon i tas at r
ue h obby w hich g ives t he p
leasure ofd oing, A
dver
tisemen t Manage
r:
l
earn
ing a nd d evelop
ing y ou r ski
l ls? The re is
, of course, the added f il
lip with some p ro
jects of P
ETER J. ME W
, F
r
inton (
01255
) 8
6116
1
b
eing a b
le t ob u
ild some thing w hich o u canno t buy, or of being a ble t otai
lor ad es
ign t o meet A
dver
tisement C
opy C
ontro
lle
r:
y
ouro wn i nd
iv idual requiremen ts. P
ETER SHER
IDAN, W
imborne (
01202
) 8
82299

READERS ' E NQU IRIES

I
.C. I
NSIDE We a re u nab le too f
fer a ny a dvice o n t
he u se ,
S
ome
times ,
,
se a
re a
sked t
o e
xpla
in w
hat g
oes o
n i
n
side i
.
c
.s a
nd p
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s t
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ive a
n i
n
terna
l p
u rchase , r epa i
r o r mod i
fica t
ion o f c om -
c
i
rcui
t. Basical
ly that i
snot poss
ible
; w hen you th
ink that t
he la
test Pen
tium chip c
onta
ins ove
r me rcial e qu
ipmen t o r t he i n
corpo rat
ion o r
mod ification o f d esigns p ublished i n t he
s
even mil
lion ( yes mi
llion) act
ive devices and that even a very basic op
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imer i.
e
.
magaz ine. We r egret that we c anno t prov ide
p
robably has hundreds o
fa c
tive componen ts i
ns
ide it
. itwould take near
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le magaz
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ata o r answe r q uer
ies o n art
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t
o g
ive a rea
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e circu
it, i
ncluding acircui
t diagram. Such know
ledge is t
hat a re mo re t han f ive y ea rs o ld
. L e
tte rs
r
ea
lly u nnece
ssa ry
: provided you understand w hat t
he ch
ip does a
nd w hat t
he fi
gures on th
e d ata r
equ iring a p ersona l rep ly mus t b e a ccom -
s
heet m ean
, then you can u
se itsimply as an ac
tive componen t
. Few equipment d es
ign enginee rs p
an ied b y a s tamped s elf-add ressed e n-
v
elope o r a s elf-add ressed e nvelope a nd
w
il
l h ave any know ledge o
ft h
e "componen t level" in
ternal c
i
rcu
itry ofthe i
.c
.s they use
.
i
nte rna tional r eply c oupons . D ue to the c ost
O
ur T each-
In ' t
)8s e
ries l
e
ts you in
to t h
e secrets o
fo pera
tion o
fd igi
tal i
.
c.s and how tod esign
we c anno tr eply t oo verseas q ueries byF ax.
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rcuits w h
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th the w ho
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tisu seful A
ll r easonab le p recau tions a re t a
ken t o
k
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nsu re t hat the a dvice a nd d ata g iven t o
r
eade rs i s r e
l
iab le. We c anno t, h oweve r
,
gua ran tee i t and we c anno t a ccept l egal
ON
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e spons ibil
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r i t
.
Ob
servant r
eade
rs wil
l not
ice a
nother n
ame on our l
i
st of EPE workers (r
ight
). A
lan Winstan
-
l
e
y has b
een p
roducing our Web Pages f
r
om th
e star
t ofour el
ectron
ic presence. A
lan works f
or COMPONENT SUPPL IES
We do n ot supp ly e lect
ronic componen ts or
u
s o
n afree
lance ba
sis
, but ou
r Web si
te a
nd l
i
p si
te ar
e such an impor
tant par
t ofthe o
perat
ion
.
k
its f
or b u
ilding t he projec
ts featured, these
a
nd A
lan h a
s to
tal c
ont
rol overth
em , t
ha
t we f
e
lt i
twas h
igh t
ime w e r
ecognised h
isc on
tribu
tion c
an bes upplied b ya dvert
isers (s
ee S hoptalk
).
i
ntha
t ar
ea. Regular r
eade
rs wi
ll a
lso b
e awa
re ofh
is no
t in
sign
ificant e
dito
rial c
ontr
ibutions
: he We adv
ise r eade rs toc heck th
at al par
ts are
i
s av
aluable membe r ofour t
eam and t
he o
ne who k
eeps EPE inf r
ont ofan eve
r-growing high s
t
ill a
vai
lable b efo re c ommenc ing any project
t
e
ch. Web audience
. i
n aback-dated i ssue.
We regret that we c annot provide d a
ta, or
a
nswe r q ueries, o n projects that are mo re
t
han fi
ve yea rs old.

ADVERT ISEMENTS
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ieto rs a nd s t
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ny u nde r
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f
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E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ic.
s..
luly /
998 4
83
C
ons
tru
cti
ona
lPr
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t

L
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ief ly ati ntervals ofa boutf ive second s. t
r
ans isto r TR I w ill n o
t c onduc t, s o the
p
re-set s upply v o
ltage, a ppea red u nsat
is- This min ima l u se o f the I .
e.d. c oupled v
oltage a tp in 1 2 w ill r ema in h igh. When
f
actory a s itw ould inevitably d raw mo re w
ith a CMOS c ont rol circu i
t k eep s t h
e t
h
is h app ens t he ou tpu t of' Cid w i
ll p ulse
c
urrent t h
an t h
em a
in circuit! a
ve rage c urrent c onsump tion b elow 5 01
..A l
ow e ach t ime p in 1 3 i sp ulsed h igh.
f
or mos t s upply v o
l tages, w hich i sc on- The o utpu tf r
om I C Id p in 1 g oe st opin
MICROPO WER s
iderab ly l e
ss t h
an t h
at o f mo s
t b at
tery 9
,a n i npu t to[ Cie. T he o t he ri nput t ot h
is
Though t
s o n the problem e ventually led i
ndica tors
. g
ate, p in 8 , isn orma lly h igh a s capac itor
t
o the d es
ign o f th
is c ircu i
t a nd i tw as C3 i sk ep t c harged b y r esisto r R 7, s o the
t
hen real
ised t ha
t, with m icropowe ro pera- C
IRCU
IT DESCR
IPT
ION o
utpu t a tI CIc p in 1 0 i sn orma l
ly l ow, but
t
i
on a nd a w ide s upply v oltage r ange
, it The f u
ll c ircui
t d iagram f or the Low b
eg ins p u
lsing h i gh w hen t he n ega tive-
c
ould b e used inm any o the r d es
igns . Be- B
attery I ndicator a pp ear
s i n Fig
.l. T he g
oing p ulse s s tar
t a ppea ring f rom I CI d
.
c
ause o f t h
is i ti s pr
esen ted h ere as a f
i
rs
t p a
rt, c ons
tructed a round t wo CMOS The se p os
i t
ive -go ing o u
tpu t p u
lse s d rive
c
omp letely separate project. T he u se of a NAND g ates ICla a nd I Cl b
, isa n osc
il- t
heo utpu ts tage f ort heI .
e.d . D I.
c
ompac t stripboard l a
you t a l
lows i tto be l
a
torw ith ap er
iod o fa boutf i
ve seconds. O n p owe r-up , c ha rging o f c apac itor
c
onstructed c heaply and f i
tted i n
to a n odd The o utpu t of th
is o sc
illator dr
ive s in
- C3, w ith c urrent f rom R 7, t akes ac ouple
c
orner o f space t h
at w ill e xist i n almost p
ut p in 1 3 o f ICId t h
rough a d iff
eren- o
f s econd s. D uring t his p e riod, i npu t pin
a
ny project, and itcan b e adjus ted t ow ork t
i
at
ing c i
rcu it consis
ting o f capaci
tor C 2 8o fI CIc i se ffective ly p ulled l ow s o the
w
ith mo stc ommon b at
te ry v oltages. a
nd r es
isto r R6, puls
ing i thigh for about o
u tpu tf rom p in 1 0g oes h igh t op rov ide a

HI
1
0M

F
ig
. 1
.Comp
lete c
i
rcu
itd
iag
ram f
o
rthe L
ow B
attery I
nd
ica
tor
. T
he v
alue o
fres
isto
r R3 i
sse
lec
ted b
yre
ference t
o T
able 1
.

4
84 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
s
i
ngle l
ong f
lash f
r
om D I
. This confi
rms T
he t hreshold v oltage for conduction at
t
h
a
w
o
t t
rk
he b
ing
.
at
te ry i
s i
n
it
ially presen
t a nd n
o
s
rma
o t h
l r
e o
oom t
veral
emp
l v a
e
r
r
ia
a
t
ture i
ion i
sabou
s a
t 5
bout 1
50mV
3 p
,
er C
OMPONENT
S
c
ent. Ift he u ni
t i ss e
t up atm id-tempe ra
-
CO NSTA NT t
ure this w ill m ean a m aximum e rror of R
esisto rs
BR
IGHTNESS a
bou tp lus orm inu s6 .5 percent. R1 1
0M
T
he L e
.d . 1 )
1 i s dm ,e n by a" cons tan t When a pplied t o a9 V supply, w ith a R2
. R 7 4M7 (
2off
)
R3 s
ee te
xt
c
urrent" c ircuit b u
il t w i
th t ransisto rs TR2 "
f a
ilure" v oltage s e
t to6 V the m aximum R4 1
0k
S
ee
a
nd TR3 . T he p urpose o ft his i st oe nsure e
rror w ill b e plus o r m inus 3 80mV . In R5 1
00k
a
lmo st c onstan t b r
igh tness o ve r aw ide p
ractice o peration a tthese tempe r
atu re e
x-
r
ange o f s upp ly v o
l tages a nd t o a void t he t
r
emes i s unlikely s o the errors e ncoun-
R
R
6
8
1
4
M
k7 TALK
R9 1
50i1 P
age
n
eed t oa djus tr esis
to rv alues i nt h
is p arto f t
ered w i
l l n o
rma lly b e much s mal
le r
. For
A
l 0.
6W 1 % m
eta
lf i
lm
t
he circuit t os ui
t t he v oltage t ob e u sed . It t
h
is s imp le application they should b e p
er-
a
l
so g ive s b et
te rr esults a tth e extreme l ow f
ectly accep table.
P
otent
io me
te r
e
nd o ft heo perating s upp ly r ange ,w hich i s VR1 1
00k 18
-tu
rn ce
rmet
a
round t wo v olts
. C O NSTRUCT
IO N p
rese
t. h
or
izonta
l
A disadvan tage o f t h
is t ype o f c urren t Toa vo id t he n eed t op ur cha se o rm ake a
g
ene rato r is at endency t oo sci
lla te ath igh p
.c.b. ( p r
in ted c ircuit b oard ) w heneve ro ne C
apac i
tors
f
requenc ie s. D uring " breadboa rd" t esting o
ft h ese u nits isr e
qu ired t h ec ircuit i scon- Cl. C
3 4
70n r
es
in-d
ipped c
eramic
(
2of
)
o
f this d esign o sc i
lla t
ion w as f ound t o b e s
t
ruc ted o n ap iece o f O Ai n
. m a
t r
ix s tr
ip- C2 1
00n r
es
in-d
ipped c
eramic
t
aking p lace a ta bou t 6 0MHz , but t hea dd i- b
oa rd w ith 1 s tr
ip so f2 2 h ole s. T he c om- C4 i
n r
es
in-d
ipped c
eramic
t
ion ofc apac i
to rC 4 c omp letely e l
im ina ted p
onen t l ayou t i ss hown i n F ig.2, t ogether
t
he prob lem . w
ith t he c opp e r s ide s how ing t he b reaks S
em iconduc
to rs
F
o r in
itial a d
jus tmen tt het wo t estp o
in ts r
equ ired i nt hec oppe rt rack s
. D1 2mA red l
ed.
TP1 a nd T P2 c an b e f orced h igh b y The re a r e n ineteen b reak s i n a l
l. A s TR1, T
R2.
T
R3 BC184L npn t
r
ans
isto
rs
c
onnec ting t hem d irec t
ly t o th e p o si
tive a
lways , i t
's ag ood i dea t o i nspec t t h
em
I
C
1 40
11B CMOS q uad
s
upp ly. T his s t
op s t he oscil
la torw ith p in 4 c
arefu lly w ith as t
rong m agn if y
ing g lassa s 2
-
input N
AND gate
h
igh, a nd a lso h oldsp in 1 3h igh.T he I .
e.d. m
inu te s t
rip s o fc oppe r s ome time s r emain
w
ill n ow i lum ina te c ontinuous ly w hen a
round t heir e dge s a nd c an s ub sequen t
ly M
iscellaneous
t
ransisto r TR 1 i s" off" a nd g oo ut w hen i t p
rove d iff
icu ltt ot r
ace. S
tnpboard
, O lin
. m at
rix
, si
ze 1
"conduc ts" . The re a r e f ou r
teen l i
nk w ire s
, a l
l o f s
t
r
ipsx22 h o
les; 14-p
in s
ocke
t;
which a re s hort s ot hey c an b e m ade u sing s
upp
ly hook-up w
ire
;s i
ngle-s
ided s
o
lder
p
i
ns;s o
lderetc
.
O N THE THRESHOL D b
are t inned w ire f or s imp licity. A di !
.
I
f t he s upply v o
ltage i s set t o t he s
ocke t i sr e commended f or I CI. A lthough

Z6
,50
p
ropo sed " battery f ailure" v a
lue , preset n
ot e ssen t
ia l t h
is w ill s imp lif y t est
ing i f Approx Cost
VR I c an e a s
ily b e adjusted t o t he point a
ny p rob lems a r
ise a tthis s t
age . Guidance Only
whe re the I .
e.d. D I i so n the t h
reshold o f The r esisto rs a re all p laced h orizon tal
ly
o
p eration. T he v alue o f res
is tor R 3 mus t t
og ive t he u ni
t al ow p rof ile. T he v a
lue o f
b
e c hosen t o s u
it t he s upply v o
ltage a s R3 s hou ld b e cho sen f rom T able 1f or the TEST
I NG
s
hown i nT able I . i
ntended o per at
ing v o
ltage . T he c i
r cui
t can T
est
ing i s best c arr
ied o u
t u sing a
A m ino r d i
sadvan tage o f u sing t he b
e o pe rated w ith b atte ry v oltage s f rom 3 V v
ariable v oltage bench p ower supply a nd
b
a se-em itterj unction v oltage o f at r
ansis- t
o 1 2V , w ith " failu re" v oltage s b e
tween i
deal
ly s hould b ed one ata bout the normal
t
or a s ar e
f erence i st hat itv aries w ith a
round 2 Va nd 9 Vr espec tive ly. o
pe ra
ting t empe ra
ture. T he two te
stp oints
,
t
empe ratu re a tt h
e r a
te o fa bou t 2mV p er Prese t VR 1 s hou ld b e amu lti-tur n type, TP1 a nd T P2, a r
e sho r
ted t o the pos
itive
d
eg ree C entig rade. I ft he o perating t em- t
he h orizon tal 1 8-tu rn u nit s hown w as s
upply, I .
e.d
. D I isc onnected tot h
eb oard,
p
e ratu re range i sa ssumed t ob e zero to3 5 c
ho sen m a
in ly f or i t
's l ow p rofile c om - t
hen t he s upply v oltage i s set t o the
d
eg rees , w hich i s probab ly w ider t han p
a red t o t he s qua re mu lti-tu rn t ypes. p
ropo sed " f a
ilure" v a
lue a nd preset VR 1
w
i ll b e encoun tered i n most a pplications, Connec tion p ins f or t he s upp ly, I .
e.d. and i
sa d
ju sted tot heo pera
ting p o
into fD I.
t
his w ill r e
su lt in at otal change o fa bout t
est p oin t s s implif y s e
tting u p and m aking T
o a ssist in fi
nding t h
is easi
ly i tm ay
70mV . t
hee x
ter nalc onnec tions . b
e h elp ful t o remembe r t ha
t c lockwise

5
C
omponen
tla
you
ton t
he c
omp
leted p
roto
type c
i
rcu
itb
oard
.
• 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • 0 • 0 0 • 0 0
0 0 0 0 • • 0 • • 0 • 0 •
1:
1
121
1: X1 •
XXX]
O M•
C XXX •
1:
11X1 •0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0
T
able 1
:Se
lec
tion o
f F
ai
lure V
oltage r
esis
tor • 0 0 0 • • 0 • 0 0 0 • •
LI MLIZ
I
0 • 0 0 • • •
Eri n •0 • • 0 0 •
XX XI X
2
1
N
omina
lVo
ltage F
ai
lure V
ol
tage R
3 V
alue • 0 0 • 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0
0 0 • • 0 • 0 • • • 0 0 • 0 •
XXI •
EC M
3 2 2
k2 0 • 0 • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4
.
5 3 2
k2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 • • • • 0 0 0 • • 0 0

6 4 1
5k
9 6 4
7k
1
2 9 1
00k F
ig
.2. St
ripboard c
omponent la
you t
. wi
ring and u
nders
ide
d
etai
ls o
fbreaks r
equi
red i
nthe coppertr
acks
.

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 4
85
r
ota
tion of VR1 l owe r
s th
e operat
ing point
,
moving t owards t urning DI o ff, whils
t
a
nti
-clockw ise r
otat
ion r a
ises itand moves
t
owa rds t
urning D I o n. Once the des
ired
p
oint has been found a nd se
t, th
e connec-
t
ions toth
e t e
st po
int s c
an be r
emoved a nd
afi
nal ope
ra t
ional check can be made
.

F
INAL CHECKS
The s upp ly v ol
tage s hou ld b e r aised t o
t
he n orma l o pe rat
ing v alue. When i t i
s
a
pp lied t o t h
e c ircu it D I s hou ld g i ve o ne
l
ong f l
ash o f abou t t wo s econd s a nd t hen
r
ema in " off" . Ift he s upply v o
ltage i snow
g
radua lly r e
duced , w hen t he " fa ilure"
v
alue i sr eached D I s hou ld b egin t o f l
ash
b
riefly a bou to nce e very f i
ve s econds .
The o p erating v oltage o f at ypica l r ed
I
.
e.d, i sa bou t 1-5V t o2 V. Itf ol
lows t hat it
may n ot b e p oss ible t o s e
t t he c ircu it to
o
p era te a t 2 V s o w here i t is u sed f or
mon ito ring a 3 V b attery s upp ly i t may b e
n
ece ssa ry t os et o peration t oa bou t 2 .25V .
This s hou ld p rove t o b e a ccep tab le f or
mo s
ta pplica t
ions .
The o n
ly o the r p r
ecau tion i s t h a
t t he
c
ircu it m ay g ene rate a s ma l
l a moun t of W
ith the fin
ished
l
ocal e lect r
ica l n o
ise s ince t h
e o scillator c
ircu i
tb oard b e
ing sma l
l
a
nd c ompac t
, there s hould
p
roduces a s qua re-wave o utpu t a nd h as a
be nop roblem inf i
nding r oom
g
radua lly c hang ing i nput too ne o f i t
s t wo
f
oritwi
th in the c ase of mostb at
tery
CMOS g ates. I fu se w i
th a r adio r e ceiver
d
r
iven projects.
c
ircu it i s p l
anned i t wou ld b e w ise t o
Here itisinstalled, us
ing p ieces of
c
heck f ir
st t hat t here w ill b e n o p rob lems B
lu-Tack, i
nt he l i
do flast mon th's EPE
w
i th t h
is. F or mo st o the r p rojects , e spe- M
ood C
hange
rpro
jec
t.
c
ially o nes u sing v ery l ow s upply c urrents,
t
h
is s hou ld p rove av ery u seful a ddition .

N
ew E
asy
-PC P
rofess
iona
l CAD
f
or W
indows 9
5 a
nd NT
•Produce C omplex D esigns F aste r
•R evolutionary T ime S aving F ea tures
D
rama tically Improve p roduc t
ivity
.
a
n
si .
_ •Track a nd C omponen t Edit
ing -a d ream
!
- I I •Full li
nks t oo ur Ana
logue , Digi
ta l and
E
lectromagne tic S
imu lators.
• NO p i
n, n et or l
ayer lim
its!
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to rou ters avai
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it
ive Pricing.
C
r
a
in•••••
1"
.••• t
a• •
•• I
S
JP

A
sk fo
rd e mo d
i
sc o rdownload
Nu mber One Syste ms wo
rking de mo f
ro m web s
i
te
UK
/EEC
: R
ef: EVD
, Hard
ing Way, St
.lves, Camb r
idgesh
ire
, PE17 4WR , U n
ited Kingdom
T
e
l: 0
1480 461778 Fax: 01480 494042 I
n
terna
tiona
l: +
44 1 480 461778 /494042
USA
: Re
f: EVD
, 126 Smith C
reek Drive, L
os Gatos
, CA 95030
T
e
l/Fax: (
408) 3
95-0249 h
ttp:/
/www .nu mberone.com

4
86 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
I
nov
a
tio
ns
Ar
o
undup o
N
ft
ews f
r
hel
om t
e
l
ect
h
a
te
ew
ron
s
o
ics
tE
r
ver
yday
ld o
f

L
isten
ing i
s aL
ost Cause
P
ack
ing more d
ata onto audio d
iscs i
s ades
irable object
ive — b
ut
what qua
lity w
ill we a
ccept? a
sks Barry Fox.

I
N AN hum il
iating c l
imb -down , record e
ng
ineer s P ete
r C raven a nd ( t
he VHS v ersu s B e
tamax a nd M in i D is c
i
n dus try t r
ade b odies t h
e I FPI l
a
te) M ichae
l G erzon, and owned by v
ersu s the D igital C ompac t Cas set
te, s o
(
Inte rna tional F ede rat
ion o f t he Mer
idian. t
hey w ant t he I SC t o fi
nish t he j o
b i t
Phonog raphic I ndu stry) a nd R IAA P
ioneer, Panasonic and S
am sung a
l s
t
a r
ted . T he I SC s ays t h
e e lectronic s
(
Reco rd ing I n du stry A ssocia t
ion o f h
ave ri
val PCM s y
stems
. i
ndu st
ry s hould d eve lop a D VD A udio
America ) h ave h ad t o a bandon t he p
laye r t h
at a utoma tically s e
lf
-ad justs t o
l
i
stening t est
s t hey p rom ised t o choo se AGA
IN A STANDARDS whateve r d i
s c s t
anda rd t he o wne r tr
i es
t
heb e s
tt echnolog y f or DVD -Aud io, t he t
op lay o n i t
.
n
ex t g ene ra t
ion h if
i d i
s c
. T he I n
terna - BATTLE S
ays T ony G r
iff
ith s
, w ho p ionee red
t
i
ona l S tee ring C omm ittee s e
t u p by t he "
Abandon ing c entral
ised l i
stening d
igital r e
co rding w ith D ecca, " The I SC
I
F P
I a nd R IAA 1 8 m on ths ago h ad s a
id t
e
sts d oes n o
t m ean t h
at the introduc - s
hou ldn' t abandon t es
ting , j
ust b ecau se
i
tw ould r eport t o t he w o
rld 's reco rd t
i
on o f DVD A udio will be sl
owed" s ay i
t
's d i
fficult, t hey s hou ld jus
t a l
ter t he
c
ompan ie s
, b y t he e nd o f 1 997. N ow t
he IFP I and R IAA, h oping t hat " the t
ime -scale". B ob S t
ua rt b el
ieves t he I SC
t
he I SC a dm i
t s i tc anno t " choo se a a
vai
lability o f a n umbe r o f s ound h
as o verlooked as imp le s o
lution t ot he
w
inn ing s ound f orma t". f
orma t
sn eed no
tr esul
ti nseparate DVD whole m ess. "Ify ou h ave al ossless s y
s-
DVD , t he new d igital video d i
sc, a l
- p
layersi nt hem a
rketplace". t
em , y ou d on't need t o do al i
stening
r
eady h ass urround s o und t oa ccompany T
he r ecord compan ies have u nhappy t
est
. A ll y ou h ave t o d o ische ck w hat
t
he m ovie p ictu res b ut i ti sd i
gitally e
xperience o fpast st
andardsb att
le s
, li
ke d
ata c ome so ut".
c
omp re ssed b y a" lossy" s ystem w hich
t
hrow s a way s ome d a ta o n the a s
sump - (A nI t 1
14
1 .
1.
1 0 .

t
ion t hat t h e h
uman e ar w i
ll n ot notice.
The h if
i a nd re co rd c ompan ie s wan t to
u
se t he f u
ll 4 .7GB c apac ity o f th
e d isc
f
or l os
sle ss s ur
round s ound , w ith n oth-
i
ng t hrown a way , t o g i
ve m uch h ighe r
s
o und q uality th an aCD .

HO W TO J
UDGE
?
T
he I SC u nde restima ted t hed iff
icu lty
o
ff i
nding at estm ethod t hats at
i sf
iest he
h
if
i i n
du stry, w hich h as n ever b e en a ble
t
oa gree o n t he b estw ay t oj udg es ound
q
uali
ty. T he C omm ittee d i d no t fore see
t
he h eavy p ol
itica l a nd c omme rcial
a
genda s w hich c r
ea te d i
sag reemen t o n 4
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ompan ie s a nd b e
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t l aws s top b us
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s c ompe t
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i
timommis m
a
rmusynnowswwwwwwom
c
o
llabo ra t
ing . T he n umbe r o f s y
stem s
o
n o ffe
r i ss t
i
ll g row ing , w ith d i
sag ree-
mentsh arden ing .
U
n t
il r ecen tly P hi
lip s a nd S ony h ad
b
een c oy a bou t p l
an s f or t heir D SD ,
D
irect S tream D igital, s y
stem w hich
c
ode
s
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wo
s s
le b
rds u
ound a
i
t
s
s
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ed b
ns
s av
tead o
e

y CD a
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f t
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e l
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f

r
E
ASY
-PC F
OR W
INDOWS 9
5
p
ropo salsf or D VD A ud io. E
asy-PC f o
r W indows i st he four
th g enerat
ion S chema tic C ap
ture a nd P CB
Now t hey a re p romo t
ing D SD a st he CAD produc t f r
om N umbe r O ne Systems. M any readers, a nd contr
ibutors to
"
digital R o setta S tone" a nd t e
lling c on- EPE
. use E asy -PC i nit
sv ar
ious f o
rms a nd wi
ll undoubtedly b e p
leased tok now
s
ume rs t hey " need t om ig rate f r
om t he a
bout t
his la
tes t product
.
Comp act D isc" . B ob S tuart, f ounde r of T
he o r
iginal E asy-PC w as in
troduced t en years ago. winning aB r
it
ish Design
h
if
i i n
du stry g r oup t he A cou stic R ena is- Awa
rd i n1 989 . The n ew p roduct isc ompletely new a nd h as been w r
it
ten t o
s
ance forA udio ,a nd Manag ing D irec tor t
ake a
dvan tage o fthe f
aci
l
ities of
fered b y th
e W indows 3 2-b
it operat
ing system.
o
fB r
i t
ish h if
ic ompany Me ridian A ud io, T
here are n o limi
ts toa ny oft he major pa
rame ters
: no lim
its top i
n counts, ne
t
h
as p ubli shed a p ape r w hich a ttack s c
ounts
, l ayers, t r
ack widths o r pad d imensions. " I
f you r un out of capaci
ty
D
SD t e
chno logy a s" unaccep tab le". a
nywhere ", says A dr
ian E spin, MD a tN umbe r One Systems . "s
imp ly add m o
re
D
olby L abo rato ries a l
ready p rovide s memory"!
t
he l os
sy c omp ression s ys
tem , D olby F
or m ore informa t
ion contact N umbe r One S ystems L t
d., Dept E PE
, H a
rding
D
igital A C-3, u sed f o
r DVD m ovie Way
. StI ves, C ambs P E17 4WR . Tel
: 01480 4 61778. Fax: 0 1480 494042.
d
i
s cs
. N ow D olby i sl icensing al ossless Web: htp://www .numbe rone.com .
PCM s ystem i nven ted b y B ritish

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 4
87
 Y2K AND M
ICROSOFT
By Barry F
ox
Window
s
M
t
h
a
ICROSOFT a
e d
nd w
a
i
te c
ll n
hang
eve rt
dm
e f
es
r
to
its t
om 1
the
h

r
a
t s
999 t
s.
oftwa
o 2
re r
000
e
lea
. T
sed o
he c
nly f
ompany i
o ur y
ss
ea
t
il
rs a
l t e
go c
st
anno
ing s
t c
ome p
ope w
roduc
ith
ts 9
8
Mic ro soft h as split i t
s p roduc ts into f i
ve c atego rie s
; f ully Y ear 2 000 c omp liant, BRO WS ING t h e N et r ecen t
ly f or i n
fo r-
c
omp lian t w ith m ino r p rob lem s
, n ot c omp lian t, s t
ill u nde r t est, and t oo o ld to mation a bou t t he f orthcom ing W indow s
w
a rran t t e
sting. D e tails a re p o
sted i n a" re sou rce c en tre" o n t he Interne t at 9
8 o pe ra t
ing s ystem r evea led a n ew s
www .m ic roso ft.com /year2000 . i
t
em f rom M ic ro so ft
, o f w hich t he f o
l-
O
lde rv ersions o fW indows 3 .1 and 9 5 a re n otf u
lly c omp lian t. S ome d a
tes w i
ll l
owing i sap rec is:
h
ave t o b e e n
te red manua lly, a nd b y k eyboa rd n ot mouse . M icrosoft i ssti
ll O n 7J anua ry ' 98 , M ic ro soft b egan a
"
i
nves tiga t
ing " a nd d oes n o
t y et have af u
ll s eto fs oftwa re f i
xes w h
ich u se rs can l
imited C on sume r B eta P review P ro-
d
own load f r
om t he I nterne t. g
ram , w i th t he g oal o f l et
ting h ome
Seven p ages o fd aun t
ing j a
rgon r eveal t hat V ersion 2 o fA ccess, M icroso f
t
's u
ser s o ft h e W indow s 9 5 o perating s y
s-
d
atabase s o
ftwa re r eleased i nA pr
il 1 994, w ill mis inte rp re t 0 0 a s 1900. V ers
ion t
em g e
t a n e arly e xpe rience w ith W in-
4
.3o ft he O f
ice P ro fess iona l sui
te o fp rog rams w i
ll a lso g ive p roblems b ecause d
ow s 9 8 B eta 3 b e for e g ene ral p roduc t
i
tc ontains A ccess . a
vailab ili ty.
Version 5 o ft he p opula r DOS w ordp rocesso r, Wo rd, g ives t he mos t s er
ious "We d eveloped t his p rog ram b ased
p
rob lems . D ocumen ts d ated 2 000 o r later may b e c orrup ted w hen s aved . The o
n f eedback f rom u sers o f W indow s 9 5
PC t hen f reezes a nd r efuses t ow ork u n
ti
l s hut d own a nd r e-started. M ic rosoft who w an ted a c hance t o p review t he
h
as n ot y et b een a ble t op roduce a f i
x a nd s ugges ts t hat u se rs try upda ting t o n
ex t v e rsion o f W indow s b efo re
Version 5 .5o r6 . r
e
lea se" , s a
id J ona than R obe rts, D i
-
A
lready t here i ss ome thing n ew f o
r c ompu te r u sers t o w orry a bou t. T he r
ecto r o f W indow s m arketing a t
r
ecen tly a nnounced E uro c urrency s i
gn i s as t
range E w ith t wo l i
nes a dded . The Mic ro so ft.
European U nion s ays t he E w as i nspi
red b y t he G reek l etter E psi
lon , a nd is W indow s 9 8 h as i mp rovemen ts i n
a
lso t he f i
rst letter o f E urope . T he lines r epresen t t he h oped -
fo r stabi
lity o ft he k
ey a rea s o f o ve rall p roduc t q ual ity
,
c
urrency . I
nte rne t f unc t
iona lit y
, e ntertainmen t
"
The s ign i sv e ry c onven ien t and w i
ll s oon b e o n e ve ry n ew c ompu te r or f
eatu re s, a nd s uppo rt f or t he l a
te s
t
t
ypew rite r k eyboa rd" a ssu res t he E U. Maybe . B ut i ti s n ot o n a ny e xist
ing h
ardwa re. W i th W indow s 9 8, u sers c an
k
eyboa rd o ri ncluded i na ny e xist
ing c ompu te rc ha rac ters et. s
peed u p t heir s y
s tem , s op rog ram s l oad
M
icroso ft p l
edges t hat w hen W indows 9 8 g oes o n s a
le, i twil
l " suppo rt the f
aste r a nd h ard -d rive s torag e i s u sed
Euro c urrency s ymbo l". W in 9 5 can b e u pg raded b ut M icroso ft isd o
ing n oth
ing mo re e f f
icien t
ly t o g a
in u p t o 3 0 p e
r
a
bou tW indows 3o r DOS . c
en t mo r e free h a rd-d r
ive s pace w ithou t
M
icroso ft r e
cen tly s en t o ut af our p age p ress r elease o n t he E uro s ign. B ut c
omp re ssing t hed rive .
t
here w as n o s i
gn o fa ny E uro s i
gns. M icroso ft d en ies t hat t h
is i sb ecause t he A
lso f eatured a re n ew d esktop
c
ompany c anno ty e tp rintt hem . n
av iga tion o p tion s, i nc
lud ing s ingle-
c
l
ick p rog ram l aunch , f orwa rd a nd b ack
b
u tton s, a nd a n e asie r-
to -cu stom ize

7
00 MHz P
ENT
IU M
S
tar t Menu . T he s ystem i si ntended t o
make y ou r c ompu ter mo re e nte rtain ing
w
ith b ette r 3 -D s uppo r
t f or e xcit
ing ,
AT t he r ecen t CeB IT T rad e F air, I ntel t
he s equen t
ial n a
ture o f c onven tional i
mme rsive g am ing , a s w ell a s s uppo rt
d
emon s
tra ted a P en t
ium I p roce sso r p
roce sso r architectures b y a low ing t he f
or DVD d rive s t hat p rov ide b ette r
r
unning a t 7 02 MHz , w h
ich i s mo re s
oftwa re t o c ommun ica te e xplicit
ly t o s
ound a nd v ideo , a nd c an h o
ld 1 5 t ime s
t
han t w
ice a sfast asi t
s c urren t p roduc - t
he p roce sso r w hen o pe ration s can b e mo re i n
fo rma tion t han aCD -RO M .
t
i
on p roces sor, which r un sa t3 33 MHz . d
one i np arallel. Inc
rea sed p erfo rmance Unive r sal S e rial B us ( USB ) i sb road ly
I
ntel's s poke sman M ichae l S ullivan i
sr e
alised b y reducing t he n umbe r of s
uppo rt ed i n W indow s 9 8. W ith U SB
s
a
id t hat " This i s st
ill at echno log y b
ranche s a nd b ranch m is-p red icts
, a nd y
ou c an c onne ct j oystick s, v ideo -
d
emon st
ra tion, but t h
a t isw here w e a re r
educ ing t he e ffec
ts o f m emo r y
-to- c
on f erenc ing c ame ra s
, s canne r s, a nd
g
oing" . mo re t o y ou r P C e a s
ily a nd w ithou t
p
roce sso r l a
tency ( t
he t ime t aken t o
r
eboo ting .
The c ompany a l
so d emon strated r
etrieve d ata from m emo ry)
.
The f ull p roduc tion v ersion o f W in -
t
echno logy t hatwillb e u sed i ni t
sf utu re The f uture 6 4
-bit I ntel A rchitecture
dow s 9 8 , w ill a low u sers o f W indow s
Me r
ced p rocessor. M ichae l S ullivan (
IA-64 ) a pplies E P
IC t echno logy t o 3
.1 a nd ' 95 t o u pg rade t heir s ystem .
would n ot s ay h ow f a
st Me rced c h
ip s d
eliver e xplicit p arallelism , m a s
sive Your l oca l M ic ro soft a gen t s hou ld b e
would r un, b ut p ointed o ut t hat t hey r
esou rce s a nd i nherent s calab il
ity n ot a
ble t o t e
l
l y ou mo re. T he re i sa l
so
w
ill b e b a sed o n a mo re a dvanc ed a
vailable w
ith c
onven tiona l R
ISC aM ic ro so ft w eb p ag e w ith q ue st
ion s
p
roce ss t han t he P en tium I . " Past (
Reduced I nstruct
ion S et C ompu ting) a
nd a nswe rs a bou t t h e p rog ram a nd i t
s
h
istory i sthat an ew p roce ss e ven tua lly a
rch i
tec tures. e
xpan s
ion a t:
g
etsy ou mo re speed" , hes aid. For mo re i nforma t
ion , b row se Intel
's h
ttp ://www .m ic ro so ft.com /w indow s98 /
Curren t t r
end s h ave b een f or a web s i
tea th ttp://www .in te
l.com . i
nfo /p rev iew .h tm .
d
oub ling o f compu ter s peed s e very 1 8
mon th s
.
B
row sing I ntel
's w eb s i
te r e vealed a
r
epo rt w hich s tated t hat t he Me rced AF
ew D
ates f
or Y
our D
iary
c
hip i st he fi
rstm icrop roce sso rb ased o n 2
5-26 S ept '98
: 2 7th L eicester Ama teu r R ad io S how , D on ington I nte
rnational
I
A-64 t echno logy a nd i ss chedu led f or E
xhibi
tion C entre
, D on ington P ark, C ast
le D oning ton L eics
. F o
r s tand and table
p
roduc t
ion i n1 999. b
ookings c ontac
t J ohn T heodo rson, G 4 MTP , t e
l/fax 0 1664 7 90966 , E -mail
The r epo r
t s a
id t hat l a
st O ctobe r
, G4 MTP(a)mai
l.com . O ther e nquirie s t
oG eo ff D over, G 4AF J, te
l 0 1455 8 23344, fax
I
ntel a nd H ewlett P acka rd r evea led t he 0
1455 8 28273. A
lso: h ttp://membe rs
.aol.com /
jtheo tIc/LARS .
f
i
rst d etails o f t h
eir j o
in tly d efined 1
4 Nov ' 98: AMS '98 C ompu te ra nd E lectron ics S how . Bingley H al
l, Staf
fordshire
E
xp l
ic it
ly P aral
lel I ns
t ruction C ompu t- S
howg round, Weston R oad, Stafford. Mo re d etails f r
om S ha rwood P romo t
ions, te
l:
0
1473 7 41533, f
ax: 0 1473 7 41361 , E-ma i
l: services@ sha rwood .co.uk .
i
ng ( EP IC) t e
chno logy, t he f ounda tion
Don't f
orget t
hat the re isn ow af ast route tof i
nding o ut abou t compu ter f
a
irs via
f
or t he n ew 6 4-bit I ns
t ruction S et
t
he Net: http
://www .compu terfairs.co.uk a nd h ttp://www .netxt ra
.co.uk. T hose w e
A
r chitectu re (ISA)
.
p
ubl
icise inE PE have b een a dvi
sed t ou sd irectly b y t he
ir organ isers
. I fyou want to
EPIC t echnolog y b reak s t hrough p
ubl
icise an e
vent
, let usk now —c an '
t prom ise t oi nclude i t
,b utw e
'll tr
y.

4
88 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 T
M

Q
UICKROUTE

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T
he t empe rature o f —4 0°C h asb een c hos en The package has am eta
llised back
. T his
N E oft he ma jo r p roblems f acing i .
c.
b
ecause i ti sthep rac t
ica l lowe rl imitf o
rt h
i s d
i
stributes th
e hea t fr
om t he chip, gi
ving
designe rs i st hat o f heat d issipa t
ion .
t
ype o fr e
f r
ige ration . I flowe r t emp e
ratu re s a
n i mproved heat d i
ssipat
ion f i
gure o ver
T ei nc reasing c omp lexity o f i.c
.s m eans
wer e u sed t hen f urthe r i n
crea ses i n speed many e xis
ting p ackages. I f fu
rther i m-
t
hat t her e a re g rea te r a moun ts o f h eat
wou ld b e p o s
sib le, b ut ad iff erent c oo l
ing p
rovemen tsi nheatd i
ssipat
ion arer equired
g
ene ra
t ed w i thin t hem .
t
echno logy wou ld h ave t o b e u sed. F or t
hen a fu
ll m e
tal inser
t can be placed into
T
he p rob lem h a s b een w ith d es igne rs
e
xamp le, d ec rea sing t he t emp eratu re t o t
he package mou lding o n
to w hich the die
s
i
nce t he v ery e arliest d ays o f i .
c.s.
O
rigina lly i tw as t hough t that t he l imit for a
r ound — 1 00°C w ould e nab le t he s peed t o i
splaced.
t
he n umbe r o f c omponen ts o n ac hip b
ed oub led.
would b e r eached v ery q u
ick ly. F or- T
he t e
chno logy , wh
ich h
as b
een S
u
rface Moun
tPowe
r
p
aten ted, u ses s tanda rd r e
f rige rato r p arts.
t
u
b
r
nate
ick w
ly CMOS t
allt h atw
e
as b
chno
e
logy e
ing a pp
nab led t
roached t ob
he
e The c omp resso r u se s a n e nvironmen ta l
ly T
r
ansis
tors
s
urmoun ted. N ow i .
c.s, inp art
icu la r s ome f
r
iend ly r efr
ige ran t g as a nd t he r efr
ige ran t I
ti sn ot o nly i n t he f i
eld o f i .
c.s t hat
o
f t oday 's p roces so rs
, h ave e no rmous unit i sd esigned t os i
t u ndert he P C ca se. A n
ew m ethod s o f h eat d issipa tion n eed
n
umbe r so ft ransis to rs. coole r u n
it i sp l ugged i n
to t he p roce s sor t
o b e i nve st
iga ted . W ith t h e i n
c rea sing
Howeve r, n ew i dea s w ill s ho r
tly b e s
o cke t o n t he mo the rboa rd, a nd t hen t he t
r
end t owa rd s s urf ace moun t t e
chno logy ,
r
equ ired t o e nab le t he l evels o f h eat p
roces so r s i
t s i nt h
is. Ac oo le r bl ock w ith n
ew d ifficu l
tie s a re b eing e ncoun te red
c
u rrently b eing g ene rated t o b e e a
sily t
h e s ame g as c i
r culating i sp l aced o ve r the a
nd o ve rcome , e nab ling t h ese s mall c om -
d
is s
ipa ted i fd eve lopmen t o f i.
c.s i sn o
t t o proces sor t o e n su re t he t emp er atur e i s p
onen t s t o dissipa te much l arge r a moun ts
s
top. T he p rob lem i sh ighligh ted b y t h
e m ain tained o vert hew hole o ft hep roce sso r
. o
fh ea t
.
f
ac t th a
t t he c ur ren t P en tium p roces so r
, Some o f t he h eat e xtrac ted f r
om t he I
n v iew o f t he r educed s ize o f s ur fa ce
w h
ich c onta in s a round 7 .2 m il
lion t r
ansis- proces sor i tse
lf i sr etu rned t ot he P C c as e
. moun t c omponen ts n ew d eve lopmen t i s
t
or s
, n eed s i t
so wn f a n tor emove t h e heat
. T his i sd one t o e nsu re that c onden sation r
equ ir ed t o e nab le s ome o f t he m ed ium
This i sf i
ne f or p resen t t echno log ies b ut
, d
oe sn otf orm i nt hec ase a nd c au se f a
ilu res p
owe rt r
an sis
to rs,o rt heire qu iva len ts, t ob e
with e ve r l arger, f aste r and mo re c omp li
- d
ue t o mo isture f o rma t
ion . t
ran sfe rred t ot h
i s t echno logy . I np asty ea r s
,
c
ated i .
c.s b eing d ev ised, n ew t e
chn ique s The c u rrent t echno logy i s w ell p roven t
he 10220 p ackage h a s b e en v ery p opu la r
a
nd i sb e
ing u sed i n av ar
ie ty o f p roduc ts
. f
or t ran sistors a nd o t he r d evice s i nclud -
will sho rt
ly b e re qu ired .
The r a
te o fd eve lopmen t i nt his a rea o f H oweve r, d evelopmen t iso ngo ing a nd i na i
n g t he f amou s 7 8xx s erie s o f v oltage
techno logy i sv ery f as
t. A l aw h as e ven r
ecen t a nnouncemen t al ink w ith a no the r r
e gula to rs. Wh ilst t he
s e a re s till a va ilab le
been d evised . K nown a s Moo re's L aw, i t c
ompany , M MR T echno log ies, h as b een f
or t he h ome e xpe rimen ter o r c on struc tion
i
s n amed a f
ter D r Go rdon Moo re, t he m ade . T he ir e xpe r
tis e i sw i th l owe r t em- e
n thu sia st, s urface moun t e quiva len ts a re
f
ounde ro fI ntel. I ts t
ates t ha
t s em iconduc - p
e ratu re r e
f r
ige r a
tion ( down t o —1 23 °C ) r
e qu ired f orm a ssp roduc tion .
t
or tran sisto r d ens ity , and h ence p erfor- and t h
is w il
le nab le f urtheri mp rovemen t si n One o f the f irst t ran sisto r p ackage s t o
mance, d oub les a pp rox ima tely e ve ry 1 8 perfo rmance t ob eo btained. add res s t his m arke t w as t he Mo to rola
month s. A long w ith t h
is, t here i sa n in- D2PAK w h
ich w as i nt
roduced i n t he
c
rease i nt he a moun to fh ea tg ene rated . H e N
ew I
.
C
. P
ackage early 1 990 s
. T his p rov ided a r e pla ce -
made t h
is p redic tion i n the 1 970 s a nd s o Many f orms o f i .
e. p ackage a re n ow men t f or many d ev ice s c on tained i n t he
f
arh e h asb een p roved t ob ec or rect. r
each ing t h
ei r lim its. T he r equ iremen ts for 10220 p ackage b u t o nly a llowed d issipa -
t
he i ncrea sed n umb ero fc onnec tions c om - t
i
on l eve ls u pt oa bou t2 -5 w atts.
P
CFr
eeze
r b
ined w ith i mproved h eat d issipa tion a re Dis s
ipa tion l evels a re b eing p u shed u p-
There a re an umbe r ofa dvan tages t ob e f
orcing d es
igne rs t o l ook f or new i deas. ward s a s a re t he d ie s ize s w hich r e qui re
g
ained i nk eep ing i .
c.s c ool
. N oto nly d oes Mo s
t a pplica tion s d o n ot r equ i
re t he s
ame moun ting i n t he p ackage s. A s ar esu lt o f
t
heir r e
liabil
ity i mp rove , b ut i t i s a lso amoun t o f h eat t o b e d issipa ted a s in the t
hese r equi remen ts Mo to ro la d eve loped a
f
ound t hat CMOS d evices r un f aste r at c
ase o f ap roce sso r
, b ut e ven s o i mprove - n
ew p ackage . K nown a s t h eir D3P AK , i t
l
owe r tempe ratu res. T he re is a3 0p erc ent ment so vere xist
ing p ackage sa rer equired. h
ad an umb ero fa dvan tage s o ve rp rev iou s
i
mp rovemen t i ns peed g ained b y reduc ing A n ew p ackage c alled a p olyme r s tud o
ff ering s
. I t w a s at r
ue s u
r face moun t
t
he t emp eratu re o f ad evice f rom a bout g
rid a rray ( p
.s.g.a .) h as b een p roduced . p
ackage a nd e nab led e as iers olde ring u sing
1
00 °C d own t o0 °C. I ft he t empe ratu re i s Look ing l ike a c ross b etween a c onven - i
nfra -red r ef
low a nd o the rp ro ce sse s.
r
educed s t
ill f urther, much g reater g ains t
ional p i ng rid a rray a nd ab a
l l gr
id a r
ray i t T
he p ackage w as t arge ted a t h ou sing
c
an b e m ade. T he r eason a rises f rom t he c
ons ists o f ap l ast
ic i n
jection mou lded powe r MOSFET s b u t w as e qua lly w e
ll
i
nc reased c arrie r mob ili
ty a nd o thers econd b
ody w ith ac avity f or moun ting t he chip. s
uited f or ah ost o f o the r d ev ice s i n clud -
o
rde re ffects. The p ins w hich m ake c on tact w ith t he i
n g b ipo la r p owe r t r
an s isto rs, I GBT s a nd
To a chieve t his
, a c ompany c alled p
.c.b. a re a r
ranged a round t he c avity a nd r
e ct
ifie r s
.
KryoTech h ave d emons trated a s ystem a
re made o f ap olyme r/me tal c ombina - Unlike m any o the r p ackage s
, i t c an
whe re t he p rocesso r i sc ooled t o at em- t
ion. T he p ins a re r e
fe rred t o a s s tuds hand le h igh v oltages , u p t o 1k V, a nd i s
p
e ratur e o f a round —4 0
°C u sing v apou r a
nd c ons ist o f ap lastic b ase w ith a m et
- able t o dis s
ipa te p owe r s u p t o f our w atts
p
ha se r ef
rigera tion. T h
is p roces s i sa bout a
l
l ic c oa t
ing . T hey m ea sur e 4 00pm i n w hen moun ted o n a n o rdina ry f ibreg la ss
50t imes a se ffective a sf orced a ira nd i tis d
iame te r; t hey a re 5 00p,m l ong; a nd t hey boa rd. B y u sing o ther t echn ique s, i nclud -
v
e ry c onven ien t b ecause i tu ses a w el
l a
reo n al mm p itch . i
n g t he u se o f i n
te rme tallic s ub st rate
p
roven t e
chno logy . The a dvan tage o ft his type o fs tud ist ha
t m ateria ls, t he p owe r d i
s sipa tion c an b e
The t empe rature r eduction t o —4 0°C i
tc auses l e
s s th erma l m isma tch b etween increa sed f ou r-fold . H oweve r
, f or n o rma l
g
i ves as peed i ncrease o fa bou t at h
ird f ora t
h e p ackage a nd t he b oard. T his c reates use t he p owe rd issipa tion c an b e i nc rea sed
p
roce ssora nd c an b ee asily gua ranteed .A ta l
es s s t
res s b etween t h
e p ackage a nd t h
e by i ncrea sing t he p .
c.b . c oppe r t h
ickne ss
r
ecen te xhibi
tion t hec ompany d emon strated board t hat m ay l e
ad t o ar educ tion i n and /o r t he a rea o f c oppe r t hrough w hich
a3 00MHz p roces sor r unning a t4 00MHz . r
eliab i
li ty. hea tc an b ed issipa ted .

