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4 Different Types of Losses in Transformer - Calculation
4 Different Types of Losses in Transformer - Calculation
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by Dipali Chaudhari
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The electrical machine consists of multiple devices like an electrical transformer, electric
motor (AC/DC), generator, alternator and so on…
In an earlier article, I have explained the different parts of the transformer. Here, we are
studying types of losses in transformer.
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5/8/2021 4 Different Types of Losses in Transformer | Calculation
Terahertz
Sources
100/140/180/300 GHz
Powerful And
terasense.com Compact
I will also explain the different types of losses occurs in different parts of the transformer.
Terahertz
Sources
100/140/180/300 GHz
Powerful And
terasense.com Compact
Even though we are talking about the transformer losses, let me tell you that the transformer
is more power-efficient and has very low losses.
Usually, the electrical machine has more losses as there are multiple moving parts like rotor.
Due to the static device (not having any moving parts), mechanical loss (friction loss, bearing
loss) does not occur. Only winding or core loss occurs in the transformer.
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Due to this, very small losses occur in transformer as compare to the other devices in the
electrical machine.
This is also one of the reasons that the transformer is more power-efficient.
Table of Contents
1. Copper Loss
3. Stray Loss
4. Dielectric Loss
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Generally, power losses of the transformer determine by the Open-circuit test and Closed-
circuit test.
These tests help to determine the voltage regulation, circuit constant, and efficiency of the
transformer.
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Under the construction and working, transformer power losses are divided into two forms.
Variable loss
Constant loss
1. Copper Loss
2. Core Loss
3. Stray Loss
4. Dielectric Loss
Hysteresis Loss
Eddy Current Loss
Here is category diagram for transformer losses to understand it easily.
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These losses appear in the form of heat. Due to the heat, temperature increases, and power
efficiency decreases.
Out of this classification, copper and core loss are major losses over other (stray or dielectric)
losses.
The stray and dielectric losses have rarely occurred in transformer body parts like a
transformer tank, conservator oil tank, breather, winding, etc.
1. Copper Loss
Copper loss is called as ‘Ohmic Loss’ or ‘Variable Loss’ or ‘Resistive Loss’.
It occurs in the transformer’s winding (primary winding and secondary winding) which
consists of copper (Cu) conductor. So, sometimes core loss is also known as ‘Winding Loss’.
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Copper loss is caused by the ohmic resistance (R) of the transformer winding and electric
current (I).
There are two ways we can reduce the core copper losses in the transformer.
by making winding of the transformer thick so that resistance will get minimized
by imposing Vacuum Pressure Impregnation (VPI)
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This equation concludes that copper losses vary with the square of load current. Thus, it is
called as Variable losses.
Here is the simple calculator to find the value of copper loss if resistance and electrical
current are given.
10
10
400
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It depends on the core construction and magnetic properties of the core materials like
lamination, winding thickness, lamination resistance, component density.
These losses are determined by the Open circuit test or No-load test.
Both eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depends on maximum flux density (Bmax) of
magnetic field and frequency (f).
Eddy current cause by the changing magnetic field in the transformer core.
Here is the formula for calculating the value of eddy current loss.
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Online tool tool calculate the value of eddy loss is given below.
10
10
10
400000
Hysteresis loss is caused by the motion of the magnetic field. This loss occurs due to the
reversal of magnetism.
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Online tool tool calculate the value of Hysteresis loss is given below.
Hysteresis Constant *
10
10
10
7962.1434110699465
The total core losses are determined by the combination of eddy current loss and the
hysteresis loss.
Total Core Loss, (Pi)= (Eddy Current loss + Hysteresis loss)= [(Ph)+(Pe)] (Unit- Watt)
You can calculate the value of core losses by using an online calculator.
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10
Hysteresis Loss*
12
These core losses are reduced by using the silicon content for the core and very thin
lamination. Hence, it provides a low reluctance path and high permeability for the flux in the
magnetic circuit.
Under the construction of lamination, more power losses occur in core type transformer over
shell type transformer.
3. Stray Loss
It is caused by the magnetic leakage flux which produces in the metallic part of the
transformer such as a transformer tank, winding, etc.
When there is a less leakage current in the transformer, the stray loss gets in the negligible
form.
4. Dielectric Loss
Dielectric losses are caused by the insulating material and insulation such as transformer oil.
It rarely occurs as compared to the core and copper losses.
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If the transformer oil or insulation capacity gets deteriorated, the dielectric loss increases.
Total transformer loss, (P)= [Copper loss (Pc)+ Core loss (Pi)]
(Unit- Watt)
In this tutorial, I have covered different types of losses in transformer and their formulas with
an explanation.
If you are ready to give the online quiz, you can directly join the Electrical Transformer Quiz.
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If you have any queries about the transformer losses, kindly you can ask your queries below.
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Dipali Chaudhari
I have completed master in Electrical Power System. I work and write
technical tutorials on the PLC, MATLAB programming, and Electrical on
DipsLab.com portal.
Nikunj
November 10, 2020 at 1:03 pm
Transformers help connects one electric surface to another. It is good to know that a
transformer improves the efficiency of an electric connection. Transformers are of
different types and have different ways.
Reply
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Julius N Nteh
January 13, 2021 at 1:25 am
This is a great job, thanks very much for your work. again i think the online
calculation for copper losses is giving a wrong answer.
Reply
Dipali Chaudhari
January 13, 2021 at 10:26 am
Reply
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