June

a•$
NntrodudiontoQuantumGmputingEooo
2021

e-
STAHLEN
-

Overvi
) .
ew-i.li From bits to
qubits : Dirac notation , density matrices ,
measurement Bloch ,
sphere
II ) .
Quantum circuits :
single qabit & two qubit gates multipartite quantum states
basic - -

Bell states Teleportation Q

sphere
II )
Entanglemeint : -

.
,
,

ILineihnmnmtgubits-mn.ccomputation
l
assical states for are either
"

O
"

or
"

1
"

quantum mechanics state be simultane ously and "

superposition
" " "
•
in ,
a can in i. e. in O 1
, ,

→
super positions allow
to
perform calcalations on states at the some time
many

quantum algorithms with exponentin speed -

up

state collapse to of its states

Bu Once we measure the
superposition ,
it s one

to all states
only get superposition)
"

and not all

"

(→ we can one answer answers in the

it is not THAT
easy to design quantum algorithms ,
but we can use interface effects
( other out while the
" "

cand each right

" "
→
wrong answers , answer remai

Diracnotation-hdeysiquantum
t-ymatrice.si
used to describe states : Led ab c- ¢? (→ 2 dimensional vector
- with
complex enties)

-
Ket :
la> =

( aa ;) ←
complex
&
conjugated
transposed
| !;) !
+
-

bra : < bl =
Ib > =
(bi bi)
inrprroduct
blä>
"
aob! +
*

bra het < b. =L albs ¢ (→

complex number)
=
- -
:
a. c-
" "
not an X

)
b: "
(
I " "°
-
het bra
- :
Iaxbl =
.
(→ 2×2 matrix) -

an
b.! anbei

•
we define the
pure states
10) : =
( !) and h) : =
/ 9) ,
which are orthogonal : < 011 > = 1-0+01=0

↳
10×01=(101.1^0)--1 ! ! ) 11×11=(01/9) :( % !) ,
 ( f. F)
S
g. 10×01
"

gut 0×11 froh ✗01 µ 11×11

+
ß +
= = .

+
.

fm
°

•
all quantum states can be described by density matrices ,
i. e.
,

normalized positive Hermitian operators p :

trlp) -1 -

, p
>
- O
,
p =p
'

P:P )"
:
↳
for g- ( Pp; };) :
trlp-p.ot-pn.it ,
<
YIPIY > so V14 > ⇐ all
eigenralaes.no , p:(
^^

(a)
AWI
• all quantum states are normalized ,
i. e. ,
1414s = 1 ,
e.
g.
14 > :
¥ .

(10>+11 >) =

spectra decomposition for y density matrix p ] :

ever an orthonormal basis {Ii >} ,

s.t.gs ? Ii Ii ✗ il where Ii) eigensdates

=
,
:
,
di :
eigenvalues ? I. .
= 1

•
a
density matrix pure if p 101×011 other is
,
=
,
wise it is mixed

→
if is one
eigenvalue equals 1. all others are O
p pure , ,

i. e. trfi) ? b?-1 if go = is
pure ,
other wise trip )
'
< 1

examptesmi.li/p-- ( %) =
10×01 →
pure ,
p
=
(9^0)=11×11 →
pure
(ii) p = 12 / %) =
J ( IOXOI +11×11) →
mixed

iii) p =
! ( ! ;) ! LIOXOI = -
10×11 -11×01+11×11
-
) 1240>-11 ) (<01
=
> -
<11 )
→
pure
Measurement
•
we choose orthogonal bases to describe & measure quantum states ( →
projective measurement)

state will collapse state

•

during a meas .
onto the basis { los ,
11s } ,
the into either

to > or 11 > →
as those are the eigenstates of Tz ,
we all this a Z -

Measurement

•
there are
infinity many different bases ,
but other common ones are

{ Its :-.
¥ ( los + Hs)
,
| s- :-.
1*40>-11 )} and {/ + i) :
:^* 110 > + in >) , | -
i> :

-1£ (to > -

it) } ,

corresponding to the
eigen
states of a and Ty .
respectively .

Bonn rule that state 14> collapse during to the

the
probability a s
project
•

: a .ve meas . on

basis { 1×7 txt > } to the state Ix>

given by
is
,

P (x ) =
14×14>12 .
? Plxi) -1 -
 1 VIH >)
•

example s: -

14> =

V5
110 > + is me as .
in the basis { 10? 11 > } :

NIH >) / ?
→ Plo) =
1<01%-110 >
1*3^91%+15<=4 =

=
} →
pa) ?
I
:

-
14 > =
¥ ( to> -
11 >) is measure d in the basis { It > ,
1- > } :

?
→ PK> = 1<+14 > 12=1%-401+41) ¥ - -

(to > -

Hs) /
=

¥ IEEE Elf Etf 1¥ ?

,
- + -

0 →
expeded , as <+14 > = 0

↳ PH =
f- | y ?
-

orthogonal
BIEhgpt.ee :

We can write normal ized (

pure) state 14 > =
I to> teilsin % 113
any as cos
,

where y c- [ 0,21T] desaibes the relative phase and -0 c- [0,1T] determines the
probability to

measure to> / 11s :

plloF-coiG.pl/rs):sin20--z .

all normal ized

pure
states can be illustrated on the Surface of a
sphere with radius

IFI -1 which all the Bloch

,
we
sphere
÷:)
""
the coordinafes of such a state are
given by the Bloch vector : F -
_

(sinosiny
examplesi -
10> : 0=0 , y arbitrary
→ F-
(§)
-

m : 0.* .
yarb .
→
"
ÜH
( :)
^
It> O
Ez 0 F
iii.
:
→
"
-

y
: = =
,

/→ -0
E IT
:[! )
:
i
:

y
:
s
-
-
,

- I + i> :
Q :
Ez ,
y
:
Iz →
F:(%) In >
-

I i)
- :
-0 :
Ez ,
y
:
3¥ → E-
(G)
BEE On the Bloch sphere angles twice big in Hilbert
space
: are as as
. .

e.
g.
los 811s are orthogonal ,
but on the Block sphere their angle
is 180° .
For a
general state 14> : Cos
⑤ 10> + . .
.
→ -0 is the

angle on the Block sphere ,

while I is the actaal
angle in Hilbert
Space !
to the
Z measurement
-

corresponds to a
projection on Z axis
-
and analogons ly for ✗& Y
!