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lEl
ectron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 4
91
 C
ons
tru
cti
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lPr
ojec
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G
REENHOUSE
C
OMPUTER
C
O
LINM
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IK
LE 1
- 1
11
ILL
Part I--

Pa mper your plants l

and yourself
) Spec
ificat
ion —
•Two s
epa
rate c
hanne
ls f
o
r
with micnocontrol
lec
/ heating and m
oni
tor
ing t
empe
ratu
re

watering, i
ncludes Radio Link
. •C
u
t
rren
empe
t, m
ra
in
tu
imum a
re d
isp
lay
nd m
aximum

T
i
l, g
reenhouse compu ter was s
e
tting f or you r h eater, say 1 5°C a nd a •2
-
leve
lth e
rmostat
ic hea
terc
ont
rol
d
esigned t o c on
trol a nd mon i
to r a h
ighe r " boost" l eve l
,s ay 2 0
°C . •S
oi
lm o
isture mon
ito
ring
s
mal
l g reenhouse , conservatory or simila r
. Under n orma l c ircum s
tance s, the h eat- •A
utoma
tic p
l
antw
ate
ring
T
he controlle r
's m a
in function i stoa t
tend i
ng w ill b e m a
in tained a t am inimum o f •Mon
ito
ring o
fwate
rreservo
irle
vel
t
o t
he h eat
ing a nd w a
tering r equ
iremen ts 1
5°C . H oweve r, ify ou tempo r a
rily w ant to •2
-
l
ine 20-cha
rac
terli
qu
id cr
ysta
l
o
fthep lants. b
oo s
t t he t emp eratu re t o th
e h igher l evel d
i
splay
A
n a dditiona l fe
ature of this controller (
20°C ), y ou s imp ly p ress the B oost O n •O
pt
ional Rad
io L
i
nk t
oremo
te
i
sth
at i thas the opt
ion o f ara d
io li
nk t oa b
utton o nt he frontp anel. d
i
splay u
n
it
r
emote d i
splay u nit
, so you c an view a nd T
his f ea
ture s ave s t h
e trouble o fh aving
l
og th
e s t
atus o f th
e g r
eenhouse f r
om t he t
o alter t he temp e rature s e
tting b etween
c
omforto fy ourh ome. t
wo c ommon v alue s. T his can b e useful if T
he p ower supp
ly b ox a
l
so contains the
y
ou w ant tob oo st t he soi
l temp era
ture f or b
at
tery back
-up p ack
, so t
he c
ontroller i
s
FEATURES s
eed g erm inat
ion ,o rt he lowert empe ratu re u
naff
ected h
y tempo r
arypowerloss
.
At y p
ica l s e
tup f ort h em ain c omponen ts c
ould b e af rost p r evention l evel. T he
S
etup s ection e xpla in s how t o implemen t SOIL M OISTURE
o
f t he s ys tem i ss hown i n F ig .! . H ere a
h
ea ting c ab le i su sed t oh ea t ab ed o fs and , t
h
is. A ND W ATERI NG
which i n t u
rn h ea ts s eed t r
ays , p ots, e tc. A separate p owe r s upply u nit contains So
il mo isture mon
i tor
ing plusau
tomatic
The t empe ratu re o f t he s and i s mon i to red a
l
l t he m a
ins v oltage s a nd t he s w
itch - p
lan
t w ate r
ing i svery usefu
l ifyou have
a
nd c on tro l led b yt hem icrocon tro ller. i
ng relays. T h
is k eep s the potential
ly d an - t
h
irs
ty plan tss uch a
st omatoes
.
The w a te ring f e atu re i si ntended f or u se g
erous v o
ltages a way f rom t he con trol Two p rob es pl
aced in the so
il mon
itor
w
ith p l an ts t hat r e qu ire f requen t w a
ter ing , b
ox, w hich c on ta
in s t h
e u ser i n
terface s. i
t
s mo is
tu re a nd a numbe r be
tween zero
s
uch a s t oma to p l
an t s. T his f unc tion i s
s
epa r ate f rom t he h ea t
ing . Wa tering i s
WOODEN S
TAKES
PUMP
c
on trol led b y m easu ring t h
e s oi
l mo is - 1
0 WA
IL" P
RORF I
NPUTS
B•IOmm l
aT,XPE CABLE
I
COrf
t
ure, t h erefo r e e nsur ing a ccura te w a
te ring . HOLES coppe
r
, C
AP AC
ITOR
TO NEXT WA
TER
ING AREA P
IPE
(Mo st c omme rcia l s ys tems u se a t ime r — P
VC TUB
ING

which i sa n i naccura te t e
chn ique .) BOIL
A
LTERNAT
COMMERC
IVELY USE
IAL SPRAY SEED
TE WERATURE
The re a r
e t wo s epa ra te t empe rature T
FERM ISTOR
SYSTEMS
7 1 ME TAL
TRAYS

s
en so rs, o ne f or mon itoring a ir t empe ra - PROBES

t
ure a nd o ne f or mon itor ing s oil t empe ra -
t
ure. B oth t empe ratu re s, a long w i
th t h e
a
ssoc ia ted m in imum a nd m ax imum v alues ,
a
red isp layed o nt heI .
c.d . s epa ra tely .
The a i
r t empe ra tur e i sf or i nforma tion HEAT
ING CABLE D
AIAP S
AND
TO SO
IL PROBE I
NPUTS

p
urpo se s o nly . T he s oi l t emp e rature c on -
t
ro
l s ar elay w hich c an s witch a s oil h eat -
META
L RODS
i
ng c ab le o n o ro f f
, t om ain tain ac ons tan t WA
TER T
ANK
s
oi
l t emp e ra tu re.T he t empe ratu re a tw hich
t
he h ea te r i ss witched o n a nd o ff i su ser - CONTROL BOX

d
efinab le, v i
a as e
tup m enu .
Rathe r t h
an c on trolling a s oil h ea ting L
.C
.O.

c
able, y ou m ay w ish t oc on trol a n e lec tric MA NS I
N

•
I
h
eate r t oh ea t t he w ho le g r eenhouse . H ere
UP
/BOOST ON DOWN/BOOST S
ELECT
/SETUP
y
ou c ou ld u se o ne t empe ratur e c hanne l
(
I
) PUMP ON
OFF

(
previou sly t h e s o
il c hanne l) t oc ontro l t he 0 H
EATER ON
g
reenhou se t empe ratu re . T he o the r c han -
n
el w ou ld b e s pa re; y ou c ould u se i tt o
monito rt heo utside t empe ra tu re.
T
he c on tro ller h as a n o ptiona l 2 -leve l
h
eating s etting ( No rma l a nd B oos t
). F o r
e
xamp le , y ou c ou ld h ave a " norma l" F
ig
. I
.Typ
ica
lGreenhouse mon
ito
ring s
ys
tem s
etup f
o
rth
econ
tro
lle
r.

4
92 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lEl
ect
ron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
a
nd 100 i sd i
splayed o n the I .
c
.d. t o give T
he u p
loaded i n
formation isstored ina HO W I
T W ORKS
a
n indicat
ion o f t he d rynes s. T he h ighe r f
i
le a
long w i
th d a
te a nd t
ime data
. T he fi
le A b lock d iagram o f how t he c ir cuit
t
he numbe r, the drier t he s o
il
. T he actua l c
an be loaded i nto a spreadsheet
, w here works i s shown i n F ig
.2 a nd t he m a
in
v
alue di
splayed w ill vary d epend ing o n t he t
he i
nformation can b egraphed. G
reenhou se C ompu ter circuit ( exclud ing
c
ondit
ion s, e.g
. s o
il type a nd distance b e- T
he receiver's s ma
ll s
ize a
llows f o
ri tto t
hep owe rs upp ly)i sshown i nF ig.5.
t
ween t he probes. O nce s e
t u p, y ou w ill b
e portab
le, s o i tdoes not have to h ave A
n A tme l AT89C205 1 m ic rocon troller
s
oon b e a b
le t o r e
la te t he n umbe r d is- afi
xed l ocat
ion . I tcan even b e b a
ttery (
ICI) i s at t h
e h ea r
t o f the sy s
tem . T his
p
layed to amo isture le ve
l. p
owered ifr e
qu ired
. d
evic e i s am emb er of the 8051 f amily o f
When t he so
ild ries o utt o ap reset level, p
roce ssors( discus sed inE PE Jun e '98i ssue).
t
he control
ler t urns o n ar e
lay, w hich i n SPA RE CHA N NELS I
th as 2 K bytes o f E EPROM , 1 28 b yte s of
t
urn can d r
ive a p ump o r v a
lve t o w ater The sy
stem has b een de s
igned w i
th f l
ex- RAM a nd a s e r
ial p ort
. F i
tting a l t he
t
he plants
. T he l ength o f time t he re
lay , i
b
ili
ty i nmind
. T her e ar
et h
ree inputc han- f
unction s o f the G reenhou se C ompu ter i n
to
a
nd h ence t he p ump , i s on f or i s vari- n
els t o t
he analogue -to-digital conve r
ter 2K o f ROM w a
s at i
ght squeez e h oweve r
,
a
ble, set v i
a t he s etup p rocedure . T his (
ADC )
. Two a r
e s pare a nd c ou
ld be u sed a
nd af ew c omp rom is eshad tob em ade.
a
lows t he a moun t of w ater d e
live red i n f
or other temperatu re sen sors or al i
ght I
CI's c l
ock r ate i sse
tb y a1 2 MHz c rys-
a
ny o ne w ater
ing t o b e c ontrol
led . Once s
enso r
. The t
h
ird c hanne l could be used to t
a
l, X I , i nc onjunc tion with cap acitor s C 4
t
he watering cycle h as b een a ct
iva ted, iti s monitorthe i
nputv oltage. a
nd C 5. O n powe r-up, ICI i sb r
iefly r e
set
by the p ulse gene r a
ted a c
ro ssc apac i
to rC 3
a
nd r esisto rR 30.
A
IR T
EMPERA
TURE R
ADIO MODU
I The m a
in p o
in ts o f the circuit a re a s
f
ol
lows :
S
oil Mo isture Mon itor ing
SO
IL T
EMPERATURE LC D MODULE
T
he p r
inciple b ehind m easur
ing t he
I 1 s
oi
l mo is
tu re is simp le, al
though i t
s im-
p
lemen tat
ion i ssl
igh tly mo re complex . To
measure t h
e mo istu re l eve
l w e s imply
SO
IL MO
ISTURE SW
ITCHES measure t he r
esistance o f the so
il
; a s t
he
I s
oild r
ie so u
t it
sr esistance wil
l increase. If
we u se t he s o
il i n a s imple p otent
ial

I
d
ivider, as shown i nF ig
.3, we can u se th
e
OUTPUT RELAY I
WATER L
EVE
I FOR WATER PUMP o
utpu t voltage a s am easure of t he soi
l
moisture.

I OUTPUT R
FOR SO
ELAY
IL HEATER
I

F
ig
.2. G
reenhouse C
ompu
ter s
ystem b
lock d
iagram
.
d
isabled f or f our h ours, t h
is s tops the When t he m a
ins iss upplying the P SU, Cr
n

p
lantsb e
ing drowned i faf a
ulto ccurs. t
he output v o
ltage wil
l b e I4V to 16V d .
c.
Water wi
ll n orma lly b e drawn f r
om a I
fthe m a
ins s upply fa
ils, the bat
tery w i
ll
l
a
rge w a
ter storage t ank, w i
th a p robe in t
ake ove ra nd th
is vo
ltage w il
l be lower, a
t
t
he tank tod e
tec t w hen t he water level is 1
2V. T herefore, by mon i
toring this chan-
l
ow; aw a
rning w il
l b ed i
splayed w hen th
is n
el m a
ins f a
ilure cou
ld b edetected.
o
ccu rs
. These f unctions are o n
ly s upported in
No
te t ha
t t here i s only o ne w a
tering h
ardwa re a nd the software d oes not sup-
c
hanne l on th
e c ontroller
. A s ar esul
t, th
is p
ort them . H owever, the s of
twa re could 1
1
011
11

f
eature isreal
ly o nly s u
itable for w a
tering b
e e asi
ly c hanged t o m ake u se o f the P
ROBES

p
lants w i
th s imilar w a
tering n eeds. You f
unctions, a l
though t h
is w ould be at the
c
an c ompensa te t o some e x
tent b y using e
xpense o f exist
ing f unct
iona l
ity, as the F
ig
.3. U
sing the s
oi
l i
n a p
oten
tia
l
a
dju s
table watering n ozzles. a
vai
lab le code space hasb een ful
ly used. d
iv
idern
etwork
.

RA D
IO L
INK
Ar adio l i
nk ( t
o b e d esc ribed i nth e fi
na l
p
art) a lows y ou to mon ito r t h
e s t
atus o f
y
ou rg reenhouse f r
om a nothe rl ocat
ion .
The m ain c ontroller b oa rd h as a n o p-
t
i
on t op lug i n al ow p owe r r adio modu le. Boos
t
T
his modu le o perates o n af requency o f
4
18MHz a nd i sli
cense -exemp t int he UK
a
nd mo st of E urope ( 433MHz i nE urope ).
T
he se s mall modu les r equire n o se
tting -up
o
ra ny s p ecial r.
f.k now ledge .
The T ransm it
ters ends t he d ata from t he
G
r eenhou se C ompu te r e ve ry 1 0 se conds .
T
his i nfo rma tion i s p i
cked u p b y t he
R
ece ive r, d ecoded a nd d isp layed o n t he
I
.
c.d. T he l i
nk h as ar ange o f 50 t o 1 00
metres w hich ( for mo st g ardens ) i ss uffi-
c
ient t ot ransm it from t h
e g reenhou se t oa
n
ea rby h ous e. Rad
io L
ink
The R ece iverc on sists o f as mal
l p roces - G REE NH OUSE L
INK
s
or b oard w i
th a n R S232 p or
t a nd a n
I
.
c.d. I t l ogs t he t empera tu res i nto o n-
b
oa rd E EPROM a t p reset i ntervals, e . g
.
e
ve ry 3 0 m inutes. T his i nfo rmation c an
t
hen b e p eriodical
ly u p
loaded t o aP C-
c
ompu te r v ia the R S232 p ort, e.g. o nce a T
he t
hree modules t
hat make up t
he Greenhouse C
ompu
ter
, (
l
ef
t t
o r
i
ght
) ma
ins
week /mon th. p
ower u
ni
t, r
adio l
i
nk a
nd greenhouse c
ontro
ller
.

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 4
93
 D
isp
lay w
indow o
n t
he c
omp
leted c
ont
rolb
ox. Wa
terd
ispense
rand p
ump
.

NON
- CORROS
IVE T
able 1: Re
lat
ionship be
tween tem- mentv ery simp le. Howeve r,thesed ev
icesa re
The p rob lem w ith t he s imp le p oten tial p
era
ture
, r
es
istance
, vo
ltage a
nd t
ime
. r
e
latively exp en s
ive.I na napplicat
ion s uch as
d
i vide r i s t ha
t w e a re p assing a d irec t T
EMP R
(5K
) V
oltage T
ime
/256 L
ookup t
h
is, i nexpen s
ive o nes a r
e pre f
erred a s th
ey
curren t ( d.c. ) t hrough t he p robe s i n t he -
10 2
7520 3
.67 3
4
.2 c
ould g etdamaged e as
ily in ag r
eenhou se
.
1
36.7
s
oil. O ve r t ime , o ne p robe w il
l g athe r -
8 2
4663 3
.56 The d ev
ice s used her e a
re NTC t hermis-
3
3.2 1
32.7
depo sits a nd t he o t he r w ill c o rrode a way , -
6 2
2140 3
.44 t
ors
, R 26 and R 27; these small d evices are
3
2.1 1
28.4
w h
ich w ill g ive e rra t
ic r esu lts a s w e
ll a s c
heap a nd reasonably a ccura
te ( ±2% )
. The
-
4 1
9906 3
.33 3
1.0 1
24.1
limited p robe l i
fe . T o a void t h
is p rob lem , -
2 1
7926 o
nly d rawb ack i stha
t t he
ir resis
tan ce d oes
3
.21 2
9.9 19
.7
a
n a l
terna ting c ur ren t ( a
.c. ) i su sed, w hich n
ot v ary l i
nea r
ly w ith t emp eratu r
e. T his
0 1
6168 3
.09 2
8.8 15
.2
p
r even ts t he e lect rolys is e ff ect. T he e qu iv - i
sn ot ag reat p roblem , though , s i
nce t he
2 1
4604 2
.97 2
7.7 10
.7
a
len tc ircui t i sshown i nF i g.4 . p
roce sso r c
an e asi
ly c a
lculate t h
e t emp era-
4 1
3210 2
.85 2
6.5 1
06.1
The p rac tical i mplemen tation o fF ig.4 i s t
ure via al o
ok -up ta b
le. The f o rmu la for
6 1967 2
.72 2
5.4 1
01.6
t
he c i
rcuit a r ound I C3a a nd I C3b i nF ig.5. c
a
lcu lating resistance isasf o
llow s:
8 1
0856 2
.60 2
4.3 9
7
.0
IC3a i sc onf igu red a s a n o sc i
lla tor w ho se
1
0 9
862 2
.48 2
3.1 9
2.6 Rh 1= RT2e x( B
/T1 -B /T2)
f
requency i ss et a ta bou t 4 kHz b y r es
is to r
1
2 8
971 2
.36 2
2.0 8
8.2 where RT = r
es
istance R atTempera
tureT
R23 a nd c apac ito rC 14 .
1
4 8
171 2
.25 2
1.0 8
3.8 (
i
n ° K)
, B =cha racter
ist
ic tempera
ture
The r esul ting a .c
. s i
gna l i so utpu t t ot h
e
1
6 7
452 2
.
14 1
9
.9 7
9.6 f
or t
he the
rm is
tor (see comp. l
i
st) and
s
oil mo i stu re p robes ( P1) v ia R1 9 a nd
1
8 6
805 2
.02 1
8
.9 7
5.5 e=exponent
ial fa
ctor(i
.e. 2
.7
18282)
C
13 . T he v alue o f r e
sisto r R 19 s ets o ne
2
0 6
222 1
.92 1
7
.9 7
1.5
a
rm o ft he p oten tial d ivide r, t he ot he r arm T
able 1s hows t he r e
lationship b e
tween
2
2 5
696 1
.81 1
6
.9 6
7.7
b
eing t he s oil resis tance . D iscu ssion o ft h
e t
emp eratu r
e, resis
tance , v oltage a nd t ime
2
4 5
220 1
.71 1
6
.0 6
3.9
b
e s
t v a
lue f or R 19 t akes p l ace w hen s e
t- f
or t he t he rm
istor s pecified. C o
lumn 2
2
5 5
000 1
.67 1
5
.5 6
2.1
t
i
ng u p isd escribed n ext mon th. s
how s th e th
erm is
to rr es
istance f orv arious
2
6 4
790 1
.62 1
5
.1 6
0.4
F
rom t he s o
il p robe s, t h e r e
turn s i
gna l t
emp eratu res s
hown i nc olumn 1 .C olumn
2
8 4
400 1
.53 1
4
.2 5
7
.0
i
sb uffered b y I C3b , r ect
ified b y S cho ttky 3shows t h
e v o
ltage i nputt ot he ADC , i.
e
.
3
0 4
047 1
.
44 1
3
.4 5
3.7
d
iod e D 4,p lus C 16 a nd R 25.T he a mp li
tude t
her esu
lto fthev oltage di v
ide r.
o
f t he v oltage a pp ea ring a cro ss C 16 t hus Column 4 s how s t he time t aken for the
r
epr esents t h e soil r esistance - h igh v oltage t
he microp rocessor isd eterm ined b y t he c
ompa ra
to r to tr
ip w ithin t he ADC f unc-
when d ry,l ow v oltage w hen w et. c
ode a pp
lied b y IC
I t o IC2's c ontrol p ins t
ion of I CI. A I 6-bit time r m easures t h
is
The o utpu t v oltage i sf ed t o t he 8 -way A
, B. Ca nd INH . t
ime, although o nly t he u ppe r eight b i
ts
multiplexe r I C2, i nto w hich t he o utpu t Thr
ee s wi
tches ( S1 t o S 3) a r
e a l
so o
f t he t imer a re u sed, h ence t he t ime
v
oltage s o f t he ot her s enso r s a re also f ed. c
onnected tot h
e same l i
nes th
a t ICI u ses to i
sd iv
ided b y 2 56. T he l ook -up v a
lue i s
T
he s e
lec tion o f w hich s igna l i sr outed t o c
ont
rol IC2. T he switches, though, a re n ot t
hat used b y the s of
twa re a nd isa ctually
i
n
tended t o p rov ide t
he previous t ime mu l
tiplied b y four ( t
his
a
ddi
tional con t
rol o ver g
ivesb etterr e
solution )
.
I
C2. Rathe r
, t hey a re Water L evel Mon itoring
u
sed toc ont
rol a nd s e
t Mon itoring oft he w ate
r l evel in
, s ay, a
u
p the va r
iou s m ode s r
a
in w a
te r but
t, isb ased o n as imi
larp r
in -
o
f opera
tion v i
a I CI. c
ip
le t o s o
il mo istu re mon ito r
ing, e xcep t
They h ave d ifferent t
ha
t o nly a d .c
. v ol
tage i sn eeded a cro ss
f
unc
tions d
epend ing t
he probe s (P2)
. T he a mount b y w h
ich t h
e
on the m ode s e
lec ted, p
robe sa re imme rsed i nw aterw i
ll vary t h
e
a
s d i
scus sed l a
te r
. I n r
es
istance b etween t h em. T his form s o ne
t
he s e
t-up p rocedu re, a
rm o fa nother p otential div
ide r, the o t
her
t
he s w
itch f unction s a
rm b e
ing r es
istorR 9.
a
re d i
splayed o n t he
bo
ttom l i
ne o f t he DIG
ITAL CO NVERS
IO N
I
.c
.d. The AT89C205 I m icrocontro
ller h as
b
uil
t-in a nalogue p roce ss
ing f a
cili
ties
T
emp erature wh
ich m ake it i d
eal f o
r u se as as or
t
Mea suremen t
o
f a na
logue -to-digi
tal c onver
ter w hen
There a r
e an um- moni
to r
ing s ensor v o
ltages, al
though i tis
b
er of dev ices o
n the n
ot r ea
lly a n ADC ! I t
's mo re like a
ma
rket t ha
t c an make v
ol
tage -
to -t
ime c onve r
tera nd it
so perat
ion
F
ig
.4. U
sing a
.c
. h
elps t
opreven
tprobe c
orros
ion
.
t
emper a
tu r
e m ea
sure- i
squite simple.
4
94
E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 1
6
TR2
B
C557
A
IR T
EMP 1
3
S
PARE
R
16 R
15 R4 5
0 R
10
T
El 1
0k 1
50 1
50k SO
IL T
EMP 4

WATER L
EVEL 1
5
0
2
-
t 9 S
PARE 1
2
X
3
R28
5
k S
PARE
0
4
NTC
VOLTAGE 5
0
5
S
PARE 2
0
6
-
t SO
IL
X
7
R
27
5
k 4 MO
ISTURE I
C2
C
17 •
110 0
18 1 C
19 •
11
111C20 M
IN C
6 1
N
TC
T 4
0518

T
'
'7
1
0n M N 1
0n T 1
0n l
On 6
I
NS
S
EL 1
ro D
7 1
0
L
o-
S
EL2
B
ATES
k
i4 a
S
EL3
2
0
T
B2 0
6
R
ATES Vo
n
k a 1
P
2 S
PARE
8
1
3
D
5 P
I IA
-
B
ATES 1
4
61 4 4
P
I ,
1
5
I
, 3
WATER L
EVEL
P
ROBES 1
6
P
14
(
SEE T
EXT)
1
7
TR6 P
1 5
E
3
7 11
44 1
8
S
3 P
I 6
1
9
'
SELECT 5
1 7
A
T89C2051

R
11
5
6k 50
1
E7, X
TAL I

0
3 V
RI
C
4
3
30 1
251Hz T
1,4
148 2
06
6
24 P
11 5
13 .
4
(.
> X
TAL2
1
00 10
0

0
2 TR5
1
N4148 B
C557
R
ESET
GNL ,
a
0
30 1
0
I
C3b
T
LC272
6
22 0
14
1
00k 1
00n V
AT85 k

do 5
25 5
13 0
1
2,

D
8
1
7
.4,46

"
B3 T
B4
1 1,
2
GND
I
N OUT

.
+7.5V T
O 4-18 0
' I
C4
(
SEE T
EXT) 7
805

111
6
18 COM
1
0k

C
15 C
8 1 -7 711M (
1' M N C
12 MEN
P
I 1
0
,, 1
00n N M 1
00n 1
00n 1
00n
SOIL MO
ISTURE
PROBES (SEE T
EXT
)
6
21
2
k2

4-

'
J,
 5
Resistors R 18 a nd R 21 f orm a p oten tial RELAYS
M
I
C
RO
CON
TRO
LL
ER d
ivider w hich s upplie s ar eference v o
ltage
A
lso s hown i n Fig.7 i st he p owe r c ir
-
which c ould b er ead b y t he m icro controlle r c
uit f or the r e
lay s
, RLA a nd RLB . T hese
v
ia I C2, b ut i s n o
t i mp lemen ted i n t he a
re r e
spons ib le f or s witch ing t he H eater
G
U
R
F
EL
KI p
roto type.
S
O
U
RC
E a
nd t he P ump . T hey a r e c ontrolled f r
om
P
I D
iode D 8 p rotects t he r egula tor w hen
I
CI v ia f .
e.t
. p owe r t r
an s
isto r
s TR3 a nd
t
he p owe r i s r emoved ( i
. e
. t he b ulk
V
.
, P
i
e TR4 ( s
ee F ig.5 )
. T heir s ta
tu s i sindica ted
P
I c
apac itors a re d ischa rged v ia t h
e d iode
b
yI .
e.d.s D 9a nd D IO .
r
a
the rthan t hrough t her egu lator).
Returning t oF ig.7, re cha rgeable N iCad
The c on t
ro l
ler c an b e s upp lied w ith
b
atteries a r
e u sed t op rov ide t he p owe r f o
r
p
owe r from a ny s u
itab ly r a
ted d .c
. p owe r t
he p ump . T he m ain s p owe r supply k eep s
C
A
P
AC
I
TOR P
1OU
T
PUT s
ource , al
though t h
e c ircuit i lustrated i n
T
R
A
NS
IS
TC
fl F
ig.7 i sre commended . T he c ont rol boa rd
t
heb at
teriest o pped u pa nd p rov idesp owe r
f
ort hec on trol b oard, itd oe sn o
tp owert he
c
onsumes l ess t han 1 00mA ; the p ump i s
p
ump . T he b atte r
ie s also g ive b ackup t o
l
i
kely t or equireb etween I Aa nd 3 A
.
t
he c ontrolle r, s o y ou w ill n ot l o
se y our
Mains a. c
. p owe r i sb rough t i n
to t r
ans -
s
et
ting d ur
ing p owe ri nte rruption s
.
f
ormer T I w hose d ua l 1 2V a .c. o u
tpu t i s
Switch S 4 i sp rov ided t og ive a c ho ice
r
ect
ified b yd iode s D I Ia nd D 12, r esu
lting
o
fc harge r ate s f or t h
e b at
te r
ie s
. T he l ow
i
n ad .c
. v ol
tage o fa bout 1 8V a ts moo th-
r
a
te i sset a ta pp roxima tely 7mA a nd t he
F
ig
.6. P
roduc
ing a "
re
ference v
ol
tage"
. i
ng c apaci
to r C 2 1. T his 1 8V i sf e
d t o t h
e h
igh r a
te a t 2 0mA . T he se r ates a r
e c on-
5Vr egulato ro nt hec on t
ro llerb oa rd. A dd i
-
t
ro
lled b y r esisto rs R 33 a nd R 32, resp ec-
R
ef err
ing t oF ig.6, t he voltage f rom t h
e t
i
ona lly, a5 V6 Z ene r d iode ( D15 ) drop s
s
ignal s ource ( V 4,
)i sa ppl
ied t o o ne i n
- t
i
vely . Ift h
e w atering f unc t
ion i snot u sed,
t
he 1 8V to 1 2
-4V t os upp ly t her elay s
. t
hel ow s et
ting s hould b es e
lec ted.
p
ut (PI.0 ) oft he mic rocon trolle r's i n
ternal
c
ompa rator. The o ther i nput ( P1 .1) i ssup-
p
l
ied b y ac urrent-lim ited r ef erence v olt
-
a
ge, w hich i salso coup led t o ac apac i
tor.
T
o o btain a \ f
in voltage v alue , s of
twa re T
B
1
f
i
rst t urns o n t he m icrocon t rolle r
's o u
t-
p
ut tran s
istorc onnected t oP 1.1 , d ischarg-
i
ng t he c apacito r
. I t t hen t urns o ff the
t
r
an s
isto r, alow ing t h e capac ito r t o begin
1
2
VBA
T
T
ERYO
U
T
r
echarging . N ow t h
e s o
ftwa re m easures
t
he time i ttakes t he c apacito r v ol
tage t o T
B
1
0 0
1
4
r
each t hes ame l evel asV in (a
t w h
ich p oint 1
N
4
0
01
ai
p.ik
B
A
T
ERY
A
l
t
he compar atoro utput c hanges s t
ate). This
t
ime i sp ropo rt
iona l t o t he i npu t v ol
tage P
A
C
K
R
3
1
6
2
(
C =d v/dt)
. S
T
A
ND
-B
Y
I
nF ig.5, the reference v oltage i ss et by
I
1
2
VBA
T
T
ERYI
N
S
4 C
H
A
RG
E
t
he n e
two rk a round t ransisto r TR5 . T he R
3
1
t
iming c apacitor i sC 7, a nd p rese t VR1 i s 3
9
0
1 N
O
RMA
L
u
sed tof i
ne-
tune t h
e t iming /
ref e rence r a
te. -- Mt -

T
B
7 0
1 0
1
3
L
.C.D
. I
NTERFA CE E m
EE
1
N
4
0
01 1
N
4
0
01
T
he d isplay i ss hown o n a2 -line 2 0- 0 a
lo e

c
ha racter i nte
lligent I .
c.d. ( X2), c onnec -
2
t
ions t ow hich a reviaP LI . 1
7
V
T
he i n
te rface w i
ll w ork with mo st intel
- 0

l
igent I .
c.d.s that o perate of
f as ingle 5 V 0
1
2 C
2
1I= C
2
7
M
A
I
N
A
l=

SI
N
1
16
,
1
N
4
0
01# 4
7
01, 1
0
8
s
upply . D ue tot h
e shortage ofI /O l i
nes o n
t
he p roce ssor, the I.
c.d. isset u p t o use a
4
-bit d a
ta b us rather than it
s f u
ll 8-bit b us
.
The c ontrast for t h
e d isp
lay i sc ontrolled T
H
E
b
yp r esetp o
tentiome ter VR2 .
T
he I .
c.d. mus t be oft h
e s ingle v ol
tage
(+5 V) supp ly type, i.
e. th
e t ype t ha
t d oes
n
ot n eed an egative v ol
tage o n i t
s contrast I U
V
EOU
T I
p
in.
0
1
6
1
N
4
1
48
RA D
IO I
NTERFA CE T
B
9 a mk
0
1
5
5
V
6
s
er
ia
T
he r
l p
a
o
d
r
io i
t t oo
n
ter
u
f
tpu
ace u
t th
ses t
e c ur
h
e p
ren
ro
t st
cesso
a
tus a
r's
nd NEATER '
75 2
7
0
T
B
EI
s
et
ting t ot he r.
f
. modu le. T his design w il
l +18V
2
h
ee xplained fully int hefina lp art
. GNU 1
3
I
n an u
t-shell, t
h ough , d ata i ssent from GNU

t
he controller as as ingle b lock e very 1 0 GNU

s
econd s
. T he l i
nk i so ne-way , s o the con- D
1
7 H
E
A
T
ER
1
N
4
1
48
PU MP

t
ro
l board c annot receive a ny m essages . a mk

The r eceiver d ecodes t he d a

ta f rom IC
O
N
TRO
L
LER
p
rocessor a nd disp
lays t he i n
fo rmation o n 2
7
0
t
he I .
c.d. I t al
so s to
res t he d ata i n R
L
B T
B
1
2
2
n
on-volati
le m emo ry
, s o t hat i tc an b e F
S
2 1
3
d
own loaded t o aP C f orf urthe rp roce ss
ing 3
A
(
e
.g. temp erature g
r aphs c an b eg enerated). N
C
P
U
M
P
PO WER SUPPLY
T
he cont
rol
ler ci
rcu
it h
as i
ts own 5V
r
egu
lato
r on b oa
rd, as s
hown in F
ig
.5.
F
ig.7
. Recommended p owers upp
ly ci
rcu
itd iagram fo
rt he G
reenhouse Con
trol
le r
.
I
t can be fed a t be
tween 7.
5V a nd The l
egends a
round t
he r
elay con
tacts i
ndicate t
he pole o
r mov
ing con
tact(p
), the
1
8V, which i
sa t
tenua
ted t
o 5V by I
C4. n
orma lopen (
n
.o.)and t
he normalclosed (n
.c.)term
ina l
.

4
96
E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 X
I 1
2MHz crysta
l
C
OMPONENT
S
Approx
. Cost
Guidance Only £6
.5 X
2 2
-
line 2
0
modu
-charac
le (+5
te
Vs
rI.
c
.d
upp
ly
.

exclud
ing t
rans mitter and greenhouse hard ware -see t
ex
t)

P
r
inted c i
rcuit b oards , avai
lab le f rom
t
he EPE PCB S ervice, c oded 1 97
Res
istors I
t
ems ma rked • T
B3, TB4
, (
contro
ller)
, 1 98 ( powe r s upp ly); 2 0
-
R
1 R 2
', R5'
, T
B6, TB8,
a
re fo
rt he p
in d .
j.!
. s ocket; 8 -pin d .
i.
l. s ocke t
;
R
6', R13 t
o T
B10 to 1
4-way I DC c onnec tor; p l
as t
ic c ase,
Rad
io
R
16, R18, T
BI2 2
-way term
inal bl
ock, 1
54mm x 8 8mm x 5 8mm , w aterp roo f
;
T
ransm i
tter
R
20 10k (10 off
) p
.c
.b. moun t
ing, 0.2
in. p
last
ic c ase, 1 04mm x1 04mm x5 5mm .
I
n
terface
R
3, R28, p
i
tch (7off
)
(
see
tex t
). wa
terproo f
; 1 2V b attery p ack, AA -s ize
R
29 1
k ( 3off) T
B7 4
-way term
inal bl
ock, r
echargeab le (1.2V c el
ls, 1 0 off
); c able
R
4 2
70 11 p
.c
.b. moun t
ing, 0.2in
. g
land, w aterproof, locking ( 3 o f)
; c able
R
7 1
50 12
. p
i
tch g
romme t
, sleeved ( 3 o f
f); m
iniature w ater
R
8, R12 2
k7 ( 2o f
f) T
B9 6
-way pin h
eade r
, 0.1in. p
ump , 1 2V, e.g. car w indscreen w ashe r
R
9, R10 150k (2o f) p
i
tch p
ump ; tubing to sui
t p ump ( e
.g. 4mm f o
r
R
11 56k T
X1 T
XM -418-F tr
ansm i
tter c
ar washe rp ump ); so
il h ea
ting c able ( see
R
17, R22, module (
see text
) t
ext
);c onnecting wire; s o
lder, e
t c
.
R
24, R 30 100k (4o f
f)
R
19 2
k2 ( see text
)
R
21 2
k2 SPARE WATER THER M
ISTOF
I SPARE
CHANNEL L
EVEL SOIL (
R27
R
23 2
k ANTENNA
CHANNEL

R
25 2M2 THERMISTOR

R
26, R27 NTC t hermistor
, 5ka t o
01r
0 A
IR (
R26) A

25
°C , 30011 a
t1 00°C,
Bv a
lue 4 100
R
31 1
00D
R
32 3
90 11
R
33 1
k2
A
l
l 0
-25 W 5% carbon f i
lm u n
less ma rked.

Po
tent io me
ters
VR1 2
0k mu
lti
turn
, top ad
just
.
VR2 1
km u
lt
iturn
, top a
djustab
le SO
IL
• b T R2 • MOISTURE
PROSES
Capac itors •
c
T R1
e
I
k
T R5 •
C
i*, C 8,
C10 t o . 1

C14 , C22 1
00n c eram ic disc (
8off)
C2*
, C 3,
C15 1
0 11elec t
. a x
ial, 25V
(
3o f
f)
C
4, C 5 3
3p c eram ic disc (
2off
)
C
6, C 17 +
9V ,1
8V

t
oC 20 1
0n c eram ic disc (
5off
)
C
7 2
2n p olys tyrene GND

C
9 , e
4 7p lect. a x
ial, 16V d

C
16 t
an
ta lum b ead, by • • •

C
21 4
70k r adiale lect
., 2
5V T R3 OUT a
COM
i
N
Se miconduc tors
D1' 3V3 Zenerd iode 4 00m W
D2, D3, D8 1N4148 signal d iode (3o f)
D4t o0 7 BAT85 S chottky d iode (4o f)
D9, D10 r
ed led.
D11 toD 14 1N4001 re c
t. diode ( 4o f
) NO PU MP

D15 5V6 IW Z ene rd iode HEATER ONO

D16, D17 IN4148 signal d iode (2o f

f)
TRI*, TR6 BC547B n pn tr
ans istor
(2of
f)
TR2'
, T R5 8C557 p np tr
ans istor( 2o f
)
TR3, TR4 BS170 MOSFET ( 2of
f)
I
CI AT89C205 1 p re-prog rammed
mic
rocon trol
le r( see te
xt)
I
C2 4
051B 1 -of
-8 a nalogue
mul
tip
lexe r
I
C3 TLC272 d ualo p.amp
I
C4 7
805 5 V I Av o
ltage r eg.

M
isce llaneous
FSI 1A 2 0mm f use, pl
us p .c.b.
moun t
ing c l
ip
FS2 3A2 0mm f use, pl
us p .c.b
.
moun t
ing c l
ip a nd c over
L
1 4 71
.
.t H i
nducto r
, bobb in or
a
xial
PL1 1
4-way I DC p lug
RLA, RLB s.p
.d .t. re
lay, 1 2V 10A ,
p
.c.b. moun ting (2o f
f)
S
i toS 3 s
.p
. p ush-to-make
sw
itch ( 3off
)
S
4 s
.p
.d .t
. m in. sl
ide s w
itch ,
p
.c.b. moun ting
T
i t
r
ans fo rme r
, 1 2V-0-12V
3VA, p.c.b. moun t
ing
T
B 1 1
0-way t erminal block,
p
.c.b. moun ting, 0-2in.
p
i
tch
T
B2, TB5 4
-way p i
n h eade r
, 0.1in.
F
ig.8
. P
rinted c
ircui
t board c
o mponent l
ayou
t, w
iring d
etai
ls and fu
ll s
ize c
opper
p
i
tch ( 2o f)
t
r
ack master f
or t
he contro
lboard
. Note R30 i
ssoldered t
o unders
ide.

Everyday Prac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 4
97
CO NSTRUCT
IO N
Warn ing : p a
rts o t t h
is c i
rcuit c ar ry
main s voltage. Take c are w hen c onstruc t-
i
ng a nd t e
sting t he d esign . I f ah ea t
ing
c
able i s used, e nsure i ti s o ne w i
th a n
e
arth s hield ( i
.e. o ne m ean t f or t his
p
u rpo se)
. R emembe r that g reenhouses c an
b
e w e
t, ensur e that equ ipmen t i ssuitably
p
ro tected. Itisalso a dvisab le thata l
l m ains
e
qu ipmen t in agr eenhouse i sprotected b y
a
ne a r
th leakage b reake r( ELB o r RCCB ).
Dur
ing a s
semb ly, i f y ou h ave t o
d
e solde r a ny componen ts u se t he m in i
-
m um a moun t of h eat a s t racks w ill l i
f
t
e
a sily.
There a re two p rinted c ircuit b oa rds
(
p.c .b.$)
, o ne for t he m ain c ircuit a nd
one f or the p owe r s upp ly. B oth b oa rds
a
re a vai
lable f r
om t he EPE PCB S er vice ,
code s 197 a nd 198 r e
spec t
ive ly.

CO NTROL B OA RD
S
tart w ith t he c ont rol b oa rd , l a
you t a nd
t
r
ack ing d etai ls o f w hich a re s hown i n
F
ig .8. T he u sua l o rde r o f l ink s, r esisto rs,
d
iode s, c apac i to rs e tc. s hou ld b e f ol
lowed
t
os imp lify t h e a ssemb ly.T here a r
e an um -
b
e r o f p ola r
ized c omponen ts , t ake c are t o
i
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PSU A SSE MBLY

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or the power supply board (p
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4
98 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
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.Ju
ly 1
99S
 I
t is s uggested t hat ten r e
chargeable
c
e
lls a re u sed for b a
ttery back-up. These
w
ill produce at otal outpu
t v o
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f 12V
t
o 1 3V ( 1.2V a piece)
. Mo s
t p umps w i
ll
work b etween 1V a nd I4V.
F
or s afety p u
rpos es, ensure the mains
f
use ( FS1) h as ac over and isn o
t an open
t
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SOFT WARE
T
he s oftwa re source c ode i sw r
itten i nC .
T
h e m a
in r e
ason f o
ru sing C w as f ors peed
a
nd m a
inta inabil
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he o riginald esign w a s
e
xp er
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nvisag ed a nd imp lemen ted).
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ing w rit
ten i nC . t he c ode i s
v
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ew l i
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u
sed t o m ake t h e c ode mo re e fficien t).
A
lthough w r
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might h ave r esulted i n sl
ightly mo re e ffi-
c
ient u se o f the ROM , t h
e a dvan tages o f
wri
ting i n ah igh l evel l anguage o ften
Comp
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nit
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he d
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Becau se i ti s w ritten i n ah igh l e vel
l
anguage , the c ode i s much mo re r eadab le RESOURCES a
utho r
: Colin Meikle, 9C oldstream Dr
ive,
Softwa re for t
he Greenhou se C ompu ter S
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Make c heques payable t ohim. T he p
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nclusive of UK po s
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l fo
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ve rseaspo s
t).
course).
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tot he c ode, s ome f unctionality may h ave
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ur Web s i
te
:
f
tp
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p
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4
99
E
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rac
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tron
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 E
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tron
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ELECTR O N
I CS C D
-R O MS
ELECTRON IC D
IGITAL ELECTRON
ICS
TWO
C
IRCU ITS & by Mike T
ooley
APPL
ICAT
IONS
CO MPONENTS D
igi
talE lec
tronics bui
lds on the knowledge oflo
gic g
ates
ON ONE
+ THE PARTS c
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ic Circu
its & Componen ts
, and t
akes
CD
-RO M
GALLERY u
sers th
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jec tofdig
ital e
lect
ronics uptothe
o
perat
ion a nd archi
tecture ofmicroprocessors
. The v
ir
tual
by Mike T
ooley l
abora
tories alow u sers toopera
te many circu
its o
n
E
LECTRON
IC C
IRCU
ITS & CO MPONENTS s
creen.
E
lectron ic Circuits & C omponen ts •1
.
l
i
andan
ten
tai
s I
)
, t
a
l F
undamen
tals
p
rovides a n in
troduc tion t othe
F
UNDAMENTALS
1
4••••
••

p
r
inciples a nd a pplica t
ion o ft he el 8
1.1
11
1.4.
041
. MO W*

Fundamen ta
ls int
roduces t he
mostc ommon t ypes o fe l
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I
basics ofdig
ital e
lectronics
c
omponen ts a nd s hows h ow t hey
i
ncluding binary and hexadec ima l
a
re used t of o
rm c omp le te ci
rcu its.
n
umbe ring systems, ASC II, bas
ic
T
he v i
rtual l aborato r
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l
ogic gates and thei
r ope rat
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e
xamp les a nd p re-des igned c ircuits
roe.
.
• W
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1
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1 . Mi

a
low s t udents t ol ea rn, e xpe r
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-
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luding J K and 0-type
a
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•••
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j
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d
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lude : —
Fundamen ta ls:u nits & m ult
iples . V
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inuso ids V
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a
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l ectr
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Passive C omponen ts :r esisto rs
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c
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f and
Semiconduc tors:d i odes , f
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t
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ansisto rs, op.amps , l ogic gates . CECIL. v
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P
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IC
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0
T
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ARTS GALLERY i
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c
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Many s tuden ts have ag ood
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1
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D
IGITAL SYSTEMS
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VD and D/A converters and t
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e
lec
tron ic c omponen ts a nd s ymbo ls
.
p
arame te
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af
fic li
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ont
rol
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T
he P a rts G al
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memories and microprocessors -
t
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is prob lem : itwi
ll help studen ts to
a
rch
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r
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GALLERY
S
elect
ions o n the di
sk include :
Acata
logue o fcommon ly used IC
Componen ts
s
chema t
ics taken fr
om the 74xx
Componen ts Qu iz
Symbo ls and 4
0xx se
ries. Also i
nc
ludes
p
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S
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tegrated c
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ts and ci
rcui
t
C
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i
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logy s
creen M
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logy.

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*Produces att
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AS V
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TUT , TR IS AND TAS M T

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 *L
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nough s hee to fp ape r). T he s heer q uan tit
ie s
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ort hen on-P IC p roje cts, Ih ave as ugge s- o f t ran sisto r
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li
ne f or ar ea sonab le r ecep tion , b ut i td i d tion. P aten t s a nd c opy righ ts p erm itt
ing , w hy d ig ita l c hip ( 7.5 m illion i n t he P en tium i
have a c ircu it d iag ram a s w el
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componen ts c ou ld p roduce m usic, b ut o ly c
n apac ito r i nterna l s o f t he i .
c
.s , so t hat iti s
when t hey w ere w ir ed u p t he w ay t he i n- p ossible t os ee b oth w hat ac ircuit d o es
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t t hat t ime a l t he b ook s i nt he p ub ic e
l qu iva len t o f a n i .
c., t he h obby ist c an n ot a ll s or ts o f t hing s w or ked . Y ou c an 't s lice
l
i
b ra ry a nd t he h obby m agaz ine s ava ilab le only a
p pr ec iate t
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om pl exity i
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c. op en a m
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c. a t w or ks. S ome time , t hough , w e m igh t t r
y t o
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n
te re sted , i tw as n ot u nt
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termed ia te p oint s t o a id u nde rstand ing . g i ve ah i nto ft hec omp lex ity — i fw ec an f ind
t
ran sisto rc ir cuit sa nd d iscove red V eroboa rd C hips wit h e
v er ythin g i
s no
t g
o od f
or s
o m et hin g s
i m ple e
n ou g h!
t
hat Ic onst ruc ted a ny th ing. I tb ecame a a nyone . To b eg in t o u nd er stand m od er n e lec -
r
eal c hal lenge t o l ay o ut c omponen ts o n J.F. Warren , t r on ic s, y ou h ave t o s ta rt w e ll d own t he
Ve roboa rd w ith in t he l im itso ft h e w ire s o n Ba th l add er o f s oph istica tion . T o t his e nd w e
t
he c omponen ts, y et c utting t he l ea
s t n um - pub li sh s uch s erie s a s T ea ch -In a nd P IC
b
e ro ft racks . I
ti st hef a scina tion w i
th " how a nd w hy T uto ria lsf rom w hich w e h ope r ead er s w ill
Ia lso t eamed t o i mp rovise o n c ir cuits t h
ings w ork" t hat h as b een t h
e i n spiration g ra sp t hef undamen tal s, a nd c an t hen b egin
p
rov ided f oro t he rp urpo se s. When Is lowed f or many w ho h ave t aken u p elec tron ics a s t o c omp r ehend h ow t h e b a sic p rinc ip les
down a n o s cilla to r o f at one g ene rato r to ah obby a nd/or c aree r. T he re d oe s s eem , m igh tb ee xpand ed t oa ch ieve s uch t hing sa s
one c yc le am inu te a nd u sed i ttos witch a n t hough ,t ob e ag ene ralm alaise a mong stt e s
h imp le w ipe d evice s ato ne e nd, t os oph isti-
S CR my b atte red F ord C ort
ina h ad a n i n
te - UK p
r ub lic i n a n a ppar ent u nw il
lingne s s t o c ated m ic rocon tro lled m ar ve lsa tt heo ther .
q
ue st
ion o r d elve i nto t he n atur e o f such I
rre spec tive o f w ha t n on -technoph iles
mitt entw ip ef acility !
B
igge r a nd b e
t te r t h
ing s f ollowed a nd I t hings. I ndeed i ta lmo sts eem st ob e ap roud m igh t b eliev e, t om e t wo t hing s c on tinue t o
a
l so l ea rned Mu rphy 's L aw :t h a
ti fthe re i sa c
laim am o n gst s
o m e t
h at t
he y d
o not u
n de r
- r
e ma i n clea r: t
h at t
e
c h n olo g y i
s a f
a sci nat-
con struc tion f ault, t he c omponen t ruined i s stand t echno logy a nd h ave n o wish t od os . i
o n g s ub jec t, a nd t h a
ti t
s b asic p rinc ip lesc an
ei
the r t he mo st e xpen sive o r t he mo st d i- Iam f
f requen tly l eftf um ing b y s ome m ed ia b e u nd er stood i fo ne h as t h e i ncl
ina tion t o
f
i
cu lt t og et ar e placemen t for, a nd t h at t h
e p
e rso nali tie s
, an d p
oliticia ns, w
h o seem t
o l
o ok in
t o t
h em . A
lw a ys en co ur a ge a
n
o
nly d ry j oin t i n ac ircu i
t i st he o ne y ou b oasta bou th aving t hisa t
titud e. e
nqu i ring m ind !

CHARG
ING T
HE F
ENCE s
t
ature would h
ave d
i
rec
t access t
o e
l
ec- t
o some o fo ur r egu lar c ontributor s that
t
r
onics e
ngineer
s who c
ould prov
ide th
e t
hey m igh t c onsid er d o
ing a p roject
. I t
's
Dea
rE PE,
Ihave b een a r eader and user o f your r
e
levant i
nfo. u
p to t hem , t hough , a s to w hether o r not
t
op ra
te m agazine f or 15 year
s a nd h ave t
hey follow u po ur sugge s
tion.
n
ever seen ad esign f o
r an elect
ric f ence Whils
t w e do have access tod esigner s, Also ( and n ot many r eader s k now
c
harger/energise r
. H ave you ac i
rcu i
td ia- t
he c ost of supplying individua l d e
sign s t
his
, p erhaps )
, many l arger r eference
t
o m eet t he need s of readers i s e xces- l
ibraries m igh t w e
l l b e a ble t o h elp.
g
ram u sing
, p erhaps , an automob ile c o
il
s
ive
, a nd a n electric fence c harger i s Where a d esign c oncep t a nd i t
s
f
orthec harge o scil
lator?
P
eter T horpe, v
iat he N et n
ot ap roject that w ould have w id e a p- p
ossib le s olu tions a re within t he p ublic
p
eal. When w e h ave al
ready p ubl
i shed a d
oma in, t he i nforma tion i s o f
ten
Fo
llow
ing our E
-ma i
led r
eply t
oPeter d
esign , then w e c an o bv
ious ly s upp ly a
va i
lab le i n p ublished f orm a nd h eld
i
nforma tion, bu
t w e cannot ofer a d es
ign a
t s elec ted l ibrar ies ( they t end t o
t
ha
t itwas no
t something we had c
ome
a
cross
,heresponded: s
ervice. s
pecia lise i n s ubjec ts)
. I t
's a f acility
However , ifq ui
te a f ew r ead ers a sk wel
l w orth r esearch ing .
T
hat
's ra
the
r d i
sappo
int
ing, I would f
or a p art
icular d es
ign, w e do take s teps Re
turn ing t of ences , can a ny reader s
h
ave t
hough
t tha
t am agaz
ine w
ith your t
o t r
y a nd satisfy that need, s ugges ting h
elp o n t his d esign p roblem?

