Photosynthesis Short Concepts

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NCERT SOLUTIONS
EXEMPLER PROBLEMS
2020
32 YEARS OF NEET MCQS
ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
BIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
NCERT exercise AND 32 YEARS of AIPMT & NEET Chapter wise solutions
Chapter–13
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
MIND MAP
NCERT SOLUTIONS
-:IMPORTANT POINTS:-
1) Green plants carry out 'photosynthesis' a physio-chemical process by which
they use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds.
2) Photosynthesis in plants requires chlorophyll, light and CO2
3) Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) in 1770, performed experiments to find out the
role of oxygen in growth of green plants.
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4) Jan Ingenhousz (1730-1799) showed that sunlight is essential to the plants.

5) Julius Von Sachs (1854) showed that the chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts
in plants cells.
6) Cornelius Van Niel (1897-1985) demonstrated that photosynthesis is
essentially a light dependent reaction.
7) Photosynthesis reaction can be expressed as:
8) The mesophyll cells of leaves contain a large number of chloroplasts,

9) The chloroplast contains grana, the Stroma lamella and the fluid stroma,
10) The membrane system of chloroplast traps light energy and synthesizes
ATP and NADPH.
11) In stroma, enzymatic reactions incorporate CO2 into the plant leading to the
synthesis of sugar which in turn forms starch. These reactions are light driven,
so are called light reactions.
12) The latter reactions in photosynthesis are not directly driven, but are
dependent on the products of light reactions (ATP and NADPH). So, they are
called dark reactions.
13) Pigments are substances that have an ability to absorb light, at specific
wavelengths.
14) The chromatographic separation of the leaf pigments shows that the color
of the leaf is due to four pigments chlorophyll-α, b and carotenoids.
15) The wavelength at which there is maximum absorption of chlorophyll-a,
i.e., in the blue and red regions, also show higher rate of photosynthesis this
shows that chlorophyll-α is the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis.
16) The other accessory pigments (thylakoid pigments) like chlorophyll-b
xanthophylls and carotenoids also absorb light and transfer it to chlorophyll-a
and also protect it from photo oxidation.
17) Light reaction or the Photochemical phase include light absorption, water
splitting, oxygen release and the formation of high energy intermediates, ATP
and NADPH.
18) In light reaction, pigments are associated into two discrete photochemical
Light Harvesting Complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS-I) and
Photosystem II (PS-II).
19) Each photosystem has all the pigments (except one molecule of
chlorophyll-α) forming a light harvesting system also called antennae.
20) The single chlorophyll-α molecule forms the reaction center.
21) In PIS-I, the reaction center chlorophyll-α has an absorption peak at 700
nm, hence is called P700, while in PSS-II, it has absorption maxima at 680 and
called P680
22) In PS-II, the chlorophyll-α absorbs 680 um wavelengths of red Light causing
electrons to become excited and jump into an orbit,
23) These electrons are picked up by an electron acceptor, which passes them
Co an electrons transport system consisting of cytochromes.
24) These electrons are not used up but are passed on to the pigments of PS-I,
25) The electrons in the reaction center PS-I are also excited when they receive
red light of wavelength 700 mm and are transferred to another acceptor
molecule.
26) These electrons move downhill to a molecule of energy rich NADP+. The
addition of these electrons reduces NADP+ to NADPH+H+.
27) This whole scheme of transfer of electrons, starting from PS-II, uphill to the
acceptor and finally down hill to NADP+ causing it to reduced to NADPH+H+. Is
called Z-Scheme, due to its characteristic shape.
Cyclic Photophosphorylation
28) PS-II supplies electrons continuously by splitting of water. Water is split

