耗时的4年,值得看三遍

2018-03-26 23:29:23    新浪看点    作者： 史泛舟     我有话说

1937年，日本侵略者为了在伪满洲国推行“产业开发五年计划”，解决电力不足的问题，在
鸭绿江和第二松花江上分别修建了水丰和丰满水力发电站。水丰发电站位于辽宁省宽甸县
境内，1937年秋季动工，历时4年建成，主体工程混凝土直线重力式拦江堰堤直高106米，
长898米，体积300万立方米，使用水泥70万吨，于1941年建成发电。图为位于辽宁宽甸境
内鸭绿江上的水丰水电站大坝。

丰满发电站位于吉林市东部，建于松花江上旧称“风门”的两山之间。1937年动工，
到1942年基本建成，水坝直高91米，长1100米，并配套电厂设施等，1943年春开始发电。
水电站投资估计为2.37亿日元，约合5400万美元，全部都用伪满洲国国债支付。图
为1937年日伪举行的丰满水电站开工仪式。

图为丰满水电站劳工出工前训话。

图为丰满水电站劳工施工场面局部。
图为丰满水电站劳工施工场面之一。

日本侵略者从华北、华中及当地骗招、强掳到丰满的劳工达10万多人，有1.5万多名劳工死
亡，都被拉到万人坑埋掉。万人坑是长100米、宽4米、深2米的3条大沟。现在叫丰满陵
园。图为丰满水电站劳工苦难史展厅。
图为丰满水电站劳工用过的衣物。

以上图文选自《日本侵华图志》第二十卷《虐杀战俘与奴役劳工》， 何天义等编著，山东
画报出版社2015年5月出版。《日本侵华图志》共二十五卷，南京大学资深荣誉教授张宪
文主编。教育部人文社科重点研究基地、南京大学中华民国史研究中心、山东画报出版社
有限公司合作项目，并入选“十二五”国家重点图书出版规划项目，国家新闻出版改革发展
   edit
Shuifeng Hydropower Station
This entry is reviewed by the “Science China” Encyclopedia Science entry and application work project .

Shuifeng Hydropower Station is located in the lower reaches of the main stream of the Yalu River in China and the
North Korean River, Kuandian County in Liaoning Province, China and Chuzhou County in North Pyongan Province. It is
a hydropower station jointly built by China and the DPRK. It is shared by China and the DPRK and is operated and
managed by North Korea. The two countries are divided into two parts. On August 15, 2009, China-North Korea
Hydropower Company held the groundbreaking ceremony for the flood control facilities renovation project of Shuifeng
Hydropower Station in Dandong City, Liaoning Province. Chairman of the China-DPRK Hydropower Company, Shu
Yinbiao, deputy general manager of the State Grid Corporation, and Chairman of the DPRK, Vice Minister of the North
Korean Ministry of Power Industry, Jin Wanshou, recalled the long-term friendship and cooperation between China and
the DPRK in the groundbreaking ceremony. The requirements and hopes for the renovation project of the flood control
dam of the Shuifeng Dam were put forward.

On January 27, 2018, it was included in the list of China Industrial Heritage Protection List (first batch).

Chinese name Shuifeng Hydropower Station

Foreign name Water-rich power station

Maximum da… 106 meters

Total installe… 630,000 kilowatts

Annual avera… 39 billion degrees 

Address Kuandian County border and North Korea North Pyon

gan Shuozhou nearby

1  Construction 4  design 7  Hydropower

table of
history 5  engineering station
2  Selected List 6  meaning reconstruction
Contents
▪  Status
3  power station
▪  transformation
parameters

Construction history edit

In September 1937, the company established the Manchuria Yalu River Hydropower Co., Ltd. and started
construction. The main concrete project of Shuifeng Power Station has a straight line height of 106 meters, a length of
898 meters, a volume of 3 million cubic meters, and a use of 700,000 tons of cement. The entire project lasted more than
four years and was built in 1941. The artificial lake formed by the hydropower station covers an area of ​345 square
kilometers and has a maximum water storage capacity of 11.6 billion cubic meters. It was the second largest artificial
lake in Asia in the world.

When the Japanese emperor surrendered and retreated, he was taken over by the Soviet Red Army and three units
were removed. Later, it was taken over by the DPRK. In 1949, it sent two machines to the Chinese side for a total of
180,000 kilowatts of electricity. During the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid , the plant of the Shuifeng Hydropower
Station was bombed and suffered some damage. It was rebuilt from 1954 to 1958, and three units were reinstalled. It
was installed in 1958, reaching a total installed capacity of 630,000 kilowatts, and sending 315,000 kilowatts to the
Chinese side. At the same time, the main dam spillway gate was raised 0.8 meters and the normal water level was
raised to 123.3 meters. The alternate spillway dome is raised 3.5 meters.