5
04 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lEl
ect
ron
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,Ju
ly 1
998
 B
A
CK I
SUE
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E
VERYDAY
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orthe l
a
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hotosta
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r
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 I
NTER
R
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T
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IA THE PR
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I HAVE n ot
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2
i
n av ariety o fw ays,a nd i tist empting to
1
80S1
c
us tom i se t hem t o precisely ma tch y our
r
equ iremen ts. P
in 3
One o f t he ma in a dvan tages o f d o
-it
- R
3
y
ou rselfe lectronics ist haty ou can t i
nker
1
80f
1
w
i th t he d e s
igns i n an a ttemp t to make
y
ou r idea l g adget. S ome t
imes a s imple P
in 4
mod ifica t
ion i sal
l thati sn eeded i no rder R
4
t
o m ake a p roject opera te i n the fashion 1
80f
1

l
c1
.
0
l
c
O
r
equ ired b y t he reade r
. I n othe r cases a

.
1
U
)
3
1
.
t
otally d ifferen tapp roach i sneeded . P
in 5

d
0
1
P
ress
ing Needs

aq
s
t at
Ar
u
ecen
iz mon
ion d
t r

ev
e
i
ade
tor
ice o
r's l
. A c
ft h
e

is t
tte r i
onven
nqu

ype was d
t
ired a
iona l f
esc r
bou
our
ibed
t
- E
l T
S
i
eam A
El
?T
S
2
eam B
El
T
S
3
eam C
• E l
T
S
4
eam D

in ar ecen t i ssue o f E PE ( Oct ' 97), a nd

a mu lti
-s ta t
ion PC b ased s ys tem was
oP
in 2
3
featu red s ome t ime a go i n a n I nte r
-
f
ac e a rticle . I n b oth c ase s t hey we re
designed f or s tandard t e
lev ision s tyle F
ig
.1.C
ircu
itd
iag
ram f
or t
he QU
IZ
. Mon
itor i
n
ter
face
.
quizze s where t he f i
rs t p erson t o p ress
thei r p ushbu tton s witch g e ts t he o ppor - Quiz mon itors a re ma inly u sed f or v
ery f ew c omponen ts there i sp robab ly
tuni ty toa nswe rt he q ues tion . t
e ams r ather t han i ndividua l c om - n
o p oint i n b othe r
ing w ith a c ircu
it
The r eader r equ ired s ome th ing r athe r petitors, a nd i tw i
ll n orma l
ly b e mo re b
oard . T he four resisto r
s c an s imply b e
mo re s oph istica ted t han t his, w ith t he c
onven ien t to have a n i ndividua l s wi
tch h
ard w ired t othe D-connec to r
.
mon ito r i ndica ting who p re ssed f i
rst
, f
o re ach t eam membe r rather t han j ust a The s w
itches a re moun ted i n i n
-
s
e cond , third a nd f our th . P resumab ly , if s
i ngle s witch foreach t e
am .T his ise asi
ly d
ividua l cases, and a p roject oft his type
t
he f irst c on tes tan t a nswe red t he q ues- a
ch ieved , a nd i t i s just a ma t
te r o f i
nevitably h as a l o
t o f cable s
. T he mo s
t
t
ion i nco rrec t
ly ,o r was u nab le t oa nswe r r
ep lacing t he individua l s witche s w i
th p
ractical app roach wou ld p robab ly b eto
i
ta ta ll
, whoeve r p ressed s econd wou ld b
anks o f p ushbutton s w
itche s wired i n h
ave t he printer p ortc onnec ted t o as or
t
beg iven ac hance ,t hen whoeve rp re ssed parallel
. o
f j unc t
ion b ox, w i
th t he s witches
t
hi rd a nd f our th. The c ircuit diag ram i n F ig.2 s hows c
onnec ting t o t he j unc t
ion u nit v ia
T his may s eem t o b e s imp le e nough , how t he s ingle s w
itch f or team A c an b e s
ome thing l i
ke 3 .5mm j a
ck p lug s a nd
but i tc anno t b e i mp lemen ted a s s imp ly r
ep laced b y ab ank o f f ou r p ushbu t- s
ockets.
a
s ab asic " f
i rst p as t t he p ost" q uiz t
on s witches. Ope rating a ny o f t hese
mon itor. We ll,t his i sc erta in ly t rue o ft he switches p ul
ls the relevan t d ata l i
ne l ow S
oftware
s
y stem b ased o n c onven t
iona l l ogic c i
r- a
nd a c
tiva test he sy
s tem . Int heo ry ata ny The a c
company ing p rogram l i
st
ing
c
u its, b ut i tc an b e i mp lemen ted q uite r
ate, a ny n umbe r o f s wi
tche s c an b e w
ill run u nder GW -BAS IC or QBasic
.
s
imp ly u sing s ome f orm o f c ompu ter- u
sed . O f c ourse, al
l f our stations wou ld L
ines 20a nd 30se
tv ariables PORT 1 a
nd
b
ased s ystem . T he h ardware c an t hen b e h
ave t ob e mod if
ied i nt he sa me w ay. PORT2 a t the app ropriate values fo
r
k
ep t t o t he m in imum , w ith t he c om - The connec tions t ot he printe rp ort are t
he p r
inter port addresse s
. Whe re ap
-
p
lex i t
ie sb e
ing h and led b yt he s of tware . made b y way o f a2 5-way ma le D -
type p
rop r
iate
, t hese addres ses should be
The h ardware f or aP C-based s ystem c
onnec tor ( Fig.3
). A s t h
is p roject u se s c
hanged t o &H378 a nd &H37A o r
o
f t his t ype c an c ons ist o f l i
ttle more
t
han t he f our p ushbu tton s witches t hem -
s
elve s
. T he s ystem I d ev ised u ses t he F
ig
.2. Each t
eam c an h
ave s
eve
ral sw
itches
u
ltra -simp le c ircu ito fF ig.l . c
onnected i
np ara
llel
. P
in 2
Four p ushbu tton s witches ( Si t o S 4)
a
re c onnec ted t o d ata l i
nes D O t o D 3 R
1
(
pins 2 t o 5 ) o f t he P C p r
in ter p ort.
1
80f1
The p r
in te r p ort mus t b e c apab le o f b i-
d
irec tiona l o pe ra t
ion b ecause t he d a
ta
l
i
ne s a re u sed a s i npu ts. I n
te rna l p ull-
up r esisto rs t ake t he i npu ts h igh u nde r
s
tandby c ond itions ,b u to pera ting o ne o f
t
he s

d
e f
A
au
w
t s
l
itches t

t t
witch
o t
akes t
-on
he o
, t
u
he r

tpu
he d
elevan

t mode
ata l
ti

. P
npu
i
tl
nes w
ro tect
ow
il
ion
.
l E
l •
P
S
1a
layer 1 U1 P
S
ib
layer2 ? P
S
ic
layer3
El

? P
S
id
layer4

r
esis tors 1 21 t o R 4 p rov ide c ur ren t
l
im
o
ft
i ting i
he s wi
fs omeone s
tches wh ile d
hou
a
ld o
ta l i
pe
nes a
ra te o
re i nt
ne
he
1 oP
in 2
3
o
u tpu t mode .

5
06 Everyday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
L
ist
ing 1 F
ig.3. Connection d eta ils
f
or the 2 5-way D -connec to r
. S
4 S 3 S 2 S i
10R EM 1 s
t,2 nd ,3 rd,4 th Press Qu iz Mon i
tor P
rog The f our r es
isto rs c an b e
20 PORT ) = &H278 moun ted o nthisc onnec to r.
30 PORT2 = &H27A
40 OUT PORT2 ,32
50 CLS
60 LOCATE 1 ,10
70P RINT TRESS R KEY TO R ESET OR SKEY TO
STOP P ROGRAM "
80 LOCATE 5 ,10 0 0 0 00 0 0
90P RINT " F
IRST TO P RESS I S 1
3 2
5

1
00 LOCATE 1
10 P RINT "
0,10
SECOND TO P RESS I S
oo
p000000006
1
20 LOCATE 1 5,10
1
30 P RINT " TH IRD TO P RESS I S
1
40 LOCATE 2 0,10
1
50 P RINT " FOURTH TO P RESS I S t
he v ar iab le i s s et a t 2 , t hus e nsur ing
1
60 A = t
hat mu ltip le o perations o f t he r outine
1
70 B = 1 4
10 I F P = 3THEN LOCATE 1 5
,32 are a vo ided .
1
80C = 1 420 IF P = 4THEN LOCATE 2 0
,32 Obv ious ly t he s ys tem w ill o nly p er -
1
90 D = 1 430 P RINT ' TEA M B " f
orm c orrec tly i fthe r ou t
ine s p rin t t he
2
00 P = 1 440 B = 2 t
eam i den ti fica tions i nt he c orrec t place s
2
10X = I NP(PORT 1) 450P = P + 1 on t he s c
reen , a nd v ariab le P c on trols
2
20 I F(X AND 1 ) = 0THEN GOSUB 2 90 460 R ETURN t
his f unc tion . I nitially t his i ss eta t1 ,b ut
2
30 I F(X AND 2 ) = 0THEN GOSUB 3 80 470 IF C = 2THEN R ETURN i
ti si n cremen ted b y ' Ie ach t ime as witch
2
40 I F(X AND 4 ) = 0THEN GOSUB 4 70 480 IF P = 1THEN LOCATE 5 ,32 i
s o pe ra ted a nd a me s sage i s p rinted
2
50 I F(X AND 8 ) =0 THEN GOSUB 5 60 490 IF P = 2THEN LOCATE 1 0,32 on t he s creen . A s erie s o f c ond it
iona l
260 IF1 NKEY$ = " r
" THEN GOTO 8 0 500 IF P = 3THEN LOCATE 1 5,32 i
ns truc tion s p rint t he mes sage o n t he
270 IF1 NKEY$ = " s
" THEN END 5
10 IF P = 4THEN LOCATE 2 0,32 s
creen a t ap oin t tha t i sd ependen t o n
280 GOTO 2 10 5
20 P RINT ' TEA M C " t
he v alue o fP .
290 IF A = 2THEN R ETURN 5
30 C = 2 For e xamp le , b y t he t ime t he t hird
300 IF P = 1THEN LOCATE 5 ,
32 5
40P = P + 1 swi tch i so pera ted v ariab le P w ill h ave
310 IF P = 2THEN LOCATE 1 0
,32 5
50 R ETURN been a ugmen ted t o av a
lue o f 3 . T his
320 IF P = 3THEN LOCATE 1 5
,32 5
60 IF D = 2THEN R ETURN r
e su lts i n t he me ssage b eing p rin ted o n
330 IF P = 4THEN LOCATE 2 0
,32 5
70 IF P = ITHEN LOCATE 5 ,32 l
ine 1 5, t o t he r i
gh t o f t he " TH IRD TO
340 P R
INT ' TEAM A " 5
80 IF P = 2THEN LOCATE 1 0,32 P RESS" mes sage .
3
50 A = 2 5
90 I F P = 3THEN LOCATE 1 5,32
3
60 P = P + 1 6
00 I F P = 4THEN LOCATE 2 0,32 P or t Read ing
3
70 R ETURN 6
10 P RINT " TEA M D " The i npu t p ort i s r ead a t l ine 2 10 ,
3
80 IF B = 2THEN R ETURN 6
20 D = 2 a
nd t he n ex t f our l i
nes c he ck i npu ts
3
90 IF P = 1THEN LOCATE 5 ,
32 6
30P = P + 1 DO t o D 3, o ne -by -one . I f as w
i tch h as
4
00 IF P = 2THEN LOCATE 1 0
,32 640 RETURN b
een o pera ted , the p rog ram b ranche st o
t
he a pp rop ria te s ub rou tine , t he c orrec t
r
esponse i sp rin ted o nt he s creen ,t wo o f
&H3BC a nd &H3BE ( see Interface May One s l
igh tp rob lem t he s o ttware mus t t
he v ar iab les a re i nc remen ted , a nd t he
'
98). The n ext t wo l i
nes s et t he p r
in ter overcome i s t hat o nce a s witch h as p
rog ram t hen r eturns t ot he ma in l oop .
p
o rt to i nput o pera t
ion a nd c lear t he been a ctiva ted a nd r ead , i tw il
l n ot be Once t
he switche s h
ave b
een
s
creen. r
eleased i mmed ia tely. T he refo re, o nce a ope ra ted , p re ssing t he " R" k ey r ese ts
Af
ter t h
is, s ome s imp le i nstructions s w
itch h as b een r ead a nd t he a p
- t
he p rog ra m . T h
is i s d etec ted a t l ine
a
re p r
inted a t t he t op o f t he s c
reen . propria te me ssage h as b een p rinted o n 2
60 , a nd f rom h e re t he p rog ram
B
elow t his, on s epara te lines a nd we ll the screen , tha t s w
itch mus t b e i gno red b
ranche sb ack t ol i
ne 8 0
. L ine s8 0 t o1 50
s
paced o ut, the p rogram p rin ts " F
IRST u n
til a no the r r ound o f q ue s
tion ing i s t
hen r eturn t he s creen t o i ts o r
igina l
TO P RESS I S" , " SECOND TO P RESS commenced . T his i sa chieved b y g iving s
ta te b y o ve rwr iting t he a ppropr iate
I
S" , and s o o n. I ft eam C i s the f i
rs t each s witch a v ariable ( variab les A t o a
reas w ith s pace s. T he v ariab les a re
t
o r espond t o aq uestion, t he p rogram D
), a nd s tarting t hat v ariab le w ith a r
eturned t ot hei rorig ina l v alue s a nd t he
w
il l pr
int " TEAM C ' i mmed iately after v
alue o f1 . p
rog ram f unc tions a sb efo re .
"FIRST TO P RESS I S". If t eam A i s The r ou t
ine s t hat w rite " TEA M A ", P
res s
ing t he " S" k ey e xi ts t he
t
he n ext tor espond , t
he p rogram p rints e
tc
. o n t he s creen c heck t hat t he a p- prog ra m ( l
ine 2 70 ), o r t he u sua l
"TEAM A " i mmed iate ly to t he right o f p
ropria te v ariab le i s at 1 , a nd o n
ly CONTROL -BREAK c omb ina tion h as t he
"SECOND TO P RESS I S",a nd s oo n
. p
roceed i fi tis
.A t the e nd o ft he r ou t
ine s
a me a ffec t
.

E
PE B
INDERS
K
EEP Y
OUR MAGAZ
INES S
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ING U
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ngb i
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sily removed and re
i n
ser
ted w i
thouta nyd amage. An y
lon
s
t
r
ip sl
ipso ve
re a
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ef o
urr i
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nder
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ingt h
em agazine inpl
a ce
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T
he binders ar
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ld ont hes p
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l: editoria
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te:ht
tp: w ww.epemag.wimbo rne.co.uk ( We cannotr e
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ieso rc on
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rm ordersb yFax.
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W
e a l
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us ca
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iverya ddre ss
).

E
ver
yday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
07
 TEACH
-IN '
98

A
nIn
trodu
ction t
o
D
IG
ITAL E
LECTRON
ICS
I
an B
el
l, R
ob M
iles
, D
r
. T
ony W
ilk
inson
, A
lan W
ins
tan
ley

T
i
,„ I
-INi
s ase
ries designed t os uppo r
t ca ndid ats f
e olow
ing
Lab Work
C
ity and G u
ilds (C&G ) 726 I nforma tion T echnology, w i
th
roughout l
h e
ach-
In, at
temp ts a
re m ade t oinvolve th
e s t
u-
r
e
ference to the fo
llowing s pe c
ific s y
llabuse s
: * 7261/301 Intro-
d
ent with prac
tical "Lab Wo rk" exper
imen ts and d emonstra-
d
uctory Digita
l Electronics, *726/321 E lemen tary Dig i
tal Elec-
t
i
ons
, a nd comp lex m a
thema t
ic s w
i
ll be a voided u n
less re
ally
t
r
onics,*726/341 In
termed iate D igitalE lectronics.
n
ece
ss ary -and e ven th
en, pl
enty ofhelp i stohand ! We m ake
E
ven ifyou are not undertaking t h
eC ity a nd G ui
lds syl
labus ,
apo
int o f i
den
tifying pract
ical componen ts inspe c
ial s
ect
ions
t
h
ere ismuch t obel e
arned f r
om T e
a ch-
In.
o
fTeach-In
,s othaty ou wil
l le
arn tore
cogn ise par
t s
.

P
art N
ine
: COUNTERS AND SH
IFTERS

I
IN l
'ART 8w ed es
igned an umb e ro f3-bi
t s
equence w as t o b e. F ig
.9.1 s how s o ur T
able 9
.1 T
ruth t
able f
or n
ext v
alue
binary c oun te r
s, b oth a synch ronous c
oun ter d rawn i nt he s ame f orm , and i n l
ogic f
or 3
-b
it b
inary up c
ounter
and s ynch ronous . We h ave u sed a n f
act any s ynch ronous l ogic ci
rcu it can b e
i
ntuitive a pp roach ( this m ean s t hat w e drawn i n as imila rw ay.
CURRENT NEXT
make u p t he d es
ign s a s w e g o a long) We n eed t od e s
ign t hec omb ination c i
r- VALUE V
ALUE
l
ooking a tt he p at
te rns o fI sa nd O si nthe c
uit w hich w ork s o ut the next n umbe r in C
2 C
I C
O N
2 N
I N
O
b
inary c oun t s equence t o d erive r u
les t
h e c
oun t sequence f r
om t he curren t one
. 0 0 0 0 0 1
a
bou t h ow t hey c hanged a nd h ence t he We c an s tart b y w r
iting o u
t t h e Truth 0 0 1 0 1 0
l
ogic w er e quired . Table fort he " Nex tV a
lue" i nt erm so ft he 0 1 0 0 1 1
Ac omb ina tion o f i n
tu it
ion , r eason ing "Curren t V alue" . E ach v alue h as t h
ree 0 1 1 1 0 0
a
nd e xpe r
ience o ften s erves ad esigner 1 0 0 1 0 1
b
its ino ur c oun ter s o w e ef
fective ly need
1 0 1 1 1 0
well
,b u
tt here a rea lway sp rob lem sw hich t
hree tru th t a
ble s, one f or each b it of th
e
1 1 0 1 1 1
d
ue t o thei r s i
ze, c omp lexity o r s imple n
ex t va
lue . We w il
l l abel the c u
r rent bit
s 1 1 1 0 0 0
l
a
ck o f o bvious p a ttern s d efe at t his ap- C2,Cl a nd C Oa nd t hen extv alue b i
tsN 2
,
p
roach . Ins uch c a
se s w e need mo re s y
s- Ni a nd N O. A c omb ined t r
u th t ab
le i s
t
ema tic techn ique s i fw ea re t oo bta in the g
iven inT able 9 .
1.
c
i
r cuit requ ired . To i lustr a
te t h
is w e wi
ll F
rom t he K-map s fo
r N1(a) wes e
e two
Now w e c an u se a ny c omb ina t
ional
s
how h ow y ou c an d es
ign as imp le 3 -b
it l
oop s
. L oop 1 i sC l •CO and l o
op 2 1s
l
ogic de sign t echn ique w e l i
ke t o o b
tain
c
oun teru sing as ys
tema tic a pp roach . C
l •C O. S o we get N 1 =C1 •CO +Cl •CO
t
he c i
rcu its f or g etting N 2, N 1 a nd N O
R
ecall o ur i ntroduc t
ion t o s equen t
ial f
rom C 2,C l a nd C O. which isthe XOR func t
ion,i.
e.
l
ogic i n P art 6 , w he re w e d escribed a N
1 =C 1C )CO. Experienced des
ignersm ay
L
ooking a tt he truth t ab
les i tiso bvious
t
r
af f
ic l i
ght c on trol c i
rcu i
t i nw h
ich c om - h
ave s potted t h
e XOR f unct
ion d i
rec
tly
t
hat N O =C O b ut N 1 a nd N 2 need a b i
t
b
inationa l l ogic w as u sed t o w o rk o ut f
r
om t heT ru
th Table orK -maps.
more wo rk. We c an u se K -map s f o
r N I
what t he n ext p a
tte rn o f l i
gh ts i n the F
rom t heK-map f orN 2( b
)w eseet h
ree
a
nd N 2a ss hown i nF i
g.9.2.
l
oop s
. L oop 3 i sC 2 •CO •Cl, lo
op 2 is
C
2 •C O a nd loop 1i sC 2 •Cl
. So for N2
w
eg et
:
COUNTER
3B
ITS NEXT
NEXT V
N
2, N
I
ALUE
, NO
3B
IT OUTPUT N
2 =C
2 •C
O +C
2 .0 +C2 •C
O •C
l (
1
)
V
ALUE R
EGISTER o

LOG
IC \-
1 >
=C2. (
CO +C
1)+ 0 •(
CO •C
l) (
2
)
CURRENT VALUE 3B
ITS -
3BITS
C
2,CI
, CO
=C2. (
CO •C
1)+ C
2 •(
CO .
C1) (
3
)
C
LOCK 0 =C2
(:)
(CO •C
l) (
4
)

F
ig
.9.
1 3b
i
tsynch
ronous c
oun
terb
lock d
iag
ram
.

C
I C
O C
I CO C
l C
O C
I C
O
(
a
) N
I
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 N
O-CO „
3
0
0 0 1 0 1 F
ig
.9.2 (
l
eft
) K
-
C
2 ,C2 _Cl _Cu
1 0 1 0 1 maps f
or 3
-bi
t
/
P- ' I
t
'- ' b
inary s
ynchronous
u
pc ounter 0
. 0
1

C
I CO C
I C
O C
l C
O C
I C
O
(
b
) N
2
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 F
ig
.9 .3 (
r
ight
) 3-bi
t

ri>
b
inary s
ynchronous
0 0 0 C r. 0 -
C
2
"
upcounter
. 0
. 0
2
1 (
1) 1) o (
T..
NB 00=C0
01-CI
02-C2

5
08
E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 We cou ld u se any form o f the N2 S
ynch ronou s u p/down c ounte rs d o a
synch ronou s c oun ter i sju
st ac hain o f
e
quation t ob u
ild the c
ircuit
. T he XOR n
ots uf e
rf rom t h
isp roblem. T oo btain a f
l
ip-f
lop s. Y ou c an m ak e itasl o
ng a sy ou
f
orm we d er
ived a bove c orresponds s
ynch ronou s d own c ounter w e c ou ld l
i
ke b uty ou mu str emembe r the "r
ipp l e"
w
ith F ig.8.16
. T he th
ird v e rs
ion o f e
i
the r o bserve t ha
t ab i
t change s w hen d
elay a nd th ei n
termed iateo utputs.
t
he N2 e quation c o
rre sponds w i
th a
l l e
sse rbitsa rezero o ru se asystema ti
c F
or as ynch ronou sc ounteri tissimp ly a
F
ig
.8.14. T he f ina
l ci
rcu it developed d
esign t echnique. E i
the r w ay w e c an matter o fd es
ign ing t h
e n ext value l ogic
,
f
rom t hese e quat
ions i s given i n a
rr
ive a tthec i
rcuits hown i nF ig
.9.7. i
ntuit
ive ly o r s ystem atical
ly. H oweve r
,
F
ig
.9.3. You s hould b e a ble t o s
e e the s ym - f
rom t he patte rns w e h ave d is
cu ssed s o
metry b etween F ig
. 8 .
13 a nd F ig
.9 .7, f
ar itshou ld b e clear t hat a4 -b
it coun ter
n
oting t ha
t t h
e con trol logi
c h as shifted r
equires a3 -
inpu t AND g atec onne cted t o
Ups and Do wns o
f t
he t h
r ee l e
ast s ignific ant bit
s t oc ont ro
l
a
cro sst ot he Qo utpu t s
. We c an obtain a
Counters s
yn chronou s up/down c ounte rb y using t
hef ourth b i
t.B yl ogic alexten s
ion a2 4-bi
t
So far a l
l t he coun te rs h ave b een multiplexe rs conne c
ted t othe J K inpu ts c
oun ter w ould r equi re a 2 3-
inpu t AND
3
-bit up c oun ters wh ich h ave s e rved which s elect betwe en t he up a nd d own g
ate for t he mo s
ts ignificantb i
t. Thisg et
s
wel
l t o ilustrate mo st o f the d esign c
ont roll ogic
. r
ather c umbe rsome b ut f o
rtunately i sn o
t
i
ssues, b ut in r e
ality w e o ften n eed S
ince t he fl
ip-
flop s a r
e not clocked b y necessar y
.
more b i
t s a nd a dditiona l f eatu res t
he J K i nputs gl
itche s or change s int he We n oted i nP art 5t ha
t al a
rge AND
s
uch a s c oun t/inh ibit c on t
ro ls. P er- up/down c ontrol c anno t direct
ly a ffect or OR g ate c ould b e b ui
lt from as e
t o f
haps one i mmed iate q uestion i sh ow t
he s tate of the c oun ters
. T he circuit i s sm a
ller o ne s
, a nd i nt he counter w e al-
dow ec ountd own . s
hown i nFig.9
.8. r
eady h ave t he AND f unct
ion f ort hep re-
I
f w e r epea t o ur o bserva tion o f v
ious s t
ag es
. A l
l w e h ave t od o isa dd a
pat
terns i n the b inary n umbe rs w e t
wo in put AND g ate t oa dd t h
en ex ts tage
f
ind t hat a n a synch ronous d own I
t
's S
ize t
hat Counts t
ot he e x
i s
ting AND f unct
ion. T h
i s i sil
-
c
oun ter i so btained s imp ly b y u s
ing H
ow d
o we make c
oun
ters l
a
rger t
h
an l
ust
rated i nF i g
.9.9 w hich s hows af i
ve-bit
posi
tive e dge c locks i ns
tead o f 3
-
bit
s?B
as
ica
lly i
t
'smore o
fthesame
.T he s
ynchronou su pcoun ter.
negative. T h
i s iss hown i n Fig.9.4, in
which t he t oggle f l
ip f l
op c an b e
e
ither f o
rm a s f or t he u p c oun ter UP UO WN 0

shown i nF ig.8.9 oft hep rev ious p art

.

• • •

L
P (
J
,

F
ig
.9.6
. A3
-b
itb
i
nary a
synch
ronous u
p/down c
oun
ter
.
F
ig
.9.4
. A 3-b
it b
i
nary a
synch
ronous
d
own coun
ter
.

I
fa va
ilabi
lity o f ei
ther p os
itive a nd
n
egat
ive e dge c locked f l
ip
-flop s i s
l
im
ited the Qo u
tputso fthe f
lip
-flop c an
b
e used to g i
ve t he same e f
fect as t he
o
pposite clock e dge
. A n i n
verter w il
l
a
l
so ben eeded a tthei nputifthec oun ter
i
t
sel
f r e
quires t h
e o ppo s
ite clock e dge.
T
he use of Qa nd negative edge clockst o F
ig
.9.7
. A3
-b
itb
i
nary s
ynch
ronous d
own c
oun
ter
.
f
orm ad own c ounteri sshown i nFig.9.5.

CL°C
1: E
l
• • •
C
I

F
ig
.9.5
. A 3 -b
it bi
nary asynchronous
d
own counte
ru sing n
ega
tive edge tr
i
g-
g
ered f
l
ip
-f
lops.

We c an use t he fa
ct t hat choo s
ing b e
-
t
ween Q a nd Q t odrive t he n ext c l
ock F
ig
.9.8
. A3
-b
itb
i
nary s
ynch
ronous u
p/down c
oun
ter
.
a
l
ters t he di rec
tion o f c oun t
ing t o o b
-
t
a
in a n u p/down c oun ter
. T he c i
rcui
t
i
ss hown i n F i
g.9.6 a nd c on s
ists o f an LOG
IC 1 0

a
syn ch ronou sc oun te
rw ith amu ltiplexer
t
os ele ct the clock s ource f or e a
ch f l
ip
-
f
l
op.
T
he c i
rcuit used i nF ig.9.6 i sactua l
ly
r
atherd iff
icultt ou se becau se thec ontro
l >
l
ogic i sc onne c
ted t ot he fl
i p
-flop c locks
.
Any g litches ( t
iny p u
lses c aused b y ,
1 1
111
11 M M
i
k.

t
i m
ing p roblem s i n t h
e l og
ic) o n t h
e
up/down s elector w ill c lock p art o f •
(
.
1
.1
t
hec oun ter
. F urthermo re, s imply c hang-
i
ng d ire ct
ion m ay also c aus e u nwan ted
c
hange si nthec ounter's fl
ip-flop s
. F
ig
.9.9
. A5
-b
its
ynch
ronous u
p c
oun
ter
.

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
09
 I
fw e e xtend t he c ircu it i nF ig
.9.9 t oa T
he ci
rcui
try used by th
e 7 49
13 to more d etail i nth e context ofs h
ift r
egist
-
l
a
rge n umbe r o fs tage s w e g et ap roblem a
ch
ieve d
ualc l
ock
ing iss
hown i
nF i
g.9
.13
, e
rs l a
ter ( the b asic p rinciple s are the
w
ith t he c hain o f AND g ate s s l
ow ing t
h
is can be connec
ted to a
n up/down s
ame )
. F o
r t he momen t l e
t's consider
t
he circuit d own . F o r e xamp le
, t he c l
ock c
ounte
rli
ke theone s
hown i
nFig
.9.8
. F
ig.9.14, this s hows ab lock d iagram o fa
t
o a2 4-bit c oun te r w ould h ave t o be p
re settable c ounte r
.
sl
owe r t han 2 3 g ate d elay s p lus o ne f l
ip
- Loaded Counters The mu ltiplexe r ( MUX ) i s u
sed t o
fl
op d elay. I
tissomet
ime suseful t
obea ble t
oload s
e
lec t whe the r t he coun t l ogic outputs
A comp rom ise b etween t he mu lti-
in- apart
icular n
umbe ri n
to acounter
, fo
re x
- o
r t he d a ta i nputs a r
e l o
aded i n
to
put AND a nd AND c hain a pproache s ample so th
at we can count down f rom t
he c ounter's f l
ip-flop s w hen t hey are
p
rov ide st h eb ests olution . I tal
so h elpsu s a
ny v alue t
ozero. To do th
is w e n
eed a c
locked . T he 4 0
163 a nd 7 4 163 i .
c
.s are
bui
ld c oun te r b lock s w hich a re read i
ly p
re
settablec
ount
er. p
rese ttable u s
ing a n a ct
ive l ow l oad
c
as caded t of orm l a
rge rc oun ters. There ar
e ac ouple of ways o f d
oing e
nab le con tro l w hich i si ndependen t of
You w ill f i
nd t h
a t 7 400 a nd 4 000 t
h
is a nd w e wil
l be d i
scussing th
is in t
hec ounte nab les.
s
eries s ynch ronous c oun te r i .
c
.s a re
o
ften 4 -bit b ut c an b e c onne cted t ogether
t
o f orm l arge r c oun te rs. T o f orm c as
-
c
adab le c oun te r -b lock s" w e n eed t ob e
a
ble t oi nh ib itt hec oun te r( sot hat ag iven
c
oun te rb l o ck c an s top s ub sequen t blocks
when r equ ired )
.
As ynch ronou sly c on tro lled i nh
ibit i n
-
put i sg ene ra lly u sefu l a s i tp rovide s a
mean s o f s topp ing t he c oun te r withou t
h
av ing t og ate t he c l
ock ( gating t he clock
i
ss uscep tib le t og l
itche s). We a lso need a n
o
utpu t t oi nd icate w hen t hec oun terb lock
h
asr eached f u
llc oun t -w hich i sw hen t he
n
extb lock n eeds t oc oun t.
A4 -bit c oun ter w ith a n i nhibit (INH ) F
ig
.9.10
. C
ascadab
le 4
-bi
tbinary s
ynch
ronous u
pcoun
ter
.
i
npu t a nd at erm inal c oun t ( TC) o utput i s
s
hown i nF ig.9.10 . ( No te t h at the term inal
c
oun t i sa lso c alled t he c arry-ou t on s ome
c
oun ters). T he se f our-b it c oun ter b l
ock s F
ig.9
.11. A 1 2
-bi
t
c
an b ec as caded t of orm l arge rc ountersa s b
inary synchronous
s
hown i nF i g
.9 .11 . up c ounter u s
ing
t
hree c
opies o
f
Synchronous Counter t
he c
i
rcuit f
rom
Chips F
ig.9
.10.
The 4 0163 a nd 7 4163 i .
c
.s are e xamp les
o
f4 -b
i t cas cadab le s ynchronou s c ounte rs
.
The i nhibit c i
r cui
try i n these c ircuits i s
s
l
igh tly d ifferen t f rom t hat i n F i
g.9.10.
These c h
ip s h ave t wo e nable inpu ts
, b oth
o
fw h
ich mus t be h igh for the c oun ter to
D
CARRY
OUT
c
oun t
. O ne o f t he e nables c onne c
t s d i
-
r
ectly t
ANDed t
ot h
o
e I
gethe
C l
rt
ogic
op
. T
rov
he t
ide c
wo i
ont
npu
ro
t
l o
s a
ft
r
h
e
e
• • I
P
c
oun t.
Th
is i d
ea i silustra ted inF ig
.9. I2a, b ut
n
ote t h
is i sn ot af u
ll schema t
ic o f these
C
LOCK 0
c
hip s ( check t he databook s f o
r t he f u
ll
s
tory). F i
g.9.12b s how s how t hese c h ips
a
rec a
s caded . F
ig
.9.12a
. F
orm o
fenab
le c
i
rcu
itry u
sed i
nthe 4
0163 a
nd 7
4163
.
T
he 7 4193 i s as ynch ronous u p/down
c
oun te rw hich h as t wo clocks -o ne f o
ru p LOG
IC 10

a
nd o ne f o
rd own . Fo rt h
ec i
r cui
t t of unc-
CARRY
t
i
on c o rrectly, t heclock i nput wh ich i sn ot OUT CARRY CARRY CARRY
OUT OUT
b
e
ing u sed mus tb eh igh. OUT

F
or e xamp le, t o c ount d own t he u p 0
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
0 0
1 02 0
3 0
0 0
1 0
2 0
3
c
l
o ck i ss e
t h i gh a nd t he down c l
ock i s C
LOCK 0
p
uls ed.T he t wo c l
ock s mus tn eve rc hange • 1r 1r •
a
tt hes ame i nstant. 0
4 05 06 07 09 0
10 0
11 0
12 0 3 0
14 0
15

F
ig
.9.12b
. Schematic f
or a1
6-b
it c
oun
ter showing connect
ion o
fcascade s
igna
ls
f
or40163 a
nd 74163 i
.
c.s
. No
tal
lthe c
hip p
ins
/funct
ions are s
hown
.

F
ig
.9.13 ( l
ef
t)
. Cir
-
c
uit to provide a
d
ual c
lock fo
r
a synchronous
u
p/down c ounter
,
(
a
) schema t
ic and
(
b
) tim
ing diagram.
A
s u sed i n the
7
4193 Lc.

F
ig
.9.14
. B
lock d
iag
ram o
f ap
rese
ttab
le c
oun
ter
.

5
10
E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
Any Nu mber You L
ike
A
llt hec oun te rss of a
rh ave b een b ina ry,
b
ut w e m ay r equir e o t her c oun te r ty pe s
,
f
ore x amp le B CD ( Bin ary C oded D ecima l)
.
AB CD c oun te rh as4 -bi
t sa nd c oun ts f rom
000(0 )to1 00 1 (9)a nd t hen r etu rn st oO .
T
h ere ar e an umb er o fw ay s o fa chiev -
i
ngt h
i s
. First, w ec an u s e ab in ary c oun ter
w
ith ac omb in ation alc i
rcu itt od etec tw hen
t
he c oun ter's o utpu t i s1 0 ( 1010 ) a nd u se
t
h
i st oa c
tiv at et hea syn ch ronou sr eset
.T his
i
si lu st
rated i nF ig
.9. 15 t ogethe r w ith i t
s
t
iming d iag ram .
T
he t iming d iag ram i lu strat es t he
p
rob lem w ith t hisa pp ro ach —t heo utpu to f F
ig
.9.15
. BCD C
oun
ter(
a
) s
chema
tic r
epresen
tat
ion (
b
) t
i
ming d
i
agram
.
t
he c ounter i s1 0 b r
iefly b efo r e t he r eset
t
akes e f
fect. T his p rob lem c an b e o ver-
c
ome b y u sing a s yn ch ronou sly r eset
c
oun t er
. S uch a c oun t er c ould u s e t he
s
yn ch ronou s
ly r e
s ettable f l
ip-flop d e s
-
c
r
ib ed i nt hep reviou sp a rt
.
Ther eset i sa pplied w hen t h
ec ounto c
-
c
ursa nd t ake se ffecto nt hef o
llow ing c l
o ck
p
uls e
. T he s c hem ati c a nd t iming d iagr am
a
res hown i nF i
g.9.16 .
Ana ltern ative a pp ro ach w ou ld b et ou se
t
hes ystema t
i c d esign t e
chn ique d escr
ib ed
e
arl
ie r a nd d e
sign t he B CD c oun ter f rom
s
cratch . Y ou c ou ld u se t h
is t echn ique t o
d
e s
ign c oun ters w hich n o t o nly c oun t a
l
imited r ang eo fn umb ers,b uta lso c ircuits
F
ig
.9.16
. BCD C
oun
terw
i
thou
tfa
lse o
utpu
t (
a
) s
chema
tic (
b
) t
i
ming d
i
agram
.
which p rodu ce o utpu t s equen ce s o t her
t
han s t
ra
igh tfo rw ard b in ary c oun ting.
F
o re xamp le,y ou c ou ld d e sign ac i
r cuit
t
oc oun ti ns tep so ft hree r a
the r t han o ne HOLD=1

(why n ot h ave a g o
!). I n f act w ith t he / 4
.
a
pp rop r
iat el ogici nt he " nex t v alue" b ox U
/D=
1 U
/D=
1 HOLD =
0 HOLD=0
i
n F ig
.9.14 o r F ig
.9 .1 y ou c an p roduce U
/D=0 U
/D=0
HOLD=1
a
ny a rb
itra ry " c oun t" s e quen ce.J ustw rite
down t he l i
st o fc urr en t a nd n ex t v alue s
a
nd c hurn o utt hec i
r cuit su sing K -map s. U DO U
/D=0 HOLD=

Gett
ing I
nto a State D
= \ U
/D=1 HOLD =
0 HOLD.°
At t h
e s t
a r
t o f o ur d iscussion o n
c
oun ters w es how ed y ou as tate diagram (
a
) (
b)

f
or a3 -bit b inary u p coun ter ( F
ig.8.6)
.
D
iag ram s l i
ke t h
is b e
come e xtreme ly
u
seful w hen y ou w ant t o display h ow F
ig
.9.17. State di
agrams for 2-bi
t bina
ry counte
rs: (
a) u
p/down counter wh
ich
c
ontrol i nputs can c hange t he w ay t h
at a c
ounts up wi
th UD = 1and down w hen UD =0 c
ounter w
i
th e
nable
/inh
ibi
t in
put
. (b
)
c
oun ter b ehave s. T hey p rovide a g ood C
oun ts w
hen h o
ld =0c oun
ter with s
ynchronous r
ese
t. (
c
) When R =1 the c
ounte
r
way ofd e
fining a nd v i
suali
sing w hat t h
e i
sreseton the n
extclock e
dge.
c
oun terw illd o w hen itgets ac lock pulse
i
na ny ofi t
ss tates.
Fore ach state w ed raw ac i
r c
le,w ith an S
end ing 3 2-bitv alue sd own p hone l i
nes
a
rrow l eaving t ha t s
tate fore ach p oss
ible i
np ar a
llel w ou ld r equire 32 t e
lephone s
!
n
ext state
. We c an then l abe
l e ach arrow I
ns uch s i
tuation s w e mu st send t he d ata D
O

w
ith t h
el o g
icalc ondit
ion w hich w i
lls end o
ne b i
t a t at im e in w hat isc alled s er
i a
l P
ARALLEL D
l S
ERIAL
i
td own t hat p art
icu la
r p ath. F ig
.9.17 d
at at rans fe
r. A ta ny g iven instan tt hes ig
- I
D
ATA
NPUTS D
2
S
DO DATA
OUT
s
how s t h
e b ehav iour o f a n u p/down n
al w ill r ef
lect t h
e s tate ofo ne-b it o ft he
c
oun ter (a)
, ac ounter w ith a h o
ld c on- p
ar al
le l d ata y ou w ant t os end. P a ral
lel D
3

t
r
ol ( b) and a s ynchronou sly r e-se
ttable d
ata i so f
t en conve rted i n
to ser
iald ata f o
r
So S
c
oun ter( c
)
. t
r
an sm ission, a nd t hen r e
-cons tru cted a t
S
ELECT S
IGNALS
t
her ece iving e nd. CONNECTED TO
Ser
ial Data One w ay o fg etting s erial data f rom a 2
•BIT B
INARY COUNTER

The regis
t er
s w e h ave m e
t so f a
r l oad p
ar al
le l source i st ou se amu ltip lexe r as (
a
)
a
l theirb i
tss imu l
t aneou s
ly f r
om as e
t o f i
nF ig.9.18 a. A mu ltiplexe r le
ts y ou s elect
p
ara
lle
li n
put s
.S imilarly,a lb i
tsa r eava i
l- o
ne o fs e vera
l i npu t
s a s i t
s outpu t
. T he
a
b
le i np ar
allela tt heo utputs. To tr
an sfer i
npu t t hat y ou w an t t he mu lt
ip lexe r t o D
O D
3

d
ataf rom one r egi
s tert oanotherw en eed s
end o ut i ssele c
ted b y an umbe r o fc on- So

o
ne w
Th
i
i
rep
s i
erb
s s
i
t.
imple, f ast a nd v ery c on-
t
r
t
h
o
l l
e p
i
a
ne
r
s
a
. B
l
le
y s
l d a
elec
ta b
ting e
i
t s a
ach i
ppe a
n
r i
pu
ns
t i
e
nt
quen
urn
ce
S
1
v
enient, a s long a s t he d ist
an ces i n
- o
n t he mu lt
iplexe r's o utpu t ass hown o n
v
olved a r
e n ot too gre a
t, so within chip s t
het i ming d i
ag r am i nF ig
.9.18b. S
DO

a
nd e quipmen t w e f i
nd p a
r al
lel mu l
ti-bit T
he s e
lect s ign als c ould b e o b-
b
uses a s we h ave p rev
iou sly de sc
ribed . t
a
ined f r
om a t wo-bit b inary c oun ter (
b
)
O
ve rl o
ng erd i
stan cest heco s
to ft hecab le s
yn chron ised t oc oun tt hrough ac omp lete
b
ecom esp rohibitive a nd ifw e w anted t o c
ycle f or e a
ch i nput d ata w ord. E ach b i
t
u
se r ad
io w e w ou ld h ave t o use eigh t would b es ento u
ti nt u
rn a nd rece ived b y F
ig
.9.18a. C rea
ting Ser
ial Da
ta w
ith
d
i
fferent c hannels ( frequen c
ies) t o send acomp lemen ta ry c i
rcuit att he o the r end a mul
tip
lexer
. ( b
) Tim
ing di
agram fo
r
8
-b
itd ata. o
ft hes er
ialc onne ction . d
ata tr
ansfe
r.

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 511
 L
OGIC SD
I (
SDO
)

C
LOCK

R
ESET
P
ARALLEL S
ER IAL
DATA I
N SDO DATA
00 0
1 0
2 03
OUT

SD
I # D1
S
IPO SD01 - 0 SDO
C
LOCK
o 01 0
2 03

RESET 0 bb
D
ATA A
VAILABLE

R
EADY TO S
END F
ig
.9.2
1 S
eria
lInP
ara
lle
l Ou
tsh
if
treg
iste
r.

P
ARALLEL
D
O-D3 I
NPUT

DATA
i
A
VAILABLE

R
EADY j

So I
FROM 0
TO O I
NPUT
OUTPUT OF
OF NEXT
PREVIOUS
S STAGE
STAGE
S2 I
RESET

CLOCK CLOCK
SDO C
litC
lio Cal
I
4 -4
.1
L
I•
NE S
ER IAL L
INE
S
TART S
TOP
I
DLE DATA I
DLE
B
IT B
IT
(
b
) SH
IFT
/LOAD SH
IFT
/LOAD

F
ig
.9.19. I mp
roved s
eria
l mu l
tip
lexe
r w hich adds s
tar
t and
s
top bi
ts n eeded f
or synchronous tr
ans fe
r. (
a) schema
tic
(
note i
nputs 15 a
nd 17 o
f 8-
input mult
iplexer no
t used
). (
b)
t
im
ing diagram.
F
ig
.9.22
. One s
tage o
f ap
ara
lle
l(P
/SO
)lo
ad s
hi
ftr
egis
ter
.

P
ARALLEL
I
NPUT D

CLOCK S
ER IAL
TO MULTIPLEXER DATA
FROM 0 1
0INPUT OF OUT
OUTPUT OF NEXT STAGE
RESET
PREVIOUS
S
TAGE

CLOCK CLOCK

SH
IFT
/LOAD SH
IFT
/LOAD
F
ig
.9.23 A
lte
rnative p
ara
lle
l l
oad s
hi
ft
RESET RESET
r
egis
tera
nd 4-b
itP ISO s
ymbol
.

F
ig
.9.20
. S h
if
t Regis
ter i
mplemented b
it). T he select l ines a r
e t hen h e
ld a t 5 a
ren o
ts ynchronised t
oge
ther)m
eansth
at
a
s ac hain of f
l
i
p-f
lops (
a) schemat
ic
until the next p arallel d ata i st ob e t r
an s- w
e refer to t
his fo
rm of da
ta t
r
ans
fer a
s
(
b)symbol.
mitted s othatt h es end l ine rema in sa t0 . a
syn
chronous.
The s e
lect l i
nes c onnec ted t o ac ontro l
Package Dea
l c
ircu i
ta res hown i nF ig.9
. I9. T hisr eceive s
Aproblem w ith t hec ir
cu i
ti nF i
g.9 .18 is as igna l indicating t h at p arallel d ata i s
Sh
ift
ing Data with
t
hat iti si mpo ssible t o k now w hen o ne awa it
ing t ransm i
s sion. When i ti sr eady Sh
ift Reg
isters
d
ata w ord e nds a nd t h en exts t
artss imp ly t
h e c ontro
ller c oun t
s t h
rough 0 t o 5o n T
o c onve rt d ata f r
om s er
ial t op ar allel
b
y looking a tt he s erial d ata. We n eed t o t
h e select li
nes a sd esc r
ibed . When i th as we c ould u se ad e
-mu lt
ip lexer a nd as et
s
end theS Oa nd S 1s igna lst oo
.T h
is m ean s f
inished i toutpu ts as igna lt oi nd icate i tis o
fi ndependen tly c ontrolled latche s, h ow -
t
hat the simp le s ystem i n Fig
.9.18 n eeds r
eady t osend t hen extd ata p acke t. e
ve r an a l
te rnative a pp roach i st o u se a
a
tl e
ast t hree s igna ls ( p
lus a g round ) t o With t h
e l i
ne s atz e ro when n o d a
ta i s s
hift register, w h
ich c an b e l
oaded u sing
t
r
an smitt h ed ata. p
re sen t th
e r eceive r s imp ly l ook s f or a1 s
erial data
. We c an a l
so u se shift registe rs
Th
isp roblem i sove r come b yc r
ea ting a which w ill be t he start bit o f ap acke t
. A s t
oc onve rt p arallel data t oser
ia l b y load -
r
ecognisable s t
art a nd e nd t oe a
ch b lo ck l
o ng a sthes peed a tw hich t hed ata i ssen t i
ng t he da ta i n p aral
le l (as in an orma l
o
fp aral
lel d ata o n t he s er
ial outpu t
. T his (
baud r a
te,i nb i
t sp e
rs econd )i sk nown a t r
egister)a nd s hift
ing o uti nser
ia lf orm .
f
orms w hat i sc alled a d ata packe t. T he t
he r eceiver t here i sn o n eed t o t ran sm it T
he mo s tb asic form o ft h
es hiftr egiste r
s
implest w ay o f d oing t h
is i sto p ut a n s
e
le ctsignalso rc lock s. i
ss imply a" cha in" o fD -type f l
ip-f
lop sa s
e
xtra bi
t a te ach e nd, s ay a Ia tt he s tart All the receive r h as t o d o isl ook f or s
hown i nF i
g.9.20. O n e ach p ositive c lock
a
nd a0a tt he e nd. T hese a re ca
lled s tart t
hes t
artb i
ta nd w aitt hea pp rop riate t ime e
dge ( i
no ur examp le)d ata isp assed f rom
a
nd stop b i
ts. b
efo re reading t he d ata b its
. T he s top b it e
ach f l
ip-f
lop t ot he nex to ne int he chain.
Th
is i si lustra ted i n F ig
.9.19 w hich i s e
nsure s that t he l i
ne i si dle f or as ho rt T
he d ata int he final fl
ip-flop is" lost" u n
-
s
imi
lar t o Fig.9.18a b u
t w i
th t wo e x
t ra while s o that th e r e
ce ive r can d ete ct th e l
essi tisstored e lsewhe re
.
i
nputs tot he mu l t
ip lexe r
. T o conve rt t he 0t o 1( i
n this c ase) t rans it
ion wh ich i n- T
he f i
rst f l
ip-flop i sc onnec ted t o t h
e
d
ata f r
om t he p aralle l i nputs to s er
ia l d
ic ates the start o f th e n ext d ata p acke t, s
e
rial input ( l
abe l
led S D I -S er
ia l D at
a I n
)
f
orm, t he mu l t
ip lexe r s e
lect l i
nes c oun t e
ven i fitf
ol
low si mmed ia tely. i
n F ig
.9.20, a nd t he l as
t f l
ip-flop i st h
e
t
hrough t h e s equence f r
om 0 t o 5 .T his The f a
ct t hat t he t r
an sm itter a nd s
e
rial outpu t (labelled S DO ). T hi
s t ype o f
c
auses a1( s
tar tb it)t ob eo u
tput followed r
eceive r have s epar a
te c locks w hich t hey s
hift regis
te r i sc al
led a S ISO ( Se
rial I n
b
y 4d a
ta b i
ts a nd t h en a z ero (the s top u
se t os end a nd r eceive t he d a
ta ( i
.
e. t hey S
erialO ut
)s hif
tr eg
i s
te r
.