into H+ [O] and electrons. This creates oxygen the net products of
photosynthesis.
2H2O 4H++O2+4e-
29) The process by which ATP is synthesized by cells (in mitochondria and
chloroplasts) is called Photophosphorylation.
30) Photophosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic
phosphate in the presence of light. It can be of two types.
a) Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation – occurs when two photosystems work
in a series. PS-II and then PS-I
b) Cyclic Photophosphorylation occurs when only PS-I is functional. The
electron is circulated within the photosystem and cyclic flow of electrons
occurs. It occurs in stroma, lamella and when wavelength of beyond 680
nm is available.
31) The cyclic flow results only in synthesis of ATP but of NADPH +H+
32) Chemiosmotic hypothesis explains the mechanism of ATP synthesis in
chloroplast. ATP synthesis is related to development of a proton gradient
across a membrane.
33) The steps that cause a proton gradient to develop are:
i. The proton or hydrogen ions that are produced by splitting of water,
accumulate within the lumen of thylakoids
ii. As electrons move through the photosystems, protons are transported
across the membrane. This is because the primary acceptor of electron,
which is located towards the outer side of membrane transfers its electrons
not to an electron carrier but to H carrier. Hence, this molecule removes a
proton from the stroma, while transporting an electron. The proton is then
released into the inner side of the membrane.
iii. The NADP reductase enzyme is located on the stroma side of membrane.
The protons are necessary for the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH + H+.
These protons are also removed from the stroma.
34.A proton gradient develops when within the chloroplast protons in the stroma
decrease in number, while in the lumen there is accumulation of protons.
35.The proton gradient is necessary as the breakdown of gradient releases
energy.
36.The breakdown of gradient provides enough energy to cause a change in F l
particle of the ATPase, which makes the enzyme synthesize several molecules
of energy packed ATP. ATPase enzyme catalyzes the formation of ATP.
37.The ATP is used immediately in biosynthetic reaction taking place in stroma,
responsible for fixing CO2 and synthesis of sugar.
38.Biosynthetic phase or dark reaction does not directly depend on the presence
of light but 'is dependent on the products of light reaction, i.e., ATP and
NADPH, besides CO2and H2O.
39.CO2 assimilation during photosynthesis follow two routes:
• C3-pathway, in which first product of CO2 fixation is a C3 acid (PGA-3
phosphoglyceric acid).
• (C4-pathway, in which the first product was a C4 acid (Oxaloacetic

acid-OAA).
40.Calvin cycle occurs in all photosynthetic plants, whether they have C3 or C4

pathways.
41.There stages of Calvin cycle are (i) Carboxylation (ii) Reduction (iii)
Regeneration.
42.Carboxylation is the step-in which CO2 is utilized for the carboxylation of RuBP
(Ribulose bisphosphate). RuBP is an acceptor molecule of CO2, a 5-carbon
ketose sugar, Carboxylation is catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase oxygenase
(RuBisCO), which results in formation of 3-PGA,
43. Reduction involves two molecules of ATP for phosphorylation and two of
NADPH for reduction per CO2 molecule fixed.
44. Regeneration of CO2 acceptor molecule RuBP require one ATP for
phosphorylation to form RuBP.
The Calvin cycle proceeds in three stage: (I) carboxylation during which
CO2 Combines with ribulose-l , 5-bisphosphate: (2) reduction, during
which carbohydrate is formed at the expenses of the photochemically
made ATP and NADPH: and (3) regeneration during which the CO2
accepter ribulose-l,
5-bisphosphate is formed again, so that the cycle continues,
45.For every CO2 molecule entering the Calvin cycle, 3 molecules of ATP and two
of NADPH are required. To make one molecule of glucose 6 turns of cycle are
required.
46.C4-pathway is present is plants that are adapted to live in dry tropical regions.
47.These plants (C4-plants) have the C4 oxaloacetic acid as the first CO2 fixation
product, they use the C3-pathway or the Calvin cycle as the main biosynthetic
pathway.
48.Characteristics of C4-plants:
i. They have a special type of leaf anatomy.
ii. They can tolerate high temperatures.
iii. They show a high light intensity.
iv. They lack a process called photorespiration and have greater productivity
of biomass.
49. C4-plants have bundle sheath cells in their leaves called as 'Kranz anatomy'.
50. In Kranz anatomy, bundle sheath cells form several layers around the
vascular bundles, having a large number of chloroplasts, thick walls
impervious to gas exchange and no intercellular spaces.
51. C4-plants follow Hatch and Slack pathway. In this, the primary acceptor is a
3-carbon molecule Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP) and is present in
mesophyll cells. The enzyme used is PEP carboxylase.
52. The mesophyll cells lack RuBisCO enzyme. The C4-acid OAA is formed in the
mesophyll cells.
53. OAA then forms other 4-carbon compounds like malic acid or aspartic acid
in the mesophyll cells itself.
54. The 3-carbon molecule released is transported back to mesophyll cells
where it is converted to PEP again, thus completing the cycle.
55. The CO2 released in bundle sheath cells now enters the C3 or the Calvin
pathway (common to all plants), Calvin cycle does not take place in
mesophyll cells in (C4-plants but occurs only in bundle sheath cells,
56. Photorespiration is also a process, which creates an important difference
between C3 and C4 plants
57. In C3-plantss photorespiration occurs.