Since the installed hours of the Shuifeng Hydropower Station reached an average of 6,240 hours per year, the two
sides recently agreed to expand the plant on their own side. China expanded two sets of 67,500 kilowatt units, a total of
135,000 kilowatts, and started construction in 1983. It plans to invest one each in 1987 and 1988. The total installed
capacity of the Shuifeng Hydropower Station will reach 900,000 kilowatts.

Shuifeng Power Station has been built to generate electricity in 1941.  Gravity dam, rear dam type factory, install 7
sets of 90MW hydro-generator units, the average annual power generation is 36.8×108kw·h, and the factory building is
on the side of the DPRK. The water control area above the dam site of Shuifeng Power Station is 45860km  2  , with an
average annual flow of 789m  3  /s, a normal water storage level of 123.3m, a dead water level of 95m, and an
effective storage capacity of77.8×108m  3  , with annual adjustment performance. Installed 2 × 7.5 × 10  4  kw.

The original design power station installed 630,000 kW, the average annual power generation of 3.48 billion kW·h,
guaranteed output of 320,000 kW. 6 220kV transmission lines to send electricity to China and North Korea.

The project began construction in 1937. In 1941, two units were put into operation, and six units were installed in
1945. In 1958, all seven units were put into operation. In 1971, the governments of China and the DPRK decided to
expand a factory building in their respective countries, each of which installed two mixed-flow hydroelectric generating
units with a capacity of 67,500 kW to divert water from the Shuifeng Reservoir . After the expansion, the total installed
capacity of the Shuifeng Power Station is 900,000 kW.

The drainage area above the dam site of Shuifeng Hydropower Station is 47,586 km  2  . The average annual runoff
of many years is 25.6 billion m  3  . The design flood standard of the dam is once in the millennium, and the
corresponding flood peak flow is 50200m  3  /s, and the corresponding flood level is 127.4m. The calibration flood
standard is once in a million years, the corresponding flood peak flow is 63100m  3  /s, and the corresponding flood level
is 130.45m. The normal water storage level of the reservoir is 123.3m, the corresponding storage capacity is 12.11 billion
m  3  , the dead water level is 95.0m, the dead storage capacity is 4.18 billion m  3  , and the storage capacity is 7.93
billion m  3  . The flood storage capacity is 2.531 billion m  3  . With a total storage capacity of 14.7 billion m  3  , it has
many years of adjustment performance. Power plant design head of 77.0m, the maximum head of 93.4m, minimum head
66.0m. The dam foundation is mainly granitic gneiss, Weijing granitic  [1]  rock and porphyry .

Selected list edit

On January 27, 2018, the "China Industrial Heritage Protection List" hosted by the China Science and Technology
Coordination Propaganda Department and the China Association for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy and
the China Urban Planning Association was held in the China Science and Technology Hall. These include the Shuifeng
Power Station in Beizizigou, Changdian Town, Kuandian County, Liaoning Province. The main remains: dams, power
stations; the artificial lake formed by water storage was the second largest artificial lake in Asia at that time. The reason
for the selection: the first power station on the Yalu River, which was jointly managed by China and the DPRK after
liberation. The bond of friendship between the two peoples.
Power station parameters edit

Dam type: concrete gravity dam

Maximum dam height: 106 meters

Total installed capacity: 630,000 kW

Annual average power generation: 3.9 billion degrees

Start date: May 1, 1937

Completion date: June 1, 1943  [2]

design edit

The Shuifeng Water Conservancy Hub consists of buildings such as dams, power plant buildings and auxiliary
dams.

The dam is a concrete gravity dam with a dam height of 106.6m, a dam crest elevation of 126.4m, a wave wall of
4.6m and a dam crest of 900m. The middle and right sides of the river bed are overflow dams . There are 26 overflow
holes in the central overflow dam, each hole is 12m wide, 7.3m high, and the overflow dome is 116.0m high. It has a flat
fixed gate. The maximum discharge is 37650m  3  /s. The left bank auxiliary dam has 10 overflow holes as spare
spillways. Each hole is 10m wide and 9m high. The overflow dome has an elevation of 116.0m and a flat gate with a
maximum discharge of 17046m  3  /s.