5
12 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 PARALLEL I
NPUT

SH
IFT SH
IFT SD
I D
O D
I D
2 0
3
LEFT OUT R
IGHT OUT

MODE
SH
IFT SH
IFT
R
IGHT I
N L
EFT I
N
C
LOCK 00 0
1 02 03
So

RESET

0
1 02 03

•
maN
ION
=
SD
I SDO

PARALLEL OUTPUT CLOCK 0

F
ig
.9.24
. Th
ree-stage (
para
lle
l/se
ria
l, i
n
/ou
t, l
e
ft/
righ
t)
, f
our F
ig
.9.25
. S
hif
treg
iste
rfr
om JK F
l
ip-F
lops
.
mode s
hi
ftr
egis
ter.
I
tise asy too b tain ap aralle
l o utput The f our modes c orrespond t o the Shif
ting f
or Fun a
nd
f
rom a s hif
t r eg
is ter simply b y using f
our i npu ts o
f the mu l t
iplexers con-
n
ected t o the f
lip
-flops ' inputs
. T he
Prof
it
t
heQo utpu ts from a l
l oft he fl
ip-
flop s
,
We h ave d e scribed s e r
ial d a ta t ran s-
g
iving u s aS er
ia l In Parallel Ou t or mult
ip lexer se
lect inpu ts are al
l con-
f
e
r a nd t h
is i so bv ious ly a p o
ten tial u s e
S
IPO s hift register. This i ss hown i n n
ected t ogether bu
t t h
is i snot drawn
f
o
r t he s hi
ft r e g
i ste r
, h oweve r t h ey h ave
F
ig
.9 .21. o
n t he diagram top reven t c
rowd ing i
t
m
any o the r u se s
. S hift
ing ab inary n um -
S
h
i f
t r eg
isters m ay also h ave paralle
l t
oo much . The modes o f opera
tion are
b
er lef
t a nd r igh t b y o ne b i
t i se qu iva len t
i
nput s (so that w e get PISO a nd PIPO a
sf o
l lows:
t
o mu l
tip lying o rd ivid ing i tby t wo. S hift
s
hi
ft r egisters
), b ut th
is r e qu
ires s ome
r
egis
te rs th erefo re f i
nd u ses i na rithme tic
e
xtra c i
rcuitry
. T he re a
re t wo b as
ic a p
- Mul
tip
lexer
O S
S I Ope
rat
ion c
a
lcu lat
ion s
. Mo st m icrop ro ce sso rs h ave
p
roaa
chh
se
hs
if
s
trto
eg
itsh
ei
ts.T
r he f
i
rs
t i
sshown in I
nput Used "
shif
t" i nstruc tion s a l
low ing d a ta t o b e
F
ig
.9.22 w hich i so ne s
t
age o
f ap
ara
lle
l-
S
hif
t R
igh
t I
O s
h
i f
ted l efto rr i
gh t.
0 0
I
fw e a r e n ot d ealing w ith a s erial
l
oI f t he s hift/load l ine i s l ow t he
0 1 P
ara
lle
l L
oad 1 s
t
ream o fi nputd a ta t heq ue s
tion a rise sa s
c
i
rcu it a cts as as hif
t r egister, s hi
f t
ing
S
hif
t L
eft 1
2 t
o wha t t o s h
i f
t i n
to t he r e giste r
. I n
d
ata o n t he c lock e dge . When t he I 0
p
ractice t h
i sm ay b e af i
xed " 0" o r" 1" o r
s
hift/load l i
ne i s high t he p aral- I 1 Ho
ld 1
3 we m ay l oop t h
e s hift r e g
ister b ack o n
l
e
l i npu t d irec t
ly i
nf
luences t he
i
t
self( i
.e. conne ct S D
I t oS DO) s o t hat t he
a
synch ronous s et/reset i npu ts o f t he You s hould b e able toc onfirm t hese d
ata isr e-circu lated .
f
l
ip-flop s. On t he n egative t rans i
tion o f o
pe rat
ions b y tracing t he mu ltiplexe r I
nt hen ex tT each -In w er ing th ec hange s
t
he s hift/load t he d a
ta a t the p arallel i
npu t w ires o n t he s chema t
ic. T his a
nd l ook a tr i
ng c oun te r
s,o pto-ele ctron ics
i
npu ts i slatched i n
to t he s h
if t register t
ype o f mu lt
i-func t
ion s hif
t r egister is a
nd s erial c omm s ( memo r
ie s)
. N ow h ave
i
r
respec tive o f t he state o f t he c lock s
ome times c alled a u niversal s hift alook a tt h e L ab Wo rk s ect
ion a nd b uild
i
npu t. r
egister
. a
n 8 -b
it S ynch ronous U p/Down C oun ter
Thus , f o
r F ig.9.22 shift/load a cts as A
ll the s h
ift registers we h ave e n- d
emon s tration c i
rcu it.
a
n a synchronous p arallel l o ad c lock. c
oun tered s o fa
rh ave b een made u sing T
he T each-In w ri
te rs a r e d e
ligh ted t o
The 7 4165 8 -bit s h
ift register's i n
te rnal D
-type f l
ip-f
lops. We c an u se J K flip- r
eceive y ou r c ommen ts, f e
edback a nd
c
ircui t
ry i sb ased o n th
is d esign . f
lops by c onnec t
ing t he Q o f one stage quer
ie s
. Y ou c an w rite t o us a t T each-
t
o the Jo f the fol
low ing s tage a nd t he I
n c /o t he E dito rial a dd ress, o r E -ma i
l
Mu
ltip
lexed Qt othe K .T his isshown i nF ig.9.25. Teach_ ln980 e pemag .demon .co.uk .
A no the r a pp roach t o p arallel l oad -
i
ng , a nd t hat mos t c ommon ly u sed i n
t
he 4 000 a nd 7 400 s e
ries o f i .
c.s i st o
u
se a mu ltiplexe r o n the D i npu t o f
e
ach f l
ip -flop.T his i sshown i nF ig.9.23 TEACH
-IN MEET
whe re s hi ft/load s elects eithe r the p re-
v
ious s tage ( when i ti s h igh ) o r t he A DAY OUT TO MEET THE E
XPERTS
!
p
ara llel i npu t ( when i tisl ow ) f o r con -
n
ec tion t ot he f l
ip -flop's i npu t
. F
ol
lowing o
n f
r
om the success o
f Teach
-In 98
, the Univers
ity o
f
U nlike F ig.9.22 t he l oad o pe ration Hu
ll and EPE a
re o
rgan
ising a Teach
-In 98 Meet wh
ich (
subjec
t t
o
f
or F ig.9.23 i s s ynchronous . When r
esponse) wi
ll t
ake p
lace ea
rly i
n Sep
te mber t
his yea
r in Hu
ll
. F o
llowers
s
hi ft/ load i slow d a ta isl o aded o n t he
o
f the ser
ies wil
l be able to meet up with the wri
ters of T each-
In,
c
lock e dge .T he i n
terna l circu itry o ft he
7
495 a nd 4 035 i .
c.s ( bo th 4 -bit) a re i
nc
luding a spec
ial g
uest a
ppearance of L
ord F ave
rsham W il
ls.
b
ased o n t h
is a pp roach . T he T TL 7 495 Hu
ll w
i
ll be present
ing some T each-
In rela
ted ma ter
ial and making
u
ses a l ogic g ate ( s
im i
lar t o F ig.5.4a ) s
pace i
nthe
ir h
ardwa
re l
abo
rato
ries f
or y
ou t
o "
br
ing o
ut y
our d
ead" i
n
mu ltip lexe r a nd t he 4 035 u ses t rans - t
he f
orm o
f l
abs wh
ich m
igh
t no
t have wo
rked qu
ite r
i
ght
!
mis sion g ates ( s
im ilar toF ig.5.4b ). I
fyou a
re i
n
teres
ted i
nat
tending o
ur Teach
-In Meetsend y
our n
ame
So f a
r we h ave d escribed a ll o ur
a
nd a
ddress t
o:
s
hi ft r egiste rs a s mov ing d ata i n o ne
Rob Miles
d
i rec tion ( l
eft t o r ight acros s t he p age
i
no ur s chema tics ). S ome time s we may Depart ment of E
lec
tronic Eng
ineer
ing
w an t t o s hif
t i n b oth d irec tions u sing The Universi
ty of Hul
l
t
he s ame r egis ter . T his i s e asily Cot
tingha m Road •I
t
A"'
S -
"
;
a
ch ieved b y u s
ing a n extens ion o f t he HULL
mu ltip lexe r a r rangemen t u sed f or
HU6 7RX
para lle l l oad i n F ig.9.23. T hree s tage s
O
r y
ou c
an registe
r your i
n
teres
t v
ia t
he EPE web p
age
:
o
f a s hi f
t r egis te r wh ich h as f our
mode s o f o pe ration a re s hown i n h
ttp:/
/www .epe mag.wi mborne
.co
.uk
F
ig .9.24 .

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
13
 Mo
re t
han

s
o
l
o 21
5i8;
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l
ect
ron
ic

N
ISIGN
IRs k
now h
ow t
oge
tthe
ir

P
ROT T
YPE P
CBs
f
r
om t
he
ir u
sua
l manufac
turer f
o
ra

F
RACT
ION f
ten
t

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OYO
U?
S
T
OPW
A
ST
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RMO
NEY
!
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pcb
-
poo
l
.com 7
01165 7
01160 7
01166 7
BB
01168
 (
Check t he s i
ze b efore y ou b uy.) T he

TEACH
-IN '
98 t
im
1
l
ing c
0µF n
ow e ne
apac
on
i
-po
rgy c
to
la
i
rC
r
l s
ised t
rcu
it w
hou
ype
ld p
, a
e u
l
r
efe rab
ly b
though i
sed an o rd
nt
ea
h
ina
is
ry
e
lect
rolytic f or 2 4 h ours w i
thou t any

LAB
c
oncer n
s. T est th
e c i
r cui
t by a pply
ing a n
1
.
e.d. wi
th s er
iesr e
sisto rtopin4 .
A
djusting the preset tr
imme rs VR 1 and
VR2 will adjustthe frequency o ft h
ec lock

W ORK
p
ulsesd isp
layed b yt hel ed.

Lab 9
,2 Progra m mable
Counters
The 7 4LS 193 i s as ynch ronou su p/down
4
-bit c oun te r c hip. I ti sr evers
ib le, s o i t
Ob
jec
tive
s: B
uild a c
l
ock pu
lse g
ene
rator A
ssemb
le a
n c
oun ts u po rd own a nd each o fi t
s i nter nal
f
l
i p-flop si sc locked s imu ltaneou sly ,s ot his
8
-bi
tup/down c
oun
tera
nd p
ara
lle
l-load n
umbe
rsi
n
to i
t
. s
ynch ronous c oun te r avoid s any p rob lem s
w
ith g li
tche s c au sed b y d elays r ippling
C
ascade t
wo 4
-bi
tun
ive
rsa
lsh
iftr
egi
ste
rs. E
xpe
riment a
long t h
e f l
ip-flop s
.
I
ta lso h a
s ap rog rammab le inpu t, w he re
w
ith p
seudo
-random s
equence
s. a4-b itb i nary n umb erc an b ea ppl ied t ot he
p
in s D O-D3 , a nd t his will b e loaded o n to
Lab 9.1 There a re m any o ther w ay s o f t
he c orrespond ing o utputs w hen t he p aral-
g
enerating a c l
o ck s igna l, i n
clud ing t h
e l
e
l l oad p in ( 11) g oe s l ow . T he c hip i s
Construct a C lock v
enerable 5 55 t ime r i .
c., a nd t here i s d
esigned t ob ec a scaded a nd i sg ood f oru p

I
\
IRODUCING a
n i
n
teres
ting d
evice
: t
h
e n
othing p reven t
ing y ou u s
ing s uch a n t
o3 2 MHz o rs o!
4046 c h
ip . T h
is i s d escr
ibed as a a
l
ternative i fd esired. A ll w e w an t i s a The c hip h as t wo c lock i npu t s
, f or
phase-locked l oop" c hip w h
ich isused s
ource ofs quarew ave c lock s igna ls. c
oun t u p o r f o r c oun t d own . T he
f
o
r d etecting t h
e frequency o f a
n app
lied A 4 046 c onf
igu red a s a s imp le b u
t "unused" c lock i npu t isp u
lled h i gh. T he
s
i
gna l
, a nd " locking" o nt oi t
. h
ighly s table c lock p ul se g ene rato r i s p
urpo se o f t he n ex t l ab d emon s tra tion i s
All w e are i n
terested i n
, though
, isthe s
hown i n F ig.9.26. Y ou c an u se a ny t
op roduce a n 8 -bit c ounte r
. I CI a nd I C3
v
ol
tage -con trolled o sc
illator ( VCO) bui
lt
f
amily of d evice
, d epend ing o n p r
ice a nd (
Fig.9 .27 ) a re t wo 4 -bit 7 4LS 193 c hip s
i
n
to a4 046 . T hey can b e used togene
rate a
vai
labili
ty . We t e
sted w ith a c heap 4 046 which h ave b een c ascaded t oge the r: p in
ah
i ghly stable clock signal. a
nd w ith a v ery e xpen sive 7 4H CF4046 , 1
2 o fI CI ( Term ina l C oun t U p) d rive s t he
w
ithoutp roblem s. C
lock U po fI C3, a nd t heT ermina l C oun t
Using t he f i
rst 20 Down ( pin 1 3)o fI CI c auses I C3 t oc lock
r
ows o f con tact s and d
own i n
stead .
o
bs erv ing t he u sual The d emo c i
r cuit o f F ig 9 .27 c an b e
a
nti-s tat
ic p
recau - b
uilt o n t he r ema inde r o f t he b r eadboa rd
t
i
on s, c ons truc t t h
is u
sing 7 4LS 193 c hip s (ore quiva len ts f rom
c
ircu it on t
he o
the r f am il
ie s )
, a nd i sdriven b y t he c lock
b
readboa rd. T he t wo c
ircui t o fF ig.9 .26 . Y ou s hou ld b e a ble t o
v
ariab le r
e sistors a
ssemb le t h
isc ircu it withou ta ny p rob lem s
VR1 a nd VR2 a re (
use f ine-po in ted p lier st og rip wi r es).
"
trimme r" p
reset The c ircuitw i
ll f i
ll the r esto ft he b read -
p
oten tiome te r
s w hich b
oa rd a nd w e f ound i tb e s
t t o u se 3 mm
w
ill p ush-fit d irectly m
in iatu re h igh -e ff
ic iency I .e
.d.s f o rt h
e i n
-
o
nto t he b readboa rd: d
icato rs t o s ave s pace. A lso, u se p ul
l -up
t
hese a re u sed t o r
es
is tor so nt h e inpu tso fu nu sed b uf ferso n
a
l
ter t h
e f requency . t
he7 4LS04 i nverte rc hip I C2 .

F
ig
.9.26
. C
lock p
ulse g
enera
tor u
sing a 4
046 p
hase
-locked
l
oop i
.
c
.

You Wi
ll Need I
•
.A.
•
. 6 • • 4 •
Res
istors • t, i
t • D • • • • •

30 o
hm (10of
f) • : • 6 • • • • r

1
0k (
4of) • • • . • • • 4 • *

A
l 0
.25W 5%c a
rbon f
i
lm • • .• • • •

t • • • •

P
otentiometers • • • ,

1
0k m
in
iature e
nc
losed p
reset(t
ofi
tbreadboard) • • • . • •
• • • • •
2
20k m
in
iature e
nc
losed p
rese
t( t
ofi
tbreadboard)
. • • •.

Capac
itor •

1
0µF n
on-po
lar
ised c
apac
ito
r(s
ee t
e
xt) • •

• • la
s- •
S
em iconduc tors • • • • ' • •
4 0 . 099
11•
1 4• f
t ".
4
046 o
r7 4HCT4046 p hase-
locked loop
• • •
7
4LS193 4-b
its ynchronous up/down coun
ter(
2of
)
7
4LS04 o
r7 4HCT04 h ex in
verterbuf
fer r • • • •
7
4LS194 4-b
itu n
iversals h
if
tr eg
iste
r( 2of
f
)
7
4LS86 quad XOR ( opt
ional)
3
mm high
-eficiency led. (10o f
)
•
M
iscellaneous • • • •
•
.
'
15

S
older
less b
readboa
rd: 5
V d
.
c r
e
gula
ted p
owe
r s
upp
ly u
n
it
• •

(
p
.s
.u.)
; hook
-up w
ire
. Aclock c
ircu
it c
onst
ructed fr
om a 4046
. N o
te t
he two t
r
im-
me
rr es
istors wh
ich f
i
tdirec
tly o
nto t
he b
readboa
rd.

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 515
 E
ach c oun te rh as t wo s ets ofd ata i nputs ( DO -D3 )and t hese c an
s
imp ly be s ho r
t f l
ying l eads, h ooked t oe i
the r the low o r t he high
r
a
ils ( or am ix ture o fb oth) w i
th at o
tal o fe ightj umpe r l e
ads . We
f
ound i tusefu l to l a
be l all the f l
ying l eads a ccordingly . Finally,
t
he R eset/Clea r (pin 1 4) i s af ly
ing l ead w hich i staken l ow i n
o
rde r tha
t t h e c h
ip s m ay c ount. When h i gh, t he coun ter o utput
c
learsa nd re setst oz ero.
Connect t he 4 046 c lock s ignal t o the C lock U p in put o f the
c
oun ter. Ab i nary c oun t sequence w ill appea ra cross I
.e.d.s D 1 to
D4, and after 111 i sd isplayed , th e C arry I .
e.d. D 5 will blink, to
s
ignify ac a rry o utpu t f rom I CI t o IC3. D 7 will l i
gh t s o the
c
oun terh as n ow i ncremen ted t o 10000 a nd w il
lc ontinue . U se the
p
resetso ft heC lock c ircuitt oa djustt h
ec lock s peed asn ecessary.
•N ot
ice t h
att hed uration o ft hec ar ry I.
e.d. D 5 isthes ame l ength
a
s t he clock p u
lse 's i nput. T his i s h ow s ynchronous c oun ters
maintain synch ronisa tion —b y using t hes ame c lock pulse t hrough
t
hee ntirec i
rcu it.
•A s y ou c an s e
e, t he 7 4LS193 c an b e c ascaded v ery e asily b y
f
eeding t he C arry a nd B orrow o utpu ts ofo ne c hip in
to t h
e c ount-
An 8
-bi
ts ynchronous c
oun
terw
ith L
e.d
. d
isp
lay
, d
r
iven b
ythe
u
p( CPU )a nd c ount -down ( CPD )i nputs oft hen ext
.
c
lock c
ircu
itofFig.9
.26.

.5V 0
o
utpu ts o f w h
ich c an b e
0 5V
"
sh ifted" i n a v ariety
89 R
IO
CONNECT DO TO D
3
o
f w ays, d ep end ing o n
3
30i/
DATA 1
3 - OR -I
"
0
5 •CARRY'
H
IGH OR LOW FOR
P
ARALLEL LOAOING
t
he d es
ign o f c hip. T he
C2a
0
6 ' BORROW' OF DATA
7
4LS 194 i .
c. i sd esc r
ib ed
a
s a4 -bit b i-directiona l
8
L501 DATA V
" 00 r
I
C2b m

,
TT1 u
nive rsal s h
if tr e g
iste r
.
7
41
.504

1
6 9
Contain ing n o l e
ss t han
1
0
D
O D
i 02 C
O DO D
I 02 03
C
LOCK
UP 0 CPU T
CU CPU T
CU NC 4
6 g ates, e ach c h
ip h as
I
C3
p
ar a
llel i npu ts ( DO -D3 )
'Cl 1
3
C
LOCK 0 CPO T
CD PO
7
4L 5
193 T
CO N
.0
DOWN 7
415
193
2
. P
L MR
1
4
.
1 1 P
t a
nd p arallel o utpu ts ( Q0-
GNO 00 0
1 02 03
10
1 31 2 61 7
.
o

2
0
7 02
Q3), plu s left-sh if
t ( pin 7)
P
ARALLEL
LOAD 0
a
nd r ight-sh ift ( pin 2 )
C
LEAR 0
s
er
ia l in puts. Two "mode
010 RUN
I c
ont rol" p ins S O and S I
1
5 T O14
8 7
0 014 d
eterm ine h ow t he s h
ift
330
11
r
egiste r function s. Ab r
ief
a
• •
D
i T
O 0
4 0
710 010 l
ogic 0 o n t he r eset p in
(
p
in 1 ) c l
ea rs t he s h
ift
A
l h
O
V0 • 0 OV
r
egistert oz ero.
F
ig
.9.27. Demonstra
tion ci
rcui
td iagram f
ora
n8 -b
itsynchronous up
/down counter
. D
iodes D5 a
nd Ad emo c ir cuitc on tain-
06 (
Le
.d.$)sign
ify "
carry" o
r "borrow"
. T
ake t
he "CLEAR" te
rmina
ll ow (
"0"
) t
or un
. i
ng t wo ' 1 94 u n
ive rsal

•I f y ou h ave a l og
ic
p
robe ( see t he p r
ev ious
.5V 0 0 50

.
1
DATA 0 OR "I'

3
1
.
3
1.
1
4 . DATA V OR
p
a r
t o fT each -In ), y ou c an
m
a
on
udib
ito
ly
r t
, w
he c
h
i ls
lock p
t w a
tch
u
lse
ing
6

D
O 01 03
1 1 5
3 T.
1SER
IAL COMMUN

DEV
ICES
ICAT
IONS
BET WEEN THE TWO
I
6

CO DI 02 03
SHIFT RIGHT -

t
hed isplay. S
ER IAL INPUT 0 DWI
'C
l DOE OSA
I
C2 OSL 1
4
141
1

Wa tch t h
e e nt
ire 8 -bi
t ROOF
SO 7
41S194 MR SO
J
OE
741S194 MR
1
0 OR 1
s
equence c oun t u p a nd S
i GNU 00 01 02 03
CO
J
o 01 02 03
CO

r
epea t
. N ow p ut t he c lock i
5 1
3 •
,
1

s
ignal o n the C lock D own 1
0k

i
nput i nstead , a nd t h
e CLOCK
I
N 0
c
oun te r w ill c ount b ack- R
ESET 0

f
ward s from 1 11111 1 ,t h
is
I TOC LEAR )

02 70 0
5 MI TO 1
49
t
ime w ith t he " Bo rrow" 3300 3
301/

I
.
e.d. p uls
ing t oi ndicate a n D
I TO DI
.
-
.
"unde r
flow" i n
to I CI.
OV 0
With t he c lock i nput 0 OV

d
isconnec ted fr
om t
he
c
oun te r
, b riefly t ouch t he F
ig
.9 .28. U
nive
rsa ls hi ft-reg is ter d emons t ration o fse
ria
lcommun ica tions .
p
arallel l oad w ir e ( pin 1 ) to OV . N otice
t
hat t he c omb ina t
ion o f e i
ght data i npu ts
(
both h igh a nd l ow)o n t he D O
-D3 l i
nks h as
n
ow b een c op ied t o o r loaded o nto t he
o
utpu ts o n e ach c oun te r
. U nhook t he r e se t
(
p
in 1 4) f rom g round ( OV ) to clea r t he
d
i
sp lay a gain . Y ou c an l oad d if fe ren t
n
umbe r
s b y r e-conf igur ing t h
e ei
ghtj umpe r
l
i
nk w ires f r
om t h
e d ata inputs t
oe i
the rt he
5V r ail or O V a s d esired, then s end t he
p
arallel load l ow a gain.

Lab 13
Universa
lSh
ilt Reg
ister
A u
n
iver
sal s
hif
t r
eg
iste
r i s s
imp
ly a T
he un
iversa
ls h
ift r
egis
ter ofF
ig
.9.28 w
i
th XOR c
hip i
nc
luded t
ocrea
te ap
seudo
-
s
e
ries of la
tches o
r f l
ip
-flop
s, th
e r
andom sequence generato
r.

5
16 Eve
ryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
s
h
if t registe rs i sd ep icted i nF ig.9 .28. I ti s o
f s
e r
ial communication
, w
ith one c
h
ip
e
asy t oc ons truc t o n t he solde rles s b read - t
r
an ,,
mi
tting d
a
ta er
ial
l> tot
h
eo t
her. +
5V

I
C3a
b
oa rd.
Lab 9
,4 Pseudo
-Rando m i
C2 00 7
41
_586
Connec t t he c lock c i
rcuit o f F ig.9.26 t o (
P
IN 1 5
) I
CI C
(
P
ISR
IN 2
)
p
in I o fb oth c hip s. Ab ina ry n umbe rc an Sequences 0 3

b
e s et o n t he p a ralle l d ata i npu t s D O -3 o f This L ab e xperimen t isf ort he mo r e ad- 1 1
1 0
I
C2 03
e
ach c h
ip a si nt h ep rev ious d emons trat ion , v
en tu rous . B y a dding a n EXOR g ate b e- (
P
IN 12
)

u
sing e ight j umpe r w ires a s b efo re. B uild t
ween v arious o utpu t p in s a nd t he s e
rial
t
h
i sc ircuit a nd e xp lo re i t
sf unc tions a sf ol- i
npu to ft h eshiftr egiste r
, ap seudo -random S
I -'
1
* T
HEN V
'

l
ows ( to r ese t t he Q0 -Q3 o u tpu t s to l ow , b
inary l og ic s equence c an b e g ene rated,
•
b
riefly t ouch r ese ti n pu t( p
in 1 )t o OV ): F
ig .9.29 s hows h ow . OV

I
fS Oa nd S I a r e / ow, t heo utpu ts w il ld o U
se a n XOR ( e
.g . a7 4LS86 i .
c
. ) a nd
n
o thing.T he c oun t i si nhibited a nd t h ed is- c
onnec t t o the u n
ive rsal s h
if t reg iste rs a s F
ig
.9.29
. Adding XOR f eedback t
o
p
lay w i
ll f reeze . s
hown . S elect S O h i gh a nd S I l ow , s o t ha
t F
ig
.9.28 w
il
l genera
te p
seudo-
random
I
fS O a nd S I a re h i gh, the s hift r egis ter t
her e gister ss h
iftr igh t. s
equences (
see t
ext
).
will p aral
le l l oad ( o r " b
roads ide" l oad), Howeve r, we n eed t ol o
ad a " I" s ome -
i
.e. theb ina ry n umbe ro nt he i npu ts DO -D3 whe re i n
to t h
er egiste rf i
rst,o rt h
e s equence •P seudo -random s equenc ing i s a f as-
will b e l oaded t o t he c o
rrespond ing o ut- w
i ll " stick" a s as e
rie so fz ero sa nd n othing c
inating a rea to e xplor e
. S ee i fyou c an
puts Q 0
-Q3 o n t he n ex t p os i
t ive-go ing w
i ll b es een. Simp ly p arallel-load a ny n um - work o ut as imp le T ruth T ab le for a l
l
b
e r ( excep t 0 0000000 ) b y m aking S I h igh. e
ight o u
tpu ts
, app lying XOR f eedback o n
c
l ock e dge.
Then m ake S i l ow, a nd a p seudo -random s
e
lec ted o utputs tog ene rate the n ext d
igit
I
fS Oi sh igh a nd S I isl ow ,t he7 4LS194
iss e
t i n" shift r igh t" s eria l mode : w ith s
equence w ill b e g ene rated. I ncr ease t he o
ft hes er
ial input.
e
ach s uccess ive p ositive c l ock i npu t
, t he c
l ock f requency a s d e s
ired, a nd t ry t o o b- •T hought f or t he d ay: a3 6-bit sh
ift-
data o n p in 2 ( shift r i
ght s e rial i n pu t) i s s
e rve h ow m any d if er ent patter nst her e are r
egisterc an gene rate ap seudo -random s e
-
loaded o nto QO , Q O i sc opied o nto Q 1, befo re t hes equence r epeat s
. q
uence o f 6 8
,000 ,000 ,000 s t
ep s before it
and Q 2 i sl oaded o nto Q 3. T his w ill b e • Ob serv ing o ne I .
e.d. i n i solation h e
lp s r
epea t
s! B y increasing t he clock f r
equency
ref
lec ted i nt he p atter n of I.e.d .s, u ntil t h
e highl igh t t he pseudo -random n a
tu r e o ft he g
reatly, as ource o fdigital " noise" c an be
display f i
lls w ith l ogic I s
. sequence . c
reated.
F
inally, i fS O i sl ow a nd S I i shigh , t h
e •Y ou c an c hange t he leng th o f t he s e- I
n the n ext part o f Teach -In, w e delve
circuit i ss e
t i n" sh ift l e
ft" s eria l mode . quence b y selecting d ifferen t o utpu ts f rom f
urther i n
to the f i
eld o f shif
t re gi
sters and
QI i sc op ied o nto Q 0, Q 2 i sc opied o nto I
CI a nd/o r IC2. A3 -
inpu t XOR g ate ( ora t
heir a pplicat
ion s, a lso l o
oking a t d a
ta
QI, Q 3 i sc opied o nto Q2 , a nd p in 7( shift comb ina t
ion o f XOR s) w ould n eed t o b e c
ommun ications s t
anda rds a nd a s imple
l
efts er
ia l i nput)i sc opied o nto Q 3. u
sed o n Q4 , Q 5 a nd Q6 o f t he 8 -b it se- f
ibre-optical experimen t
.
•T he " sh ift" o pera tions b etween t h et wo quence , tog ene rate t he m aximum p ossible I
n L
ab Wo rk 10: We lo
ok at op
to-
r
e g
ister s c an b e v i ewed a s t he e s sence l
eng th o f2 55 s t
ep s
. e
l
ect
ron
ics a
nd s
er
ial c
ommun
icat
ions
.

NE W SPE CI AL OFFE RS
Am
a2
iga g
3p
eo
i0 D l
loc
e
l. :
ad 1 .
, ;. .
; -: .
_ •, ;.
.it
, a
os i th
nd p
as
cb
i
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E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
C
ons
tru
cti
ona
lPr
ojec
t

NOISE
CANCELL
ING L
iN
IT
R
OBERT P
ENFO
LD
Enjoy your h
i-f
l without hear
ing o
f e
T
his i
lect
so
ron
ne o
ic n
f t
oi
h
e p
se c
rima
ancel
ry a
l
dvan
ing s ys
tage
tems
.
s

the neighbours' m usic

, W
i
n
ith mo
g n o
s
t m
ise s
echan
uch a
ica
s e
l m
arp
ean
lug s
s o
, t
f c
he u
omba
se
t
r i
-
s
l
a wn mo wer or chi
ldren! p
reven ted from h ea r
ing a ny sound s atal
l
.
With e lectronic n oise c ancel
ling i t i
s
p
os s
ible fort heuse rt ol i
sten toa ny sounds
t
hat c an b e f e
d i n
to t he s ys
tem a s an

T
\s econd mode e nab
les t he unit t o e
lectronic signal
.
HE SUBJECT o f e l
ec tron ic n oise can-
c
el
ling h as b een c ove red b efore (Ex- o
perate with very high e
ff
iciency, bu
to n
ly
o
ve r av ery n arrow range of f r
equency .
TWO
-PHASED
p
erimen tal N oise C ance lling U nit,
Obviously th
is mode i so
f li
tt
le use w hen E
lec t
ron ic n oise-cance lling s y s
tem s r e
ly
A
ugu s
t 1 994 i ssue )
, b ut t h e circu it
s f e
a -
c
omba ting mo st sounds
, but i
tc an b
e v ery o
n t he u se o f s o-called " an ti-sound" . I n
t
u
r ed i n t ha
t a rt
ic le w ere s omewha t o f
e
ffect
ive atd ealing wi
th something like an o
the r w o rds, t he sy s
tem g ene ra tes s ound
a
n e xperimen tal n atu re. T he d evice f e
a -
a
nnoy ing whine f r
om ac omputer's cool
ing t
hat i se qual t o t he s ound t hat mu st b e
t
u
r ed h e
r e isf u
lly t r
i ed a nd t ested , and is
r
emoved ,b uto fo ppo site p ola r
ity t oi t
.
p
r
ima r
ily f or t hose w ho p ref er t o m ake f
an.
We a re n ot sure i fp olarity i st h
ec orr ect
a
n e xact c opy o f ap ro jec t
, r ather than
t
e
rm i n t h
is c ase, b u t w hat w e a re t a
lk -
d
oing " their o wn t h
ing" w ith s ome b as
ic
i
ng a bou t i s using a n i nc rea se i n sound
c
i
r cu its
.
p
res sure t oc oun teract ad ec rea se, and v ice
Provided t he s pecif ied m ic rophones a nd
v
ersa . T he effec t of m ixing t ogethe r t wo
h
ead set a re u sed t he s ystem s hould
e
qua l-amp litude s i
gna ls t hat a re in-pha se
p
er fo rm t o q uite h igh s tanda rds . Good
r
esu lts canno t be g ua ran teed i fa l
ternat
ive (
top) a nd o ut of p ha se ( bo ttom ) i ss hown
i
n F ig.1 .I td oe s n o
t m atte r w hethe r t he
m
ic rophone s a nd ( or) h eadphones a re
s
igna ls a re sound w ave s, elec trical signa l s
,
u
sed .
o
r w hateve r, the s ame m ix ing a c
tion i sa l
-
T he p erformance o f t he u nit i s to a
way so btained.
l
a
rge e xtent d ependen t o n t h e q uali
ty o f
The t wo s i
gna ls a dd t ogethe r, w h
ich i n
t
he m icrophone s u sed , a nd i td oes n ot
t
he c ase o ft he i n
-pha se s igna ls m ean s t ha
t
s
eem t ob e p ossible t o o btain w or
thwh ile
t
hey p roduce a n o u
tpu t s igna l t hat i s
r
esu lts u s
ing i n expens ive m icrophone s.
The q ua
lity oft h
e h eadphones s e ems tob e doub le t he a mplitude o fe ach i nput s igna l
.
The s i
tua tion i s very d if feren t w ith t h
e
l
ess i mpo r
tant, b u
t t hese mus t a l
so b e of
two o ut o f p ha se s igna ls. A s t he u ppe r
r
ea sonab ly high q uali ty.
wavefo rm b ecome s mo r e p osi
tive t h
e
FA
IR PO
INT l
owe r w avefo rm b ecome s mo re n ega tive,
a
nd t he s ignals a re a lway s e qual b u
t
Itiso nly f a
ir t o p o
in t o u
t t ha
t au nit
oppo site. A dding t hem t ogethe r therefo r
e
o
f th
is k i
nd i sn ot 1 00 p er cent e f
f ective,
p
roduce s ar esultt hati sa lways z ero.
a
nd i tisn o
tj ust am a
tte r o
f s witching o n
I
n t h
is e xamp le w e a r e d eal
ing w ith
a
nd li
stening t ot otal si
lence . When u sed in
F
ig
.1. Mix
ing in
-phase signa
ls (
a) a
nd s
imp le s i
newave s
, b ut t he s ame p rinc iple
i
t
s n ormal mode t h e unit w ill prov ide a
(
b) g
ives a g
ain (
c
), and mix
ing i
den
ti- applie s n o m atter h ow c omp lex o r simp le
r
easonably h igh d eg ree o fattenua t
ion o ver c
al out o
f phase signa
ls (d) a
nd (e) t
h e s igna l
. P rov ided t he t wo s ignals a re
t
he lowe r and m idd le p ar
ts o f the a udio p
roduces azero (
f
)
. precisely o ut o f p ha se a nd o f e qual
s
pectrum .
Aga
in , i ti s d iff
icu l
t t o put ap r
ecise a mplitude t hey w il
l a lway s b e c ance lled
I
tisd i
fficult t o m ake p recise mea sure-
f
i
gure o n the n oise r educt
ion o btained, b u
t outp erfectly top roduce z e ro o utpu t
.
ments o n t h
is t ype o f e quipmen t, b ut
s
ubjectively t he e s
tima ted r eduction i n w
ith careful a d
jus tmen t itiscertainly p o
s-
n
oise i saround 2 0t o3 0d ecibels. I no ther s
i
ble too btain s ome thing l i
ke 4 0 d ec
ibels N O PROBLE M
o
r mo re o f attenua tion a t as ingle f re
- This p hase cancell
ing t echnique i scom -
words, t he a mplitude o f t he s ound i s
q
uency i nt he m iddle p art o
f a udio r a
nge. monly u sed i n electronics, a nd a t audio
r
educed b y af acto ro fa round 1 0t o3 0.
T
his m eans t he r educt
ion i s afacto rof 100 f
requenc ies th
e re isn o problem i nobtain-
P
erformance a t t he e xtremes o f the
o
r more. i
ng ah igh d egree o f cance l
ling. O n the
a
udio r ange t ends t o s uffer d ue t o i n
-
The u ni
t h as s tereo a udio i nputs so f
ace o f it
,t he
r e should b e no p roblem i n
a
dequa cies i n t h e p ha se a nd f requency
t
hat i
tc an b e f ed from a Wa lkman , TV, making a s ound c ancelling d ev ice t h
at
r
espon ses of t he m icrophones a nd h ead-
H
i-Fi S ystem , etc. T h
is e nab
le s the usert o p
roduce s ah igh level ofa t
tenua t
ion , b
ut in
p
hone s. T her e w il
l i nevi
tab ly b e s ome
l
i
sten t o mus ic, t e
levision p rog ramme s
, r
eal
ity t h
ing saren ott ha
ts imple.
v
ariat
ion s inp er fo rmance o ve r th
e m iddle
e
tc
. w hile e njoy ing t he noise r e
duction E
lectronical
ly i nvert
ing t he audio signal
f
requency r a
nge w here t he u n
it p erfo rms
p
rovided b yt heu nit
. i
se xtr
eme ly simple and s imply c onnecting
wel
l.

5
18 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
t
h
e h eadphones t he wrong w ay r
ound" P
ilA
rri AN( i
t

g
ives the d
esired ef
fect
. A n e
lect
ron
ic in
- r r
4,

v
erter pr
esents no te
chnica
l problem any
- CA
IN

w
ay , and a signa
l i n
vers
ion i s ana
tura
l
M
IC r
1
1
f
e
a tureofm any a mp
lif
iers
. PH S • PREAMPL
IFIER

ACOUST
IC PROBLE M
Obtain ing a h igh d eg ree o f s ound
c
ance ll
ing i s n ot d iff
icu lt f rom t he
e
lec tron ic p oin t ofv iew , i ti st he acous tics
t
hat p r esen t t he r eal p rob lem . A ud io PHASE ANGLE
L
HIN

c
i
r cu its a re n ot per fect, b u
t u s
ing moder n R ET
E-L
1
GA
IN
c
omponen ts i t i s p ossib le t o o btain
e
xt reme ly l ow l evels o f p hase a nd PHASE
M
IXER

amp litude d isto rt

ion .
PHE AM
{ UI
Fa {
4
SHIFT

A v irtua lly f l
at f r
equency r esponse
a
c ro ss t h e e nt
i re a ud io r ange i ss ome th ing 1
NvE R
IF R
we t ake f or g ranted . T he s ame i sn ot t rue
o
f a ud io t ransduce rs s uch a s h eadphones
a
nd l o udspeake rs, w hich p roduce s ig-
n
i f
ican t a moun ts o f amp litude d isto r- F
ig
.2. B
lock d
iag
ram f
o
rthe s
ound c
ance
ll
ing s
ystem
.
t
ion a nd h ave f a
r f rom f l
at f r
equency
r
espon ses . F
or r e
asons e xplained b elow, t he c
omp licates m a
tters and does n ot se
em t o
A
lso , t hey d o n ot n orma l
ly h ave l inea r m
icrophones a r
e moun ted o n t h
e e a
r- work very w el
l i npract
ice anyway .
p
ha se r esponses . T hus, a l
though t he e lec- p
hones. The u ni
t i sn o
t v ery pract
ical i f O
ne p roblem i stha
t th
e s ound f rom the
t
ron ic s may b e v ery s imp le a nd p rov ide y
ou have tow a
lk a round w i
th al a
rge s t
ick l
oudsp eaker w ill tr
avel d
irec t to the user
,
a
lmo st p erf ect p er formance . an oise c an- m
icrophone p e rched o n e ach e ar
! T he b
ut i sa l
so l ikely to be ref
lec ted via the
c
ell ing s y s
tem w ill h ave v ery p oo r p er- s
pec
ified microphone s are ext
reme ly sma l
l wa
lls, c e
iling, e tc
. T he r e
flected s ounds
f
o rmance u nle ss t he t ransduce rs p erfo rm a
nd li
ght
, a nd itisthe cables connected t o t
ake l onger t o reach the u ser a nd w il
l
r
e asonab ly w ell. t
hem tha
t representt h
em a
in e ncumb rance. t
herefore b een r a
ndom ly pha sed with b o
th
Many i nexpens ive h eadphones s eem t
heo r
ig inal sound a nd t
hea nti-sound.
t
o p rov ide q u
ite r e
spec tab le l evels o f MI ND THE GAP
per fo rmance . a nd t h
er e wou ld s e
em t o The b lock d i agram o f F ig. 2s hows t he EA R EA R
be r e
la tive ly l i
t
tle t o g ain b y o pting g
enera l a rrangemen t u sed i n t h
i s N oise Anotherp rob lem i nu s
ing al oud sp eake r
f
o r u p-ma rke t h eadphones . U s
ing c heap Cance lling U nit. T he s ystem i s b ased i
st h
at i tdoesn ota l
low f ort he factt hat w e
mic rophones i s av ery d ifferent m atter o
n ap a
ir o f h eadphone s w hich h as a h
ave t wo e ars, and t hat t he sound s t hey
t
h ough , a nd a l a ttemp ts a tu sing i n
expen - m
icrophone moun ted o ne ach e arphone . r
eceive a r
es l
igh t
ly d ifferent. Although a ny
sive u nits o f v a
rious t ypes f a
iled t o g ive I
tm igh t s eem b e
tte r t ob ase t he s ystem d
ifference sa reu sually q uite s mall,t h
is a p-
w orthwh ile r esults. I n s ome c ases n o o
n al o udspeake r
. T his w ould c erta in ly b e p
l
ica tion r equir es such a h igh d eg ree o f
per cep tib le r educ tion i n s ound c ould b e mo re c onven ien t fort he u ser, bu t t her e a re p
recision t hat t hese s mall difference s a re
detec ted a ta l
l! p
rac tica lp rob lem si nd oing s o. v
ery s igni
fican t
.
The m icrophones u sed i n t h
is s ound The h eadphone a pp roach k eep s t h
ing s By u s
ing h eadphone s iti sp os sible t o
cance lling s ystem a re q u
ite e xpens ive s
imp le a nd e ff
ic ient. E ach e ari sv ery c lose g
ene rate sepa rate a nti-sound f or e ach e a r
,
(see S hop talk ), b ut u nless y ou a re t
ot he t ransduce rs that p ro ce ss th e s ound i t which s eems t o p roduce m uch b e
tter
prepa red t o p ay f or m icrophones o f t h
is r
ece ives . U s
ing a l oud speake r i n evitab ly r
esults t han u sing t h
e s ame i n-b etween
qua lity t he u ni
t i s u nlike ly t o g ive p
laces a s ign ificant a moun t o f d istance s
ound f or b oth e ars. B y h av ing t he
satisf ac to ry r e
su lts. A g ood q ua lity b
etween t he u ser's e ars a nd l o ud sp eake r m
ic rophone a nd h eadphone v ery c lose
e
l ec tret m icrophone s eems t o b e t h
e i
t
se lf. T he s alien t p oint h ere ist ha t s ound t
ogethe r i ti s p ossible t o g enera te v ery
min imum r equiremen t f or wo rthwh ile does n ot t r
ave l i n
stan tly a nd e ff ective ly a
ccu rate a nti-sound w ithou t h av ing t o
per fo rmance . t
rave ls a t a pp roxima tely o ne m etr e e ve ry r
esort t o de
lay c ircuits. In o rde r t o a void
Exp e rimen t w
ith o
t her types of t
hree m illisecond s. a
cous tic feedback a nd r esultan t os cil
la t
ion
mic rophone b y a l m eans , b ut p lease d o E
ven w ith ag ap o fj us
t am etre o r t wo t
here mu st st
ill b e s ome g ap b etween t h
e
not w rite t o c omp la in i f y ou u se b
etween t he l oudspeake ra nd the u se rt he re h
eadphone a nd t he m icrophone , b ut i t
inexpens ive d ynam ic m icrophones a nd t h
e wou ld b e as ignifican tm isma tch i nt he s ig- s
eem s t o b e p oss
ib le t o u se a v ery
unitf ails t ow ork a ta l. n
al h eard b y t he u sera nd t ha
t p roduced b y small g ap withou t a ny f eedback p rob lem s
t
he l oudspeake r
. I tha st ob e bome i nm ind o
ccur ring.
h
er e,t hat ad elay o fj ust0 .5ms i ss ufficien t
t
o b ring ao ne k iloher tz (MHz ) s igna l i n
- HO W I
T W ORKS
p
hase w he re i tw as p r evious ly p rec isely Retur ning t oF ig. 2,t he r
ea r et wo i denti-
o
u to fp ha se. c
al s e
tso fs ignal p roce ssing s t
age s,o ne for
Asc an b e se en f r
om F ig. 3 ,t he e ffec t a e
ach e ar. T his d esc r
iption a pplies e qua l
ly
d
elay h as o n t he p ha sing o f t wo s igna ls t
oe ach c hanne lo ft h
eu nit.
d
epends o n t he s i
gna l f requency . I n t he T he o utpu t s i
gna l f rom t he m icrophone
uppe r w avefo rm t h
e s igna l f requency i s w
ill b e a t a n e xtreme ly l ow l evel, a nd a
r
ela t
ive ly l ow , a nd t h
e d elay h as l eft t he l
ow n oise p reamp lif
ier i st he refo r
e u sed t o
t
wo s igna ls t o some e xten t s t
ill i n-pha se. b
oo st t he s ignal t o as u
itab le a mplitude . A
I
n t he m idd le w avefo rm t he s igna l f re- p
ha se s h
ift c i
rcuit c an b e u sed t o p rovide
quency i st wice a sh igh , a nd th e d elay h as p
recise c ance l
ling o ve r an arrow b and o f
b
rough t t h e signa ls p recise ly o ut o fp ha se. f
requenc ie s, a nd a P hase A ngle c ontro
l
The f requency i nt h
e b ottom w avefo rm i s e
nab le s t he u nit t o b e a dju sted f o r o p
-
twice a s h igh a gain, a nd t he pha se s hift i s t
imum c ance lling . T his s t
age c an b e
now s og rea t t hat ith as b rough tt h e s igna ls b
ypa ssed i ft he u nit m ust o pe rate o ve r th
e
b
ack i n
-phase o nce a ga in. w
ide s
tp o ssible f requency s pan .
The p rob lem i nu s
ing as ystem b ased o n T he n ex t s tage i s as imp le i nver ter
.
al oudspeake r i st h
at t h e s ound s a nd a nti- The s ound f rom t he h eadphone s m ight
s
ounds t end t o e nd u p i n
-pha se a t s ome p
roduce a nti-sound , o r i tm igh t p roduce
f
requenc ies a nd o ut o f p ha se a to t he rs
. A s
ound t hat i s i n
-pha se w ith t he n ormal
d
e lay c ir cuit c an b e u sed t o c ompen sa te s
ound , eff ective ly m aking i tl oude r r a
ther
F
ig
.3. T
he e
ffecto
f adelay o
nphas
ing f
o r t he t ime t aken f or t he s ound t o t r
ave l t
han q uiete r
. I fn ece ssa ry,t h e inverte rc an
i
sfr
equency d
ependen
t. f
rom t he l oud speake r t ot he use r, b ut t his b
e s witched i nto c ircu it s o t hat t he u ni
t

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
19
 p
roduced d ue t ot h e l owe rr eac tance o fC 5
,
a
nd t h e cir cu it g r adua l
ly s witche s o ver t o
non -
inve rting o pe ra tion.
I
tt h erefo re p rov ide s t he p ha se s hift
t
hat v a rie s f rom 1 80 d eg ree s t oz e ro
d
eg r ee s a s t he i nput f requency i s
i
n crea sed . T he a moun t o f p ha se
s
hift p roduced a t ag i ven f re-
q
uency c an b e v aried b y m eans o f
Pha se c ont ro l VR 1.
The v a riab le p ha se s hifte r c i
r-
c
ui t i s f ollowed b y a s traigh t-
f
orwa rd u nity g ain , i n verting
amp lifie r, w h
ich u se s o per ationa l
amp lifier I C3 i n t h e s tanda rd c onf igu ra-
t
ion. W ith I C3 s witched i n
to c ircu it t he
t
otalp ha se s hifti sf rom 1 80 d eg ree st o3 60
Comp
leted No
ise Cance
ll
ing Un
its
how
ing p
air
ing o
ffr
ontp
ane
lcon
tro
ls.
d
eg ree s
.
p
roduce s a nt
i-sound a nd g ives t he r e
- o
f t wo l ong c ables a nd t wo l arge p lugs B
y s witch ing t he i nve r
te r i n o r o ut o f
q
uired cancelling e f
f ec
t. i
s b est a voided . W i
th t h
e s pec ified c
ircuit u sing s witch S 2 i ti sp ossib le t oo b
-
A Level c ontrol e nables t he v o
lume microphones t h ere i san e asy s olution t o t
a
in ap ha s e s hift o fb etween z e ro a nd 3 60
f
rom t he h eadphones t o be a djusted to t
he p roblem, and t his i sto c u
t t he c ables d
eg ree s. When t he p ha se s hif ter i sn o
t r e
-
match the sound b eing c ancelled s o tha
t s
ho rt and fi
t them w i
th m iniatu re 3 .5mm q
ui red i tc an b eb ypa ssed u s
ing s w
i tch S I .
o
ptimum r esults are o btained. F inally
, a j
ack p lugs
. T he m icrophone s' b ui
lt-in P
oten t
iome te r VR3 i st he g ain o r L eve l
m
ixe r stage d r
ives t he h eadphone a nd p
reamp lifier
s a re t h en p owe red f rom t he c
on trol, a nd f r
om h e ret he s igna l i sf e dt oa
c
omb ines t he a nt
i-sound s i
gna l w ith an main u n
it, and t his i s the p u rpo se o f c
onven t
iona l s umm ing mode m ixe r c ircu i
t
e
xterna
l s i
gnal s ource from ah i-f
l system, r
esistorsR I toR 3a nd c apacito rC 2. b
a sed o n I C4. T his c ircu it i sb asica lly j u s
t
p
ersonal st
ereo u n
it,e t
c. I
fy ou w ould p ref er not t o mod if y the a
n i nve rt
ing mode a mplifier, b ut i th a s t wo
m
ic rophones , w hich w ould a lmo st c e
r- s
ets o fi npu t r esisto rs s o t hat i tc an a ccom -
C
IRCU
IT OPERAT
IO N t
a
in ly inval
idate t heirg uarantee s
, t hey c an moda te t wo i npu ts igna ls.
The lu
ll c ircuit d iagram l or t he No ise b
e l e
ft with th
eir o r
ig inal plugs a nd c an b e The v irtua l e arth f ormed a t t he n on -
C
ancelling U nit i s shown i n F ig
.4. T he p
owered f rom t he
ir o wn b atter
ie s. R e s
is- i
nve rting i npu t ( pin 3 ) o fI C4 e nsu re s th a
t
t
wo channe ls a r
e i dentical, a nd o nly t h
e t
ors R I to R 3
, R 20 t o R22 a nd c apac itor t
he t wo s igna l s ou rce s a re t otally i solated
l
ef
t-hand c hanne l w i
ll b e desc r
ibed h ere . C2a nd C 13 shou ld t hen be om it
ted . f
rom o ne a no the r. C apac ito r C 11 c ouple s
I
nt h
isc ircu itt hep reamp lif
ie ri sbased o n t
he o utpu t o f I C4 t o t he h eadphone s ( via
I
CI, which i sa n o per a
tional a mplif
ier t ha
t PHASE SH
IFTER SK5 ) w hich m ust b e am ed ium i mp edance
i
sspec
ifically i n
tended f o
r u s
e i nl ow n oise The output f r
om I CI atp in 6 i sc oupled t
ype h aving a n i mp edance o f a bou t 3 5
a
nd dis
to r
tion a udio s tages. I ti su sed a s t
o a c onven tiona l p hase s hif
te r c ircui
t o
hm s.
ast
andard n on-inve rt
ing a mplifier having a b
a sed o n I C2. T his circui
t i s a mod if
ied The t ota l c urr en t c on sump tion f or b oth
c
loseloop v oltage g ain o fabou t2 7
. v
e rs
ion o f an i nve r
ting mode a mp l
ifier
. c
hanne ls o f t he c ir cuit i sa bou t 1 8mA . I n
The i nput c i
rcuit m ay l o ok a l it
tle Resistor
s R 8 a nd R 12 f orm t h
e n ega t
ive o
rde r t o m ake t he u nit r e asonab ly s mall
s
t
range, but i ti si n
tended f or u se with a n f
eedback n e
two rk, and they s et t
h e v o
ltage a
nd l ight i ti s p r ef erab le t o u se a s mall
e
l
ectre
t m ic rophone t ha
t h as ab uilt-in g
ain a tunity
. b
attery , s uch a s aP P3 t ype . D ue t o t he
p
reamplif
ie r. Mo st m icrophone s of t h
is Capaci
to rC 5 couples the i nput signa l to f
a
i rly h igh c urr ent c on sump tion o ft he cir-
t
ype h
ave q uite l ong cables to gethe rw i
th a t
he n on-
inver ting i nput of 1 C2, b u
t a tl ow c
uit i ti sp ref erab le t o u se a h igh p ower
l
a
rge jack p lug t hatc ontains t he bat
tery t o f
requencies t h
is h asv ery li
t
tle e f
f ecto nt h
e t
ype , a s a" bog s tanda rd" P P3 c ou ld h ave
p
owe rthep reamp lif
ie r
. c
ircuit w h
ich t he
re fore oper ates as a n o r
- asho rto pe rating l i
f e.
I
n t h
is a pplication o nly a s hort d
ina ry inverting b uffer stage . A t h igher Al
te rna tive ly , t he u nit c an b e p owe r ed
m
icrophone c ab le isr equired,a nd the b ulk i
npu t fr
equenc ies as tronge r c oupling i s f
rom ab at tery p ack c ons isting o fs ix AA

L
ayou
tofc
omponen
ts i
ns
ide t
he l
ow-p
rof
ile c
ase
.

5
2o Everyday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
d
ay P
rac

R
I 6
4 R
13
t

6
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9k 2
2k
ica
lE

PHASE
SH
IFT
lec

St
tron
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F
1

i
lv 1

g
.4

C
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1
1
00041
18BI P
R
. C

1
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06
998

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le

100k
6
5
te c

3
9k 3
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PHASE
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SK
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itd

C
.
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IO C
v
2
1
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1 4
67
i

L
H M
.:
agram f
o
rth
e N

R32
2
2k
oise C

PHASE
SH
IFT
ance

S
3
OUT I
ll
ing U

I
C [
1
3 ,: I
C-
I
C6
L
E351N
nit
.