i. O2 bind to the RuBisCO, so CO2 fixation is decreased.
ii. Here, RuBP binds with O2 to form one molecule of phosphoglycerate and
phosphoglycolate in the pathway called photorespiration.
iii. In this pathway, there is neither synthesis of sugars nor of ATP. Rather, it
results in release of CO2 with the utilization of ATP. So, photorespiration is
a wasteful process here.
58. In C4-plants, photorespiration does not occur, this is because they have the
mechanism that increases the concentration of CO2 at the enzyme site.
i. This takes place C4-acid from mesophyll cells is broken down in the bundle
sheath cells to release CO2, this results in increasing the intracellular
concentration of CO2
ii. In turn, this ensures that the RuBisCO functions as a carboxylase minimizing
the oxygenase activity.
iii. The (C4-plants lack photorespiration, that is why the productivity and fields
are better in these plants.
59. Photosynthesis is under the influence of both internal (plant) and external
factors.
i. Internal factors are the number, size, age and orientation of leaves,
mesophyll cells and chloroplasts, internal CO2 concentration and the
amount of chlorophyll.
ii. External factors are availability of sunlight temperature, CO2 concentration
and water.
60. Black man's law of limiting factors state that 'if a chemical process is
attached by more than one factor, then its rate will be determined by the
factor, which is nearest to its minimal value. It is the factor, which directly
affects the process, if its quantity is changed.
61. Light as a limiting factor:
i. At higher intensities, gradually the rate does not show further increase as
other factors become limiting.
ii. Light saturation occurs at 10% of the full sunlight.
iii. Increase in incident light beyond a point causes the breakdown Of
chlorophyll and a decrease in photosynthesis.
62. Carbon dioxide as a limiting factor;
i. The C3 and C4-plants respond differently to CO2 concentrations.
ii. At high light intensities, both C3 and C4-plants, show increase in the rates of
photosynthesis, Hence, C4-plants show saturation at about 360/µlL , while
C3 responds to increased CO2 concentration acting as a limiting factor.
iii. This is the reason C3 plants like tomatoes and bell pepper are allowed to
grow in CO2 enriched atmosphere that leads to high yield.
63. Temperature as a limiting factor:
i. The C4-plants respond to higher temperatures and show higher rate of
photosynthesis, while C3-plants have a much lower optimum temperature.
64. Water stress causes stomata to close hence, reducing the CO2 availability.
NCERT Exercises
1) By looking at a plant externally can you tell whether a plant is C3 or C4? Why
and how?
Answer Usually plants growing in dry conditions use C4-pathways. It cannot be
said conclusively, if the plant is a C4 or C4 buy looking at external appearance.
2) By looking at which internal structure of a plant can you tell whether a plant
is C3 or C4? Explain.
Answer The particularly large cells around the vascular bundles of the CA-
pathway plants are called bundle sheath cells and the leaves, which have such
anatomy are said to have 'Kranz anatomy. 'Kranz' means 'wreath' and is a
reflection of the arrangement of cells, the bundle sheath cells may form several
layers around the vascular bundles; they are characterized by having a large
number of chloroplasts, thick walls impervious to gaseous exchange and no
intercellular spaces.
3) Even though a very few cells in a C4,-plant carry out the biosynthetic-
Calvin pathway, yet they are highly productive. Can you discuss why?
Answer C4-plants chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by
adding it to the three-carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a reaction
catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase. It creates the four-carbon organic
acid, oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is
then translocated to specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme, RuBisCO
and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located and where CO2 released by
decarboxylation of the four-carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the
three-carbon sugar 3-phosphoglyceric acids.
The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen-generating light reactions

reduces photorespiration and increases CO2 fixation and thus photosynthetic
capacity of the leaf.
4. RuBisCO is an enzyme that acts both as a carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do

you think RuBisC0 carries out more carboxylation in C„-plants?
Answer RuBisCO has a much greater affinity for CO2 than for O2. It is the relative
concentration of O2 and CO2 that determines which of the two will bind to the
enzyme.
In C4-plants some O2 does bind to RuBisCO and hence, CO2 fixation is decreased.
Here the RuBP instead of being converted to two molecules of PGA binds with O2
to form one molecule and phosphoglycerate in a pathway called
photorespiration. In the photorespiratory pathway, there is neither synthesis of
sugars, nor of ATP. Rather it results in the release of CO2 with the utilization of
ATP. In the photorespiratory pathway. There is no synthesis of ATP or NADPH.
Therefore, photorespiration is a wasteful process.
In C4-plants, photorespiration does not occur. This is because they have a
mechanism that increases the concentration of CO2 at the enzyme site. This takes
place when the C4 acid from the mesophyll is broken down in the bundle cells to
release CO2-this results in increasing the intracellular concentration of CO2. In
turn, this ensures that the RuBisCO functions as a carboxylase minimizing the
oxygenase activity.
5. Suppose there were plants that had a high concentration Of chlorophyll-b,