The dam-type factory building is located on the left side of the riverbed, with a length of 174m, a width of 23m and a
height of 51.2m. The pressure steel pipe in the dam is diverted, and the inner diameter of the steel pipe is 5.0m. Intake
sill elevation 63.3m, the setting wheel plane gate, the stationary hoist hoist. Installed 7 mixed-flow turbine generator sets,
the model is P0577, the single-unit capacity is 90,000 kW, and the generators of No. 1, 4, and 5 are 50 Hz, and power is
sent to China. The generators of No. 3, No. 6, and No. 7 are 60 Hz, and send electricity to North Korea. The No. 2
generator is a variable frequency of 50/60 Hz and can be used to send electricity to China and the
DPRK. Main transformer : No.1~4 are three-phase transformers, each with a capacity of 100,000 kV·A; 5~7 are single-
phase transformers with a capacity of 100,000 kV·A  [3]  .

engineering edit

The Shuifeng Hydropower Station is located at the lower reaches of the main stream of the Yalu River in the Sino-
Korean border, 93km from the estuary. Chinese dam on the right bank is located in Kuandian County, Liaoning
Province, long town of Austin monument scorpions ditch, the left bank of North Korea North Pyongan Shuozhou County,
Sichuan nine holes abundance of water, downstream from Pacific Bay Hydropower Station 29.5km, located downstream
from Dandong City, about 70 km, Station to Construction began in 1937 and was operated and managed by North
Korea. According to the temperature observation data of the Shuifeng area, the annual average temperature is 10.6 °C,
the highest temperature is 38.0 °C, and the lowest is -27.3 °C. The average annual flow rate is 789m  3  /s, and the
annual average annual runoff is 248.8×108m  3  .

The main buildings of the Shuifeng Hydropower Station are composed of a river dam, a dam-type plant, a substation
and a secondary dam. The total storage capacity of the reservoir is 149.5×108m  3  , which is an incomplete regulation of
the reservoir for many years. The dam is a Class A building with a dam design intensity of VIII degrees. The dam's
overflow dam section has 26 open overflow holes with a dome elevation of 116.0m. Each overflow hole is provided with a
plane working gate. The size of the gate opening is 12.0×7.3m (width×height, the same below), and the overhead height
of the working dam of the overflow dam is 135.5m. Three 2×600kN trolley hoists operate 26 working gates.

The auxiliary dam is located 1.5km upstream of the right bank of the dam. It is a backup spillway in the Duobagou,
Lagushao Village, Changdian Town, Kuandian County, Liaoning Province, China. It has an 18-hole overflow hole with a
size of 9×10m. The original opening and closing equipment of the auxiliary dam gate is two 2×550kN trolley type hoist,
and the hoist is set on the working bridge with elevation of 139.4m.

significance edit

The Shuifeng Hydropower Station is the first power station on the Yalu River and is the link that connects the
friendship between the Chinese and North Korean peoples. For more than 50 years since the establishment of China-
North Korea Hydropower Corporation, Shuifeng Hydropower Station has not only made great contributions to the
economic development and people's lives of the two countries, but also undertaken the arduous flood prevention tasks
on both sides of the downstream  [3]  .

Hydropower station reconstruction edit

status quo
The dam and flood control facilities of Shuifeng Hydropower Station were built in the Japanese-Puppet period. They
have been in operation for nearly 70 years. The equipment is very old. There are serious safety hazards in the dam,
flood control and power generation equipment. The flood control safety of the Shuifeng Dam is related to the people of
the two countries. The safety of life and property. The Chinese and North Korean governments attach great importance
to this and have organized experts from both sides to conduct safety inspections on the dam. In February 2009, at the
60th meeting of the council, the two sides formed a resolution on the specific implementation plan for the flood control
dam renovation project .

Transformation
On August 15, 2009, China-North Korea Hydropower Company held the groundbreaking ceremony for the flood
control facilities renovation project of Shuifeng Hydropower Station in Dandong City, Liaoning Province. 2009 is the 60th
anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and North Korea. The implementation of the flood
control facilities renovation project of Shuifeng Hydropower Station will not only protect the security of the two peoples in
the lower reaches of the Yalu River, but will further deepen the friendly and cooperative relations between China and the
DPRK. The reconstruction project is under the responsibility of the Northeast Power Grid Corporation, and the
construction organization management of the project is entrusted to the Taipingwan Power Plant  [2].  .

Reference material

1.    Pan Shiming. Overview of Shuifeng Hydropower Station[J]. Dam and Safety, 1998(3): 2-8.

2.    Song Enlai. Analysis of Operation of Shuifeng Hydropower Station[J]. Dam and Safety, 1998(3): 45-48.

3. Song Enlai. Summary of Operation Status and Benefits of Shuifeng Hydropower Station[J]. Northeast Electric Power Technology, 2003, 24(4