4
C
12 0
1
0000 R3
1
R
30 36
4
k7

VR2
100k W

PHASE
SK2

R
21 C
T
13 0
1
0p
RH M
IC
0
1
5 C
17 O R
29 C
18
4
76
0
2
24
 C
OMPONENT
S
R
esis tors
R
1. R20 6
k8 (2of
f)
R
2. R21 2
k2 (2of
f)
S
ee
R
3. R22 1
k( 2of
f
) )0
‘
,
2
R
4, R5, R
23,

R
6
R24
. R19. R25,
3
9k (4of)
TALK
P
age
R38 1
0k (4of
f)
R
7. R26 3
90i2 (
2o f
f
)
R
8. R12, R
15 ,
R
16 , R
27,
R31. R
34,
R35 5
k6 (8of)
R
9. R10, R
11 ,
R28. R
29.
R30 4
k7 (6of
f)
R
13. R14. R18,
R32, R
33,
R37 2
2k (6of
f)
R
17, R36 3
k9 (2of
f)
A
l 0.
25W 5 % carbon fi
lm

P
otent
iometers
VR1
, VR2 100k
, ro
tary c
arbon l
i
n
(
2of
f)
VR3
. VR4 4
k7, ro
tary c
arbon l
o
g
(
2of)
I
n
terna
lwi
ring t
ofr
onta
nd r
ear moun
ted c
omponen
ts.
C
apacitors s
ize c
ells i
n aplas
tic h
older
. Th
is opt
ion F
it s
ingle-s
ided s o
lder-pins t
ot h
e board
C
l. C
12 1
000
j
.L ra
dia
l e
l
ect
. 1
0V i
s much h eav
ier and b
ulkier
, bu
t repre
- a
tthe nume rou s p o
ints where connec
tions
(
2of
f
)
s
ents a much cheaper way of power
ing t
o th
e c on
trols a nd sockets wi
ll be made.
0
2, 06
.0 13.
C
17 1
0p
. rad
ial el
ect
. 25V t
he un
it. No
te t h
at e l
ectrolytic capaci
tors C 8 and
(
4o f
) C
19 a r
e moun ted d i
rect
ly o n t
he contro
ls
C
3. 0
10, 014, CO NSTRUCT
IO N a
nd not on the circui
t board. Don o
t fo
rget
C
21 1
p
. r
adialelect 50V A p i ece o f 0 .1 i nch p i
tch s tr
ipboa rd, t
ocheck their polari
ties
.
(
4o f
f
) h
av ing 6 2 h ole s b y 2 9 c opp er s t
rip s,
0
4. 07
, 015. ASSE MBLY
a
ccommoda tes b o
th c hanne ls o ft he N oise
0
18 4
7i rad
ial el
ect
. 16V
(
4of) Cance lling U n
i t
. T he c omponen t l ayou t, The w idth o t t he c i
r cuit b oa rd a nd the
0
5. 0
16 2
2n po
lyester. 5mm l
ead t
oge ther w ith w iring a nd d e
ta ils o f t he l
arge n umb e r o fc ontro ls a nd s ockets pre-
s
pacing (2of
f) c
uts r equ ired i n t he u nde rside c oppe r c
lude t he u se o f ar eally s mall c ase. T he
0
8. C9
. C19. s
tr
ip s a re s hown i nF ig.5 . Ab oa rd o ft he u
nitc an s t
i
ll b e m ade q uite s ma ll and neat
0
20 47 rad
iale l
ect
. 50V r
equ ired s i
ze i se asily c ut f rom as tanda rd i
fal ow -profile c ase isu sed.
(
4of)
b
oa rd m easur ing 6 2 h oles b y 3 9 c oppe r D ue t o l ack o f p ane l s pace , o n the
0
11. 022 4
70p
. rad
ial el
ect
. 10V
s
t
rip s. p
ro totype t h e c ontrols a r
e moun ted o n the
(
2o f
)
Once t he b r eak s i n t he s trip s h ave f
ron tp anel a nd t he s ocke tsa re r e
legated to
S
em iconduc tors b
een made d rill t he t wo 3 .2mm d iame te r t
he r e ar of t he u ni
t. T he g ene ral layout
I
C1
, IC5 T
LE2037CP low n
o
ise moun t
ing h o les f or t he b oa rd. T he se w ill o
f t h e u nit i s n ot u nduly c r
itical a nd
o
p.amp (2o
ff
) a
ccep te i
ther m etr
ic M3 o r6 BA moun ting a
ny s ensible l a
you t c an b e u sed, s ee
I
C2
, 103
, I
C4, b
olts. Mos t p lastic s t
and -of fsd o n ot w o rk p
ho tog raph s.
I
C6
, IC7
, well w ith s t
ripboa rd, a nd w ith a f a
i r
ly De tails o f t he i nte rwiring a re a l
so
I
C8 L
F351N bi
fetop
.amp l
arge b oa rd s uch a st h
is o ne i ti sp robab ly p
rov ided i n F ig.5. I ti sp robab ly b est t o
(
6of
f)
b
ette rt ou se moun ting b oltsa nd s pace rs. s
tart b y fit
ting t he t wo c apaci to rs and the
M
isce llaneous None o f t h e i nteg ra ted c ircu its a re f
ew c onnec tion s between t he c ontrols and
M
id, M IC2 m in.e l ectretm icrophone s
tatic-sens itive , b ut i ti ss t
ill a dv isab le t o s
o cke ts.
(
Map lin 6 00 o hm u l
tra f
i
tt hem a ll i nh o
lde rs. T his i se sp ecially Probab ly , t he b es
t w ay tod ea l with the
m
inia ture o rt ie
-cl
ip impor tan t f or t he TLE2037CP u sed f or t
wo e l ect
roly tic c apaci to rs, C 8 a nd C 19, is
t
ype —s ee t e
xt)( 2o ff
) I
C I a nd I C5, a s t h
is i sn ot ap articu la r
ly t
o c ut t he
ir l eadou t w i res s ho rt and t hen
S
ki, S K2 3
. 5mm m ono j a
ck s ocke t c
heap d evice . L ess e xp ens ive o pe rat
iona l moun t t hem o n c on trols VR3 a nd VR4 .
—see t ex
t( 2o f)
S
K3, S K4 phono s ocke t,c hassis amp lifie rs c an b e u sed i n p lace o f t he Thei r p osit
ive (+ )l eads c an t hen b e so
l-
moun ting ( 2o f
) TLE2037CP , b ut t h
is w ou ld a lmo st c er- d
ered t o s witche s S 2 a nd S 4 u s
ing p ieces
S
K5 3
. 5mm s tereo j ack t
a
in ly r esult i n as evere d eg rada tion o ft he o
fo rd inary i nsulated c onnec ting w ire. Itis
s
ocke t s
igna l-to -no ise r atio. n
ot e ssential t ouse s cr eened c ab le toc on-
S
i toS 4 s
. p
.d.t. m in.t oggle s wi
tch I
n mo st r espec t s c on struc tion o f t he n
ec tj ack s ocke ts SK I a nd SK2 t ot he ci
r-
(
4o f) b
oa rd i s p er fectly s traigh tforwa rd, b ut c
uit b oard, b ut t h
is h e
lp s tom in imise stray
S
5 s
. p
.s.t. m in.t oggle s wi
tch
w
ith a ny f airly c omp lex s tr
ipboa rd l ay- p
ickup o fm ains " hum" a nd o ther electr
i-
B
1 9Vb attery ( PP3 s ize
—see t ex
t) o
ut i ti se ssen tial t o p roceed v e ry c a re- c
al n oise .
Case, si
ze a bou t 2 00mm x1 40mm x f
ully mak ing s ure t hat e ve ry c omponen t
4
5mm ; 0-1 inch p i
tch s tr
ipboa rd h aving i
sp osi t
ioned c o r
r ectly. A lso , b e c arefu l HEA DSET
6
2 h o
les b y 2 9 s tr
ips ; s tereo h ead - n
ott o om ita ny o ft he l ink -w ires. T her e is Some t y pe s of h eadphone a re b etter
p
hones ( 22to3 2o hm i mpedance )
, w ith n
o n eed t o i nsulate t he s ho r
t l ink s
, b ut s
uited t o this a ppl
ication t han othe r
s, a nd
h
eadband ; 8 -p
in d .
j.!
. s ocke t ( 8o f
);
s
hor t c ircu its a r e l ikely t o o ccu r u nle ss e
xper ience w ould sugge st t h
at t he b est
b
at
tery c onnector; c on trol k nob ( 4 o f
);
m
ult
istrand c onnec ting w ire; s ingle- t
he l onger l ink w ire sa re f i
t
ted w i th pi ece s t
ype t o c hoo se ist h
e l i
ghtwe ight v ar
ie ty
s
i
ded s o
lde rpins;s olde r,e t c
. o
fp .v.c. s leev ing . h
av ing a n a djustable headband . The s peci-
I
n o rde r t o f i
t i n
to t his l ayou t p rop erly f
i
ed h eadphone s (see Shop talk) a r
e q uite
t
he e lec tro lytic c apac ito rs m ust b e m in i- i
nexp ensive , a nd probably r epresent t he

.
C40
Approx Cost a
ture p rinted c ircu it moun ting t ype s. c
heap es
th eadphone st ha
tw ill w o
rk w ell in
Guidance Only S
im ila rly , C 5 a nd C 16 mus t b e m in i- t
h
is a pplication .
e
xcl
. M
icrophones & Headphones a
ture p rin ted c ircu it moun ting c apac ito rs I
fy ou h ave ap airo fh eadphone s oft he
h
av ing 5mm l ead s pa c
ing . c
orrec t type t h
ere is n o h arm i n t r
ying

5
22 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 NO
ISE C
ANCE
LLING 1
.
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S 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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A • 0 0 0 0 0 O • 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0

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SK5

F
ig
.5. Deta
ils o
f breaks
r
equi
red i n t he stnpboa rd
u
nderside c
oppe
r t
racks,

SKI
t
ops
i
n
ide c
terwir
omponen
ing be
tla
tween o
you
ff
ta nd
-board 124-
-7 1 S8
(4 SK3

c
omponen ts and b
oard.

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
23
 ADVERT
ISEMENT

3
0% d
i
scoun
tfo
rEPE r
e
ade
rs
o
n30V 5
Aand 5
0V 3
Apowe
rsupp
lies

F
eatures
. - R
FD UTED D
CPOWER SUPPLY 3 -

T
win 3
.5 di
git lc
d disp
lays

C
Ii
p C
oa
O
ve
rse & f
rcurren
i
ne v
t al
o
a
ltage c
rm
ont
rol

F
l
oat
ing outputs
L
ow no
ise & ripple
c
o
) ,
R
ugged steel case
1
2 mon
th g uarantee
S
erv
ice m
anua
l a
vai
lab
le

3
05LDD 3
0V 5
A £
139 i
n
cva
t &d
e
live
ry
5
03LDD 5
0V 3
A £
139 i
n
cva
t &d
e
live
ry

V
ann D raper i
sof
fer
ing over30% d
iscount t
oreade
rs Use t
his c
oupon f
or your o
rder
o
fE veryday P
ract
ica
l Elect
ron
ics o
n two o
fthe
ir
d
i
gital d
isp
lay power s
uppl
ies. P
lease s
upp
ly m
e:
3
05LDD p
owe
rsupp
ly(s
) a
t£139 i
n
cva
t &d
e
l
T
he 305LDD a
nd 503LDD powe r s
upp
lies n
ormal
ly
s
e
ll f
or £
186
.83 and a
re a
vai
lable t
oreaders o
fEPE 5
03LDD p
owe
rsupp
ly(s
) a
t£139 i
n
cva
t &d
e
l
magaz
ine f
o
rjus
t £139 f
u
lly i
nc
lusive o
fvat a
nd S
erv
ice m
anua
l(s
) a
t£15 i
n
c v
a
t &d
e
l
d
e
livery
.

B
oth p
owers upp
lies a
re de
l
ivered ready t
ouse N
ame
:
c
omple
te wi
th mains l
ead
, ope
rating manual a
nd a
1
2 month g
uaran
tee. A
ddress
:

T
o order simply post t
he c oupon t o Vann D
raper
E
lectronics Ltd a
tU n
it 5,Prem ie
r Wo rks, C
anal S
t,
S
outh W igston, L
eicester L E18 2 PL
.
A
lte
rna t
ively te
l 0
116 2 771400 , orfax 0116 2
773945. T
el n
o
:
E
-mail sales @vanndrape r
.fo rce9.co.uk
T
ota
l £
K
ey s
pec
if
ica
tions C
heques p
ayab
le t
oVann D
rape
r E
lec
tron
ics L
t
d
O
utpu
t r
a
t
ing
: 0
-30V 5
A (
3
05LDD
), 0
-50V 3
A (
503LDD
) O
rdeb
it m
y v
i
sa, m
aste
r, a
ccess o
rsw
itch c
ard
:
O
utpu
t r
i
pp
le: T
ypica
l
ly 1
0mV C
ard t
y
pe:
L
oad r
e
gula
tion
: T
ypica
l
ly 0
.
2% C
ard N
o:
D
i
gi
tal d
i
splay
: 2x3
.
5 d
i
git
, a
ccu
racy 0
.
1 d
ec
ima
l d
i
git E
xpi
ry d
ate
: Sw
itch i
s
s n
o
:
P
ro
tec
tion
: C
ont
inuous s
hor
tci
rcu
it
, o
ver
load a
l
arm S
igna
ture
:

S
i
ze &w
eigh
t: 3
10 x2
60 x1
20mm
, 5
.
5kg O
verseas r
eade
rs c
an s
t
i
ll o
bta
in t
h
is d
i
scoun
t b
u
t

P
owe
r r
e
qui
remen
ts: 2
20/240Vac 5
0/60Hz d
eta
i
ls v
ary a
cco
rding
ly t
ocoun
try
. P
l
ease c
ontac
t.

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
25
 C
ons
truc
tiona
lPr
ojec
t

P
IC16
x84
r
o
cua
r
J
OHN B
ECKER
At l
ast, TA SA4 and A4 PA SA4 TA S M A SSE MBLER
TAS M i s a" unRe rsal- T ab le A ssemb ly
co mpatibi
lity for P
/ C I6 C84 l
anguage w hich o r
ig ina ted a s as har ewa re
p
roduc t t hrough t he P
ub lic D oma in
and P/ C I6F-8 4 users/ Sha rewa re L ib ra ry ( PDSL ). I ti se xtreme ly
e
a sy t o u se a nd c an b e u ser -mod ified t o

V
ERSAT ILITY a
nd h igh s peed w ere microcon trolle rs w a s e ffect
ive ly i n 1 995
a
s semb le t he s
ou r ce c od e f or a ny
t
he t wo c h
ief d esign o bject
ive s when D erren C rome o f
fe red us h is Simp le
m
ic rop ro ce sso ro r m ic ro con trolle r, tran s
la t
-
f
or t his P IC 16x84 T oolkit
. I t can b e P
ICI6C84 Programme r, wh
ich we
i
n g i t f rom " Eng li sh -like" c ommand
u
sed i nc on junc t
ion w ith b oth TASM a nd p
ub l
ished i no u r Feb rua ry ' 96 i ssue. T he s
truc tu res i n
to t he b i na ry o r h exadec ima l
MPAS M s our ce c odes a nd i sthr
ee t ools i
nforma tion a nd thep rog ramm ing s of
twa re c
ode sw hich t h
ec ho s en m ic ro c an a ccep t. It
i
n one : ap rogramme r, ap rog ram d isas- which c ame w ith t hat d esign, t h e TAS M
d
oe s n o
t i nclude f acilit ie s t o s end t h
e
s
emb le r
,a nd ab il
ingua l tr
ans latorb e
tween a
nd S END p rog ram s,h ave h elp ed o pen t h
e a
s semb led c od et ot hem ic ro.
t
het wo a ssemb ly languages. e
yes o f many r eade rst ot heb enefit so fP IC
T oa l
low TAS M t ob e u sed f orp rog ram -
The T oolk i
t i sf or use w ith PIC 16C84 m
icrocon trolle rs
. ming t he P IC I 6C84 , as pec ial t able f il
e
a
nd P IC 16F84 m icrocon t
ro llers ( j
oint
ly T
he p opula r
ity o f o ur P IC-ba sed c on- a
nd S END p rog ram w er e w ri
t ten . T he f il
e
r
ef
err ed t oa s P IC16C84 w ith in th
is t ex
t). s
truct
iona l p rojec ts h as b een i mmense .
(
.0B J )g ene rated b y TAS M i nt hisa pp lica-
T
he f o
llow ing o pt
ions a rea vailable
: Even s o, the r esound ing r espon se t o our t
ion i s i n al inea r b ina ry c oded f orma t
t
hree r ecen t EPE P /C T u
toria l S upple-
1
. Conf
igure P IC16C84 f actors s
uited t o t he S END p rog r am . MPASM
ments ( March t o May ' 98) e xceeded a l
l c
anno tu se t his f i
l e.
2
. P
rogram P IC 16C84 w ith TASM b i
nary
c
ode e
xpec tations! Obv iou sly, m any r eaders Nor c an MPAS M u se t he h ex f il
e
want t o k now mo re a bou t prog ramm ing
3
. P
rogram P IC I6 C84 with MPAS M h ex (
. HEX ) w hich TAS M c an b e i nstructed t o
P
IC sf ort hem selve s
. p
roduce ( - h i nt h ec ommand l i
ne i n
stead o f
c
ode
I
n this c on text, t he t erm p rogramm ing
4
. T
ransla
te MPAS M h ex c ode to TAS M -
b) s ince t he h ex b yte p airs a re i n t h
e
b
inary c
ode c
an b e s p
lit i n
to t wo d efinit
ion s
: a ctually r
e ver se o rde ro ft ho se u sed b y MPAS M .
wri
ting t he s oftwa re, a nd t hen d own -
load -
5
. T
ransla
te TAS M b inary c ode t o O pe ration o ft heS imp le P ICI6C84 P ro-
i
ng iti n
to t he P IC . T he a im o ft h e Toolkit
MPASM h ex code g
rammer i sv ias witche s. T he s imp l
ic ity o f
i
st osimp lify t hel at
te r
.
6
. D
isassemb le P IC 16C84 t o TAS M t
hep rog ramm ing t echn ique i ss uch t h att h
e
Un
til n ow , t hough , w e h ave b een c on-
s
ource code f
ew c omponen ts i nvo lved c an b e d esigned
f
ronted b y ac ompa tibili
ty p rob lem , tha
to f
7
. D
isassemb le P IC 16C84 t o MPAS M i
nto a ny o the r P IC 1 6C84 -ba sed c ircu it
,
s
ource code t
here b e
ing t wo p rincipa l l anguage s i n s
hou ld t he d es
igne r w ish t o d o s o ( EPE
which t he P IC p rog ram c an b e w ri
tten - h
a s p ublished s eve r al e xamp le s o f t h
is
8
. T
ransla
te TASM s ource c ode t o
MPASM s ou rce code TAS M a nd MPAS M . L et
's f i
rst e xplain t
echn ique )
.
t
h
is situation a nd it
si mplication s.
9
. T
ransla
te MPASM s ource c ode to This b a sic s witched p rog ramm ing c on-
TASM s our ce code t
rol w as u sed i n t he E PE P /C T uto ria l
,
a
l
though t wo a ddi tiona lc ompu te r-isola t
ing
A
ll modes a nd e x
terna l s witching o pera-
switche s w e re a lso a dded . I t i s av ery
t
i
on s a r
e c ontro lled d i
rectly b y aP C-com -
s
imp le a nd s t
ra igh tfo rwa rd t echn ique t o
p
atible c ompu ter ( '386 a nd a bove, w ith
u
s e. I ndeed , a n e no rmou s b enef it o f b oth
o
r w i
thou t W indows )
. N o m anual i n
te r
-
TAS M a nd S END i s t hat t hey a re s o
v
en t
ion v ia h ardwa re switche s isn eeded .
s
imp le, a nd a re f arq uicke rt ol o ad a nd u se
T
he c ompu te r mus t h ave e ither QBa sic o r
t
han MPAS M .
Q
u ickBAS IC a l
ready i ns
tal led.
The S END p rog ram , h oweve r, h as f our
The d esign m ay b e used a s as t
and -
l
im i
ta tion s t hat r e
st ric t i ts u se b y m any
a
lone u nit,o r i n
terfaced w i th the EPE P /C
P
IC p rog ram d esigne r s: i tc an o nly a ccep t
T
utor ialp rinted c ircuitb oa rd ( March ' 98)
,
aTAS M b ina ry f i
l ef ors end ing t ot heP IC ;
r
eplacing t he l a
tter's s w
itches S I toS 4.
i
tc anno t v erify t he p rog r ammed c ode ; i t
T
he s oftwa re c an b e u sed d irect
ly w ith
c
anno t d isa s semb le t he c ode f rom t h e P IC
t
h
e T utorial b oard w ithou t u s
ing t he
b
ack i nto a s our ce c ode s truc tu re; t he u se
T
oo lkit boa rd. I nt h
is case, t hough , sett
ing
o
f m anua lly o pe r ated s wi tche s c an b e a n
o
ft hep rog ram c ontrol s w
itches S I t
oS 4 is
i
nconven ience .
s
t
i
ll r equired t ob ed one m anua l
ly.
A ddi t
iona lly , t he p rog ramm ing a l go-
A
lterna t
ive ly, t he softwa re can be u sed
r
i
thms u sed i n S END l im it t he s peed a t
o
n i ts o wn p urely a s a" language t rans-
which t h
e c ode c an b e l oaded i n
to t he P IC
l
a
to r" ( menu i t
ems 4 ,5 , 8a nd 9), withou t
(
t
ak ing a bou t o ne m inu te 2 0 s econd s f ora
t
h
eT oolkito rT utorial boa rds.
f
u
ll 1 024 b yte t ran s fe r).
M OT
I VAT
IO N The T oo lkit o ve rcome s a l f ou r l im ita-
t
i
ons , a nd s peed s t h e t ran s fe rr a
te t oa bou t
E
PE's i
n
troduc
tion t
o P
IC16C84
1
2s econd sf or 1 024 b yte s.

5
26 Everyday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 I
C2 * By
7
8L05
+
12V TO 1
4V

R
5 1
4
1
0
1, T
R2
V
E

T
R1 S
EE T
EXT
RAO -
1
7
0 RAO

4
. 'Cl 1
5
4 P
IC16084
RA
I - -0 RAI
RAT 0 RA2
0
2 2
RAT 0 RA3
1
N4148
3
700K
1/RA4 0 RA4
07
1
0k I
N PRBO 0 RBO
1
6 05C1/
RBI 0 RB1
CLK I
N
RE 8
I
0k RB2 o RB2
6
1 * 1
DA3 0 i
2768 ( =I R
I33 O RB3
MHz ."" 1
0
6 RB4 0 RB4
1
5 OSC2
/
V
E PBS 0 RB5
CLK OUT 1
2
0
9
4 C
LK/RB6
MCLR 1
3
D
IO/F
IB7
DA4 0 T
R3
GND
1
C3 5
0
3 4
053
1
k 0
0
DAO 0 0
1
1
0
OC
TL
R
d
5 2
1
k Z
O
DA I 0 I
NN
9
ZC
TL GND V
EE

OV 0

BUSY 0

a RB
E,
) 007

F
ig .
1
. Comp
lete c
i
rcu
itd
iagram f
o
rthe P
IC16x84 T
oolk
it
.

s
eve ral v ersions o f MPAS M . O f t he P IC switch ing i s a utoma tically c ont rolled b y
M PAS M ASSE MBLER p
ro jec ts w e've p ublished , the split isa bout t
h ec ompu te rv ia as imp le r outing s e
lec t
ion
MPASM i st h
e p rop r
ie ta ry p roduc t o f 50:50 b etween TAS M a nd MPAS M . c
ir cu it
,b as ed a round m ultiplexe rI C3.
Arizona M icroch ip, t h
e m anuf acture r
s o f Consequen t
ly, w e h ave r ecogn ised t h
e I
n F ig. 1, I CI r epre sent s t he P IC
t
he P IC m icro con t
ro ller s
. I n i t
s f ull f orm , n
eed t o publish o ur o wn s of
twa r e w hich mic rocon t rolle r. A s w ith t he p rev ious t wo
i
nclud ing MPLAB s oftwa re a nd h a rdwa re
, a
llows e asy t r
an slat
ion b etween TAS M c
ir cu its, t he c ompu ter's p a ral
le l p rinter
MPASM n ot o nly a ssemb les s ou rce c ode, a
nd MPAS M , i n b o
th d i
rection s
. T he port s upp lie s t h e r equ ired c lock a nd d a
ta
bu
t a lso a lows u sers t ot e
s t
, s imu la te a nd Too lk it
, t herefor e, include s t h
is o pt
ion a s s
igna ls t o t he P IC . P rinte r p ort l i
ne DA0
s
end c ode d irec t tot he P IC .- Ith and les t h
e well. s
upp lie s p rog ram d ata f o
r I CI p in RB7 ,
f
ull range o fP IC m icrocon tro ller s. The t ranslation r outines h ave b een and l i
ne DA 1 s upp lie s the c lock s i
gna l f o
r
Whe rea s TASM g enera tes a b i na ry f i
l
e written t oc orrec t for t he TAS M /MPAS M ICI p in RB6 .
(
.0 13
.1)
, MPASM g ene ra tes a h ex c ode s
ou rce c ode " g ramma r" d iffer ence s a s
- The P IC 's o the rI /O ( inpu t/ou tpu t) l i
ne s
,
f
i
le ( .HEX ) w hich i ncludes e rro rc heck ing s
oc ia ted w ith t he P IC 16C84 c ommand RAO t o RA4 a nd RBO t o RB5 a re n ot u sed
a
nd a ddr es s
ing v alues . T he S END p ro- code s a s p ublished i n t he P ICI6 117 i
nt h eT oolk itc ircu it,b utm ay b em ade u se
g
ram c anno tu set h
is f il
e. Microcon troller D ata B ook (from h e
re o n o
f i ft he c ircu it i s c onnec ted a s p art of
Whils t t he f acil
ities o ff ered b y MPAS M r
ef erred t oa st heP IC Da ta B ook )
. at est-bed i n ad eve lopmen t s i
tua t
ion f o
r
a
nd MPLAB f ar outr each t ho se a vailab le Howeve r, w hilst TAS M a nd MPAS M o
the rP IC -con tro l
led c i
rcu its.
w
ith TAS M , t he a utho r h as f ound t hat
, c
an b e u sed j u st a s as semb ly p rogram s
, The c ir cuit d iag ram s how s t he P IC u n-
e
ven w ith a 1 20MHz P en tium c ompu te r
, t
h ey a r e also l anguage s i nt heir o wn right derc ry s
ta l c on trol ( X1) i na s
soc iation w ith
g
etting i na nd o ut o f MPASM t akes c on- a
nd h ave p rog ramm ing s t
ructu res w hich c
apac ito rs C l a nd C 2. T hese t hree c om -
s
iderab ly l onge rt han g etting i na nd o ut o f a
llow a v ariety o f o pe rat
ion s t o be e x- ponen ts a re o nly r equi red w hen t he c ir
-
TASM /SEND . p
res sed i n at ype o fs ho rthand. W ith af ew cuit i su sed a s at est-bed — t hey m ay b e
I
n t h
is c on tex t, r emembe r t hat w hen e
xcep t
ions , T oolk it canno t tr
an slate t hese om itted i ft he T oo lk i
t i s used p urely a s
d
eve lop ing aP IC p rog ram ,e ven i fy ou u se s
truc tu res a nd t he use r mu s
t c orrect a ny ap rog ramme r/d isa ssemb le r
. T he v alue o f
as imula to r
, s oone r o r l a
te r y ou p robab ly s
ou rce c ode t r
ans lation i fthey o ccu r,ref er
- 3
. 2768 MHz f o r cry sta l X 1 i s as ugge s
ted
h
ave t o k eep s wapp ing b etween a t ex
t r
ing t ot he TAS M o r MPAS M d ocumen ta- va
lue o n
ly , o the r v a
lue s m ay b e u sed t o
e
dito r f or mod ify ing t he s ou rce c ode l ist
- t
ion. A s umma ry o f MPAS M 's s pecial s
uitt estb ed r equ iremen ts.
i
ng, a nd a n a ssemb le r/sende r f o r l oading s
truc ture c ommand si st abled l a
ter. P
IC 16C84 d ev ice s r equire ap rog ram -
r
evised a nd r e-a ssemb led c ode i n
to aP IC . Interes t
ing ly, t hough , v e
ry f ew o f the ming s upp ly o f b etween 1 2V a nd 1 4V
As ar e
su lt, s ince i nteg rating t he T oolk i
t s
pec ia l c ommand s have b een u sed i na ny (
h encefo rth r efe rred t o as 1 2V )
, a nd a n
i
n
to h is s ystem , t he a utho r c on t
inues t o o
f t he P IC -based p rojec t
s p ublished i n ope rationa l s upp ly o fb etween 3 V a nd 7 V.
u
se TASM a st h e assemb ling l anguage i n EPE . Fort hel a
tte rs upp ly ,5 V isu sed h er e
.
p
ref erence t o MPASM . W ith t he u se o f D etails o f h ow t o o btain t he s oftwa re The 1 2V s upp ly i sb rough t i nt o I C2, a
as u
itab le . BAT c ommand f i
le ( discus sed f
or T oo lki
t a nd t he d ocumen ta t
ion f or 5V 1 00mA v oltage r egu lator. T he r esult-
l
a
te r), i ti ss o e asy t o n i p i na nd o ut b e- MPAS M a nd TAS M a reg iven a tt hee nd . i
n g 5 V o utpu t s upp lie s p owe r t o t he P IC
t
ween DOS ED IT , TASM a nd TOOLK IT . a
nd t ot hes igna l r outing c hip I C3 .
TO OL K
IT C
IRCU
IT The n etwo rk a round t r
an sisto rs TR 1,
WIDER APPEAL T
he c omp lete ci
rcui
t d iagram o f t
he TR2 a nd TR3 i sr espon sible f or s w
itch ing
On aw ider fron
t, th ough, we know tha
t P
IC16x84 T oolki
ti sshown i nF ig.1I
. t
he P IC 's p rog ram c on trol i n put, MCLR ,
b
oth MPASM a nd TASM h ave aloyal f
ol
- I
n essence , the ci
rcui
t i s ve ry simi
lar b
etween P rog ram , R un a nd R ese t mode s
.
l
owing. A g reat numbe r of re
ade rs h
ave t
o t h
e h ea r
t o f t he c ircuits u sed Compu te r l ine DA4 ( v
ia I C3 ) i sr e
spon -
TASM ,h aving acquired itwith ourgenera
l f
or th
e S imp le PIC I6C84 P rogramme r s
ible f o
r c ont rolling t r
an sisto r p air T R1
s
of
twa red i
sk,o rw i
th o urP IC-TutorDisk. a
nd EPE P IC T u
torial
. T he d iffe
rence a
nd TR2 . When t h e b ase ( b) o f TR 1 i sset
I
ti sinteres
ting, t hough, tha
t many o f i
s tha
t, w hereas the l at
te r t wo p ro- h
igh ( 5V ) b y DA4 , TR 1 a nd TR2 a re
t
he PIC projec
ts w hich w e are off
ered fo
r g
rams r equi re m anual
ly s w
itched s e
t- t
ur ned o n
, a l
low ing t h e 1 2V s upp ly t op a ss
p
ublica
tion a r
e w ri
tten u sing one o f th
e t
i
ng of P rog ram/Run s witches, T oo
lki
t's t
hrough TR2 a nd r es
i storR 2 t ot he MCLR

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
27
p
in ( igno r
ing TR3 f o
r t he momen t). T his CO NSTRUCT
IO N
p
ut st heP LC i n
to P rog ram mode . Track l a
yout d etails o f t he p r
inted
S
imu ltaneous ly , the s ame s upp ly f l
ows c
i
rcu it b oard ( p.c.b.) f o
r t h
e T oolkit a re
t
hrough r e
sisto r R I a nd l i
gh t e m
i tting s
hown i n Fig.3a. T his b oa rd i sava i
lable
d
iode ( I
.e
.d .) D I t ot he 5 V s upp ly l ine ( a f
rom t heE PE PCB S er v
ice ,c ode 196.
v
oltage d rop o f7 V). T he I .
e.d. i sturned o n Two c omponen t l ayou t a nd w iring
wheneve r t he 1 2V s upp ly i s s witched i
lustr at
ion s are s hown . T he o ne inF ig.3b
t
hrough TR2 . s
hou ld b e fol
lowed i ft he T oo lkit istob e
When l i
ne DA4 i sl ow , b oth TR 1 a nd u
sed o n i t
s o wn ( i
. e. ind epend ent of t he
TR2 a re t urned o ff
. P in MCLR i s t h en EPE P IG T utoria l p .c.b. C omponen ts S I,
s
upp lied f r
om t he 5 V l ine v ia d iode D 2 X
I, C l a nd C 2 m ay b e om itted i fthere i s
(
wh ich , a s a n u nimpo rtan t s ide -ef fec t
, n
o i n
ten tion o fu s
ing t heT oolkit asp arto f
d
rop s t he v o
l tage r e ach ing t h
is p i n b y ate
s t-bed .
a
bou t 0 .6V ). I n this c ond ition , t he P IC i s S
ocke tsshould b e u sed f orI CI and I C3.
s
eti nto R un mode . F
ig
.2. Equ
iva
len
tci
rcu
itf
or1
C3.
I
t i s s t
rongly r ecommended t hat aZ IF
C ompu ter l ine DA3 i sr espons ible f o
r DAO i sc onnected v ia p a
th Y 1 /Y t o I C
I (
zero i nsert
ion f o rce) s ocke t s hould b e
c
on tro ll
ing t he P IC's R ese t mode v i
a RB7, DA1 i sc onnec ted v i
a Z 1/Z t o I C
I u
sed f or ICI, a l
low ing e a sy i nsert
ion a nd
t
rans istor TR3 . When DA3 i s h eld l ow RB6, a nd the base o f TR1 i sheld h igh v ia r
emova lo ftheP IC .
(
OV ), TR3 i s t urned o ff
, a l
low ing t h
e R7 and t he X/X1 p a
th tot he +5V l i
ne. I n I
f t he T oolki t i s t o b e c onnec ted t o
s
elec ted P rog ram o r R un v oltage t o r each t
h
is s i
tuation I C
I 's RB6 a nd RB7 a re t
he E PE P /C T uto rial p .c.b., f o
llow t he
p
in MCLR . i
solated f rom a ny othe rexternalc i
rcu it. d
etails i nFig.4. N o
te t ha
tI CI, I C2,C I,C 2
When DA3 i sset h igh ( 5V ), TR3 t urns R
es istors RIO a nd R I Ih o
ld the r esp ec- a
nd X 1 are n o
t r equ ired i n t h
is s i
tuation.
on
, s horting MCLR t o O V . R esisto r R 2 t
i
ve DA c onnec tion p o
ints b ias
sed l ow To s ave e xpen se, i ti srecommended t ha
t
p
r even ts t h
e 1 2V o r 5 V s upp ly l i
ne s f rom when t hec ompu ter i snotc onnected t ot he t
he e xist
ing c ompu ter c onnec tor o n t he
b
eing a ffected a t th
is t ime . W ith MCLR Toolki t
. Tu
to rial b oard i sd esolde red a nd used f o
r
l
ow , t h
e P LC i sh eld inR eset mode . Whe reas DAO a nd DA 1 a r
e I /O l ines, t
heT oolkitb oard ( a
lso s e
el a
te r).
The P IC m ay a l
so b e m anua lly h eld t
he BUSY l ine i s a n i n
put-only t o t he Add it
ionally s hown i n F ig.4 a re t he
r
ese t b y p ushsw itch S I . When p res sed , S I p
rinte r p or
t (control r e
gister bi
t 6), a nd i t
s po
in ts o n the T uto rial b oa rd t o w h
ich t h
e
f
eed s t he 5 V l i
ne v ia R 12 t o t he b ase o f i
solation f rom p in RB7 i sn otneces sary. Toolk its hould b ec onnec ted .
TR3 , o ve rr
id ing t he s ta
tus o f DA3 . T he
u
se o f S I i sb eneficial w hen t he T oo lk i
t
board i sb eing u sed a s at e
st b ed, a l
low ing
p
rog ram s t o b e r e
set a tw il l
. R esisto r R 6
p
r even ts DA3 f r
om b e
ing a ffected w hen
SI i sp res sed.
Note t ha
t I .
e.d . D I i su naff ected w hen
t
he P IC i si nR eset mode , i tw ill c on tinue
t
og l ow w heneve r TR2 c onduc ts t he 1 2V
s
upp ly , ire sp ec tive oft he s ta
tus o f TR3 .
T he re i sa lso ac onnec tion b e
tween t h
e
P
IC 's R B7 p in a nd t he p r
in te r p ort's
BUSY l i
ne. T h is i st he p ath a long w hich
t
h e P IC 's s to red p rog ram d ata c an b e
r
e ad a nd d isas semb led b y t he c on trolling
s
oftwa re
.

SELECTOR I
C3
The p urpo se o f I C3 i s b asica l
ly t o
s
epa rate t heP IC's RB6 a nd RB7 p i ns from
c
ompu ter l i
nes DAO a nd DA 1 w hen t h
e
P
IC i si nR un mode .
Rega rdles so fw he ther t he P LC i ss imp ly
b
eing p rog rammed p rio r to i nser t
ion i n
to
a
no the rc ircui t
, o r i sb e
ing u sed a s p art o f
at est
-bed , a s s oon a s i ti sp ut i n
to R un
mode , a ny p rog ram -con trol
led a ct
iv ity o n
RB6 a nd RB7 c ould, u nles s preven ted , a d
-
v
er sely a ffect l i
nes DAO a nd DA1 , a s w el
l
a
st hem selve s.
As y ou m ay h ave s een i no t he r c i
rcu its
,
t
he p rob lem c an b e l imited b y i nse r
ting a
r
esisto r ine ach o ft he t wo l ines. H oweve r
,
a
l
though t h ec ompu te r's l i
nes a rep rotec ted
i
n t h
is i n
stance , a ny o ther c ircui t c on-
n
ec ted t o RBO a nd RBI c ould s t
ill b e
a
ffec ted b y t hec urren tf lowing b ack t ot h
e
c
ompu terv iat her e
s isto rs. T he i nser t
ion o f
s
em iconduc to rg ate I C3 p reven tst his.
R
ef err
ing t o Fig.2 , I C3 i ss hown a s a
3
-po le c hangeove rs witch u nde rc on t
rol b y
c
ompu ter l ine DA4 . When DA4 i s l ow
(
Run mode )
, RB7 i sr outed t h rough p ath
Y
/YO f rom w here i tc an b e c onnec ted t o
a
ny o therc i
rcu it. L ikew ise , RB6 i sr ou ted
t
hrough p ath Z /ZO , f or t he s ame r eason.
S
imu ltaneous ly , the b ase o f TR1 i sh eld
l
ow v ia R 7 a nd t he X /XO p ath t o t he O V
l
i
ne . I n this s i
tua t
ion , DAO a nd DA1 a r
e
i
solated f rom RB6 a nd RB7 . F
ig
.3. (a
) Ful
l s
ize coppe
r fo
i
l tr
ack maste
r. (
b) Complete c
omponen
t l
ayou
t a
nd
When DA4 i s h i gh ( Prog ram mode )
, t
ermina
tion p
oin
ts when u
sing t
he T
oolk
itas an i
ndependentuni
t.

5
28 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 C
OMPONENT
S
R
esistors
See
RI 2
k2
R2toR 4 1
k(3o
f
f)
R5
, R10,
R
I1 1
00k (
3of
) TALK
R6 toR9
, P
age
R
12 1
0k (
5of
f
)

C
apac i
tors
C1, C
2 1
0p po
lystyrene (
2of
f
)
(
s
ee text
)
C3, C
4 1
00n po
lyes te
r(2of
f)

S
em iconduc
to rs
D1 r
e d led .
D2 1N4148 s i
gnald iode
TRI. T
R3 BC549 n pn tr
ansistor
(
2o ff)
TR2 B C559 p np tr
ansistor
I
CI PIC16C84 o rP IC16F84
m
ic rocon trol
ler( see
t
ext)
I
C2 78L05 5 V 1 00mA
r
e gulator( see tex
t)
I
C3 4053 t r
ip
le 2 -
channe l
analogue m u
lt
iplexer

M
isce llaneous
Si s
.p
.p ushsw itch,p.c.b
.
moun t
ing
X1 3
.2768MHz c rys
tal( see
te
xt)
P
rinted circu
it b oard, a va
i
lable f r
om
t
au r
a *KA
RI t
he E PE PCB S ervice, code 1 96; 16-
p
i
n d .
i
.l. socket
; 1 8-pin d.
i.
l. ZIF socket
(
see tex
t)
;p .c.b
. suppo rts (4of
f);3 6
-way
C
l R
2
1,10 4
111 L C
entronics f emale p aral
lel pr
inter con-
n
ector
, p .
c.b. m ounting ( s
ee text)
; con-
n
ect
ing w i
re;s o
lde r
, e t
c.

Approx Cost
Guidance Only 1 6
c
onnec ted accordingly. A5 V le
ad c
ould be
F
ig
.4. Componen
t l
ayou
t a
nd i
n
terconnec
tions when T
oolk
it i
sused w
i
th t
he P
/C c
onnected a s well, inwhich case r
egu
lato r
Tu
tor
ialp
.c
.b. I
C2 can b e omit
ted .
The fi
ve w ires shown c onnected t o the PO WER SUPPLY The d rawback o f us
ing t he compu ter
s
witch (S1 t oS 4
) p osit
ion s hould b e sol- Powe r for th e T oolki t m ay b e s upplied a
s the p owe r source ist ha
t PICs cannot
d
ered tot he t r
ackside o ft he board, t
aking b
y a ny 1 2V t o 1 4V d .c. sour ce. E ven a b
e i n
se r
ted o r removed f rom the Toolki
t
c
are toconnec t t
hem t oth e co
rrect points! 1
2V c ar b attery c ou ld b e used . A lterna - wh
ile t he compu ter i
ss wi
tched on, un
le s
s
I
ft he swi
tches a re l ef
t i n posi
tion, t hey t
i
vely, t he p owe r c ould b e taken s t
raigh t a
n a dditional s wi
tch i s inc
luded in t h
e
s
hould switched o ff( up). f
rom thec ontroll
ing c ompu ter
. T
oolkitp owerl i
nes.
Assemble t heT oolkitp .c
.b. ina ny order Within aP C are o ne o r mo re e xpan s
ion
y
ou w ish
, b ut d o n o
t i nsert ICI o r I C3 s
ockets w hich a re n orma lly u sed f or c us- .
12V 4
.
5V GN
I3

u
nt
il the c orrectnes s of the powe r supp ly t
omised i n
terface b oa rds. B o
th 1 2V a nd 1 1
h
as been conf irmed ( PIC 16C84 s c an d
i e i
f 5Vs upplies area va
ilab le v iath ese socke t s
, 9 3

g
reater t
han 7 V isp resent on th e
ir + VE a
s shown i n F ig.6 ( check y ou r c ompu te r
p
in 14)
. manual fort heo rienta t
ion o fth es ocket).
Ensure t h
at t he t r
ansistors
, d iodes a nd A p iece o f 0 .1 i n ch g rid s tr
ipboa rd A

I
C2 arec o
r rectly orientated. (
e
.g. V eroboa rd ) c ould b e c ut t o s uit
t
he s ocke t
, a nd O V
/ 12V p owe r l ead s F
ig
.6. Computer e
xpansion c
onnec
tor
CO MPUTER SOCKET s
howing d
.c
. powerslo
ts.
The T oo lkit p.
c.b. h as been d es
igned t o PRINTER PORT P
LUG

a
ccep t a3 6-pin p .c.b. moun ting s ocke t
(
V
IE WED FROM REAR
)
PR
I NTER PORT
65 2
i
n
to w hich as t
anda rd ( Centronics) parallel General
ly , P Cs h ave t h e
ir p aralle
l
p
r
in ter l ead c an b e p lugged . Mo s
t peop le 0
0 0 • 0 0 0 0 • • 0 • • 0
0 0
p
r
in ter p o r
t c onfigu red a s L FT 1, u sing
• 01 0 0 0 0 0
p
robab ly a lready h ave s uch a l e
ad. T hose r
egister &H378 f o r d ata o utpu t a nd
2
5
who d o n o t
, t h
ough , m ight prefer toa vo id
BUSY
r
egister &H379 f or such c ontrol fu nction s
GAO
t
he e xpense o f buying o ne and m ake u p a
sh and shake s,p aper-ou te tc.
DA
t
heiro wn c onnector. A
LTERNATIVE F
ull use oft heT oolk itr equiresa cce sst o
A
3
I
n t h
is c ase, a2 5-p in C entronics c on- 4
PR
INTER PORT
CONNECTIONS
b
oth r egisters, the c on trol re g
ister b eing
n
ecto r ( male ) isrequ ired f or the compu ter t
he o ne through w h
ich t h
e P IC's d a
ta c an
e
nd. S olde ra bout two m e
tres of6 -way r i
b- b
e r ead b ack f or v erif y
ing o r disa ss em-
b
on c able t o the c onnec tor as s hown i n b
l
ing ,u sing the BUSY l i
ne.
•i
I
i,.•• I
t is po ss
ible, t hough . that i ndividua l
F
ig.5. S olde r t
he othe re nds tot he Too lkit
p
.c
.b . ass hown . P
IC TOOLK
IT P
CB c
ompu tersm ay bec onf igur ed tou se o ne o f
T
his t echn ique i sp oten t
ially mo re prone t
wo o ther p airs o f r e g
isters i nstead o f
t
o n oise i n
ter f
erence t han w i
th a p roper &H378 a nd &H379 . T he mo st l i
kely p air
p
r
in ter l ead, b ut t
h e a utho r has used i to n i
s &H278 a nd &H279 , although &H3BC
F
ig
.5. A
lte
rnat
ive c
ompu
ter i
n
tercon
-
many o cca sions w ithou tp roblems . n
ect
ion me
thod
. a
nd &H3BD m ightb eu sed.