but lacked chlorophyll-α, would it carry out photosynthesis? Then why do
plants have chlorophyll-b and other accessory pigments?
Answer Though chlorophyll is the major pigment responsible for trapping light,
other thylakoid pigments like chlorophyll-b. xanthophylls and carotenoids, which
are called accessory pigments, also absorb light and transfer the energy to
chlorophyll-a. Indeed, they not only enable a wider range of wavelength of
incoming light to be utilized for photosynthesis but also protect chlorophyll-a
from photo oxidation.
6. Why is the colour of a leaf kept in the dark frequently yellow or pale green?
Which pigment do you think is more stable?
Answer This is due to the interconversion of pigments, i.e., change Of green

chlorophyll pigment into yellow coloured carotenoids, The carotene pigment is
more stable.
7. Look at leaves of the same plant on the shady side and compare it with the
leaves on the sunny side. Or, compare the potted plants kept in the sunlight
with those in the shade. Which of them has leaves that are darker green? Why?
Answer The leaves of the same plant on the sunny side are dark green as
compare it with the leaves on the sunny side.
8. The following figure shows the effect of light on the rate of photosynthesis.
Based on the graph, answer the following questions
i. At which point/s (A, B or C) in the curve is light a limiting factor?
ii. What could be the limiting factor/s in region A?
iii. What do C and D represent on the curve?
Graph of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis
Answer
i. Points B-C of the curve, the rate did not increase with an increase in its
concentration, because light becomes a limiting factor under these
conditions.
ii. In A region, the rate of photosynthesis shows proportionate increase up to
a certain CO2 concentration, beyond, which the rate again becomes
constant.
iii. Points C and D represent that if the light intensity is doubled, CO 2
concentration again becomes limiting factor beyond this concentration.
9. Give Comparison between the following

i. C 3and C4 – pathways
ii. Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
iii. Anatomy of leaf in C3 and C4 – Plants
Answer:
i. Comparison Between C3 and C4 – pathways
C3– pathways C4 – pathways
S.N
1 The primary acceptor of CO2 is RuBP, The primary accdeptor of CO2 is
a 5 carbon compound PEP, a 3 carbon compound
2 It operated under low concentration It can operate under very low CO2
of CO2 in mesophyll cells concentration in mesophyll cells
3 CO2 once fixed is not released back CO2 once fixed is released back in
bundle sheath cells
4 Fixation of one molecule of CO2 needs C4 pathway requires 30 ATP for the
3 ATP and 2NADPH2 molecules. It synthesis of one molecules of
requires 18 ATP for the synthesis of glucose
one molecule of glucose
5 C3 – cycle operates in all category of It operates in only C4 - Plants
plants
ii. Comparison between Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

S.N Cyclic photophosphorylation Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
It occurs in photosystem I in stromal It is carried out by both PS-I and PS-II
1
or intergranal thylakoids in the granal thylakoids.
It is connected with photolysis of water, so It is connected with photolysis of water, so
2 oxygen is evolved in it. oxygen is evolved in it.
It is activated by light of 700 nm It occurs in 680 nm as well as 700 nm

3 wavelength, wavelength.
It generates ATP only there is no

4 It produces both ATP as well as NADPH2
formation of NADPH2
Chlorophyll does not receive any electrons The source ot electrons is photolysis ot
5 from donor, water.
The system does not take part in This system is connected with C02 fixation
6 photosynthesis expect in bacteria, and is dominant in green plants,
iii. Comparison Between Anatomy of Leave in C3 and C4 – Plants

S.N C3 – Plants C4 – Plants
Only one type of chloroplast is Kranz Anatomy, i.e., two types of cell
1 present each with its own type of chloroplast is
present
Less efficient in photosynthesis More efficient in photosynthesis than
2
than C4 leavens C3 leaves
Only mesophyll cells carry out Both mesophyll cells and bundle
3
photosynthesis sheath cells carryout photosynthesis
Selected NCERT Exemplar Problems

---Very Short Answer Type Questions---
Question 1. Examine the figure
i. Is this structure present in animal cell or plant cell.

ii. Can these be passed on to the progeny? How?
iii. Name the metabolic processes taking place in the places marked (1) and
(2).
Answer
i. Plant cell
ii. Yes, through female gametes
iii. In part (1) Photophosphorylation, in part (2) Calvin cycle
Question 2. 2H2O 2H+ + O2 + 4e-