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
29
 T
he T oolk
it program h as b
een w r
it
ten L
IST ING 1 t
hen be d i
srupted (poss
ibly h e
ld reset or
s
o th a
t a ny o f th
e t hree p a
irs c an be P
orto
utpu
tr eg
ister c
heck r
out
ine i
n Program mode ) when t h
e c omputer is
s
e
lected f or u s
e. T owa rds the h ead o f p
owe red-up.
t
h
e B asic l i
s
ting ( TOOLK IT
.BAS ) a r
e p
or
tout% =&H378 Th
is c an be avoided b y removing t he
t
h
ree s ta
temen ts e
qua t
ing t he pr
inter por
t '
por
tou
t% = &H278 c
onnecting l e
ad u nt
il the c omputer h as
r
eg
ister n umbe r, t wo p receded b y an '
por
tou
t% = &H3BC b
een p owered up and the Toolki
t program
a
postrophe: c
heck
it
: r
un as far as it
s menu d i
splay, by w hich
OUT por
tou t%,0 t
ime the pr
inter por
t has been set with al
p
ortout % = &H378
PR
INT p or
tout% ,"Al
l l
ow" o
utputs low.
'
portou
t % = &H278
'
portou
t % = &H3BC GOSUB h o
ld
OUT por
tou t%,I
I
NSTALLI NG
The s t
atemen t without t he apostrophe i s PR
INT p or
tout% , "
DA0 h
igh" SOFT WA RE
t
he o ne w ho se v a
lue w i
ll b e u sed f o
r
GOSUB h o
ld Software f or t he T oolk it i s o n t he
p
r
in te r p or
t o utput b y the rest of t he p
ro- OUT por
tou t%,2 EPE P IC-D isk 1
. T her e a
re f
our
g
ram . A s s hown , &H378 i s the c hosen PR
INT p or
tou t%,"DA Ih
igh" f
i
les, TOOLK IT .BAS , TOOLK IT.COM ,
v
alue . T o s elec t one o f the othe rs
, d e
lete GOSUB h old TOOLK IT.Ja nd PK .BAT .
i
t
s a po s
t rophe a nd i nsert an apo s
t rophe i n OUT por
tou t%,8 TOOLK IT.BAS i s t he B as
ic p rog ram
f
ront o f t he f i
r
st l ine
. H aving d one s o
, PR
INT p or
tou t%,"DA3 h
igh" f
or T oolkit
. TOOLK IT.COM i s t h
e
r
esave t h e p rog ram u nder t he s ame f i
le GOSUB h old machine c
ode p
rog ram which i
s
n
ame . OUT por
tou t%,16 a
utoma tical
ly l
oaded and a
cces sed
The p r
in ter p o r
t's control registe r v
alue PR
INT p or
tou t%,"DA4 h
igh" t
hrough TOOLK IT.BAS . I t
s s ource c ode
i
so ne g reate rt han the output re g
ister. The GOSUB h old (
TOOLK IT.J) was w
ritten f
or t
h
e
p
rog ram a utoma tically a l
locates t he co
r- GOTO check i
t s
harewa re a ssemb le r A 86 /D86 . P rog ram
r
ect n umbe r a cco rding tot he selected o u
t-
PK.BAT i s a q uick-loade r "BATCH"
p
ut v alue . Y ou n eed take n o act
ion i nth
is h
old
:
c
ommand p rog ram t h
at a lows y ou t o
r
esp ect. I
F1NKEY$ =" THEN GOTO h
old
r
apidly s witch b etween DOS ED IT,
The a utho rh a
s u sed theT oolkit i nal
l it
s RETURN
TAS M a nd TOOLK 1T ( PK s t
and s f or
i
nput /outpu t modes o n several compu ters
.
P
icK it
!).
T
he v alidity o f t h
e t h
ree c odes w as con- d
isplay i nW indows . A lte rna tive ly , k ey i n
a
nd r un t heB asic p rog ram i nL isting I . P
lace the disk i n
to t he r e
levan t drive. It
f
i
rmed b y c onfigur ing a D e
ll P en tium to
P
rov ided t h at t he c o rrec t o u tpu t r eg
i s
te r i
sn ow a s
sumed t h
aty ourd i
sk i sind rive A
r
ega rd e ach o f them a s b e
ing L FT I w hen
v
alue h as b een s elec ted , t h
is p rog ram f i
rst a
nd t hat you a re w orking i n DOS . W in -
i
nstructed .
s
ets a l
l p rin te r p ort o utpu t l i
nes l ow ( OV ). d
ow susers mu sta cta cco rding t oth en eed s
o
ft heiro wn s ys
tem .
CO MPA Q SNA G Each t ime y ou t hen p r es s a ny k ey , i n
-
F
rom DOS , c opy t he t hree TOOLK IT
Howeve r, as nag a rose w hen t r
ying t o d
ividua l o utpu t p ins g o h igh i n t urn, a s
s
hown . I tt hen l oop s b ack t o r epea t t he p
rog ram s in
to t he same d irec tory inw h
ich
u
se i tw ith aC ompaq 3 86 m achine. F irst
,
p
rocedu re . y
ou r QBa sic o r Q u
ickBAS IC s o
ftwa re is
i
t w as f ound t hat t his w as t he o nly
A
t e ach s tep , t he s tatus o f t he p r
inte r h
eld. F or e xamp le, i ft hey a re i n ad i-
machine w hich d i d n ot u se &H378 a s the
p
o r
t l i
nes c an b e c hecked u sing a mu lti- r
ectory named QBAS IC, u se t he follow ing
LPT I ou tpu t re giste r, b e
ing c onfigured f o
r
mete r
. Y ou n eed o nly c heck DAO , DA 1, c
ommand s ( pressing < en te r> a f
te r e ach
&H3BC .
DA3 a nd DA4 . c
ommand )
:
This m ach ine w as p urchased s econd -
h
and a nd w i
thou t d ocumen ta t
ion. N o I
f t he m eter s hows n o c hange a t any c
:
amoun t o f i nves tiga tion r e vea led h ow i t s
tep, s elec t t he n ex t p ortou t% v alue . c
d\qba
sic
c
ould b e r econf igur ed t o o ne o f th
e o ther P
res sing CTRL /BREAK t oge the rs tops t he c
opy a
:too
lki
t.*
v
alue s
. F urthermo re, i tw as f ound t hat the p
rog ram t oa l
low t hev alue c hange .
T
hen c
opy PK
.BAT i
n
to t
h
e r
ootd
i
rec
tory
c
ontrol r egiste r
's BUSY l ine ( v
ia &H3BD ) There i sn o c heck f or t h e BUSY l ine
o
fdr
ive C
:
c
ould n otb er ead. N os olution w asf ound . b
eing r e adab le u ntil y ou t ry t o v er
if y o r
I
ti ssu spec ted t hat t h
is C ompaq u ses a n d
isassemb le ap rog rammed P IC . c
d\
i
n
te rface c ard f o r p rinter c on trol and t ha
t I
fy ou d o t he a bove o utpu t c heck w i th c
opy a
:pk
.ba
t
t
hec ard s omehow p reven ts h andshake d a
ta t
he T oolk it p .c.b . c onnec ted a nd p owe red -
P
rog
ram PK.BAT c
ons
ist
s o
f t
he f
o
llow
-
e
tc
. f rom b eing r ead b y t he r esto ft he s y
s- u
p ( wi
th I CI om itted ), y ou c an a lso c heck
i
ngcommands
:
t
em. T his, t hough , i sp ure c on jec ture. t
hat t he p ower s upp ly i sw orking . When
The r esu lt ist hat
, a l
though t h
is C ompaq t
he c orrec t r e gis te r v alue h as b een c hosen , c
d\qbas
ic
c
an b e u sed t op rog ram P ICs , i tcannot b e 1
.
e.d. D I s hou ld b e o n w hen DA4 i sh i
gh , q
b/ run t
oo
lki
t/I
u
sed t ov erify o rd isa ssemb le t hem . b
u to fff o ra ny o the ro u tpu tv a
lue . c
d\p
ic
I
n t he b elief t hat o the r r eaders m igh t P
in 4 o f s ocke t I C I s hou ld b e a ta bou t
I
f the d i
rectory names given i n the
h
ave s im ila r
ly u ncoope rative m achines , a 44V w hen a l o utpu t s a r e l ow , a nd w hen
a
bove (t
ho se fo
llowing t
he cd\ s
tatemen t)
f
aci
lity t o p reven t t he T oo lk it prog ram DAO o r DA1 a re h i gh. I ts hou ld b e a tO V
d
if
fer, amend them tosui
t. To change t he
f
rom t rying t ov erify a nd d isa ssemb le h as when DA3 i sh igh , a nd a t I2 V w hen DA4
c
ommand s in PK
.BAT , t
ype t
he fo
l low ing
b
een i ncluded . i
sh i gh. T his p in s hou ld a lway s b e atO V
c
ommand ( whi
le st
il
l inthe r
oot directory
Af ew l i
nes f urthe rd own f r
om t h
e p ro- when s witch S I i sp re ssed .
o
fd r
ive C)
:
g
ram 's r egister v alue s e
lec tion i st h
e s t
ate- P
in 1 4 o f s ocke t I C I s hou ld a lway s b e
ment thatv erify % =1 . a
t5 V. e
ditp
k.ba
t
When v erify % i ss et f or 1 ,the T oolkit You w ill h ave n o
ticed t hat l i
ne DA2 i s
T
his l oads t he DOS ED IT p rog ram
p
erfo rms a l f u nctions . I f y ou r m ach ine n
ot u sed , e ven t hough i ts e ems a vailab le.
which then a utoma t
ica
lly l oads a nd d is-
d
oes n ot a low BUSY l ine r e
ading, s e
t The p roto type T oolk it w a s d eve lop ed o n a
p
layst het exto f PK .BAT .
v
erif y% = 0 . T his i nhibit s t he v erify Del
l P en tium a nd i tw a s f ound t hat ( for
Amend t he s t
atemen t int he fi
rst l i
ne t o
r
out
ine . I ta lso p reven ts m enu o pt
ions 6 r
easons u nknown ) t he d ef ault l eve l f or
s
ui
t t he directory i n wh
ich y our B a s
ic i s
a
nd 7 ( disa ssemb ly ) f rom b e
ing s hown o r DA2 w hen t h e c ompu te r i sf i
rst p owe red
h
eld.
s
e
lec ted. TOOLK IT .BAS s hou ld b e r e
- u
p w a s h i gh, b ut w i th a ll o the r DA p in s
I
f you a r
e u sing QBa sic, d elete t he
s
aved i fy ou a mend v erify% . l
ow.
/
Is t
atemen t i n l i
ne 2 ( becom ing q b
/run
I
fa ny r eade r c an t hrow l i
ght o n t he Consequen tly , i tw a s d ecided t on ot u se
t
oolkit)
.
Compaq p rob lem , w e w ould b e pleased t o DA2 a s ac on tro l l i
ne . I ron ically , o the r
I
nthe third l i
ne, subst
itute t h
e d i
r ecto ry
h
earf r
om t hem . c
ompu ters h ave b een f ound t o s et v ar
iou s
n
ame i n w h
ich y ou r P
IC f i
l
e s (includ ing
o
the r DA p ins h igh a s t h eir d ef ault v alue .
TAS M i fyou u se it)areh e
ld.
PORT CHECK
ING So much f o rP Cc ompa tib ility !
Now r esave PK .BAT t o t h
e r oo t d i-
o
u m ay be thle to check th
at t h
e T
he r esu l
t i s t h
at i n at est-b ed s i
tua -
r
ec
to ry
, and a lso s ave ittot h
ed i
recto ry i n
c
or
rect va
lue has been se
t for t
h
e prin
ter t
ion, ac ircu it c an b e r unn ing c orrectly
wh
ich y our P IC f i
les ar
e h e
ld. T his a low s
p
or
t outpu
t by e
ither c
al
ling MSD through u
nde r t est w ith t h e c ompu te r o ff a nd t he
y
ou t oacce s
sP K
.BAT f rom e i
the rt he r oot
DOS,orthrough th
e pr
inter p
ortp
ropert
ies p
rinter p o rt l e ad c onnec ted . B ut i tm igh t
o
rP IC directories.

5
30 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 When you type thec ommand p k( do not
t
ype .bat as w el
l) the a
ctions c a
lled f o
r in
PK.BAT w i
ll b e a
ctioned i norde r
. F irs
t of
a
l y our B as
ic s oftware i sl oaded, w hich
t
h
en l oads TOOLK IT.BAS a nd r uns i t
.O n
E
T
I P
1
C16
C84 P
R
OGRA
MMIN
G T
O
OLXI
T
e
x
i t from B asic, the di
recto ry i sc hanged
b
ack t oPIC ( orw hatever y ou have c hosen
t
on ame i t
)
. 1COW RIE P IC16014 FA
CTER
tS
F
rom t he la
tter dir
ectory, y ou h ave i m- 2
.TI M M P1C16C04 11
TH TASN BI
NARY FI
LE
3 P
ROG
RAM PIC16C84 WI
TH W ASH H
EX FI
LE
mediate use o f TASM a nd DOS ED IT.
C
ONV
ERT N ASH HEX CO
DE 10T A
SA BI
NARY FI
LE
T
his a l
lows y ou to mod ify a P IC s ource 5 C
O MM T ASM BINARY FI
LE TOS P
ASM HE
X CO
DE
c
ode i n ED IT, a s
semb le i tvia TASM , 6 D
ISAS
SENILE P I
C1601
4 T OTASM S
OUR
CE COD
E
a
nd t hen re
-en ter TOOLK IT u s
ing t h
e p k 7DISAS
SM ILE P I
C16C8
4 T OSPAS
M SOUR
CE COD
E
c
ommand . 8ME AT TASN T E
XT TOA NSA TE
XT
3COMMIT SPASM T E
XT TO Tel TE
XT
A simi
lar s t
ructure could b e d evised i f PSHOO DI
RECTORY PATHS
y
ou w ant to use MPAS M ( which c an b e QQUIT FR
01
1 B A
SIC
made a c
cessible from DOS o rW indows ).
A
N
Y NMIA
lf U M M IN
I
F
ILES A ND
I
1
1
101 XL
ICT
ION
D
IRECTOR IES
T
he d irector ies a nd e x tens ion c odes
u
sed f o r f i
le i n putting a nd o utpu tting
a
re a loca ted w ith in t he b ody o f t he
TOOLK IT .BAS p rog ram . T hey c anno t b e
s
pec ified w hen y ou a r e a sked f or f i
le T
he ma
in menu f
o
rthe T
oolk
it
.
n
ame s i n t he v arious p rog ram modes .
S
hou ld y ou i nadver ten tly e nter a n e xten - i
ndicate that th
e f i
le name chosen w hen
s
ion c ode ( fo
re xamp le . AS M o r .OB J ) the r
unning w ill be inse
rted be
tween t he di
- PROGRA M M ODE 1
e
xten sion i ss tr
ipped o ff a nd t he a l
lo cated r
ectory and ex
ten s
ion names. CONF
IGURE P
ICI6C84 FACTORS
e
xten sion a dded i nstead . I
f adirecto
ry d oes no
t exis
t, you mu s
t
A
ll d irecto r
ies a nd e xtens ions c an b e c
reate itfr
om DOS . Forexample, tocrea
te P
rogram Mode 1 p rovides t
he st
andard
c
hanged b y s topp ing t he p rog ram a nd t
he directory ca
lled E PEPIC o n dr
ive C, f
a
cil
itie
s for c
onf
igur
ing t h
e PIC
. From the
amend ing t he a lloca tions t o w hateve r y ou y
ou w ou
ld type
: m
ain m enu
,pressnumer a
l key 1tose
lectit
,
wan t ( t
he c ho ice o f w he the r o r n ot t o w
hereupon th
ef o
llow
ing m enu wi
llappear
:
c
:
r
e- save TOOLK IT .BAS i sy ou r
s). 1 LP LO W PO WER CRYSTAL 32kHz
c
d\
The a loca ted n ames s upplied w i
th —200kHz
md e
pep
ic
TOOLK IT .BAS a re s hown i nT able 1 . 2 XT MED IU M SPEED CRYSTAL
To c hange a d irec tory o r e xtens ion These t hree sta
temen ts e nsu re t h
at y ou 1
00kHz —4MHz
name , f ind t he r outing s ection n ea r t he a
re (1) i nt he Cd r
ive, ( 2) set f or the root 3 HS HIGH SPEED CRYSTAL 4MHz
beginn ing o ft he p rog ram ( a bou t l i
ne 3 4 )
. d
i
recto ry, ( 3) h
ave a n ew d i
r ectory c a
lled —10 MHz
Selec t t he r outine r elating t o t he mode E
PEP IC . 4 RC RESISTOR -CAPAC ITOR
w ho se p arame ter s y ou w ish t o c hange , The a bil
ity t o s
earch d irecto r
ies f or fi
le OSCILLATOR
and a mend a cco rd ing ly . F or e xamp le, t he n
ame s a nd t o au
toma t
ica l
ly l oad t hem h as
r
elevan t r out
ine f or Mode 4 i ss hown i n n
ot been i ncluded as itw ould h ave c ompli- WH
ICH OSC
ILLATOR TYPE?
L
i sting 2 . c
a
ted t he p rogram (a l o
t of c ode w ent into S
e
lec
t the requ
ired t
im
ing mode by i
t
s
Here t he s ou rce d irec to ry i s s tated a s d
oing i tf o
r t he EPE V irtual S cope o f Jan n
umber
. C onf
irmat
ion of t
h
e choice w
il
l
"C:\EPEP ICV ( h e
ld i nd ir$ (4 )) a nd i t
s e x- '
98!
). t
h
en bedi
splayed,e.
g.
:
t
e nsion i s" .HEX " ( h eld i n d o
t$(4 )). T he I
fy ou n eed t o s
earch a d irecto ry, stop
t
he p rog ram b y pressing a ny n on-menu XT S
ELECTED
destina tion d irecto ry i s" C:\P IC\" ( held i n
d
e std ir$(4 )) a nd i t
s e xtens ion i s " .OB J" k
ey w hile t he main m enu i so n display. T
hreeq
ues
tion
sar
eth
en a
sked i
ntur
n
:
(
h eld i nd estdo t$(4 )). T
hen p ress f unct
ion k ey F 6 a nd s earch via
t
he F i
les c ommand . T o r esta rt t h
e p ro- ENABLE WATCHDOG T I MER Y/N
You m ay c hange a ny o ft he a bove f our
(
DEFAULT NO)
s
tatemen ts b e tween q uotes t o w ha tever g
ram ,p ressF 5
.
ENABLE PO WER
-UP T
I MER Y IN
you w i sh.
KEYB OA RD EA SE (
DEFAULT YES)
The " xxx " s t
atemen t sp l ay n oa ctive r ole
So f
ar a
s i
s r
e
asonab le, t h
e p rogram LOAD CONFIGURATION Y IN
a
nd s hou ld n ot b e c hanged , t hey s imp ly
(
DEFAULT YES)
h
a s b een w r
it
ten f or
T
ab le 1.D efault direc tory p a
ths e
ase of k eyboa rd Toe ach a
sitappear
sp resst herelevantY
u
se, i n p articula r a l
- o
r N k ey, or p
ress <enter> to accept th
e
Mode Source Destination l
ow ing t he use o ft he d
efau
lt.C onf
irmat
ion oft heselect
ion i sd
is
-
2 C
:
\PIC \xxx.OBJ PIC16C84 <
en ter> k ey t o indi- p
l
ayed .
3 C
:
\EPEP IC \xxx
.HEX PIC16C84 c
ate t hat y ou w ish t o With t h
e LOAD q uest
ion , i f N i s
4 C
:\EPEP IC \xxx
.HEX C
:\PIC\xxx .OBJ a
ccep t a n o ffer ed s
e
lected, t he c onf
igurat
ion r o
u t
ine i s
5 C
:
\PIC \xxx.OBJ C
:\MPASMCNVxxx .HEX
a
ction ( i
t's t edious a
bandoned a nd the d
isplay r e
turns to th
e
6 P
IC16C84 C
:\PIC\DECODE .ASM
7 P
IC16C84 C
:\MPASMCNV \DECODE .ASM t
o h ave t o s ear ch m
ain m enu
. I f LOAD i s accepted, th
e
8 C
:\P
IC \xxx.ASM CAMPASMCNV \xxx.ASM f
or c harac ter k eys f
o
llow ing i
ns
truc
tionsa ppear
:
9 C
:\P
IC \xxx.ASM C
:\PIC \xxx.TSM when y our f inger i s
FOR P
ICTUTOR PCB S ET S
2,SI,S3
,
where xx i sthe f i
le name y ou s upply w hen reques
ted i
nth
e a
lready a bove t he
s
elected mode . S
4 ON, THEN S2 OFF AND PRESS
<
en ter> k
ey!). I
n
ANY KEY
most c ases, a l
l y ou
FOR TOOLK IT PCB JUST PRESS
n
eed t o d o i s pr ess
LIST ING 2 ANY KEY
<
en ter> i na nswe r to
Mode 4f i
lep arame ter s ta
temen ts a
ny o f t he y es/no I
ft he sof
tware isb eing u sed with the
LOCATE 1 0,2 0: P RINT " 4 CONVERT MPAS M HEX q
ues t
ion s. P
IC T u
toria
l board and without the Too
lkit
CODE TO TASM B INARY F ILE " Note, t hough , t hat b
oard
,f ol
low thes w
itching instruc
tions
.
d
ir$(4)="C :\EPEP 1C\"
: d ot$
(4 )=".HEX " when y ou f i
rst e nter I
ft h
e T oolk
it board isi n us e (w
ith or
d
estdir$
(4)="C :\P 1C\"
: destdot$(4) = "
.OBJ " a mode , p
ressing w
ithout the Tutor
ial b oa
rd ) press
ing any
smid$(4
)="xxx ": dm id$(4)= " xxx" <
en ter> r eturn s y ou k
ey will st
ar
t the down -
lo ading procedure
t
ot he m ain m enu . a
nd th
isc onf
irmat
ion li
ne w i
lla ppear
:

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
31
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ortas I
K36
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nk -um% P
INCUS SIE
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ice m
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at M
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11
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I, II
M
T ID M S M ID MI 1
1
111
1 -4 1 Tn
in

T
ypica
lsc
reen d
isp
lay f
o
r Mode 1
. T
ypica
lscreen d
isp
lay f
o
r Mode 2
.

S
END ING CONF
IGURAT
ION TO t
he s ame p oin t
, w ith t he s ame s ending a nd P
IC vi
a Mode 2 ,or v i
a the or
iginal EPE
P
IC16C84 c
losing i n
struc t
ion sb eing d isp layed . S
END p rogram.
t
o b
e f
ollowed on c
omplet
ion o
f t
he c
ode The re i s as l
igh td i
ff erence i nt hec onc lu- T
he t r
ans
lation takes in
to accoun t any
b
e
ing s
e n
t (a
bout 1
2 s
econds m
aximum f
or s
ion s tatemen tst hough . I fV er if y isa ctive ,a .
ORG a ddres
s jump s w h
ich have occur
red
1
024 b
ytes)by
: v
erifica t
ion c heck i sa u toma tica lly m ade b y n t
i he MPAS M c ode, adding NOP p add
ing
t
he p rog ram a f
tert he c ode h as b een s en t to o t
t h
eb inary fi
l
ew heren eces
sary.
F
INISHED CONF
IGURAT
ION t
he P IC . T he r esults o ft his c heck a re t hen T
he fol
low ing is an example li
ne ta
ken
d
isplayed . f
r
om at yp
ical MPAS M . HEX fi
le
:
FOR P
ICTUTOR PCB S ET S
2 ON,Si
,
S
3,S4 OFF
, THEN S2 OFF I
n r e ali
ty , t he a utho r h as n eve r e x-
:
08002000792011288E081C2829
FOR TOOLK IT PCB JUST PRESS p
erienced a n i ncorr ectly p rog rammed P LC ,
ANY KEY n
one the les s, t he i n
clu sion o f av e r
ifica tion i
tta
kest
h
ecoded f
o
rma
t:
ANY KEY PRESS RESTORES MENU p
roces ss eemed p ref erab le.
:
nnaaarrxxyyxxyyxxyyxxyycc
tt
Itisl ikely t hat t he o nly t ime w hen y ou
F
ollow t he a pp
rop r
iate i n
struc
tions t o a
re t old t hat v erif
ica tion e rro rs h ave b een w
here
:
r
eturn tothe main menu . f
ound i si fyou h ave f o
rgo tten t oc onnec tt he
As par
t of t h
e configurat
ion p rocedure
, = r
ecord sta
rtc haracte
r
p
rinterp ort l e
ad. I nt h
isc a se t h e numbe ro f
t
he C ode Protect
ion o pt
ion ( s
ee P IC Data nn = d
ata byte quanti
ty inli
ne as
e
rro rs r epo rted w i
ll b e c l ose t o t h
e m axi-
B
ook ) isdisabled, a
low ing code t obe dis
- h
ex value
mum n umbe r ofb yte s s en t
. T he s ame w i
ll
a
ssemb led wheneve rrequired. a
aaa = a
ddresso ff i
rs
tb yte inh
ex
a
pp ly i fy ou a re t rying t op rog ram a d ead
T
he a ct o f conf
iguring a P IC, h ow- r = r
ecord type in h
ex (00 e
xcept
P
IC ( yes,t hey can d i e —b utp robab ly o nly i f
e
ve r
, automatical
ly erases al pr
evious da
ta, f
orl a
str e
co rd which i
s01)
y
ou p owe r t hem a t av oltage g rea te r t hat
r
eplacing i tw i
th c ode t h
at d i
sassembles x
xyy = d
ata bytesi nhex
7V.T he a u
tho rh asd one i to nce !).
b
ack a s ADDL W 1 7. c = c
hecksum i nhex
Note,t hough ,t hat i nt hea bove i nstance s,
t = l
i
ne terminator( carr
iage
t
he r epo r
ted e rro r n umb er i sl i
kely t o b e
PROGRA M M ODE 2 smaller t han t he t otal b yte c oun t s ince a n
r
e
turn,l i
ne f e
ed)

PROGRA M P
IC16C84 WITH TAS M u
nconnec ted BUSY l ine, o r o ne t hat i sc on- T
he check
sum i
s d
ef
ined b
y f
i
r
st o
f
B
INARY F
ILE n
ected t o ad ead P IC ,c ould b er ead a s z ero, t
a
king t
h
es um a
s
:
matching a ny z ero w h
ich o ccu rs i nt h e f i
le
F
rom t he m ain m enu , p r essing n ume ral S
UM = b
yte c
oun
t +addre
ss high +
c
ode s t
o red i nt hec ompu te r's m emo ry .
k
ey 2 a low s t h e P IC t o b e p rog rammed a
ddres
s l
ow + r
e
cord type +
Ther ei s am ino rb ug i nt hem achine c ode
b
y aTASM -c rea ted . OB J f i
le. O n se
lec tion , (
sum ofa
l d
a
ta b
ytes)
t
hat asse sse st h
e v erifica t
ion ( and t hea utho r
t
he d i
sp lay c onfi rm s t h
e m enu c hoice a nd c
an't f ind i t!)
: s ome time s a n e rror c oun t o f t
h
en th
e c
heck
sum (
c
c) = (—SU M
) AND
a
dv is es w hich d i recto ry p ath i sb eing u sed o
ne i sr e ported —i gno rei t
. 2
55.
(
t
h isa dvice i sg i ven i ne ach mode f rom t wo I
fa n e rro r coun t o f g r eate r t han o ne i s
o n
t ine). W
ith c
o
lon a
nd l
i
ne t
erm
inato
rdi
sca
rded
,
f
ound , t hec ompu ter" b eep s" a ty ou.
I
f t he v er
ify ing mode i
s a ctive i
mag
ine t
hee
xample l
i
ne s
p
litas
:
(
ver ify % =1 )t he s tatemen t that VER IFY - PROGRA M M ODE 3 0
8 0
020 0
0 7
9 2
0 1 2
8
I
NG I S AUTO MAT IC i s s hown . T his nn a
aaa r
r x
x y
y x
x y
y
s
tatemen t isom i
t ted i fverif y % =0 . PROGRA M P
IC16C84 WITH MPAS M
HEX F
ILE 8
e O
b l
c 2
8 2
9
You a re then a sked w hich f i
le y ou w an t
x
x y
y x
x y
y C
C
t
op roce ss( send t ot heP IC ). H aving e nte red F
rom t he main m enu , p
ressing n umeral
t
he f i
le n ame , t he p rog ram a temp ts tol oad k
ey 3a lows t h
e PIC t obe programmed b y w
her
e:
i
t
.I fy ou h ave g i ven a f i
le n ame t ha
t d oes a
n MPASM -created . HEX f i
le. On s e
lec- nn = h
ex 0 8 ( dec imal 8) da
ta b y
tes
n
ot e xist, you a re t o
ld s o (o n sc reen and b y t
ion
, t he display m essages are the s
ame a s t
o be t ranslated from hex i n
to
a" beep" ) a nd o ffered t he c hoice t oe nte r w
ith Mode 2 . b
inary
a
no the rn ame . D ur
ing p rocessing oft he MPAS M c ode, s
wan = h
ex 0020 ( decimal 32
) isthe a
d-
Shou ld y ou c hoose n o
tt o send af i
lea fte r t
he s o
ftwa re automatically d
ecode s the hex d
ress within t h
e PIC atwhich th
e
a
l ( you m igh t h ave g one i n
to Mode 2 b y f
i
le a nd c onverts iti n
to b i
na ry, which is f
i
rs
to ft hese b y
tesistobep l
aced
m
i stake )j ust p res s < ente r> t o return t o t he t
hen s en
t t ot he PIC int h
e s ame w ay as a r
r = 0
0 indicating t ha
t th
is i
sn ot t
he
main m enu. TASM b inary fi
lei ssent
. l
a
stl i
ne t obep roces
sed
When t he c ho sen f i
l
e h a s b een l o aded c = h
ex 2 9 ( decimal 41), b
eing the
i
n
to t he c ompu te r's m emo ry, y ou a r
e a d- PROGRA M M ODE 4 c
hecksum f orthisli
ne
v
i
sed o f the n umbe r o f b yte s tob e sen t t o
t
he P IC , the p ercen tage o f P IC s pace u sed CONVERT MPAS M HEX CODE TO T
he e
ight xx
/yy bytes (
quan
tity a
s i
nd
i-
a
nd t he n umbe r o f b ytes t h a
t w il
l s t
i
ll b e TAS M B
INARY F
ILE c
ated by nn
) ar
e the on
ly va
lues wh
ich a
re
f
r
ee . Y ou a re a lso o ffered t he c hoice o f t
o be put in
to th
e binary c
ode fi
le
. The
ir
I
n Mode 4
,a n MPAS M hex c
ode fi
l
e is
whethe ro rn ott o s end t he c ode. F rom h ere , t
r
ans
lated a
nd output t
o d
i
sk as a TAS M
d
ecimalvaluesare
:
t
h
ep rocedu r e i st hes ame a sw ith Mode 1a t b
i
nary fi
l
e. T
his fi
l
e may t
hen b
e sen
t to a 1
21
,32
, 1
7
,40
, 1
42
, 1
,28
,40

5
32 E
ver
yday P
rac
tica
lEl
ect
ron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 L
ist
ing 3
E
xample o
fdi
sassemb led P
IC16C84 c ode
.
o
u
te mir v
onsue
tco
t .
ORG 4
O
RM Ue
m m
ilaita
sn
GOTO JMP367
.
ORG 5
I
MPS
: CLRF PORTA
CLRF PORTB
1
0ON1
3
11 1
0 MIM
S 1
4
3NOW 1
/
1 BSF STATUS ,5
MOVL W 15 ;%00001111 $OF "
R
I
S 1
3
130S
t
. i
t
. $
3
. 3I
N
, 1
11 &O
f
t10
1PUr
aMTI
n MOVL W 5 ;%00000101 $05
1
1U 17 P 1IME
1*73* 7 CLRF PORTB
1=1
1
11
11
1 08 ? MIN 11
I
O W ID MS C
A M I
I10
11.
113
1 MOVL W 5 ;%00000101 $05
MOV WF TMRO
M UD D
INION.21 M OM tota
l
r
a11
,01
1811,0
1,
117i
t t OM D
S
o B32t
i
t BCF STATUS ,5
I
MUUt 1
1
2a
, llt MS
S Nu K
ET GOTO JMP37
*4
7*7 MOS M gr ME
NU
JMP 1
5: ADD WF PCL,F
RETL W 7
7 ;%0100110I $4D
RETL W 50 ;%00110010 $32 "
2
"
RETL W 44 ;%00101100 $2C "
,
"
RETL W 6 ;%00000110 $06
T
ypica
lsc
reen d
i
splay f
o
r Mode 6
.

The Toolki
t s o
ftware d
oes no
t make a TASM .T he re i sn oc ho ice o ff i
len ame , itis The se t wo v ector a dd resse sarei n
teg ralt o
c
hecksum calcula
tion,buth
ad i
tdone s
oth
e a
utoma tica lly a l
lo ca ted a s DECODE .ASM . t
he P IC 16C84 's o pe rationa l requ iremen ts.
a
ddi
tion to
tal forthe SUM wou
ld be c
a
lcu
- Any e x
is ting f i
l e o f t he s ame n a me i s When a n I nte rrup t o ccu rs
, t he P IC a uto -
l
a
ted as
: o
verwr itten . matica lly j ump s t o a dd r ess 4a nd f ollow s
The enti re 1 024 b yte so ft heP LC a rer ead a
ny i nstruc t
ion ( i
fa ny ) a tthata ddr ess
, s uch
nn + a
a + a
a + r su m o
r + ( fal
l x
x +
d
u ring d isa ssemb ly . C onsequen tly, i f t he a
s aGOTO c ommand .
y v
y a
lue
s) =4
0 +4
31 =4
71
P
LC h as b een p rog rammed b efor e
, i tm ay The R e set v ec to r a ta ddress 5i st hat t o
Checksum t
herefo r
e = (—47 1) AND n
o t b e i mmed iate ly o bv iou s w he re t he end which t heP IC j ump sw hen f i
rs
tp owe red -up
2
55 =4 1
, w hich e quals t he value o fc . In o
f t he mo st r ecen t p rog ram o ccu rs —i ntel- o
rr eset.T he c ommand t ojump t oadd res s5
o
therw ords,t here ha sbeen no c orruption of l
igen ti nspec tion m ay b en eeded ! i
sa ctua lly h eld i na dd re ss 0a nd i sautoma ti-
t
he d ata o n t h
e d isk a nd t he c hecksums Be a wa re t hat a ny P LC w hich h a s i t
s c
ally p laced t here w hen aP IC i sbeing p ro-
match fort h
is line. Code P rotec tion e nab led c anno t h ave i t
s g
rammed . T he c on ten t s o fa ddre sses 0t o3
We n
ow c ome t
o a d iffer
ence c
ode d isa ssemb led . I ti sn ot p o ss
ib le t ot urn a
ren otd isa ssemb led t ot hes ource c ode l i
st-
b
etween MPASM a nd TASM . W ith o
f f C ode P ro tec t
ion w ithou t e ras
ing t he i
ng( note t hata dd re ss e s 1t o 3a re n o
ta vail-
MPASM /MPLAB , t he xx/yy b y
te s are held P
IC 's con ten ts. a
ble f o r d a
ta p rog ramm ing u se — s ee P IC
n h
i ex c ode f i
l
e s i n th
e o pposite o rder to The d ata i so utpu t fr om t he P IC a s serial Data B ook).
t
hose i nt h
e TASM b inary f i
l
es ( and TASM d
a ta v ia t h e BUSY l ine. I ti sf orma tted i n n t
I he m ain s ou rce c ode s t
atemen ts
, a ny
h
ex f i
les
). s
o ftwa re t ob ecome 8 -bit b yte s
. Al ook-up n
ume rical v alue s a re g i
ven i n d ecima l.
Consequen tly
, w hen t r
anslating f r
om t
a ble i su sed t oe stab li sh w ha t sou rce c ode Value s w hich d o n ot r epresent r eg
i s
t er b i
t
MPASM h ex t o TASM b inary ( and v ice d
e tails shou ld b ea llo cated t oi t
. n
umbe rs ( e
.g. BCF S TATUS ,5 ) a r
e a lso
v
er sa)
, t h
e MPAS M b yte p a
irs h ave t o be n t
I h
e u n
like ly e ven t t ha
t ac ode i sn o
t i
nte rp reted a s b i na ry ( % p refix), h ex ( $
s
wapp ed, as i sd one b y t he m ach ine c ode r
e cogn ised , t he c ode i sn o
ted a s s uch i nt he p
r ef
ix )
,a nd A SC IIv a
lue sw herea pprop riate
s
oftwa re
. c
rea ted s ou rce c ode f ile (and a s creen a n- (
e nclo sed i n d oub le -quo tes)
. T hey a re
On entry i n
to Mode 4 ,y ou are a sked f o
r nouncemen t i s a lso m ade a t t he e nd o f s
hown a sc ommen tsf o
llow ing as emico lon .
t
he n ame o ft he MPASM f i
le (. HEX ) tob e d
isa ssemb ly )
. Having d isas semb led t h e PIC t o s ou rce
t
r
an slated into TASM ( .OBJ ).T he same f il
e Any a dd re sse s i ndica ted i n CALL a nd c
ode , i ti su p t o t he u se r to e xam ine a nd
n
ame i su sed fort he t r
anslation, b ut with a GOTO c ommand sa ren oted a nd d estination f
urthe rn o
ta te t he c ode ( t
he p u
rpo seo fe ach
.
OB J e xtension i nstead o f .HEX . A s with a
dd resse s a re p r efixed w ith t h
eir n ume rical r
ou tine c anno t b e a ssess ed t h
rough t h
e
o
ther m odes s o far, ift he named f i
le does value a s aL abe l. D e
ta ils ofh ow t h
e d ata i s s
o ftwa re, o fc ou rse )
. T he n ume rical " com -
n
ote x
ist
,y ou aret old so. e
va lua ted a re t oo c omp lex f or d is
cu s
- men t s" m ay h elp i nt h
is.
s
i on h ere . F or mo re i nforma tion , s tudy
PROGRA M M ODE 5 t
h e p rog ram 's d ata s t
atemen ts, t he S imp le PROGRA M M ODE 7
PIC I 6C84 P rogramme r a rticle, a nd t he DISASSE MBLE P
IC16C84 TO MPAS M
CONVERT 'IASM B
INARY CODE TO
P
IC 16C84 p rog ramm ing s p ecifica t
ion s sec-
MPAS M HEX F
ILE SOURCE CODE
t
ion o ft heP IC D ata B ook.
The r o u
tine o f Mode 5 p erforms t he The d isa ssemb led s ou rce c ode f i
le i s I
n Mode 7 ,P IC disas
sembly opera
tes in
o
ppo s
i tea c
tion o f Mode 4.An amed TASM headed b ya n i denti ty s ta
temen t,e .g.: t
h
e s ame w ay as wi
th Mode 6 ,except th
at
b
inary f i
le ( .OB J
) i s tr
an sla
ted i nto a n c
er
tain formatsa r
ec hanged t
osui
t MPAS M
;D
ISASSE MBLY FRO M P IC16C84 TO
MPASM h ex f i
le (.HEX )
. T he s of
twa re (
more a bout TAS M /MPAS M s ource code
TAS M ON 0
2-15
-1998 AT 0
1:16
:14
c
a
lcu lates t h
e n n, aaaa, r r, xxyy a nd d
i
fference sla
ter)
.
c v alues, f o
rma tt
ing t hem c orrect
ly. T he I
tis th
en pr
efixed b
y v
ar
iou
s e
qua
tiona
l As w i
th Mode 6 , the d
est
inat
ion fil
e i s
c
hosen d efaul
t x xyy b y
te c ount (nn) for a s
t
atementss
uch as
: a
l
so n amed DECODE .AS M (bu
t m ay b
e in
c
omp lete l i
ne i s16decimal( 10 hex
). ad
ifferentdirec
tory)
.
.
AVSY M
On e ntry into Mode 5 .y ou a r
e asked f o
r
I
NDF : .
EQU $
00 PROGRA M M ODE E
l
t
h
e n ame o ft he TASM f i
le t obe tr
anslated
TMRO : .
EQU $
01
i
n
to MPASM . T he same f i
le name i su sed
PCL: .
EQU $
02 CONVERT TAS M TEXT TO MPAS M
f
o
r t he translation, bu
t with a . HEX e xten-
STATUS : .
EQU $
03 TEXT
s
i
on i n
stead o f. OBJ. Ifthe named f i
led oes
FSR
: .
EQU $
04
n
ote xist,y ou a r
et o
ld so
. Mode 8 t
ran
slates aTAS M s ource c ode
PORTA : .
EQU $
05
f
i
le t o one which c an b e r ecognised b y
PORTB : .
EQU $
06
PROGRA M M ODE 6 MPAS M . This f i
l
e c an t hen b e u sed to
A
ss hown i n t
hee xamp le in L
ist
ing 3
,the c
reate an MPAS M .HEX f i
le
. T he p urpose
DISASSE MBLE P
IC16C84 TO TAS M
d
isassemb led source code commence s f
rom o
ft h
is mode istoa low u se
r s tom odify an
SOURCE CODE
P
IC a ddress4 ,the Interrupt vec
tor a
ddr
ess, o
r
igina l TAS M source c ode and ta
ilo r i
tto
On e
nt
ry i n
to Mode 6,you a
re gi
ven t
he which in t h
is ca
se h o
ld s th
e c ommand to t
hei
ro wn MPAS M n eeds.
o
pt
ion to ex
it t h
is mode or p
roceed w
ith j
ump t oa ddress367 ( GOTO JMP367 ). The The MPAS M f i
le re
tains the same n ame
r
e
ading t h
e c onten
ts of th
e P LC, and p
rog ram i t
self s
tart
s a t address 5(JMP5), s t
a h
e TAS M f i
le
, c omp lete w i
th . AS M
c
r
eating a source code f
i
le format
ted fo
r t
her ese
tv ectoradd ress
. e
xtension (t
he t wo f i
les c an b e h eld in

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
33
d
i
ffe
ren
t direc
tor
ies
, s
o t
h
ere n
eed b
e n
o
c
onf
l
icthe
re).

PROGRA M M ODE 9 1
11
1 =1
W
INS a
nm
eam
o
si
st
CONVERT MPAS M TEXT TO TAS M
TEXT
N
ICI
IIJ
t ME
I I
t
S1M
ATI
ON
Mod e 9f u
lfi
ls the s
ame p urpose as Mode
8
,b ut int he opposi
te direct
ion: trans
lat
ion 2M OM MO M WM IMMN C Ma gm a ! P
lUkaM
o
f MPASM s ource code t o TASM s ource 3M OM M OH V IM NM I MI C
:A MPo ss.ND ?KU M
c
ode. 4C
OM M IM I
N X MN S
I M C
:V 1C
IESTw x.0
111
'
5O MR ' MN 3010
11 I MIN INK C
AII NN E AM C
:4
1111
111mo
ot AK
The t wo fi
les re
tain the same n ame, b u
t ?num C.
:
MI N I MA !!
!
6NINIMINS P
IC 10I N
IM 1 .
11_
adifferent extens
ion c an b e g
i ven to t h
e S
IMIN
NILE PI
C 11M O W M ?K WH CN
III MMN IK1
111.
111
TASM f i
le
. TASM c an bet o
ld t
oa ccepta ny MID II NN Nia 101W . I
Ni
tt CAIIC
‘xx
x.401
1 CAN
IM I
CINNax.0 1
e
xtension i n
stead of .ASM i nit
s a s
semb ly '
ICOMM M O Ur 1 0INA 1
7:
X1 CAP
IC‘xxx
.0 1 C
:V IN ca.13
11
c
ommand l i
ne —t h
e fo
llow ing islegi
tima te
,
O
U
ll
'Ut T
O MU M P
0
11 V
16 RlS
iU 6
3
711
f
orexamp le
:
MI
S R
E
111
1 1
0 DU
t
a
sm —
1684—b d
ecode
.tsm
Note tha
t t h
e o n
ly . ORG s ta
temen ts a l
-
l
owed b y TASM ( and hence inany c onver-
s
i
on f rom MPASM t o TASM )
, a r
e t hose
a
t addresses 4a nd 5 . A ny others in a n
MPASM t ext must be removed b y the user
p
r
ior toc onve r
sion. Int h
is ca
se, ofc ourse,
t
he MPASM t e
xt must b e rewri
tten t o no Typ
ica
l display f
o
r Mode P
, s
how
ing t
he u
ser
-se
lec
ted d
i
rec
tory p
aths f
or
l
ongern eed any add
itional ORG s ta
temen ts. Modes 2 t
o9.

PROGRA M M ODE P M
icroch
ip's c
urr
ent MPASM U
ser
's G
uide
. b
inary r
ad
ix ( r= b
in
), 10wil
l be i
nterp
reted
a
s %000000 10 (
decimal2)
.
SHO W D
IRECTORY PATHS NU MERICAL I
f n o r a
dix s t
atemen
t i s m ade, the
Mode Pshowst hef
i
lenames,plus s
our
ce FOR MATS d
efaul
t radix is hexadec
ima l
. T oolki
t is
a
nd des
tina
tion p
aths s
e
t fo
r Modes 2t o9. TASM r
equ
ires t
he n
ume
rica
l fo
rma
ts a
s p
rogrammed t olook f
orth
er ad
ix.
Amendmen t o
f t
hese n
ames a
nd path
s w as s
hown i
nth
efollow
ing e
xample
s:
d
is
cussed ea
rl
ier
.
OTHER L
IST OPT
IONS
D
ecima l
: 1
53 Severa
l o ther equat
ional sta
temen t
s m ay
A
lso shown i
sthepr
inte
rp o
rtoutputreg-
Hexadecima
l: $
2B o
ccu rfol
low ing the "lis
t" sta
temen t
. T hese
i
s
ternumbe rinuse
.
B
inary: %100
10110 c
ontrolth eforma tprocessw hen MPAS M i s
ASCII: '
C'
PROGRA M M ODE G a
ssemb l
ing t he source code. They have n o
Decimal r e
qui r
es no p r efix
, h ex a nd r
e
levance t o TAS M a nd can be ignored i n
QU
IT FROM PROGRA M a
ny t r
anslat
ion . The opt
ions y ou might en-
b
inary need $ a nd % p refixes r e
spec-
T
h e i n
tended u se o f Mode Q i st o e x
it t
i
vely, ASCII requires e
nclo sing in" r
ight- c
oun te
r a r
e s hown i nT ab
le 2 ( t
aken f r
om
f
rom t h
e p rog ram b ack t o t he d irecto ry h
anded" single quotes('
)
. t
he MPASM U ser
's Guide,C hapter3,T able
s
t
ated i nprog ram PK .BAT ( ort hed i
rec to ry MPASM , t hough, u ses s ty
les t hat 3
.2)
.
f
rom w hich TOOLK IT.BAS w as called i f (
usual
ly) require b o
th p refix l e
tte
rs a nd I
n MPAS M l i
s
tings, al o p
tions a r
e
PK.BAT i sn otused ). e
nclosing "
right-handed" q uotes: e
valuated asd ecimaln umbe rs
.
F
o r i tt o w ork c orre c
tly, t h
e p rog ram
must f i
rs
t h ave b een c al
led a nd r un t hrough
Decimal: D
'153' LABELS A ND D OTS
Hexadecima
l: H
'28' Whereas TAS M's l
abe
ls need tobe fo
l-
t
he a lo cated PK .BAT c al
l ( see l a
te r)
.
B
inary : B
'10010110
' l
owed by colon (
:
), MPAS M 's do not (
a
l-
S
econd ly, n o mod if
ications o r re-sav ing o f
ASC II
: '
C'orA 'C' t
hough MPAS M seemst oacceptthem).
t
hep rog ram mu sth ave o ccurred.
Octal
: 0
'777
' A decimal po
int pr
efix is requ
ired by
I
fa ny o ft h
ese c ondi t
ions a r
en otm et,t he
p
rog ram r ema ins i n B asic w i
th t h
e s c
r een Note the c ho ice o ft wo e quivalent styles TAS M, bu
t not MPAS M, int h
e fo
llowing
d
isplay ing t h
e m essage " Pr
ess a ny k ey t o f
or ASC II, a nd t h
at TAS M h as n o equiv- i
ns
tances
:
c
ontinue ". P ress
ing a ny k ey t hen drop s the a
lentf ort heO ctale xpr ession. TAS M MPAS M
p
rog ram i n
to B asic's e d
it mode . A s ignifican t d iffe rence f or MPAS M .
EQU EQU
T
hi s i s al imitation i mpo sed b y b oth i
s t hat t h
e u se r m ay c hoo se t o e xpress .
ORG ORG
QBa sic a nd Q u
ickBAS IC a nd h as n othing d
ecima l, h ex o r bina ry v alue s w i
thou t the .
END END
t
od ow ith theT oolkitp rog ram i t
self
. u
se o f a p refix a nd e nclo s
ing q uote s
,
d
efining t h
is r e quiremen t i nan i n
it
ialisat
ion A
ddi
tionally
, n o
te t h
at MPAS M a lows
TAS M A ND M PAS M l
i
ne w h
ich i sp ref
ixed w ith t he s t
atemen t ORG s t
atemen ts to se
t c ode to star
t a t a
v
arie
ty ofadd r
essesa nd th
att hes
ea ddresses
D
IFFERENCES "
list" .
may no
t be inn umerical o
rder. TAS M d oes
T
he t erm r ad ix isu sed i nt h
isr espect,a nd
T
he i n
forma t
ion g iven i nt h
is section is n
ot alow th
is o p
tion; al source codes m ust
t
he r ad
ix i sth en e qua ted t ob e i nd ecimal,
a
n e xpan s
ion o n t h
at given int he EPE P IC f
ol
low i nst
rict nume r
ical address sequence
h
ex o rb inary,a ccord ing t ot he user's need s
.
T
uto rial,P a
rt3 . f
rom addres
s 5o nwa rds
.
T
his s ame l i
ne a lso s tates t h
e p rocessor for
T
he m nemon ic c odes asp ublished i nthe T
he u
se of# DEFINE i sc ommon t ob o
th
which t h
e c ode i st o b e a ssemb led. F or
P
/C D a
ta B ook f o
r t he P IC 16C84 a re TAS M and MPAS M ,e .g.
:
e
xamp le, t he f ol
low ing l i
ne t e
lls MPAS M
c
ommon t o b oth TASM a nd MPASM .
t
hat t he c ode i st o b e a ssemb led f or the #
DEFINE PAGEO BCF 3
,5(
TAS M
)and
D
i f
fe rences e x
ist, t hough , i n t he w ay
P
IC 16C84 ( p= 1 6c84 ) a nd t h
at t h
e r ad
ix i s #
DEFINE PAGEO BCF H
'03
',5
i
n w h
ich n umer ical v alues a re e x-
d
ecima l( r=d ec): (MPAS M
)
p
ressed . A ddi
tiona l
ly, MPASM h as af ew
i
d
io sync ras
ie s w hose e quivalents d o n ot l
i
s
t p= 1
6c84
, r=d
ec
e
xistw i
th TASM . M PAS M SHORTHA ND
Having s pecif
ied t he r a
dix , any u n- MPAS M p ermits routines t o b
e def
ined
F
irst, n o
te t hat different v ers
ions o f
p
refixed v a
lue e ncountered b y MPAS M a
s "mac ros", a l
lowing t hem t o b
e sto
red
MPASM e x
ist
,h aving been i n
troduced o ver
d
uring a s
semb ly will be ta
ken t ob e inth
at a
s l i
b ra
ry r out
ine s w hich c an b e cal
led
s
ever a
l y ears
. T he c ommen ts here re
late to
n
otation. T hus i f the r ad
ix i s decimal b
y n ame a nd p roce
ssed d u
ring assembly
t
he l a
test v ers
iou , V 01.40. S ome m ay
(
r=d ec)
, 10w ill b
e taken asd ecimal te
n. If r
un-time. C al
ls t o t
hese m acros ar
e m ade
(
unint ent
ionally) a lso re
late t o ear
lier ver-
t
he c hosen radix ish ex (r=h ex)
, then 10 t
hrough t h
e MPAS M s ou rce code u
sing th
e
s
ions,b u
tw ecanno tb es pecif
ic abou tth
is.
w
ill b e ta
ken a s $10 ( d
ecima l 1 6
). For a "#include" prefix.
T
of i
nd o u
t mo re abou t MPAS M , ref
ert o

5
34 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 T
able 2
. MPASM L
ist D
irec
tive Op
tions

Opt
ion Defau
lt Description
b= nn 8 S
ett abs paces
c=nnn 1
32 S
etc olumn w idth
f=<format> I
NHX8M S
ett heh ex fi
leo utput
f
ree F
I XED U
se f r
ee -
forma tp arser —b ackwa rd c
ompatib
il
ity o
n
ly
f
i
xed F
IXED U
se f i
xed-fo rma tp arser
mm =ON /OFF ON P
r
in tm emo ry m ap i nfi
lel i
s
t
n n nn 6
0 S
etl i
nes p erp age
P=< tYPe> None S
etp rocesso rt ype;f o
re xamp le, P
IC16C54
r=<radix> Hex S
etd efau l
tr ad
ix:h ex
,d ec,O c
t
s
t=ON /OFF ON P
r
in ts ymbo lt able i nhex fi
l
e
t=ON /OFF OFF T
runca te li
nes o fl i
st
ing (otherwise wrap
)
w=0 /1/2 0 Se
tm essage l evel (see MPASM U se
r's G
uide)
x=ON /OFF ON T
u rn m acro expans ion o no roff

T
able 3
. MPASM Spec
ial I
nstruc
tion Mnemon
ics R
ight
:
r
ecognised by Too
lki
t p
roto
types o f
t
he Toolk
ita nd
M
nemon
ic D
esc
ript
ion E
quiva
len t P
/C T u
toria
l
A
DDCF f
,
d A
dd Ca
rry t
oFi
le BTFSC 3
,0 p
.c
.b.s
I
NCF f
,d i
n
terconnec ted.
A
DDDCF f
,
d A
dd D
ig
itC
arry t
oFi
le BTFSC 3
,1
I
NCF f
,d
Bk B
ranch GOTO k
B
C k B
ranch o
nCa
rry BTFSC 3
,0 T
able 4
. MPASM D
irec
tive S
u m mary
GOTO k
B
DC k B
ranch o
n D
ig
itC
arry BTFSC 3
,0 BADRAM EQU • NOEXPAND
GOTO k CBLOCK • ERROR NOLIST
B
NC k B
ranch o
nNoC
arr
y BTFSS 3
,0 CONFIG ERROR L
EVEL ORG
GOTO k CONSTANT EX
ITM PAGE
B
NDC k B
ranch o
nNoD
ig
itC
arry BTFSS 3
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ranch o
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IST #UNDEFINE
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etC a
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est F i
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oftwa re fo r MPAS M a nd MPLAB a rea l
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n t he M icroch ip T echn ica l L ibrar y CD -
=l i
te
ra lv a
lue i
s e xpanded i
n ROM , a vai lable f r
om M ic roch ip a nd t he
ir
t
he MPASM U ser 's a
gen ts. I fy ou h ave a CD -ROM d rive, w e
TASM a lso a lows m ac ro u se, a s d es- Guide,C hapter3 ,T able 3 .
1. s
t
rong ly r e commend y ou o btain a c opy o f
c
r
ib ed i n the t ext f i
l
e s upp lied w ith i t— Any terms n o
t r e
cogn ised b yT oolkitw ill t
h
i s CD -ROM —y ou w i
l l find i tinvaluab le.
TASM .DOC . b
e c opied into the conve rs
ion f i
l e asf ound . The conten ts o
f th
e CD -ROM
N ote, t h
ough , t h
at T oolkit c anno t trans - The
ir p resence w i
ll b e r eported w hen t he a
re a
lso a
vai lable f
or down -
load
l
a
te a ny m acros. C onsequen tly, b efore c on - c
ode i sassemb led. t
hrough M
icroch ip 's Web s
ite:
v
erting MPASM o r TASM s ou rce c odes , h
ttp: /
/www .m icroch ip .com .
mac ro s s hould b e a mended b y t h
e u ser t o RESOURCES O
the rM icro chip i nteme ts i
te sa rea t:
f
u
lly e xpanded l i
ne so fs ou rce c ode . h
ttp://www .m icroch ip2 .com /www sites.htm
S
oftwa re fo
rt heT oolki ti savailab le from
Y ou m ay a lso e ncoun te r m nemon ics i n (Micro ch ip l i
nk st or e
la ted Web s i
tes).
t
heE d
itorial off
ice o n a3 .
5 inch d isk w h
ich
MPASM s ource c ode st hat a re n ot included h
ttp: /
/www .m icro chip2 .com / enth .h tm
a
lso c ontains t he TAS M d ocumen ta
tion .
i
nt he s t
anda rd P IC c ommand s et b ut w hich (Microch ip l i
nk st oe nthu s
ia s
t sp age s).
S
ee t he EPE PCB S er v
i ce page f or details
a
re r ecogn ised b y MPAS M a s l eg
itima te h
ttp: /
/www .arizona .co .uk /ar izona
o
f h ow t oo rder the d isk, p l
u s the p ostage
c
ommand sd uring c ode a ssemb ly. T hey a re (Micro ch ip UK s a
le sr ep ).
c
harges .
af o
rm o f " definition" a low ing o ne s t
ate - t
echde sk @ar izona .co .uk ( E-ma il, A rizona
T
he s of
twa re isalso a vailable free v i
ao ur
ment t ob e t r
ansla ted a so ne o r mo re othe r UK T ech D esk).
Web s i
te:
s
t
atemen ts. I no the r w ords, t hey a re af orm T
he P ublic D oma in S harewa re L ib rary
o
f s ho rthand , a s s hown i nT able 3 ( t
aken f
tp:/
/ftp.epemag .w imborne .co.uk /pub / (
PDSL )c an b ec onta cta t
: PDSL ,D eptE PE,
f
r
om t he MPASM U ser's G uide , A ppend ix P
ICS /PIC toolkitf ort heT oolkita nd Winscomb e H ou se, B eacon R oad, C row -
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Too lkit r ecogn ise s a l t he t erms i n 6
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ICS /TAS M f o
r TAS M .
T
ab le 3 . I
f y ou h ave a ny q ue r
ie s a bout t he
I
na ddition t ot het erms s hown i nT able 3 , T
he P IC16117 M icrocon tro l
l er D a
ta P
IC 16x84 T oolkit, y ou c an c on tact J ohn
MPASM r ecogn ise s ano the rg roup o ft erms Book, MPASM U ser
's G uid ea nd Embedd ed B
ecke r a t t he E ditoria l o ff
ice, b y p hone ,
which a r
e r e
fe rred t o a s t he "D irect
ive Control Handbook ( which g ive s P IC mai
lo rE -ma il:
L
anguage" . W i
th t he e xcep t
ion o f t he a
pplications n o
tes a nd e xamp le p rogr am e
ditoria l @epemag .wimborne .co .uk

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
35
S
pec
ialR
ev
iew

PE
AK DCA50 DCA50
Co mponent Ana
lyser

COMPONENT
ANALYSER
ANDY FUND
a
nd a u seful feature i st h
at i tcontinue s f or
A unit f
or auto matic analys
is t
h
is p eriod e ven w hen t he c omponen t i s
d
isconnec ted
.
of d
iscrete se micon ductors I
n t he e ven t o f t he c omponen t b eing
f
aulty o r the DCA50 b eing u nable t oi d en-
t
i
fy i tthem essage "No v al
id p an f ound" i s

T
H
E Peak DCA50 Componen t e
ver itisapprec
iated tha
t the make r
s n eed d
isplayed f or as l
ightly s horter p er
iod a nd
A nalyse risd es
igned t op rovide r apid t
o supp
ly t h
e unit with robust connectors i
n
te restingly, s hould t he users t
il
l b e w atch -
te
sting a nd i dentif
ication o f m any a
nd mo s
t users wil
l h ave n o d
iff
iculty in i
ng,t his isfol
lowed b y ab r
ie fd i
sp lay o ft he
t
ype s ofd is cr e
te s emiconduc to r, i n
cluding mak
ing a s e
t of sui
table a dap
ter leads if d
esigne r's n ame p lus t he date and v ersion
d
iode s, I .
e
.d .s
, b ipolar t r
ans istors a nd n
ecessa
ry. o
ft hef i
rmwa re
.
MOSFET s. F irs
t i mpressions a r e of av ery P
air s ofd iode s with ac ommon c onnec -
n
eat a nd p ro fessional-looking i n
strumen t
. OPERAT
IO N t
i
on c an b e te
sted i na ny configu ration, t he
I
ti sh oused i n am at
t b lack p las
ic c ase, Operation c ould n otb e mo resimp le
.T he d
isplay t hen fl
a shesb etween t het wo a node -
e
nhanced by a
t
tractive purple a
nd t
hree l eads (ora ny t wo i nthec ase ofs ingle c
athode c onnec tions. T h
is alow s t hr
ee -ter-
g
old m e
tall ic l e
tter
ing . T hr ee- c olour- d
iodes ) a re cl
ipped o nto t he componen t in m
ina l p ackage sc ontain ing t wo diode st ob e
c
oded l e
ad s t e
rm inated w i
th g o
ld -plated a
ny o rder a nd t he b ut
ton i sp ressed. T he t
e
sted , a nd w i
th a l i
t
tle i n
genu ity i ti sa lso
c
rocod ile clip sare provided f orc onnec t
ion l
egend " Peak E lectronic D esign L imited" p
ossib le tot es
ta nd i dent
ify t h
ec onnec tion s
t
o t he c omponen t o n tes
t, a nd t he o nly a
ppea rs b r
iefly, r ap
id ly f ollowed b y a o
fb ridge r ect
ifiers.
c
ont rol is as i
ngle b lue pushbu tton w h
ich c
oup le o fs econd s o f "DCA50 C omponen t The a nodes a nd ca thode s of mo s
tZ ene rs
i
n
itia test het es
ting process . Analy ser" w h
ils t the i ns
trumen t car
ries out c
an b ei d
entif
ied ,a l
though o fc ourse t herei s
I
nforma t
ion a bout t he c omponen t a p- ase r
ieso ftests
. C omponen td etai
ls aret hen n
o i ndica t
ion o fv o
ltage r at
ing . T he u nit is
p
ear s o n a n a lphanume ric I .
c.d. d isp
lay s
hown f o
r ap eriod b eforea utoma tic switch- e
spec ially usef ul fo
r t e
st
ing I .
e.d.s, since i n
w
ith t wo l ines o f sixteen c ha racters. T he o
fft a
kes p l
ace. a
ddition t o i
ndica t
ing a node a nd c athode i t
i
ns
t rumen t i s very c ompac t a nd c an b e The u pperd i splay l ine indicates the type f
l
ashe s the I.
e.d. o n t e
st during t he t imeou t
e
asily s l
ipped i nto ap ocket w he re portable o
f c omponen t, s uch a s "NPN T ransis
to r". p
eriod .
u
se i sintended . whilst t h
e l owe r l ine s how s w hich c olour
l
ead i sc onnec ted t ow hich c omponen t t e
r- OTHER C O MPO NE NTS
CO NSTRUCT
IO N m
ina l
. F or bipo la r t r
an s
istors af igure is l
he a
uthorcou
ld notres
istt
ry
ing th
eu n
it
g
iven f or th
e c ur rent gain. T he i n
forma tion w
ith v
ar
ious components i
tisnot i
n
tended
The f ront of t he DCA50 's c ase s imp ly
c
ont inues t ob e d isplayed f oro ver am inu te t
o t
es
t! In mo
st ca
ses, wi
th tr
iacs f
or e
x-
u
nclip s f or easy r e p
lacemen t o ft he s ingle
P
P3 b attery. T he p rinted c ircu it b oa rd c an
t
hen b e s een, w i th t he p ushbu tton p lus a n
i
n
telligen t I.
c
.d.d isplay modu le a t
tached t o
i
tb y f our p i
lla rs a nd s crews . T h is s imp ly
p
lug s into the m a
in b oard , s ugges ting e asy
r
eplacemen t w ou ld b e p oss
ib le s hou ld t h
is
e
verb ecome n eces sary.
F
o rt hose with a ni n
qu isi
tive t urn o fm ind
t
he r emova l o f f our s e
lf-tapp ing s crews
r
e
lea ses t hew hole a ssemb ly.T he b oa rd i sa
t
op-qua lity doub le -sided f ibreg lass p roduc t
,
o
n t heu nde rs
ide o fw h
ich a r es ome s u rface-
moun tc omponen ts.A tc entre -stage a4 4 -pin
P
IC I6 C64 i so bv ious ly t he p rime move ro f
t
he c ircu i
t. T he p .c
.b. i s s hown i n t he
p
hotog r aph o n t hen extp age.
I
ng ene ra
l i tw ould b e h a rd t o f ault t he
d
esign a nd c ons truc tion o f t he i ns
t rumen t
.
Abou t t he o nly c r
iticism t he a utho r h as
t
o m ake i st hat t he c roc. c l
ip s p rov ided
a
re d iff
icu l
t t o a tach t o s mall t rans isto rs
.
M
in iatu ret e
stp robe sw ould b eb etter. H ow - T
he DCA50 t
oge
the
r w
i
th i
t
ssimp
le o
pera
ting i
ns
truc
tions
.

5
36 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lEl
ect
ron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
a
mp le. t
he result is "No v alid c omponen t i
i* .
kgo ok ks
(
i
e.
/pt
.
'
d
etected" b u
t a2 N3819 junc tion f .e
.t. was
i
dentif
ied as b eing two d iodes, w h
ich o f
c
our se i
tisw hen tes
ted inthis w ay!
An ex
tensive s e
lect
ion o f assorted t r
an-
s
i
sto rs w as t r
ied, ranging f rom a nc
ient
0C45 a nd 0071 g ermanium t ypes t o an
MPSA 1 4 s i
licon D a
rlington d ev ice a nd
v
al
id re
sults w ere ob
tained fo
r al
l of th
em .
Wi
th D arlingtons t h
e g a
in i s li
kely t o
e
xceed 1 000. Whe re t h
is h appens t he
DCA50 w il
l give i
t
s m aximum g a
in reading
o
f 995 together wi
th a " grea
ter th
an" ( >)
s
ign
, so the user w ill be a ware t h
at the
a
ctua
l gain is h
i ghe r
. A c ouple o f T03 -
c
ased p ower transistors with u nfami
liar
n
umbers turned o u
t t o be pnp t ypes with
g
ains o
f severa
l h und red, s
ugges ting they
may also b e D arlington t ypes
. F ur
ther
e
xam
ina
tion o
f t
h
ese w
il
l b
e t
ak
ing p
lace T
he h
i
gh q
ual
ity s
ur
face -m
oun
tcons
truc
tion o
fth
e DCA50
.
s
hor
tly
!
t
he bench power s
upply to determine th
e Might t
he a
bili
ty of f
uture mode
ls o fthe
DCA50 b e extended to i n
clude junction
I
NDISPENSABLE a
node and c
a
thode t
hrough tr
ia
l and er
ror
.
f
.
e.t
.s, w
ith a
n indicat
ion of mu
tual conduc-
So
. i s i
t w or
th p urchasing one? T he T
he DCA50 e l
iminates a
l
l th
is, p
rovid
ing
t
he informa t
ion i n seconds , t ogethe r with t
ance f
or t
hese and MOSFETs? B es
t o f al
l
,
a
nswe r d
epends o n how many t ransis
tors
t
he bonus o f af u
ll functiona l c heck a nd a h
ow a bout ap assive c
omponen t analyser
,
a
nd diodes the buyer intends to te
st. For
g
uide t o t he g a
in o f bipolar s s o iti sw ell d
isp
laying t h
e v alues o
f L. C and R o f
c
hecking j
ust t
he occas
iona l o
ne or two itis
wor
th k eep ing o n h and. Ano ther a rea where a
nything connected to i
t
? Ifs
uch a
n instru
-
p
robably n o
t w or
thwh i
le. However , f o
r
i
tw i
ll p robab ly f ind many d evotees i s in ment cou
ld be produced att
he r
i
ght pr
ice it
t
hose peop
le w ho buy large bags of cheap
t
he service i ndus try, whe re p ortability isof- would undoubtedly fi
nd a h
uge marke
t. S o
s
urplus d
evices th
is ins
trumen t w
il
l r ap
idly
t
en essen tial
. A t a round £ 60 t he instrumen t how about i
t
,P eak?
b
ecome i ndispensable
. E xperimenter
s a nd
c
ircui
t des
igne r
s w i
ll probably a
lso f i
nd it r
epresen ts v ery g ood v a
lue f or money a nd
p
robab ly won 't make a s ignifican t dent in T
he DCA50 i s a va
ilab
le f o
r £ 59
i
nvaluable.
i
ncluding VAT a nd p&p f rom P eak
T
he a u
tho r u
ses tr
ansistor
s a nd I.
e.d.s of t
he budge t
,e ven f orh obby ists
.
T
he a utho rw ould like toe nd w ith ac ouple E
lectronic Design L td
.. 7 0 Nunsf
ield
many t ypes and fr
equen t
ly c annot remem -
Road, B ux
ton
. D erbysh
ire, SK17 7BW .
b
er w hich lead i
s which. Tedious r ef
erence o
fs ugges tions f or Peak.T he concep t ofr e
ally
s
imple o pera
tion w ith ju
st at est button and an T
el. 01298 7 0012, Fax 01298 7
0046
.
must then be made tod ata sheets
, or i nthe
E
-mail s
ales @peake
lec
.co.uk
.
c
ase o f I.
e.d.s itis necessary to l ocate a 1
.
c
.d. d
isp
lay isexce
llen
t and c
ould b
e ex-
s
uitable se
ries r
esis
tora nd fi
dd le about with t
e
nded t
oal k
inds o
fsimi
larte
ste
quipment
.

(
IT 0 1992 5 76107 )
. T he me r
its o f the R eceive r modu les w il
l b e

l TALK
d
i
scussed w hen t he R adio Link o pt
ion i spublished .

SHOP -
1Fi Se
T
he t
rvice,c
wo p r
in
odes 1
ted c
97 (
i
rcu
Con
i
t
t b
rol
le
oa
r
rds a
)a
re a
nd 198 (
va
ilab
Powe
le f
rS
rom t
upply
he EPE PCB
)r espect
ive ly
.
Sof
twa re f ort he G reenhouse C ompu ter isa vai
lable f r
om t he EPE
w
ith Dav
id Barr
ing
ton
Ed
ito r
ial Of ice o n a3 .5 inch d isk, orde r as P IC-Disk 1 .S ee EPE
PCB S ervice p age f orp ostage c harges.
P
IC16x84 T
oolk
it The softwa re isalso a vai
lable f r
ee from o ur Web s i
te:
I
ti sst
rongly re
commended t hat aZIF (zero inse
rt
ion f o
rce) socket
f
tp:/
/ttp.epemag .w imbo me .co .uk/Pub /8051 / Greenhouse
i
sused f oraccommoda t
ing the PIC on the PIC16x84 T oolk
itprinted Controller I C1 i s avai
lable a s ap re-prog rammed d evice direct
c
i
rcui
t b oard. T
he p r
ice oft
hese s ockets i
sn ot cheap inc ompa rison f
rom t he a utho r
: Co l
in Me ikle, 9 Co lds t
ream D rive, S trathaven ,
w
ith standard i
.
c. socke
ts, b
uti sw e
llw or
th the in
vestment.
Lanarksh ire, ML10 6 UD. Make c heques p ayable t ohim . The price,
The r e
stofthec omponen ts f
ort heT oo
lki
t, inc
luding 16C84 /16F84
i
nclusive o f UK p ostage i s£12 ( add £1 f oroverseas p ost)
.
P
ICs a nd C en
tronics connector
, s hould b e readi
ly available
. We
You can al
so contac t t
he au
tho r v
ia E
-ma il a
t
u
nde rstand tha
t Magen ta Elect
ron ics (TS 0 1283 5 65435, E -mail
:
Magen ta_Electronics @comPuserve .com ) are put
ting toge
the r aki
t col
in .me ikle @v irg in.ne t
.
o
f parts, e
xclud
ing a ZIF socket
, for t
he sum o f£ 13.99 (£21.99 b u
il
t N
oise C
ance
ll
ing U
nit
a
nd tes
ted ),a dd £ 3f o
rp &p
. The main conce
rn rega
rding the in
tr
iguing N o
ise Cancel
ling Un
it
The pr
in ted ci
rcu i
t b oard forthe Toolk
it isava
ilable fr
om t he EPE p
ro
ject wi
ll b
e the c
hoice o
ft he m
icrophones a nd headphones. T
he
PCB S ervice, code 1 96 ( see page 548 )
. The sof
twa re isalso avai
l- m
ics. used i
nt h
is sys
tem a re qu
ite expensive, bu
t un
less you a
re
a
ble fr
om t he E ditor
ial O f
fices on a3 .5 in
ch PC -compa t
ible disk, p
repared topay fo
r good qual
ity t
ypes the pro
jec
t isunl
ike
ly togi
ve
wh
ich a lso c on
ta ins t he T ASM d ocumen tat
ion, order as P IC-Disk s
at
is facto ry results.
1
. See E PE P CB S ervice page fo
r p ostage charges. Al
ternat
ively, Good q ual
ity e lectret m icrophones s eem t o b e t he minimum
i
fyou a re a n Internet u ser
, iti savai
lable free fr
om o ur F TP si
te: r
equiremen t for a ccep table r esul
ts. T he o nes u sed w ith the model
f
tp
://
ftp.epemag .wimborne /co
.uk/pub /PIC/PICtoolkit c
ame f rom Map lin a nd are f r
om t he
ir lapel or tie
-clip range, code
YVV7 1N. A n a l
te rna t
ive , less e xpens ive, tie
-cl
ip e lect
ret mic from
G
reenhouse C
ompu
ter t
he s ame c ompany i s coded L B69A . T hese a re t he only two
Wi
th mos t o f t he c omponen ts f or t he G reenhouse C ompu te r m
ic rophones t hath ave b een tested w i
th the mode l.
moun ted o no ne o ft wo printed c i
rcuitb oards, iti
si nevi
tab le thatp arts The s pecified h eadphones a re rated at2 2 ohms t o3 2 ohms and
w
i
ll h ave t ob e s elected w ith c are ift hey are tof i
to n t he boa rds. I n a
lso c ame f rom Map lin, they are their li
ghtweight type , code RJ96E.
t
he l i
ght o f t h
is, w e s hall b e g u
ided b y the a utho r
's s ou rc
ing They a lso s t
ock t he low-profi
le V ero 2000 s er
ies c ase, c ode LLO5F or
e
xpe riences . a
l
te rnative ly as l
igh t
ly highe rv e
rsion,c ode LLO6G .
S
ta rt
ing w ith t he ma ins t ransfo rmer. T h
is w as p urchased I
tisb estt os t
ick w ith the TLE2037CP l ow-noise o p
.amp a sthe u
se
f
rom Rapid E
lectron ics (0 0
1206 751166 o r E
-ma i
l : o
f c heape r a l
te rna t
ives w i
l
l r esul
t i n a ma rked d egrada t
ion of th
e
sales @ rapide lec .co.uk )
, c ode 8 8-0160 . T hey a lso s uppl
ied t he s
igna l-
to -noise r atio. This o p
.amp w as purchased f r
om t he above
,
speci
fied 1 2V 2 70 o hm c o
il r e
lay , wi
th 1 0A contac ts ( code 6 0-0165 ), code CP87U .
and t he disc N TC t hermisto r
, c ode 6 1-03 10. Iti sq u
ite p ossible tha t
m ostd isc thermisto rs wi
th ar a
ting o f5 ka t2 5°C w i
llf u nct
ion h ere. L
ow B
atte
ry I
nd
ica
tor
We h ave b een u nable t o t race w aterproof b oxes t o the e xac t A
ll components ca
lled u
p fo
r the L
ow B at
tery Ind
icato
r pro
jec
t
s
hould be r
ead
ily ava
i
lable i
t
ems fr
om nea
rly a
l o u
r component ad
-
d
imens ions g iven f o
r t h
e p roto type mode ls, so w e s ugges t r eaders
v
er
tise
rs. However
, when pu
rchas
ing t
he t
r
ansisto
rs be su
re tospec
-
select o ne from t h
e r ange s tocked b y Map lin. F or the p ower s upply
you c ould u se the s ma
ll v ersion ( c
ode YM90X ) a nd f ort he control
le r i
f
yt he s
ufix Lfo
rthe BC184L type
.
This one has it
s co
llec
tor (c
) lead i
n the cen
tre of t
he p
inout
the med ium s ize ( code YM9 1Y ).
l
i
ne-up. Other t
ypes have a dife
rent p
inout a
rrangement and you
I
fy ou a re c ontemp la t
ing t he a dd i
tion o f t he R adio L ink, t he
T
ransm it
ter (code T XM -4 18 -F) modu le i sa va
ilable f r
om R adio -Tech wou
ld need tobend the
irleads t
osui
tthe s
t
ripboard l
ayou
t.

E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
.Ju
ly 1
998 5
37
 C
h
ipS
pec
ial

U
SING THE
L
20001
1V OLT
AGE
R
EGULATOR
ANDY F
L/ND
Over-voltage, over-current and ther mal
shutdo wn protection serve to m ake the
L2 00 voltage regulator an easy
-to-use
ch
ip for the experi menter
.

T
H
E L 200CV v o
ltage r e gulator i s a
3
V t o 3 6V , 2 A a djustable r egulato r
.
Spec
ificat
ion I
n p ract
ice a p rese
t p o
tentiometer
,
w
ired a s av ar
iable r
esis
tor
, isof
ten used
I
n a ddit
ion t o s imple v o
ltage s e
tting i t L
200CV i
n s er
ie s with a f i
xed res
isto
r i n th
is
f
eaturesa ne asy -
to-use a nd high ly accura te I
n
putV
o
ltage r
a
nge: 5
Vto4
0V p
osition to provide some output vo
ltage
c
urrent l imiting c i
rcuit w hich makes i t a
djustmen t. The ac
tion ofth
is ad
justment
Q
u
iescen
tCu
rren
t: 4
.
2mA
i
deal for the construc t
ion o fs imp le p owe r i
slinear, w h
ich can prove u
sefu
l insome
O
utpu
tVo
ltage R
ange
: 2
.
85V t
o36V
s
upplies. a
pplications.
O
ve r
-vo ltage, o ver-cur rent a nd t herma l O
utpu
tCu
rren
t: 2
Amax
s
hutdown p rotection s erve t om ake itp rac- S
hor
tCi
rcu
itC
ur
ren
t: 25
A CURRE NT AFFAIRS
t
i
cally b omb -p roof, e nhanc ing i t
s u seful- L
i
ne Regulat
ion: 00
3% t
y
pica
l Reade rs used t o th
e vague l imit
ing ac-
n
ess fore xpe r
imen ters
.T he b asic techn ical L
oad Regula
tion
: 0
.
1% t
y
pica
l t
i
on o f t h
e o ld " 723" t ype o f regu
lator
d
etai
ls for t he regulator c hip a re shown i n w
ill f i
nd t he limit
ing a ction o f th
is i.e
.
R
i
pple R
e
jec
tion
: 7
0dB t
y
pica
l
t
he speci
fica t
ion p anel. s
ome thing o f ar e
velation as i tisc l
ean,
O
utpu
tRes
istance
: 1
.
5m1
2
s
harp a nd accurate.
REGULAR C
IRCU
IT O
utpu
tNo
ise V
o
ltage
: 8
0pV
The m aximum o u
tput c urrent is s e
t
P
in connec
tion
s and a s
tandard appl
ica- b
y t he value o f resistance used f or R3.
t
i
on ci
rcuit f
or t
he L200CV a r
e s hown in T
he v alue r equired i s calcu
la ted f r
om
F
ig
.1, with va
lues to g
ive a I 2V o u
tput 1
00n C 2 are specified by t he m anufactu rer
s f
ormu la:
l
i
mited to IA
. The 220n c
apaci
to r Cl and a
nd s hould b epl aced asc lose tot he pinsa s
p
ossible t oe nsure stabi
lity, though i th as to R
3 0
.45
—'
MAX (
Amps
) (
3
)
b
e said that this isn ot a" d
iff
icu lt" c h
ip t o
OUTPUT u
se i nth
is r espect, the autho r neve r having f
o
ramps(
A); o
r
REFERENCE e
xperienced a ny s t
abil
ity p roblem s even i n
GROUND
u
ntidy breadboa rd l ayouts. R
3— 4
50 , (
4
)
L
IMIT
ING i
mAx (
mA)
I
NPUT Most circuits w i
ll also h ave e lec
tro lyt
ic
f
orm illiamp s( mA ).
c
apacitors i np arallel with t hese t wo. T he
No
te t h
at the f ull o utpu t cur rent flows
o
ne o n t he i nput s ide s hould b e l a
rge
e
nough t ok eep p owe rs upply r ipple within t
hrough R 3 so w here t h
is i sl ikely to be
r
easonable l imits
, b utt heo ne on t heo utput f
a
i r
ly h igh a r esis tor c apable o f carry-
c
an b e sma ll ast he L200CV w ill c ompen - i
ng i tshou ld be c hosen . R esisto r R3 w il
l
s
a
te f orv ariat
ions h ere. a
lso d i
ss ipate some h eat, a bout 0 .5W a t
IA a nd 1W a t 2 A. H oweve r, h igh c ur
-
T
he outpu tv oltage i scalculated f rom :
r
ents re quire ve ry l ow r es
istance v alues
R2 f
or R 3, w hich w ill t hen u sua l
ly b e e
ither
V0,
4=2
.77 (
1 +FT
1 )V
ol
ts (
1
)
aw irewound t ype o r c onsist o f sever a
l
A va
lue o f 820 o hms iso f
ten shown f o
r r
es
isto rs i n p
aralle l w hich w ill s hare the
r
es
istorR I ina pp
licat
ion notes
. This p
rob- c
urrent a nd heatd issipa t
ion .
a
bly provides the ri
ght impedance for t
he I
fc urren t limiting i sn o
t r equired, iti s
r
efer
ence f eedback input at p
in 4, s
o the p
ossible t oi g
no re p in 2a nd t ake the out-
b
est method o fset
ting vol
tage istocalcu- p
ut directly from p in 5a s shown i nFig.2
l
a
te the appropr
iate value o
fR 2 togo with f
or an e ven s imp le r circu it
. A nothe r op-
F
ig
.1: Standard appl
icat
ion c
i
rcui
t dia
- t
hev a
lue shown f o
rR I , u
s
ing theformula: t
i
on i st o use the d evice p urely a s ac ur-
g
ram a nd p
inou t de
tai
ls f
or t
he L200 Vow r
ent sou rce, with a s ing le r es
is tor to s e
t
Vo
ltage Regula
tor. —1) x820 Ohms (
2
)
t
hec urren t
.

5
38 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 (
OV) s upply c onnec tion. I n m any circuits
The c ircuit for this i ss hown i n Fig.3,
t
h
is c orr
espond st ot hep otent
ial o n am etal
w
he re b oth pins 3 a nd 4 a re connected t o
c
hassis orc ase, so i tm ight prove p ossible
"
g round" ( OV) supp ly. A s d emons t
ra ted
t
odi ssipate the h eat by b olt
ing i tdirectly
e
ar
lier, t he output c urrent i sset by selec t-
t
oo ne oft hese.
i
ng t he v a
lue o f resistor R 3 us
ing e ither
The s implicity o ft h
e L 200CV , coup led
f
ormu la ( 3) for a mp s ( A
), o r (4) for m il-
w
ith i t
s v er
sa t
ility a nd r obust n atu re
,
l
i
amp s( mA).
make s itan ideal c hoice for m any projec t
s
I
tm ustb eb orne i nm ind t ha
t as upply o f
a
nd e xpe r
imen t
s, s o h opefully t h
is e x-
a
tl eas
t 6 V isrequired t oo perate the i.
c. in
p
lana t
ion o f it
s u se w ill enable reader s to
t
h
i s m ode , but its t
ill requi res only 2 V o f
employ i tinf u
tu red esign so ft h
eiro wn.
d
ifferential b e
tween i nput a nd output. S o,
A g ood e xamp le o f u s
ing t he 1 200
w
ith a6 V supply, l oads d eveloping u p to
r
egu lator chip i sto b ef ound i nthe circuit
4V atf ullc urrentc an b edriven . f
or t he F loat C ha rger a ppearing i n n ext
I
t shou ld b e p os s
ible t o design v ery mon th's is
sue .
s
imp le a nd v ersat
ile N iCad c hargers w ith F
ig
.2. Where n o cur
rent li
mit
ing i
s
t
his c i
r cuit
, w h
ich h as n one o f the h igh- n
eeded t his s
imp
le c i
rcu
it can be 1
3 I
SEE T
EXT
)

f
requency i ns
tabil
ity p roblems s ome t
imes employed
.
a
s sociated w ith trans istor c ur
ren t
-gene ra
t-
i
ng circuits
. C
onside ra
tion mu stb egiven tot he max -
i
mum a moun t of heat the d
evice m ay b e
D UE CO NS
IDERAT
IO N c
al
led u pon t o di
s s
ipate. B as
ically t his
Mounting r
equ
iremen ts ar
e f
airly i
sc alculated b y s
ub t
racting the min imum U
T

s
imple
, e specially as t wo vers
ions of t he e
xpec ted o utput voltage from t h
e m axi-
i
.
e. ar
e a vailable. S o far
, th
is art
icle h as mum i nput v ol
tage a nd m ult
iplying t h
is
r
ef
erred t ot h
e d evice having a CV s u ff
ix d
ifference b y the m ax
imum c urrent
. A
wh
ich h as p ins a r
ranged f or v e
rtical s
uitable h ea
tsink c an then be s e
lected t o
mount
ing. T here i s also a CH v er
s ion c
ope w ith th
is diss
ipa t
ion w a
ttage. F
ig.3. Circuit diagram fo
r u
sing the
wh
ich — y ou 've g uessed it
! —h as ang led The moun t
ing ta b on the device isi n
- L200-regulator purely a
s a cons
tant
p
insf o
rh orizon tal moun t
ing. t
ernally c onnected t o p
i n 3
, the n egative c
u r
rents ource.

R
egu
larC
l
in
ic

C
IRCUIT
BURGER V
A
LAN W
INST
ANLEV
Ad
vice o
ndig
ita
lre
set
sand "ho
ton t
hetra
il" of ama
ins p
ower u
nitt
ohe
lp
t
e
st HGV t
r
ail
er li
ght
s.

d
r
ivesf ourt ransistorb uffe
r s,each tr
ansis
to r i
t
em 1s aw i nT each- In9 8. intheA pr
il9 8
With th
e help ofthe Dept
. ofElec
tronic
p
owering ar e
lay w h
ich a pplies aresi
stort o i
s
sue (F ig
. 6 .
19). This relates to us
ing a n
E
ngineering att he Un
iversi
ty of Hu
ll, we
adimme r c hip. T he p roblem i st ha
t af
te r i
nver
terg a
te a s aP ower-On R e set ci
rcuit
.
s
t
art thi
s mon th's round-up of re
aders'
p
owering u p
, t he 4017 i sn ot s
tar
ting from w
ith an RC n etwork c onnected t o the in
-
q
uer
ie s and q uest
ions with a couple of
t
he same c ount e ach time, s o t
he sequence p
ut. Is there a formu la t o calculate t h
e
p
roblemsr ela
ted todigi
tal r
ese
ts i
gna
ls.
d
oesn otp rogres si nther i
gh torder
. t
ime delay o fth
is networ k, as t
h e "suck it
You n eed a p owe r
-on r ese
t ( POR ) a
nd see" a pproach i s abi
th ita nd miss?
It
r
ied tod es
ign a l amp w hich increases
wh
ich s e
ts th e4 017 to ak nown s t
ate when Al
so. cou ld Id r
ive a p iezo sound er in
-
i
n b r
ightness in five-m inute i n
terva ls t o
t
he circuit i sf i
rst tr
igge red. As imp le RC s
tead ofa n I.
e.d
. without d amage? F inally
,
make a wakening ind ark w inter morn ings
n
etwo rk u sing a n inverterc onnected top in w
illthe 74L5 14 w orkfrom a 9 Vb a
ttery, as
l
esssevere. My circuitu ses a4 017 c oun ter
1
5 (rese t
) w ill hop e
f u
lly d ot he t
r
ick. N ote Ido noty et have a variablep owe rs upply
.
which controls am a
ins p ower c ontro llerl
t
hat w hen a 4 0
17 c h
ip i s re
set ( p
in 1 5 Hope you can help mew ith m yexpe r
imen ts
.
d
imme r i.
c. in several s t
age s; this t hen
h
igh), t he o utpu t " 0" i s ac
tually h igh Cl
iveC onroy v iaC ompuSer ve
.
d
rives am a
ins lamp d irectly. T he prob lem
i
s that m y sequence s ome times s tarts i n b
ecause t h
is i s a I -
of-10 c ounter. T he
The circuit you r ef
err ed t o is ademo
r
andom o rder
. rarely int h
ec orrecto rder, f
ol
low ing q ue s
tion w il
l a lso be ofi n
ter
e st
,
A
lister! f
rom L ab Wo rk, P
a r
t 6( see Fig. 1)
.T he bi
g
s
ot heb ulb isdr
iven e rratically. Cou ld y ou
p
roblem i s th
is: t h
e t ime t aken f o
r t h
e
s
hed some l i
ghto n th
is —p ardon t hep un ! S
chm itt inver
ter t o sw
itch o ve r isstr
ict
ly
A
lister B o
ttom ley, R
ese
tsC
ause U
pse
ts!
T
he n ex
t que ry w a
s sent by areade
r r
e
lated t o t he "threshold" v o
ltage of a
S
trathb lane,N r. Gla sgow .
f
o
llowing our Teach-1n '
98 ser
ies —A
n In
- p
art
icular g a
te. This parame ter vanes from
t
r
oduction toDigita
lE lec
tronics
. o
ne e xample t oa nother
. My T exas In
stru
-
Y
ou are u
sing a55 t
og enera
te ac
lock
mentsd a
ta b ook quotest he " posi
tive
-going
p
u
lse, which you ar
e p
ass
ing t o a4017
Iw
ould a
pprec
iate s
ome h
elp w
i
th a
n t
hreshold v oltage" f o
r t he 7 4LS14 a s
d
i
vide-by
-ten coun
ter
. T
his coun
ts u
p and

5
39
E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 l
oads ( mor e than a dequa te f or h igh-e f
-
f
i
ciency I .e
.d.s t hough). R ememb er t ha
t C
IRCU IT THERAPY
TTL i sb et
ter ats i
nking c urrent ra
the r than C
i
rcu
it S urge
ry i s y our c o
lumn. I f
s
ourcing i t
. y
ou h ave a ny q uer
ie s o r commen ts
,
If you c an o b
tain a l ow-powe r p iezo p
l
ease w r
ite to
: A l
an W in stan
le y
, Cir
cui
t
s
ounde r w hich con sume s only a f ew m ill
i- S
urgery
, W imborne P ub
lishing L t
d.
, Alen
H
ouse, Ea s
t Borough, W imbo rne
, D o
rset
,
amps, t h
e 7 4LS 14 w ould d rive i tw i
thou t B
H2 1 1 PF, U nited K ingdom . E -mai
l
p
roblem . R emembe r too t h
at y ou n eed a a
l
an@ep emag.demon .co .uk. P l
ease in
di
-
s
e
lf-con tained sounde r ( w
ith b u
ilt-
in d river c
a
te i fyour query i sn ot f o
r
o
sci
llato r
),n ot apiezo disc or" elemen t" . p
ubl
icat
ion. A p ersonal r ep
ly
F
ina l
ly, y ou couldn't run a7 4LS 14 c hip c
annot always be g uarantee d
b
u
t w e w i
ll tr
y t o p ublish
f
rom a9V b at
tery (nott wice,a nyway ). T he r
ep
resentat
ive an
swe rs
a
bsolute m aximum r at
ing i s5 .
5V . We d es- i
nth
isc o
lumn.
F
ig
.1. The P ower-On Rese
t (POR) c
r
ibed ac heap w ay ofa dding a5 Vr egulator
c
i
rcui
t f
rom T
each-In 9
8 —Lab Wo
rk 6
, o
nto a v ery c heap m ains a daptor, back i n
F
ig
.6.19
. t
hef ounda t
ion p a
rtso fT each-1n 9 8
.
• Wou ld y ou li
ke t om eet everyone a tt he
a
ny thing f rom I .4V t o 1 .
9V , so t here i s T
each -In T eam? S ubject to c onf
irma t
ion t
heusuals afety ru
le sc oncern
ing thesetypes
q
uite at o
lerance t ob egin w i
th. o
f n umbe rs
, w e p lan t o ho
ld a T each-
In o
fb a
ttery.
Ia
n B e
ll o f the U nive rs
ity o f H ul
l e x- "Meet" i n the D epartment o f E lectronic I
f y ou d on
't l i
ke t he idea o f us
ing
p
lain s the problem: t he r e
al answe rr equires E
ngineer ing attheU n
iversi
ty o fH ulld ur
ing I2V bat
te r
ies, then find some e x
-compu ter
t
he u se o ft h
e c l
assic e xponen tial capacitor S
eptembe r
, w hen y ou can br
ing a long any p
owe rs upply capa c
itors,e,g 10
,000µF 2 5V
c
ha rging e quation, r earranged t oproduce a d
emo s w h
ich y ou s t
ruggled w ith ( i
f any). a
nd u s
e t hose i n
stead, correc
tly p o
lar
ised
:
v
alue o f RC f rom ag iven p eriod, says Ia n
. E
ntry i sb y inv
itat
ion o n
ly, s o r e
gister in t
hey will m ake a s big am ess as any car
A
s sum ing t he capac ito r isd ischarged o n a
dvance ! In order t ha
t w e c an g auge t he b
at
tery, ifm ist
r eated, so hand
le everyth
ing
p
owe r-up,t he RC v alue r equired tog enerate l
i
kely t u
rnout, p
lease l e
tusk now a ss oon as w
ith due respect
.
ap owe r-on r e
set p u
lse o fd urat
ion tw i
th a p
ossible ify ou are i n
teres
ted — c heck t he
s
upp ly r ai
l v oltage o f VDD a nd a l ogic a
nnouncemen to np age 513. We h opet os ee I
ngen
ious N
eon T
orch
t
h
r esho ld v ol
tage o f VL T i
sg iven b y t he y
ou there!A .R
.W . 1do al ot o
fm oun tain walk
ing a nd of
ten
f
o
llow ing e quat
ion: f
i
nd m yselfre
turning a f
terd a
rk. The " Neon

RC— —
t
T
rai
ling t
he L
igh
t F
anta
stic Torch" b y t
he R ev
. T homas Scarbo rough
He
re's a q
uery re
lated t
o truck tr
a
iler (
Ingenu ity Un
limited,F ebruary 1998)l o
oks
Vu 1 I
n =n
a
tura
l l
o
g) agreati d
ea tosave m y se
lf af
ew s pareb at
-
I
n[1 l
i
ght
ing —oratlea
st,how tote
stt h
em w hen
VDD
y
ou don'
t h
ave ha
lf aton o
ftruck ba
tter
ies t
er
ie s
. b ut Ican
'tf ind a ny o
ft h
ose " green
h
andy. f
l
uo rescent glow l amp s" the Rev, used i n
B
y " logic thresho ld" w e m ean the vo
lt- h
isd esign.C an you help?
a
ge on t he capacitorw hen t he Schm it
t tr
ig- My f
riend repairsthe l
igh
ting circuitso n
F
r ederick Armour -Brown ,C lwyd, Wa les
.
g
ers witches, ino rdert oend the POR p u
lse. a
rt
icu
la ted t r
uck
s a nd small tr
aile rs
. I've
As a
n e xamp le, ift heg a
te s wi
tche sa t1-3V b
een asked t o make him a control b ox to It oo a m s tuck o n t his o ne
. A n o rdi-
o
n a5 V s upply a nd w e r equire a 1 0ms t
es
t t
he t r
ailer l
i
ghts, u
sing th
e ma ins sup- n
a ry n eon b ulb u se s t wo e lectrode s a nd
p
ulse,t hev a
lue o f RC i s0-033.S ov a
lueso f p
ly
. Ineed a2 4V d.
c. 6A ou
tputa nd a I2V "str
ike s" w hen av oltage o fr ough ly 6 0V t o
R= 100k a nd C= 0 .331/F w ould do. 6Aou
tpu ttoo.N oth
ing tooelaborate ! 70V o rs o i sapplied ,t op roduce t hec ha rac-
I
fw e a ssume t he l ogic thr e
shold i s a J
. Waby,L incoln. t
eris
tic o range g low . T hey a re s ui
tab le a s
f
i
xed f r
a c
tion oft h
e s upply v o
ltage then w e O ur s olution t o t h
is i n
triguing p roblem ,
m a
in s
-powe red i nd
ica tors ifav o
ltage -drop -
c
an simp l
ify thee qua t
ion q u
ite al o
t
. If,for as imp le p owe r supp ly w ith a d if
f erence ,p
e r res
i s
to r i su sed, t hough t h
e p referr ed
e
xamp le, w e as sume t ha
t t he t h
reshold is s
ee F ig.2. B ecaus e o f t he h igh c urrents r e-
way n owaday s i st o use a n I .
e.d . o n t he
o
ne t h
ird o f the s upply, t h
en t he formu la q
uir ed , t h
is c alls f or s ome s er
iou s s mooth l
ow
- -voltage s ide.
b
ecome s
: i
ng o f ar ectified d . c
. s upp ly. T ruck r epai r The only s uch " green" n eon -
typ e l amp I
s
hop sh ave l orry b atteriesg alor e( truck su seh
ave e ver c ome a c ross w as u sed i n m y
RC o
r RC =2
-47
t
0
.4
1 2
4V d .c.)
,s o i ns
tead o fu sing e no rmou sa ndd
e sktop " Ion P r
ism" i oniser, as ap owe r
expens ive c apac ito rs, h ow a bou t t he t w ini
ndicator: t heg reen g low m atched t h
eg reen
As t he e xac t length o ft he p ulse i sp rob- 1
2V o utput s upply o f Fig . 2 ? I tuse s t wop
rinting o f th e artwo rk
! It h
ink t he t u be
a
bly n ot i mpo r
tant, t hen RC = 2 .5t w ould l
ead-ac id b at
ter ies o n each o utpu t, t os er veu
sed ap ho spho rescen t coating ( l
i ke t ha
t o f
do
. F or a1 0ms p u
lse w e g et R= 1 00k a nd as" reservo irs" . af l
uo r
es cen t t ube) t o p rovide a c olou red
C =0 .25µF , w hich i sn ot much d i fferent Each s upp ly p rov ide s a bou t 1 2V a ndg
low , b u
t Ia m u n sure w hat gas i su sed .
f
rom b e fo re. N o
te t hat i f VL T— ND D i s0 .63 needs a7 2VA t r
an sf orme rw ind ing ( 144VA They m ustb ea vailab le somewhe re!
(
63% ) t hen w e g e
t RC =t ,t he " standa rd" int otal f ort rans forme rT 1). T oo b
tain 2 4V , I
'
ve s ent y ou r details o n toT homa s w ho
p
eriod a ssoc iated w ith a n RC d e
lay . I na n p
l ace a h eavy d uty l ink a s shown t ow i reh
as p romi sed t o m a
il y ou o ne, al t he w ay
a
pp l
icat ion l ike t h
is, i t
's p er f
ec t
ly a ccept- t
h e b atteries i n s eries. A ll t erm inals a ndf
r
om S outh A frica. M ean t
ime ,c an any r eade rs
a
ble t ou s e ar u
le o ft h
umb , b ecause t hat
's componen ts mu stb es ui
tab ly r a
ted ,a nd t wo"
shed s ome l i
ght" o nt h
isg low-lamp ?
a
l t hat i sn eeded t o c a
lcu la te a n a pp roxi- t
he rma l c ut-ou ts o r
matet i me d e
lay . f
use s a s n ear t o t he
R
ECI F
S2
I
ti sa lso w or
th r ememb ering t he f ac
t ba
t tery p os
itive t er- 1
0A 5
0V 1
0A
T
HERMAL
t
hat t he t im
ing c omponen t s ( espec ially mina ls a s p o ss
ible , CUTOUT
e
lectroly tic c apacito rs ) c an h ave h uge a
r e r
ecommended . T
O
N/O FF 2x1
2V 6A
t
o
ler ance s, a s w ell a s a n a wf u
l l eakage Wir es s hould b e a s S
I FSI S ECONDARIES
c
urrent w hich c ontribu te s t ot he i n
accu racy, s
ho r
t a s p ossib le a nd
3A
I
n
.
1
8
1
2V CAR
L0-o
a
nd y ou a re ina ny c a se r es
tr icted b y w hat r
ated f or 1 0A o r 230
B
ATTERY

v
alue s a rea va
i lable o fft he s helf, soc hoose mo re.
t
hec apa ci torf i
rstt hen c alcu late t her esisto r
. L
ead-ac id bat - 2
30V
I
nciden tally , w e d eal t w ith RC - related t
er
ie s h ave e no rmou s A
.0 L
INK
MAINS F
OR
e
quation s b ack i nC ircu it S urgery , A ugus t c
apac ity t o p rovide 2
4V 6A
OUTPUT
1
996 i s
sue , w here w e e xpla ined w hy a s
evera l hundred
c
apa c
ito rc an n eve rr each t hes upply v oltage amp e re s p eak ( a c a r
r
a
il w hen c harging t h
rough as eriesr esistor. s
tarte r mo to r d raws e
z
I
fy ou w an ted amo re p recise d elay, c hoos e s
ome 2
00A -300A ) I
—1 — B
1
2V C AR
ATTERY
t
heg ood o l d5 55 o ra no the rt ime rc hip. a
nd m us t b e t r
eated
T
o a nswe r y our o the r q uerie s, the m axi- w
ith r espec t. I t will OUT
mum o u
tpu t s ink c ur rent o f a7 4LS 14 i s b
e p
erfec t
ly s
a fe
8mA w hich i sn't al o
t f o
r d r
iv ing e x terna l p
rov ided y ou o bser ve F ig .2. C ircu i
tf or a1 2V /24V T r
aile
rLi
ght Teste
rf orw orkshop u se.

5
40 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 INGENUITY
UNLIM
Our r
ITED
egular r
ound -up o f r eaders' own c ircuits. We p ay
between £ 10 a nd £ 50 for al
l ma terial published , depend ing
.t
3k4
on leng th and techn ical mer it
. We 're looking f o
r n ove
l
appl
ica t
ions a nd ci
rcu it t
ips, n o
t simply mechan ical or
e
lectrica l i
deas. Ideas mus tb e the reader 's own work a nd W
IN A P
ICO P
C BASED
not h ave b een s ub m itted f or pub l
ication e lsewhere . The OSC
ILLOSCOPE
c
ircuits s hown h ave NOT b een proven b y u s
. Ingenu i
ty •50MSPS D ualC hannelS torage
Unlim ited isopen t o ALL a b
ilit
ies, b u
t it
ems f or O
sci
lloscope . 25MHz S pectrum Analyser
considera tion inthis c o
lu mn s hould prefe rably be typed or •Mult
ime ter •F requency M eter
word -processed , wi
th a b rief ci
rcuit description (be tween •SignalG enerato r
100 a nd 5 00 wo rds max i mu m) and f u
ll ci
rcuit diagram I
fyouh ave an ovelc i
rcu
iti d
ea which would be
show ing a l
l r
elevan t c o mponen t va
lues . Please d raw all o
fus etoo t
herr e
aderst h
en aP i
co Technology
P
Cb ased osc
i
lloscope c ould bey our
s.
c
ircu it s che matics a s clearly a s poss ible.
Everys i
xm onths,P ic
oT echnology wi
l
lb e
Send your c
ircui
t ideas t
o: A
lan Winstanley
, Ingenui
ty a
warding anA DC200 -50 dig
italsto
rage
Unl
imited, Wi mborne Publ
ishing Ltd
., A
llen House, East o
sci
l
loscope f o
rt hebestI Usubmis s
ion. In
Borough, Wi mborne, Dorset BH21 1 PF
. They cou
ld e a
rn a
ddi
tion,t wosingle channelA DC-40sw i
l
lb e
you so me r
eal cash and a pr
ize! p
resented tother u
nnersu p.

E
lectron
ic D
ice - A I
L
og.ca
l
l C
hei
lco
T
a
r
HE C

E
lec
ranged t
t
IRC HT

ron ic D
o r ep
p
res
ice i
resen
en
nw
ted i

t t
hich s
he f
n F

a
e
ce o
ig
ven I
.
.c.d
f ad
i
s a
.s a
i
r
ce
n
e
.
9
V I
C2a
4
027
13 8
4
D
I
L
ED '
A
'
4
700
C
ircu its p er form ing a s im ila r j ob h ave b een VDD
d
e s
igned b efo re, s eve ra l k i
ts a rea vailab le a nd I
C1b
e
ven a d ed ica ted i .
c. H oweve r. Iw an ted t o I
C1a 4
001B > C
LK

4
0
018 1
4

ow •
d
esign a v e
r s
ion t hat d oe s n ot r e
ly o n S V
SS R

h
ardw ired OR g a tes , u sua lly a ssoc iated w ith
c
i
rcu its o ft his k ind ,a nd m y d esign i l us trates
t
hev e rsa tili ty o ft heJ K f l
ip-f lop .
The I .
e.d .s r un t hrough t he s i
x p o ssib le 1
83
206 1
0
(1 M
EM
I
C2b
4
0270 R
5
c
omb ina tions a t h i gh s p eed , l e
av ing o ne R2
4
700
L
EDD
2 '
B
2
20k
c
omb ina tion d i
sp layed w hen a p ushsw itch .
S
2, i sr eleased . O n ly t hree c hips a re u sed .
aq uad 2 -inpu t NOR g ate ( ICI , 4 00 11 3)
a
nd t wo d ual-inpu t J K f l
ip -flops ( IC2 a nd F
r '
THR O W
"

O
V 4
R
6
700
L
D
3
ED "
B"

1
C3 . 4 027B ). T he se i nexpens ive d ev ices a re
w
ide ly a va ilab le a nd t hey e nab le t he c i
rcu it
t
ob ep owe red b y a9 V b attery .
Ac ommon c l ock s ignal i sp rov ided b y a n
o
scilla to r c omp r
is ing t wo NOR g a
tes I Cla L
ED
LAY OUT
a
nd I Cl b, w ith r es
is to r R 3 a nd c apac ito r
C
l p rov id ing a f requency o f a pprox ima tely
I
C3a D
4
2
0Hz w hen t he p ushbu tton s witch S 2 i s 4
1
727
11 L
ED "
C'
p
ressed . A ll f ourc l ock i npu ts o ft h
e f l
ip -flop s '
Cl l
u)st

a
re c onnec ted t oge the r, a nd t h e c ond ition o f
1
41 VDD
t
he Ja nd K i nputs w il l d eterm ine t h
e s tate o f
I
N I • I
N 4
t
hef lip-f lop a f
tert hec lock p ulse. 0
5
OUT I I
N 4
The f i
rst f l
ip-flop I C2a, w hich c ont rols t he
I 1
OUT 2
c
ent ral l ed . "A" ( DI). h as t he 1a nd K I
N 2 • O
I
N2 OU
UT
T3
i
npu ts h eld h i gh; t h
is i st ogg le mode , w hich I
N 3
I
C1d
means t hat t he o utpu t s tate w ill c hange w ith VSS I
N 3 4
001B 1
2

e
ve ry c lock p u
ls e a nd p rov ide t he n ece ssa ry
o
dd / even e ffect. ( S ee T each -In ' 98 P ar t 7 1
3

a
nd L ab Wo rk 7 i n t h e May 9 8 e d
ition ,f or 1
C2, 1
03
more b ackground i nf orma tion o nJ Kf l
ip -flops . I
C3b 0
6
0
1 VDD 9
V R
9
4
0278
A
.R.W .) T he t h
ree r ema in ing f l
ip- f
lops o f I C2 0
1 02 4
700
L
ED *
0-

a
nd I C3 e ach c ont rol p air s o f I .e
.d.s w hich CLOCK 1
j VDD 0

must b e " s et" i nt urn w hen t he c ent ral I .

e.d. RESET
C
LOCK 2 > C
LK
NC
e
xtingu ishes . F or e xamp le, a fter t he n umbe r K
1 RESET 2 -5
( D
7
R
10
"
I" h a s b een d isp layed t he c lock p ulse w ill J
1 K
2 S V
SS R L
ED "
D"
4
700
c
ause t he c en tral 1 .
e.d , t oe xtingu ish a nd I .
e.d. VSS
S
ETI
1 11 5
7
2
J
2
p
air " B" ( D2 a nd D 3)t ol igh tu p. S
ET 2

AJ K f l
i p-f
lop w ill s et, f o
llow ing a c lock U
V
p
ulse , w heneve rt he Ji npu t i sh igh a nd t he K F
ig.l
. F
10-f
lop based E
lectronic D
ice
.
i
npu t i sl ow . T he 1i n put t o I C2b i sd erived
f
rom t h e o utpu t c on tro ll
ing t he c entra l 1 .
e.d., a
n AND o perat
ion o f t
he t wo I.
e.d. ou
tputs p
ulse, al three f l
ip
-flops w i
ll rese
t and e xt
in-
s
o a" set" c ond it
ion w ill f ollow a c lock c
oncerned. IC3b contro
ls the I.
e
.d . pa
ir "D" g
uish t he correspond ing I .e
.d.s
. T he cen tra
l
p
ulse w hen t hec ent ral I .
e.d . i so n. (
D6 a nd D7), th
is time the 1i nput depends l
ed . will r
e-l
igh ta nd display numbe r" 1" .
The f l
ip-f lop I C3a c ontro l ling l ed . p air u
pon t he st
ate of I.
e.d. pair "C" a nd the When p owe r i sf i
r
st a ppl
ied, t h
e state of
"C" ( D4 a nd D 5 ) w ill b e s et f ollow ing a c
entra
l I.
e.d
.; another AND o perat
ion occurs t
he fl
ip-flops isu npredictable, and m ay cause
c
lock p ulse , w ith b oth t he c en tral I .e.d . a nd i
n much the s
ame w ay asforI C3a. a
n il egal display, t h
is i sr e
cti
fied w i
th in a
I
.
e.d. p air " B" s w
itched o n. I nt h
is c ase t he When n umbe r "6" isd i
splayed t he Ki n
- f
ew c lock pulse s
. T he w hole ci
rcuit oper a
tes
d
isplay w ou ld b e s how ing n umbe r " 3" . T his p
ut to the l
ast th
ree fl
ip-f
lops w il
l b e made f
r
om a9 V PP3-type b a
ttery. S
teve T eal
,
i
sa ch ieved b y t h e Ji nput b eing t he r esu lt o f h
igh, th
e eff
ect being tha
t o n t
h e next c
lock Wi
tney, O xon.