Based on the above equation, answer the following questions
i. Where does this reaction take place in plants?
ii. What is the significance of this reaction?
Answer
i. Lumen Of the thylakoids.
ii. O2 is evolved during this reaction, moreover electrons are made available
to PS-II continuously.
Question 3. Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria don't have

chloroplasts. How do they conduct photosynthesis?
Answer Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria have thylakoids
suspended freely in the cytoplasm (i.e., they are not enclosed in membrane) and
they have bacteriochlorophyll.
Question 4.
NADP reductase enzyme is located on_____________
Breakdown of proton gradient leads to release of ______________
Answer (i) Grana-lamellae, (ii) Energy
Question 5. Can girdling experiments be done in monocots? If yes, How? If no,

why not?
Answer Yes, girdling experiments can be performed in monocots. They also have
phloem tissue through which food prepared in the leaves is transported to
various parts of the plants. It involves the removal of a ring of bark up to the
depth of phloem layer on the trunk of a tree.
Question 6. Does moonlight support photosynthesis? Find out.

Answer The intensity of moonlight is several thousand times less than that of
direct sunlight, insufficient for the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis.
Question 7. Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplast? What is

the role of this enzyme in proton gradient development?
Answer NADP reductase enzyme located in the grana-lamellae of the chloroplast,
this enzyme causes breakdown of proton gradient to release energy.
Question 8. ATPase enzyme consists of two parts. What are those parts? How
are they arranged in the thylakoid membrane? Conformational change occur in
which part of the enzyme?
Answer ATPase enzyme consists of two parts, i.e., a stalk and a headpiece. These
two parts are located completely across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The
conformational changes occur in the headpiece of this enzyme.
Question 9. Which products formed during the light reaction of photosynthesis

are used to drive the dark reaction?
Answer ATP and NADP formed during the light reaction of photosynthesis are
used to drive the dark reaction.
Question 10. What is the basis for designating C3 and C4.-pathways of

photosynthesis?
Answer C3 pathway or Calvin cycle represents phase-II, i.e., dark reaction of
photosynthesis. In Calvin cycle, a 5-C pentose sugar, Ribulose diPh0SPhate (RuDP)
acts as a first acceptor of CO2. C4 pathway this is also called Hatch-slack pathway.
In this pathway, the first CO2 acceptor is 3-C phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP).
Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Succulents are known to keep their stomata closed during the day to
check transpiration. How do they meet their photosynthetic CO2 requirements?
Answer Succulents (water storing) plants such as cacti, fix CO2 into organic
compound using PEP carboxylase at night, when the stomata are open.
Question 2. Do reactions of photosynthesis called, as 'dark reaction' need light?

Explain.
Answer A dark reaction is done in the Calvin cycle. Light is not needed at the
time of the dark reaction but it also doesn't hinder the reaction if there is light at
that time.
Question 3. How are photosynthesis and respiration related to each other?

Answer Relation between Photosynthesis and Respiration In both ways, cells
gain energy, in photosynthesis, cells use solar energy to produce glucose and
oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, In cellular respiration cells make ATP
(which is used as energy by the cells) and consume oxygen during the conversion
of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
Question 4. If a green plant is kept in dark with proper ventilation, can this plant
carry out photosynthesis? Can anything be given as supplement to maintain its
growth or survival?
Answer It would die because plants need sun light for photosynthesis. The sun is
the only thing that will help plants make their own food. If there is a small
opening in the room that let in sunlight however, the plant would grow towards
the opening or the light to get it's food.
Question 5. Photosynthetic organisms occur at different depths in the ocean. Do

they receive qualitatively and quantitatively the same light? How do they adapt to
carry out photosynthesis under these conditions?
Answer Photosynthetic organisms at different depths in the ocean do not receive
qualitatively and quantitatively the same light, the plants, which require
wholesome light remain in the shallow waters Of the banks. Algae which can
tolerate more dilutions of light penetrate deeper inside water. Green algae
remain in the shore line, brown algae descend to intermediate depths, while red
algae form the limit below where no other autotrophic plants can grow.
Question 6. In tropical rain forests, the canopy is thick and shorter plants growing
below it, receive filtered light. How are they able to carry out photosynthesis?
Answer The light filtering through the canopy of broad-leaved trees is richer in
red waves and poorer in blue-violet radiations. Red rays induce maximum growth
and development in leaves and stems. Blue-violet radiations keep the growth
under check but the plant organs are otherwise normal
Question 7. What conditions enable RuBisCO to function as an oxygenase?