Everyday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
.Ju
ly 1
998 5
41
 L
inear Regulator Perfor mance
Monitor -
A
s
l
i
hown i
N
OVEL c
nea r r
n Fig
e
i
rcu
gu
.2
la
i

. I
t w
to
tf
h
r w
ich w

unc
h
t
i
ich u
l

ions b
l h
se
e
s a
y c
lp t
n e
heck
x
o d
te
eterm
rna
ing i
ine th
e p
l MOSFET p
fthe p
ass el
er
a
form a
ss t
emen
r
nce

ans
t "
is
bot
to
ofa

r i
toms
s

o
ut" e ven o n ar ipple trough , hence the inclusion o
fc apacitor C l. Ifthe
r
egu
la tor i sb ottom ing o u
t, the output v ol
tage mus t st
art to fa
ll a nd the
I
.
e.d
. w ill e xt
ingu ish. I ft h
e p ass elemen t i sshor
ted d ue t o fa
ilur e
, or
d
r
iven h a rd due t oa n open feedback l oop,t hen an o
ver-voltage c ond i
tion
w
ille x
ista nd t he I.
e.d. wil
la lso ext
ingu ish.
The circuit, w i
th v a
lues s hown , issuitable fornega
tive n -channe l F ET
l
i
near r egulato rs a nd h as been b ui
lt a nd t e
sted on my V er sat
ile L inear
R
egu lator p ublished i nI ngenu i
ty U nl
im ited,J u
ly 1997.
G
erard L
aR ooy
,
Ch
ris
tchur
ch,N ew Z
ealand
.

F
ig
.2. L
inear Regu
lator Perfor mance Mon
itor
.

Generat
ing Short Pu
lses With R
ipp
le Counters - k
olosedwa
T me
4
060 r
thod o
i
fp
pple c
rovid
oun te
ing s
rr
ys
ep resen
tem c l
ts ac
ock
heap
ing f or +5V
many digita l c i
rcu its b ecause o f i t
s b ui
l t-
in
S
ET REPET
11/ON RA
TE
c
lock gene rato r a nd mu ltiple o utpu ts
. H ow -
e
ver, iflow d uty c ycle p ulse s a re needed , t he
c
omb inationa l l o g
ic n eeded o n t he o utpu ts
c
an b e difficult t o d esign , a nd p ropaga tion +V .
1
6
+V .
d
elay gli
tch p rob lems c an s e
t i n( for f urther l
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Th
is b ook e xplores t he various f eatures , g ood p oints
PREA MPL IFIER AND F ILTER C IRCU ITS r
unn
ing a ppl
icat
ions p rogra ms
, wir
ing u p aM IDI sys
te m
a
nd s nags o f speake r des
igns . Itexa mines t he whys a nd
a
nd u s
ing the syste m to good ef
fect, in fact j
ust about
where fores s o t hat t he reade r can u nderstand t he R
. A. Pen fold
Th
is b ook p rov ides circuits and b ackground i n
for ma t
ion e
verything you n eed to know a bout hardware a nd the
p
rinciples i nvo
lved a nd so make a n i n
fo r med c hoice of
f
or a r ange o f p rea mplif
iers, p lus tone c ontrols
, f i
l
- p
rogra ms, with n o previous k nowledge of c o mput
ing
design, or even d esign loudspeake r e nclosures f or him - n
eeded o r assu med. This book w i
ll h
elp you to choose
o
r h erself
. C rossove r u ni
ts a re a lso e xplained, t he t
ers, mixers , e tc
. T he u se of modern l ow n o
ise o pera-
t
ional amp l
ifiers a nd a specia
list high perfor mance a udio t
he ri
ght co mponen ts f
or as yste m t
o sui
t your personal
various t ypes, h ow t hey wo rk, the d istort
ions t hey
p
rea mp lif
ie r i.c
. r esults in circuits that h ave e xcellent n
eeds, and e qu
ip y ou t
o exploi
t that s
yste m f
ul
ly
p
roduce a nd h ow t o a vo
id t he m. F inal
ly t here i s a
perfor mance , b u t which a re s t
il
l q u
ite s imple. A l
l t he 174 pages Order code PC107 £
8.95
s
tep -by-step d escript
ion o f t he c ons truct
ion o f t he
c
ircuits f eatured c an b e b ui
lt a t quite low c ost ( j
ust
Kapel
lme ister loudspeake r enclosu re.
a few p ounds i n mos t c ases). The p rea mpli
fier c i
r- E
LECTRON IC P ROJECTS FOR GU ITAR
1
48 p ages O
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cui
ts fea tured i nclude: M icrophone p rea mpl
ifiers ( l
ow R
. A. Penfold
T
his b ook c on tains a c o
llec tion o f g uitar e fects a nd
ACOUSTIC F
EEDBACK -HO W TO AVO
ID IT i
mpedance , h igh i mpedance , and c rysta
l). Magne t
ic
c
art
ridge p ick-up p rea mpli
fie
rs w ith R.I
.A.A. e qual
isa- s
o me g eneral p urpose e fec ts u ni
ts, many o f wh ich a re
V
. C
apel
t
i
on. Crystal/cera m
ic p ick
-up prea mpl
ifier
. Guita
r pick-up s
uitable for b eginners to p rojec t b u
ilding . An i ntroduc -
F
eedback i
s the b
ane o
f a
l
l publ
ic address s
yste ms
.
p
rea mpl
ifier
. T ape h ead prea mp
lif
ier (for u
se w i
th c om- t
ory chapter gives g u
idance o n cons truc t
ion .
Whi
le feedback c anno t b e c o mpletely e l
im inated , many
E
ach p rojec t h as an i ntroduc tion , a n e xplana tion
t
h
ings c an be d one to r educe i tt o al eve l a
t wh ich i ti
s p
act c
asse
tte sys
te ms
).
O
ther circu
its inc
lude: Aud io lim
iter to prevent o
f h ow i t works , a ci
rcuit d iagra m , c o mplete i n
struc-
no l
onge r aproble m.
o
ver
loading of power ampl
ifie
rs. P
ass
ive tone c
ontro
ls. t
ions o n str
ipboa rd layou t a nd a sse mb ly, as we ll as
Much o f the t r
oub le i s often t he h a
ll i t
self
, n ot
notes o n s ett
ing u p a nd u sing t he u n
its. C ontents
t
he e quip ment, b u
t t he re i s a s imp le a nd p ract
ical A
ctive tone controls
. PA f i
lte
rs (h
ighpass and l
owpass
).
S
cratch a nd r u mb
le f il
ters. L oudness fi
l
ter
. Audio i
nclude: Gu i
ta r tuner; Guita r p rea mp l
ifier; Gu itar h ead-
way of great
ly i mp
rov ing a cous tics. S o me m icrophones
m
ixe rs
. Volu me and b,
iiance c on
trol, phone amp l
ifier; Soft distortion u nit
; C o mp resso r; E n
-
a
re p rone t o feedback wh i
le o the rs a re n ot
. C er
tain
9
2p ages order code B•3 09 £
4.99 v
elope waa waa ; Phaser; Dua l t r
ack ing e fects u ni
t;
l
oudspeake r syste ms are much b etter than o the rs
, a nd
Noise g a
te/expande r; Treb le b oos ter; D yna mic t r
eble
t
he way t he un
its are p osit
ioned c an p roduce a r educed booster
; E nvelope mod i
fie r
; T re me lo u ni
t; D I box.
f
eedback . A
ll these mat ters are f u
lly e xplored a s we l
l as CO MPUTERS AND MUS
IC -AN I
NTRODUCT
ION
R
. A. Penfo
ld 10 p
ages O
rder c
ode P
C110 £
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e
lectronic aids s uch a s e qualizers, f requency -shif
ters
Co mputers a
re p
lay
ing an increasing
ly important p
art
a
nd notch fi
lters
. H
IGH PO WER AUD
IO AMPL
IFIER CONSTRUCT
ION
The special require ments o
f li
ve group c oncerts are i
n the wor ld of mus
ic, a nd t he days when c om -
p
uterised music was s
tr
ict
ly f or t
he fana
tica
l few are R
. A
. Penfo
ld
c
onsidered, a nd also the re
lated proble m of ins
tabil
ity
P
ract
ical c
onstruction detai
ls o
f how t
o bu
ild a n
u mber
t
hat i
ss o meti mes e ncountered wi
th l a
rge s e
t-ups. We l
ong g one.
I
fyou a re more used to the b
lack and whi
te keys o
f a o
f audio powe r amp l
ifiers r
anging f
rom about 50 to
e
ven take a look at so me unsuccessfu
l atte mpts t
o cure
s
ynth k eyboard than t
he O WERTY k eyboard of acom - 3
00/400 watts r
.m.s. i
ncludes MOSFET and b
ipo
lar tr
an-
f
eedback s o as to save readers wasted t ime and ef
fort
p
uter
, y ou may b e understandably confused by t
he ja
r- s
i
sto
r designs
.
d
upl
icat
ing the m
. 9
6p ages T
e mporar
ily o
ut o
f p
r
int
A
lso in
cluded ist
he c
i
rcu
it a
nd l
ayou
t o
f a
n i
nexpen
- gon and terminology bandied about by co mpu
ter buf
fs.

E
ver
yday P
rac
tica
lEl
ectron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998 5
45
 C
ircu
its
, Data and Des
ign
PRACT ICAL E LECTRON IC FILTERS
l
a
tors; v oltage c ontrol
led o sci
llators; r ad
io f r
equency i
solato rs
, flip
/flops, n oise g enera
tors, tone d ecode rs
,
Owen B ishop
o
sci
lla
to rs; 5 55 monos tables; CMOS monos tables; T TL e
tc.
Th
is b ook d eals w ith the subject in an on• mathe mat
ical
monos tables; precis
ion l ong time rs
; p ower s upply a nd Over 170 ci
rcuits are prov
ided, which iti
sh oped wi
lt be
way. Itr eviews t he ma in t ypes of fil
ter, exp la
ining in
r
egula
tor c ircui
ts; n egat
ive supp ly g enerators and v o
lt- u
se ful to a
ll t
hose i nvolved in ci
rcu
it des
ign a nd app
lica-
s
imp le ter ms how e ach type wo rks and h ow i tisused.
a
ge b ooste rs
; d ig
ital d
ividers; d ecoders, etc; c oun
ters t
ion, be they profess
iona ls, s
tudents o
r hobbyis
ts.
T
he b ook also p resen ts a dozen f i
l
ter-based p ro
jects
a
nd d isplay d rivers
; D /A a nd ND c onverters; o pto- 192 p ages O
rder code BP322 £4.99
w
ith a ppl
ications i n and a round t he h o me o r in the
c
ons tructors wo rkshop . T hese i nc
lude a n u mber of
a
udio p rojects s uch a s ar yth m sequencer a nd a mult
i-
v
oiced e lectronic o rgan.

P
roject Bu
ild
ing
C
onc luding t he b ook i s apract
ical step-by -step guide
t
o design ing simp le fi
lters for awide r ange o f purposes,
w
ith circuit diagra ms a nd wo rked exa mp les
88p ages Order code B P299 £
4.99
ANDRO IDS, ROBOTS AND AN I MATRONS a
n i nnovative interesting a lterna t
ive t o elect
ric c ab
les ,
E
LECTRON IC HOBBY ISTS DATA BOOK John L ovine
R
. A. P enfold b
ut i n mos t cases t hey a lso r ep resent ap rac t
ical a p-
Bui
ld y our own wo rking r obo t o r a ndroid u sing b o
th p
roach t o the proble m. T his b ook p rov
ides a n u mber of
T
his b ook s hou ld te
ll y ou e very thing y ou are e ver l i
kely o
ff-the -she l
f a nd wo rkshop c ons truc ted ma ter ials a nd t
r
ied a nd tested circuits f or p rojects that uti
lize fibre-
t
o wan t to know a bou t h obby e lectron ics
, b u
t d id n ot devices . C o mpu ter c ontrol g ives t hese r obo ts a nd
k
now where t o ask o r r e
fer. C o mp rehens ive c onten ts o
p t
ic cables.
a
ndro ids t wo t ypes o f a r
tif
icial i n
te ll
igence ( an e xper t
p
ages makes i teasy t o q uickly l ocate t he data y ou r e- T
he p ro
jects include :- Si mple a udio li
nks, F.M. aud io
s
ys te m a nd a n eura l n e
two rk)
. A l i
fel
ike a ndro id h and l
i
nk, P .W.M. a ud
io l inks, S i mple d .c. li
nks, P.W.M . d.c.
q
uire.
c
an b e b ui
lt a nd p rog ra m med t o f unction d oing
The s ubjec ts cove red i nc
lude : Co m mon c ircuits, and l
i
nk, P .W.M. mo to r s peed c ontro l
, R 5232C d ata links,
r
epe titive t asks. A f ul
ly a ni mated r obo t or a ndro id c an M
ID I li
nk, Loop alar ms, RP M . me ter
.
r
e
lated d a
ta ( i
ncluding h e
lp ful g raphs a nd t ables o f
a
lso b e b u
ilt a nd progra m med t o p erfo r m aw ide v ariety A
ll t
he c o mponen ts u sed i n these designs a re readily
v
alues )
; C o
lour c odes f or r esisto rs, capac itors a nd i n
- o
f f unc t
ions .
d
ucto rs; P inou t d etails f or a w ide r ange o f CMOS a
vailable, none o f the m r equire t he constructo r to take
The c onten ts include a n Ove rv
iew o f State-o f-the-Ar t o
ut as econd mo rtgage .
a
nd T TL d evices, plus b asic d a
ta o n the v a
rious l ogic Robo ts; R obo tic L oco mo tion ; Mo tors a nd P owe r C on -
f
amil
ies ; Pinou t d e
tails a nd b asic d ata for aw ide r ange 132 pages Order c ode BP374 £
4.95
t
rol
le rs ; All T ypes o f S enso rs; T i
lt; B u mp; R oad a nd
o
f o perational amp l
ifie rs; D ata a nd l eadou t infor mation Wall D etection ; Ligh t; Speech a nd S ound R ecogn ition ;
f
or a w ide r ange o f t ransisto rs, F ETs , p owe r F ETs , ELECTRON IC P ROJECT BU ILD ING FOR B EG INNERS
Robo t
ic I n
telligence ( Expe rt T ype) U sing a S ing le-Boa rd R
. A . Penfo ld
t
r
iacs, t hyristors, diodes , e tc; Gene ral d a
ta i nc
lud ing Co mpu ter P rogra m med i n BAS IC; R obotic I n
te l
ligence
M
ID I message c oding , r adio d ata, ASC II/Baudo t coding , This b ook isf or co mplete beg inne rs t o elec t
ron ic projec t
(
Neu tral T ype ) U sing S i mple N eura l Ne two rks ( Insec t bui
ld ing. Itp rovides a c o mp
le te introduc tion t o the prac •
d
ecibe l ra
tios, etc. I
n
te lligence ); Mak ing a L ifel
ike Andro id H and ; A Co m -
t
i
ca l side of t his fascina t
ing h obby, in c
lud ing t he fol
low -
2
42 p ages Order c ode B P396 £5
.95 pute r
-Con trolled R obo tic I nsect Progra m med i n BAS IC ; i
ng t opics:
T
elepresence R obo ts W ith A ctua l A rcade a nd V irtua l Co mponen t iden t
ification
, a nd b uying t he r i
gh t parts;
Reality App l
ica t
ions ; A C o mpu te r-Con trolled R obo t
ic r
esis tor c o
lour c odes, c apac itor v a
lue ma rkings , e tc;
A
rm ; An i mated R obo ts a nd Andro ids; R eal- World advice o n b uying t he r i
ght t ools for t he l ob; s oldering ;
Robo t
ic App l
ica t
ions .
mak ing e asy wo rk o f t he h ard w iring ; c onstruction
224 p ages O
rder c ode MGH1 £
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ipboard , c usto m p r
in ted c i
rcu it
boards , plain ma trix b oards, s ur
face moun t b oards a nd
ELECTRON IC P ROJECTS FOR E XPER I MENTERS w
ire -w rapp ing ; f in
ishing o ff, a nd a dd ing p anel labe ls;
R
. A . P enfo ld
gett
ing " prob le m" p rojects t o work , i ncluding s imp le
Many e lec tron ic h obby ists who h ave b een p ursu ing me thods o f f ault
-finding .
t
he ir h obby f or a n u mber o f y ears s ee m t o s uffer I
n fact e ve rything y ou n eed t o k now i n orde r to g e
t
f
ro m t he d readed " seen i ta l
l b efore" s yndro me . T his s
tarted i nt h
is a bsorbing a nd c reative h obby .
book i s fairly a nd s quarely a i med a t sufferers o f t his
135 p ages Order c ode BP392 £
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co mp lain t
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yearn t o t ry s o me thing a b i
t d i
fferen t. No d oubt many
o
f t he p rojec ts f eatured h ere h ave p ractical a pp l
ica -
t
ions , b ut t hey a re a ll wor th a t ry for t he
ir i nteres t AB EGINNER 'S GU IDE TO MODERN E LECTRON IC
va
lue a lone . CO MPONENTS
T
he s ubjec ts c ove red include :- Magne t
ic f i
eld d e
tec - R
. A . Pen told
The p urpose o f th
is b ook i s to p rovide p ractical i n
-
t
or, B asic H al
l e f
fec t co mpass , H a
ll effect audio i solator,
Voice s cra mb ler/descra mb le r
, B at d e
tecto r
, B at s tyle f
or ma tion t o h elp the r eader s ort o ut t he b ew ilder-
e
cho l oca t
ion , Noise c ance l
ling, L ED s t
roboscope , I nfra- i
ng a r
ray o f c o mponen ts c urrently o n o ffer, An a d-
r
ed " torch" , E lectron ic breeze d etector, Class D p ower v
anced k now ledge o f the t heory o f electron ics i s not
needed , a nd th
is b ook i s n o
t i n
tended t o b e ac ourse
amp lif
ier, S train g auge amp li
fier. S uper hearing aid.
i
n e lectron ic theory. T he ma in aim i s to e xplain t he
1
38 p ages O
rder c ode B P371 £
4.95
50 S
I MPLE L ED CIRCU ITS d
ifferences b et ween c o mponen ts o f the s a me b asic
R
. N. S oar t
ype ( e.g
. c arbon , carbon f i
lm , me ta
l f i
lm , a nd w ire-
PRACTICAL F IBRE -OPT IC P ROJECTS
Contains 5 0 in
teresting a nd u se
fu l c
ircui
ts a nd applica- R
. A. Penfold wound r esistors) so t hat t he r i
gh t c o mponen t f or a
t
ions, cove r
ing many d ifferent b ranches o f electronics, Whi
le fib
re -opt
ic cables may h ave p o
tentia
l a dvantages g
iven a pplicat
ion c an b e selected . A w ide r ange o f
u
sing o ne o f t
he mos t inexpens ive a nd freely avai
lab le o
ver o rd
inary e lectr
ic c ab
les, f o
r the electronics en- c
o mponen ts are included , w ith t he emphas is f i
rm ly
c
o mponen ts - t he li
ght-e mit
ting d iode ( LED )
. Also i n
- on t hose c o mponen ts t hat are u sed a g rea t d eal in
t
husias
t i tis probably t he
ir n ovel
ty va
lue t hat makes
c
ludes c i
rcuits fo
r the 707 c o m mon a node d isplay
. t
he m wo rthy of explorat
ion. Fibre-op
tic cables provide p
ro jects f or t
he h o me c onstruc tor.
64p ages Order c ode B P42 £2
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BOOK 2 50 more I
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e
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ircu
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5

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IRCU
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The c ircuits c overed i n t h
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clude :
3
3 GRAVEL H ILL , MERLEY , W IMBORNE , DORSET B H21 1 RW ( ma
ilordero n
ly).
Aud io amp l
ifiers l op.a mp a nd b ipolar transisto rs); a udio B
ooks a re norma l
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in seven d ays o
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t
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te rs; t r
iggers a nd v oltage c om -
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ve ryday P ract
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AB
R
.A
EGINNER
. Penfold
'S GU IDE TO T TL DIGITAL I Cs BOOK ORDER F
ORM
T
his b ook f i
rst covers t he b asics of simp le log
ic circuits F
ull n
a me
:
i
n g eneral
, a nd t hen p rog resses t o s pecif
ic T TL l og
ic
i
n
teg rated c ircu
its. T he d ev
ices c overed i nclude g a
tes ,
Address
:
o
sci
llators, timers, fl
ip/
flops, d iv
iders, and d ecoder c
ircuits.
S
o me p ract
ica l c
ircuits a
re u sed to ilustra
te the use of T TL
d
evices int he "real wo r
ld"
1
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HO W TO USE OPA MPS
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arr
Th
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r's guide cover- S
ignature
:
i
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ifie
rs, s
erv
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book o
f ci
rcu i
ts a nd a r
eference book f
or des
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or
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R
.A. Pen fo
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T
his book w il
l h elp y ou t o c reate a nd e xpe r
i men t w ith
y
our own e lectronic d esigns b y c o mbining a nd u s
ing
t
he var
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ts p rovided . P
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end book o
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'
Where a ppl
icab le, a ds:ce o n h ow t o a l
te r the c ircuit
p
ara meters i
sp rovided .
T
he c i
rcui
ts c ove red a re ma inly c oncerned w ith signa l
g
enerat
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tal electronics.
T
he topics cove red int his book i nc
lude : 5 55 oscil
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l
ease c
on
tinue o
n s
epa
rate s
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ecessa
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la tors; func tion g ene rators; CMOS o scil- 2
a

5
46 E
veryday P
rac
tica
lElec
tron
ics
,Ju
ly 1
998
 V
IDEOS ON E
LECTRON
ICS
A range o f videos ( selec ted b y EPE e d
itorial s
ta ff
) d es
igned t o provide
i
nstruc
tion o n electronics t heory. E ach video gives a s ound i n
troduc tion a nd
g
rounding i n as pecial
ised a rea of t
he s ubject
. T he tapes make l earning b oth
e
asier and more e n
joyab le than p ure textbook o r maga zine study. Each video
u
ses a m ixture o f an
ima ted c urrent flow i n c
ircuits plus t ext, plus cartoon
i
nstruc
tion e tc.
, a nd a v ery ful
l c o mmen tary to get t he p oints across. T he
t
apes o r
iginate f rom VCR Educa tional P roducts Co , a n Amer ican supp l
ier.
(
All videos are t o the UK PAL s tandard on VHS t apes.)

B
ASICS VCR MA
INTENANCE
V
T201 t o V 1206 i s a basic e
lectron
ics
c
ourse and i s d
esigned to be used as a V
1
'102 8 4 m inutes : I ntroduc tion t o VCR
c
omp le
te s
eries, i
frequired
. R
epa ir. Wa rning , n ot f or t he b eginne r
.
T
h rough t he u se o f b lock d iag rams t his
V
1201 5 4 minu tes. Part O ne; D .C. Circui
ts. T h
is v
ideo w i
ll t ake y ou t hrough t he v ar
ious
v
ideo i s a n a bsolute m ust f or t h
e b eg
inne r
. c
i
rcu its f o
und i n t he N TSC VHS s ys
tem .
S
eries c ircuits, p aral
lel c ircui ts
, O hms l aw, Y
ou w i
ll follow t he s ignal f r
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h
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more. Order C ode V T201 h
eads b ack t othe o utpu t
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140 1 6 1 minu tes. AM . R adio T heory
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t T wo; AC . Circui
ts. T his Order C ode VT102 c
omp lete v i
deo e ve r p roduced o n a .m. r ad
io .
i
sy our next s t
ep i nu nderstand ing t he basics o f VT103 3 5 minu tes: As tep-by-step e asy to B
eg ins with the b asic s ofa .m, t r
ansm is s
ion a nd
e
lectronics. Y ou w i
ll l earn a bout h ow c oils, f
o
llow p rocedure f or professiona lly clean- p
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t
ransforme rs, c apacitors, etc a re used i nc om - t
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t T hree ; Semi conduc tor s
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ive s y ou a n e xc
iting l ook i n
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ld O
rder Code VT103 V1402 5 8 minu tes. F .M. Radio P ar
t 1 . EM. b as
ic s
o
f s emiconduc to rs
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or t heory. P lus 1 5 differen t s emiconduc to r P
lus r .
f
. a mp
lifier, m ixer osc i
lla to
r, i.
f, a mplif
ie r
,
d
evices e xplained. Orde r Code V T203 DIGITAL l
imiter and f.m. d ecode r stages o f at ypical f.m.
Now for the dig
ital ser
ies o
f s
ix v
ideos. r
eceiver. Order C ode V 1402
This ser
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t
echnology. Begins with the d etec tor stag e output, p roceed s
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o t he 1 9kH z a mp l
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T301 5 4 m inu tes. D igital O ne; G ates b egins s
tereo d emultiplexe r a nd a udio a mplifier stages.
w
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o
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ecod ing. Order C ode V T403
i
n a lmo st e ve ry d i g
ital c ircu it
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n
otation . O rder Code V T301 M
ISCELLANEOUS
1
/1302 5 5 m inu tes. D igital T wo; F lip F lops w ill V
1
'501 5 8 minutes. Fine O pt
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om t he f u
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urther e nhance y our k now ledg e o f d i g
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T502 5 7 minutes. L a
serT echno logy A bas
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-
V
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es.
D
isplays i sy our n ext s tep i n o b
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ep-by-s
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V
T205 5 7 minu tes
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t Five; Amp lif
ier
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r
egisters, disp lay d evice s
, e tc
. o
f CD and b arcode scanning .
y
ou h ow a mpli
fiers w ork a s you h ave n ever
O rde rC ode V T303 O
rde rC ode v r502
s
een them b efore
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ass B . cla
ss C .
1
T304 5 9 m inu te s
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o
p.amp s
. e t
c. Order C ode V 1205
s
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1
'206 5 4 m inutes. Part Six; O sc
il
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il-
munica te w ith t he r ea
l w orld . Y ou w il
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a
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ital ci
r-
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bou t d igital-to-ana logue a nd a nalogue -
to -dig i
-
c
uits
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il-
t
a
l c onver terc i
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ts. O rde rC ode V 1304
l
a
to r c
ir
cu i
ts. Order C ode V T206
V1305 5 6 m inu tes. D igital F ive; M emo ry D evices

c 34•5
i
n
t roduce s y ou t o th e techno log y u sed i n m any
o
f t oday's m emo ry d evices. Y ou w il
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i
nc. V
AT & postage )
T306 5 6 m inu tes
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O
rder 8 o
r more g
et o
ne e
xtra F
REE y
ou a t horough u nde r s
tand ing i n t he b asic s o f
t
h e central p roce ssing u ni
t a nd t h e i nput
/ou tpu t
O
rder 1
6 g
et t
wo e
xtra F
REE
c
ircuits used t om ake t h e system w ork .
Orde rC ode V T306

ORDERING: Pr
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V
IDEO ORDER FORM pos
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I MBORNE PUBL
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Everyday Prac
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998 5
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E
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,Ju
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998 5
49
 E
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ist
ic pr
ice Four
models are ava
ilab
le t
os u
itthe n
eeds ofthe p
rofessional a
nd hobby market ie I
ndustry
. L
eisure In
strumenta
l and N
I
.Ft
e
tc W hen comparing p
r
ices. NOTE tha
t al models i
nclude t
o
roidal p
owe r supp
ly Inleg
ral h
eal s
ink g
lass l
ib
re PC B and
d
rive ci
rcui
ts topoo
rer acompat
ible Vu mete
r All models a
re open a
nd shod ci
rcui
t proof
T H O U S A N D S O F M O D U L E S P U R C H A S E D B Y P R O F E S SI O N A L U S E R S

O M P/ MF 100 M os-Fet Output po wer 1

10 wat
ts
R
.M.S
. i
nto 4 oh ms
, f
requency r
esponse 1Hz- 1
00KHz
-
3dB
. Da mp
ing Fac
tor 3
00, S
le w Rate 4
5V/uS
.
T
.H.D
. t
ypica
l 0
.002 %
, I
nput Sens
itiv
ity 5
00 mV
. S
.N.R
.
-
110 dB
. S
ize 3
00 x 1
23 x 6
0mm
.
PRI C E £40
.85 • £3.50 P& P

O M P/ MF 200 M os-Fet Output po wer 2

00 wa
tts
R
.M.S
. i
nto 4 oh ms
, f
requency r
esponse 1Hz- 1
00KHz
T H E R E N O W N E D M X F S E RI E S O F P O W E R A M P LI FI E R S -
3d13
, Da mp
ing Fac
tor 3
00. S
le w Rate 5
0V/uS
,
F O U R M O D E L S:- M X F 2 0 0 (
1 00 W 100 W) M XF400 (
200 W • 200 W) T
.H.D
. t
ypica
l 0
.001 %
. I
nput Sens
itiv
ity 5
00 mV
. S
.N.R
.
-
110 dB
. S
ize 3
000 1
55 x 1
00 m m
.
M X F6 00 (
300 W • 300 W) M XF900 (
450 W 450 W)
PR
I C E £6 4
.35 £4.00 P& P
ALL PO WER RAT
INGS R
.M.S
. I
NTO 4 OH MS
, BOTH CHANNELS DR
IVEN
FEAT U RES : *Independent power supplies w
ith Iwo t
oro
idal tr
ans
formers * T win L E D Vu meters *
O M P/ MF 300 M os-Fet Output po wer 300 wa
tts
L
evel con
trols * I
lumina
ted on/of sw
itch * ALA c
onnectors * S
tandard 7
75rnV i
npu
ts * Open and shor
t ci
rcu
it
d
rool •L ates
t Mos-Fels fo
r s
tress f
ree power de
livery i
nto v
ir
tual
ly any load * H
igh slew ra
te * V ery l
ow R
.M.S
. i
nto 4 oh ms
, f
requency r
esponse 1Hz -1
00KHz
d
is
tort
ion * Aluminium cases * MXF600 f
t MXF900 f
an c
ooled w
ith DC loudspeaker a
nd thermalprotec
tion -
3dB
. Da mp
ing Fac
tor '
300
, S
le w Rate 6
0V/uS
.
T
.H.D
. t
ypica
l 0
.001 %. I
nput Sens
itiv
ity 5
00 mV
, S
.N.R
.
USED THE W ORLD OVER I
N CLUBS
, PUBS
, C
INEMAS
, D
ISCOS ETC
.
-
110 dB
. S
ize 3
300 1
75 x 1
00 m m
.
S
IZES
:- MXF200 W1 9 x
H3' 2 (
2U)s D1 1"
PR
I C E £81.75 £5
.00 P& P
MXF400 Wi g .
1
45' • (
3U)s D1 2"
MXF600 W1 9 x
1
.
45' (
3U)sD1 3 "
MXF900 W1 9 •
H5` (
3U)s 01 4.." O M P/ MF 450 M os-Fet Output po wer .
450 wat
ts
PRI C ES
:- M XF2 00 £1 7 5. 0 0 M X F4 0 0 £2 3 3.8 5 R
.M.S
. i
nto 4 oh ms
, f
requency r
esponse 1Hz- 1
00KHz
M XF6 00 £32 9
. 0 0 M X F9 0 0 £4 49.1 5 -
3dB
. Da mp
ing Fac
tor 3
00 S
le w Rate 7
5V/uS
.
S
PECIAL
IST C
ARR
IER D
EL. £
12 5
0 E
ACH T
.H.D
. t
ypica
l 0
.001 %, I
npu
t Sens
itiv
ity 5
00 mV
. S
.N.R
.
-
11 0 dB
. Fan Coo
led
. D
.C. Loudspeaker P
rotect
ion
, 2
:
0
1,v
, I:.:(e k1F
-11
11 l 4 4.
1
:101
-1-1Cel
vl 4: Second Ant
i-Thu mp De
lay
. S
ize 3
85 x 2
10 x 1
05 m m
.
PR
I C E £1 32
.85 - £5
. 00 PA P
-
O M P/ MF 1000 M os-Fet Outpu
t po wer 1
000 wat
ts
R
.M.S
. i
nto 2 oh ms
. 7
25 wat
ts R
.M.S
. i
nto 4 oh ms
,
f
requency r
esponse 1Hz - 1
00KHz -
3dB
. Da mp
ing
Fac
tor 3
00, S
le w Rate 7
5V/uS
, T
.H.D
. t
ypica
l
0
.002',, I
nput Sens
itiv
ity 5
00 mV
. S
.N.R
. -
110 dB
. Fan
A
dvanced 3 -Way Stereo Ac
tive Cross-Over, housed in a19" a 1
U case. Each c
hannel has three l
e ve
l contro
ls: Coo
led
. D
.C. Loudspeaker P
rotec
tion
. 2 Second
b
ass. mid & top. The r
e movable fron
t fast's al
lows a ccess t
o the p
rogra mmable OIL s w
itches to ad
jus t t
he
Ant
i-Thu mp De
lay
. S
ize 4
22 x 3
00 x 1
25 m m
.
c
ross-over f
requency; Bass
-M id 250
/500/800Hz. Mid-Top 1.
8/3
/5KHz all a
t2 4dB p
er o
ctave. B ass i
nvert sw
itches
PR
I C E £259
.00 C1 2
.00 P& P
o
ne ach bass channel
. Nominal 7
75mV i nput
/output. Fu
lly c
ompat
ible wi
th OMP rack ampl
ifier and modules.

Pr
ice £1 1 7. 4 4 t £ 5. 0 0 P A P
NOTE
: mOS .Frr MODULES ARE A VAILABLE I
N TWO V ERSIONS
:
2
7
.i F
iTT T
i
l Y1 7-
4SIFTTF T-
47 * S
TANDARD- I NPUT S
ENS 5 0OrnV BAND WIDTH 100
10Ix.
E C H O & S O U N D E FFE CTS * PEC (PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT COMPAT IBLE
) -INPUT saNs
775mV, BAND W
IDTH 5010
4, ORDER S TANDARD OR PEC.
STEREO D ISCO M IXER w i
th 2 a 7 b and
L & R g raph ic e qual
ise rs w i
th b ar g raph
L
ED V u me te rs MANY OUTSTAND ING LA R G E SEL E CTI O N OF SPE CI ALI ST LO U DS P E A K E RS
FEATURES :
. i ncluding E cho w ith repea t & AV AIL A BLE
, IN CL U DI N G C A BI N ET F
I TTI N G S
, SPE A K E R
speed c ontrol. D J M ic w ith t a
lk-over G RILL ES
, C R OSS- OV E RS AN D HI G H PO WER
, H
I GH
switch
, 6 Channe ls with i nd
ividual f aders
FR E Q U E N C Y B ULL ETS A N D H O R N S
, LA R G E (A4) S
.A.E
.
p
l us c
ross fade , Cue H eadphone Mon itor
. 8
(6 0p STA M P E D) FO R C O M PLET E L
I ST
.
Sound Effects . U seful c o mb
ination o f the
f
ollowing i nputs :
- 3 t urntab les ( mag) , 3
M c Kenz
ie and Fane Loudspeakers a
re a
lso ava
ilab
le.
mics, 5Line for CD . Tape, Video e
tc.

Pr
ice £1 4 4. 9 9 • £ 5. 0 0 P A P S
IZE
S 482 1 240 i
t 120 m m 7 7 1
1 1-4 7-
q -39 W 7I TITITT-
4 1 T IF X W
I ST ql-1 4-P

irr I T- 1 -47 TA NT T
OT T
O TT
I
I M ALL EMINENCE UNITS 8 OH MS I MPEDANCE
8" 100 W ATT R .M .S. ME8-1 00 GEN . PURPOSE . LEAD GU ITAR. EXCELLENT M ID. D
ISCO
J
oin the Piezo r
evo
lut
ion: The low dyna mic mass (no voice co
il) o
f aPiezo h
veeter produces an improved
RES. F REO
. 72Hz. F REO. RESP. TO 4 KHz. SENS 97dB . PR
ICE £ 32.71 £
2.00 P &P
t
r
ansient r
esponse w
i
th alower d
istor
tion l
evel than o
rdinary dynamic twee
ters
. As acrossover i
sn ot requ
ired
10 100 W ATT R .M .S. ME1 0-1 00 GU ITAR . VOCAL . KEYBOARD . DISCO , EXCELLENT M ID
t
h
ese u n
its can b
e a
dded t
o ex
ist
ing s peaker systems of up t
o 100 wat
ts (more i
ftwo are pu
t in s
eries FREE
RES. F REO 71 Hz
. F REO RESP . TO 7 KHz. SENS97dB . PR
ICE £ 33.74 £
2.50 P &P
EXPLANATORY LEAFLETS ARE SUPPL IED W ITH EACH TWEETER .
10 200 W ATT R .M.S. ME1 0-200 GU ITAR . KEYB'D. DISCO . VOCAL . EXCELLENT H IGH PO WER M ID.
TYPE '
A
' (
KSN1 036A) 3 r
ound w
ith p
rotec
tive w
ire mesh
. I
dea
l f
or RES. F REO 65Hz. FREO . RESP, TO 3,5KHz . SENS 99dB . PR
ICE £ 43.47 C
2.5017 911.
s
jbookshe
lf a
nd med
iu m s
ized H
i-F
t a
peakers
. P
rice £4
.90 50p P&P
. 12 100 W ATT R .M.S. MEI 2 -1 00LE GEN . PURPOSE . LEAD GU ITAR . D
ISCO . STAGE MON ITOR
TYPE '
B' (
KSN1 005A) 3
', s
uper h
orn f
or g
enera
l p
urpose s
peakers
, RES.FREO 4 9Hz. FREO . RESP. TO 6KHz . SENS 100dB . PR
ICE £ 35.64 £
3.50 P &P
d
isco a
nd P
.A. s
yste ms e
tc. P
rice £5
.99 50p P&P
. 12 100 W ATT R .M .S. ME1 2-1 00LT ( TW IN CONE ) WIDE RESPONSE . PA .. VOCAL . S TAGE
M ONITOR RES . FRED 4 2Hz, FREQ . RESP. TO 10K Hz
. SENS 9 8dB. PR
ICE £ 36.67 C
3.50 P &P
TYPE '
C' (
KSN1 01 6A) 2 x
5 w
ide d
ispers
ion h
orn f
or q
ual
ity H
i-F
i s
ys-
(1 3 12 200 W ATT R .M.S. ME1 2-200 GEN . PURPOSE . GU ITAR . D
ISCO . VOCAL . E
XCELLENT M ID
.
t
e ms a
nd q
ual
ity d
iscos e
tc. P
rice £6
.99 50p P&P
.
RES. FREQ. 58Hz. FREQ . RESP TO 6 6Hz. SENS 98dB . PR
ICE £ 46.71 £
3.50 P &P
TYPE '
0' (
KSN1 025A) 2 x
6 w
ide d
ispers
ion h
orn
. Upper f
requency 12 300 W ATT R .M.S ME1 2-300GP H IGH PO WER BASS . LEAD GU ITAR. K EYBOARD . D
ISCO E TC.
r
esponse r
eta
ined e
xtend
ing d
own t
o m
id-range (
2KHz
). S
uitab
le f
or h
igh RES. FREO. 47Hz. FR B), RESP. TO 5 6Hz. SENS 103dB . PR
ICE £ 70.19 £
3.50 P &P
T
YPE C T
YPE -E
q
ual
ity H
i-F
i s
yste ms a
nd q
ual
ify d
iscos
. P
rice £9
.99 50p P&P
. 15 - 200 W ATT R .M.S. ME1 5-200 GEN . PURPOSE BASS . INCLUD ING BASS GU ITAR .
TYPE '
E' (
K5N1 038A) 3
'. h
orn t
wee
ter w
ith a
t
trac
tive s
i
lver f
i
nish t
r
im. RES. FREO. 46Hz. F REO. RESP. TO 5 6Hz. SENS 99dB . PR
ICE £ 50.72 £
4.00 P &P
18 300 W ATT R .M.S. ME1 5-300 H IGH PO WER BASS , INCLUD ING BASS GU ITAR
S
uitab
le f
or H
i-F
i mon
itor s
yste ms e
tc. P
rice £5
.99 50p P&P
.
RES. FREO. 35Hz, FREQ . RESP. TO 3KHz , SENS 1 03dB. PR
ICE £ 73.34 £
4.00 P &P
LEVEL CONTROL Co mb
ines
, o
n ar
ecessed moun
ting p
late
. l
eve
l c
ontro
l
a
nd c
abine
t i
npu
t j
ack s
ocke
t. 8
5x85 m m
. P
rice £4
.1 0 50p P&P
. 7 1-1-1-4 7-
i 14 I
-T 5 1
114 4
-111 N N
IIT'
I WI llrif«
T
YPE
ALL EARBENDER UN ITS 8 OH MS ( Except EM-SO I E
1310-50 w
hich a
re dua
l impedance t
apped i 4A8 ohm)
BASS , SINGLE CONE , H
IGH CO MPL IANCE , ROLLED SURROUN D
I
I II-31 1 MT1 E
rT T
-1-4-4 = 8" 50 watt EBB-50 DUAL I MPEDENCE . TAPPED 4 /8 OH M BASS , HI-Fl
. IN-CAR .
RES. FREO. 40Hz
. FREQ . RESP TO 7 KHz SENS 9 7dB . PR
ICE £ 8
.90 £2.00 P
&P
Anew range ofq ua
lity l
oudspeake rs d es
igned tot ake advan tage ofthe la
tes t 10' 50 WATT EB1 0-50 DUAL I MPEDENCE . TAPPED 4 /8 OH M BASS . HI
-Fl. IN-CAR
s
peake r t
echnology and enc
losure d esigns B oth models uti
lize studio quali
ty RES. FREQ. 40Hz
. FREQ . RESP. TO 5KHz . SENS . 99dB. PR
ICE £13 .65 £2
.50 P&P
1
2 c ast a
luminium l oudspeake rs with f
actory f
it
ted gril
les w ide dispersion 10' 100 WATT EB1 0-1 00 BASS . H
I-F l
. S TUDIO.
c
onstant di
rect
ivity horns e x
truded a lum in
iu m c orner protection and stee l RES. FREQ. 35Hz
. FREO RESP . TO 36Hz . SENS 9 6dB . PR
ICE £ 30.39 £3
.50 P&P
b
al
l corners comp li mented wi
th h eavy duty b
lack c overing T he enclosures 12' 100 WATT EB1 2-1 00 BASS . STUD IO. H
I-Fl
. EXCELLENT D ISCO .
a
re fi
t
ted as s
tandard with tor i '
s o r op
tional l
oudspeake r stands RES, FREO 2 6Hz
. F REO. RESP. TO 3 KHz . SENS 9 3dB. PR
ICE £ 42.12 £3
.50 P&P
FULL RANGE T W IN CONE , H
I GH CO MPL IANCE , ROLLED SURROUN D
PO WER RAT
INGS QU OTED I
N W ATTS RMS FOR EACH CAB
INET 5
'. 60 WATT EB5-60TC ( TWIN CONE) H I-Fl
. MULT I-ARRAY D ISCO E TC
FREQUENCY RESPONSE FULL RANGE 45Hz -20K Hz RES. FRED. 63Hz
. F REO, RESP. TO 20KHz . SENS 9 2dB. PR
ICE £ 9
.99 £1.50 P
&P
i
bl FC 12-1 00 WATTS (
1 00dB) PR
ICE £
1 59
.00 PER PA
IR S'v 60 WATT EB6-60TC ( TWIN CONE) H I-Fl
. MULT I-ARRAY D ISCO E TC
i
bl FC 12-200 WATTS (1 00dB) PR
ICE C
1 75
.00 PER PA
IR RES. FREO 3 8Hz
. F REO. RESP. TO 20KHz . SENS 9 4dB. PR
ICE £10 .99 1
.50 P
&P
8" 60 WATT EB8-60TC ( TW IN CONE ) HI-Fl
. MILTI -ARRAY D ISCO E TC
S
PEC
IAL
IST C
ARR
IER D
EL £
12V0 P
ER P
AIR
RES. FREO 4 0Hz
. F REO. RESP. TO 18KHz . SENS 8 9dB. PR
ICE £12 .99 £
1.50 P&P
OPT
I ONAL STANDS PR ICE PER PAIR £49
.00 10 - 60 WATT EB1 0-60TC ( TWIN CONE ) H
I-Fl
. MULT I ARRAY D ISCO E TC
De
livery C
6.00 p
er p
air RES. FREQ. 35Hz. FREQ. RESP. TO 12KHz . SENS 9 8dB, PR
ICE £16 .49 £2
.00 P&P

1 E
TT V 1
-
'11-4 1-Tv I
E14: 41 1 1-
47 1 TT U -. THREE SUPERB H I GH PO WER
4 I
I: r1 N-1,
'11 •1 4:1
1:1•1:1:1 A:41 C
?
CAR STEREO BOOSTER A MPL IFIERS
1
50 WATTS ( 75 75
) S tereo
. 1 50 W PROVEN TRANS M
ITTER DESIGNS INCLUD ING GLASS F
IBRE
Br
idged Mono PR
INTED C
IRCUIT BOARD AND H
IGH QUAL ITY CO MPONENTS
2
50 WATTS ( 125 125) S tereo. 250 W COMPLETE W
ITH C
IRCUIT AND I
NSTRUCTIONS
Br
idged Mono SW TRANSMITTER 80-
108MHz VAR
ICAP C ONTROLLED P ROFESS
IONAL
4
00 WATTS ( 200 • 2 00) S tereo. 400 W P
ERFORMANCE RANGE U
P TOT M
ILES SIZE 3
8. 1
23mm S UPPLY 1
2
V 0SO
AP
Br
idged Mono P
RICE £
14.85 £
1.00 P
AP
ALL PO WERS I NTO 4 OH MS FM M
ICRO TRANSMITTER 10
0 108MHz VARICAP T
UNED C OMPLETE W
ITH
Features: V
ERY S
ENS F
AT MC RANGE 1
00
.300m SIZE % x4
6mm SUPPLY 9
9BATTERY
* Stereo
. br
idgab le mono * Cho ice of P
RICE C8
.80 C
1.00 P
AP PHOTO
: 3W FM TRANSM
ITTER
h
igh & low leve l inputs I x L & R level

B
.K. ELE C T R O N
ICS
PR
ICES
: 150 W £49.99 250 W £99
.99
contro
ls * Re mo te on-o f
f * Speaker &
400 W £1 09
.95 P&P £2.00 EACH
t
her ma
lDrO
teC
tIon
.
POSTAL CHARGES PER OR DER £1 .00 MI N I MU M
. OFF IC
I AL r
i •
I
f,,i) i
OR DERS FRO M SCH OOLS
, COLLEGES , GO VT
. BOD IES
, PLCe ETC. U NI T S 1 & S C O M E T W A Y
, S O U T H E N D- O N- S E A,
PR
ICES I NCLUS IVE OF V .A
.T. S ALES COU NTER V IS A A ND V
/
SA E S S E X, S S 2 S T R.
ACCESS A CCEPTED GY POST , PHO NE OR FAX.
T el.: 0 1 7 0 2- 5 2 7 5 7 2 F a x.: 0 1 7 0 2- 4 2 0 2 4 3
 PRO
JECTS AND /MA RIN
MODULES F
ROM E
LECTRON
ICS

PRO
JECTS
S
ENT
INEL F
AN F
AILURE A
LERT NATIONAL
F
EATURES LOTTERY
• A
utomat
ic d
etec
tion o
f e
xpens
ive CPU c
ool
ing f
an f
a
ilure
PREDICTOR
* N
o s
pec
ial c
onnect
ions o
r mount
ing r
equ
ired
* S
uitab
le f
or b
eginners F
EATURES
* I
dea
l b
eginners
* C
lear a
udib
le warn
ing
p
roject
* C
ompat
ible w
ith mos
t P
Cs
* Generates r
ando m
* P
lugs i
n
to P
C p
ower s
upp
ly APPL
ICAT
IONS
n
u mbers
* A
ccess
ibi
lity o
ption * U
se t
o c
hoose y
our
* S
i mp
le t
o u
se -o
ne
APPL
ICAT
IONS s
witch o
perat
ion l
o
ttery n
u mbers
!

* A
utomat
ic s
witch o
ff * E
xce
llent i
n
troduc
tion
* C
PU o
verhea
t p
rotec
tion
s
aves b
atter
ies t
o m
icrocontro
llers
* P
owe
r s
upp
ly p
rotec
tion
* F
ul
l s
ource c
ode * P
roduce r
andom
* O
ther f
an c
ooled e
quipment
a
vai
lab
le n
u mbers f
or g
a mes

L
U73Q F
an F
a
ilure A
ler
t K
i
t £
16.99 L
U61R L
ot
tery P
red
icto
r K
i
t £
9.99

MODULES
STAMP
BUG K
IT
F
EATURES
* F
ul
ly a
utonomous
* C
oll
ision detect
ion

4
18MHZ AM TRANSMITTER AND a
nd a
* F
ul
ly i
vo
idance
lus
trated
RECEIVER MODULES c
onst
ruction manua
l
APPLICATIONS * Domestic a
larms * A
pproxi mate s
i
ze
* Pagers * G
arage dooropene
rs 200x50x150m m when c
omp
leted
* Car a
larms * N
urse-cal
l sys
tems APPL
ICAT
IONS
F
EATURES * E
ducat
iona
l -r
obo
tics a
nd s
imp
le
T
RANSM ITTER (GT39N) RECEIVER (C R75 5) * Hobby
ist -g
reat i
ntroduct
ion t
o embedded
* T
ransm itt
ing range u p t
o * RF sensit
ivity t ypically - c
ontro
l and r
obot
ics
100 met res 105 dBm * N
ove
lty -t
hr
il
l f
r
iends a
nd f
ami
ly
* SAW c ontro
lled frequency * Ex
treme ly high a ccuracy
s
tabi
lity l
aser tr
i m med i nductor NW34M S
tamp Bug £86
.95
* No ad
jus tab
le components * Receiv
ing r ange 3 0 NW23A D
ev Ki
t 1 £98
.70
* On
ly two connect
ions metres typical
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