Explain the ensuring process.
Answer Carboxylation is the most crucial step of the Calvin cycle, where CO is
utilized for the carboxylation of RuBP. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme
RuBP carboxylase which results in the formation of two molecules of 3-PGA,
Since, this enzyme also has an oxygenation activity, it would be more correct to
call it RuBP carboxylase - oxygenase or RuBisCO.
Question 8. Explain how during light reaction of photosynthesis, ATP synthesis is

a chemiosmotic phenomenon,
Answer Chemi-osmosis requires a membrane, a proton pump, a proton gradient
and ATPase. Energy is used to pump protons across a membrane, to create a
gradient or a high concentration of protons within the thylakoid lumen. ATPase
enzyme catalyzes the formation of ATP. Along with the NADPH produced by the
movement of electrons, the ATP will be used immediately in the biosynthetic
reaction taking place in the stroma, responsible for fixing CO2 and synthesis of
sugars.
Question 9. Find out how Melvin Calvin worked out the complete biosynthetic pathway for the
synthesis of sugar.
Answer Calvin discovered the 'Calvin cycle' by choosing a suitable organism to work with a
single-celled alga called Chlorella, devising a Claver piece of apparatus and by applying two
carefully-chosen techniques.
The first technique he used was to track the path of carbon during photosynthesis by using a
radioactive isotope, 14 C.
The second technique was two-dimensional paper chromatography By this technique, the
separated the substances, which the had extracted from the cells.
At the end, he was able to describe the sequence of compounds through which the carbon
passed as it was converted from carbon dioxide to carbohydrate. He discovered that it was in
fact a cycle of reactions, hence the name 'Calvin cycle'.
Question 10. Six turns of Calvin cycle are required to generate one mole of glucose.
Explain.
Answer Calvin cycle is a series of reactions that lead to the formation of glucose.
The steps involve utilization of 2 molecules of ATP for phosphorylation and two
of NADPH for reduction per CO2 molecule fixed. The fixation of six molecules of
CO2 and six turns of the cycle are required for the removal of one molecule of
glucose from the pathway.
Hence, for every CO2 molecule entering the Calvin cycle, 3 molecules Of ATP and
2 of NADPH are required. It is probably to meet this difference in number of ATP
and NADPH used in the dark reaction that the cyclic phosphorylation takes place.
To make one molecule of glucose six turns Of the cycle are required.
Question 11. Complete the flow chart for cyclic photophosphorylation of the photosystem-l.
Answer
Question 12. In what kind of plants do you come across 'Kranz' anatomy? To
which conditions are those plants better adapted? How are these plants better
adapted than the plants, which lack this anatomy?
Answer C4-plants have Kranz anatomy. These plants are better adapted to dry
tropical regions. These plants are better adapted than plants which lack this
anatomy (Kranz anatomy) because
i. They can tolerate high temperatures.
ii. They show a response to highlight intensities.
iii. They lack a process called photophosphorylation and have greater
productivity of biomass.
Question 13. A process is occurring throughout the day, in X organism. Cells are
participating in this process. During this process, ATP, CO2 and water are evolved.
It is not a light dependent process.
i. Name the process.
ii. Is it a catabolic or an anabolic process?
iii. What could be the raw material for this process?
Answer
I. Respiration
II. It is a catabolic process
III. Glucose, fat or protein.
Question 14. Tomatoes, carrots and chilies are red in color due to the presence of
one pigment. Is it a photosynthetic pigment?
Answer: Lycopene pigment, which is a chromoplast. It is a non-photosynthetic
pigment.
Question 15. Why do we believe chloroplast and mitochondria to be semi –

autonomous organelle?
Answer: chloroplast and mitochondria are known to be semi – autonomous
organelle because they have their own DNA. RNA and enzymes. Thus, they can
synthesis their own protein.
Question 16. Observe the diagram and answer the following
i. Which group of plants exabits these two types of cells?

ii. What is the first product of C4-cycle?
iii. Which enzyme is there in bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells?
Answer
i. C4-plants, i.e., sugarcane, maize,
etc,
ii. Oxaloacetic acid (OAA).
iii. The enzyme present in bundle sheath cells is malic enzyme and that
present in mesophyll cells is phospho-enol pyruvate carboxylase kinase.
Question 17. A cyclic process is occurring in C3-plant, which is light dependent and
needs O2. This process doesn't produce energy rather it consumes energy.
i. Can you name the given process?
ii. Is it essential for survival?
iii. What are the end products of this process?
iv. Where does it occur?
Answer
i. Photorespiration.
ii. No, it is not essential for survival,
iii. Hydrogen peroxide
iv. The photorespiration occurs in chloroplast, peroxisomes and mitochondria.
Question 18. Suppose Euphorbia and maize are grown in the tropical area.
i. Which one of them do you think will be able to survive under such
conditions?
ii. Which one of them is more efficient in terms of photosynthetic activity?
iii. What difference do you think are there in their leaf anatomy?
Answer Euphorbia will be able to survive under such conditions.
Maize is more efficient in terms of photosynthetic activity,
The maize is a C4-plants have Kranz anatomy type of leaf anatomy, The bundle
sheath -cells are characterized by having a large number of chloroplasts, thick
walls impervious to gaseous exchange and no intercellular spaces, In Euphorbia,
which undergoes CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) both pathways occur in
mesophyll cells only they do not have Kranz anatomy. Their stomata remain
closed during the day.
Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Is it correct to say that photosynthesis occurs only in leaves of a
plant? Besides leaves, what are the other parts that may be capable of carrying
out photosynthesis? Justify.
Answer Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts, most of
the energy is captured in the leaves. The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf,
called the mesophyll, can contain between 450000 and 800000 chloroplasts for
every square millimeter of leaf. The surface of the leaf-is uniformly coated with a
water-resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of
water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating.
The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade
mesophyll cells, where most of the photosynthesis takes place. The green stems
are also capable of performing photosynthesis.
Question 2. The entire process of photosynthesis consists of a number of
reactions. Where in the cell do each of these take place?
(a) Synthesis of ATP and NADPH ___________

(b) Photolysis of water ___________
Fixation of CO2 .___________
Synthesis of sugar molecule __________________
Synthesis of starch .___________________
Answer
Synthesis of ATP and NADPH in thylakoids.
Photolysis of water occurs in inner side of thylakoid membrane.
Fixation of CO2 occurs in stroma of chloroplast.
Synthesis of sugar molecule occurs in chloroplast,
Synthesis of starch occurs in cytoplasm.
Question 3. Under what conditions are C4 - plants superior to C3?
Answer C4-plants can produce more sugar than C4 - plants in conditions of high
light and temperature. Many important crop plants are cui-plants including
maize, sorghum, sugarcane and millet, C4-plants are superior to C3 plats
i. They have a special type of leaf anatomy.
ii. They tolerate higher temperatures.
iii. They show response to highlight intensities.
iv. They lack a process called photorespiration.
v. They have greater productivity of biomass.
Wavelength Of light in nanometers (6m)
Question 4. In the figure given below, the black line (upper) indicates action
spectrum for photosynthesis and the lighter line (lower) indicates the
absorption spectrum of chlorophyll-a, answer the followings
What does the action spectrum indicate? How can we plot an action spectrum?
Explain with an example.
How can we derive an absorption spectrum for any substance?
If chlorophyll-a is responsible for light reaction of photosynthesis, why do the
action spectrum and absorption spectrum not overlap?
Answer
The effectiveness of different wavelengths of light on photosynthesis is
measured and plotted the amount of action. This is called the action spectrum
of photosynthesis.
Absorption of different wavelengths of light by a particular pigment is plotted
and is called the absorption spectra of that pigment.
Chlorophyll-a is responsible for light reaction of photosynthesis, but the action
spectrum and absorption spectrum do not overlap because though chlorophyll
is the main pigments responsible for absorption of light, other thylakoid
pigments like chlorophyll-b. xanthophylls and carotenoids, which are called
accessory pigments also absorb and transfer the energy to chlorophyll-a.
Indeed, they not only enable a wider range of wavelength of incoming light to
be utilized for photosynthesis but also protect chlorophyll-a from photo-
oxidation,
Question 5. What are the important events and end products of the light
reaction?
Answer-Light reaction or the photochemical phase include light absorption.
Water splitting, oxygen release and the formation of high-energy chemical
intermediaries, ATP and NADPH, The pigments are organized in Photo system I
(PS-I) and photosystem-II (PS-II). The pigments help to make Photosynthesis more
efficient by absorbing different wavelengths of light.
Products of light reaction (cyclic and non-cyclic) are ATP, NADPH2 and O2.The
oxygen is liberated from the green Plants. ATP and NADPH2 are used in dark
reaction for the reduction of CO2 to form carbohydrates, Hence, the ATP and
NADPH2 the products of light reaction are called assimilatory power,
Question 6. In the diagram shown below label A, B, C. What type of

phosphorylation is possible in this?
Photosystem I
Answer It is the process called cyclic photophosphorylation. Here, 'A' is e-

acceptor. 'B' is electron transport system and 'C' is chlorophyll P700 In cyclic
photophosphorylation, only PS-I is functional. The electron is circulated within
the photosystem and the phosphorylation occurs due to cyclic flow of
electrons.
Question 7. Why is the RuBisC0 enzyme more appropriately called RUBP

carboxylase-oxygenase and what important role does it play in photosynthesis?
Answer The RuBisCO enzyme more appropriately called RuBP.
This is due to the fact that its active site can bind to both CO2 and O2 hence, the
name RuBisCO, It has a much greater affinity for CO2 than for O2. This binding is
competitive. It is the relative concentration of O2 and CO2 that determines,
which of the two will bind to the enzyme,
Importance In C3-plants, some O2 does bind to RuBisCO, hence CO2 fixation is

decreased. Here the RuBP instead of being converted to 2 molecules of PGA
binds with O2 to form one molecule and phosphogjycoiate in a pathway called
photorespiration, In C4 plants, photorespiration does not occur This is because
they have a mechanism that increases the concentration of CO2 at the enzyme
site. They release more CO2. This results in increasing the intracellular
concentration of CO2
In turn, the RuBisCO functions as a carboxylase minimizing the oxygenase

activity.
Question 8. What special anatomical features are displayed by leaves of C4-

plants? How do they provide advantage over the structure of Cg-plants?
Answer The particularly large cells around the vascular bundles of the Co-
pathway plants are called bundle sheath cells and the leaves which have such
anatomy are said to have 'Kranz' anatomy. 'Kranz' means 'wreath' and is a
reflection of the arrangement of cells. The bundle sheath cells may form several
layers around the vascular bundles; they are characterized by having a large
number of chloroplasts, thick walls impervious to gaseous exchange and no
intercellular spaces.
C4-plants can produce more sugar than C3-plants in conditions of high light and
temperature. Many important crop plants are C4-plants including maize, sorghum,
sugarcane, and millet.
Question 9. Name the two important enzymes of C3 and C4,-pathway,

respectively? What important role do they play in fixing CO2 ?
Answer The important enzymes of C3-cycle is RuBisCO and that of C4 - pathway is
PEP carboxylase. They help in the fixation of CO2. In C3,-cycle the CO2 acceptor is
ribulose-1 , 5 diphosphate (RuDP) and the first stable product is phophoglyceric
acid (PGA). In C4-cycle, the CO2 acceptor is PEP carboxylase and the first stable
product is phosphoglyceric acid (PGA).
Question 10. Why is RuBisC0 enzyme the most abundant enzyme in the world?
Answer The enzyme ribulose-l, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, most
commonly known by the shorter name RuBisCO is used in the Calvin cycle to
catalyse the first major step of carbon fixation. RuBisCO is thought to be the most
abundant protein in the world since it is present in every plant that undergoes
photosynthesis and molecular synthesis through the Calvin cycle. It makes about
20-25% of the soluble protein in leaves and is made on the Earth at the rate of
about 1000 kg/s. It is estimated that every person on Earth is supported by about
44 kg of RuBisCO.
Question 11. Why does not photorespiration take place in C4 -plants?
Answer In C4-plants, photorespiration does not occur. This is because they have
a mechanism that increases the concentration of CO2 at the enzyme site. This
takes place when the C4-acid from the mesophyll is broken down in the bundle
sheath cells to release CO2, This results in increasing the intracellular
concentration of CO2. In turn, this ensures that the RuBisCO functions as a
carboxylase minimizing the oxygenase activity,
: 32 YEARS of AIPMT & NEET Chapter wise solutions (1988-2019):
1. Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP) is the primary CO2 acceptor in [NEET 2017]

a) C3- plants b) C4- plants c) C2- plants d) C3 & C4- plants
2. With reference to factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis, which of the

following statements is not correct? [NEET 2017]
a) Light saturation for CO2-fixation occurs at 10% of full sunlight
b) Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration up to 0.05% can enhance CO2
fixation rate
c) C3-plants respond to higher temperature with enhanced photosynthesis;
while C4 - plants have much lower temperature optimum.
d) Tomato is a greenhouse crop, which can be grown in CO2 enriched
atmosphere for higher yield
3. A plant in your garden avoids photorespiratory losses, has improved water use
efficiency, shows high rates of photosynthesis at high temperatures and has
improved efficiency of nitrogen utilization, in which of the following physiological
groups would you assign this plant? [NEET 2016, Phase I]
a) C4 b) CAM c) Nitrogen Fixer d) C3
4. Emerson's enhancement effect and red drop have been instrumental in the
discovery of [NEET 2016, Phase I]
a) Two photosystems operating simultaneously
b) Photophosphorylation and cyclic electron transport
c) Oxidative phosphorylation
d) Photophosphorylation and non-cyclic electron transport
5. In a chloroplast, highest number of protons are found in [NEET-2016,Phase I]

(a) lumen of thylakoids (b) inter membrane space
(c) antennae complex (d) stroma
6. The oxygen evolved during photosynthesis comes from water molecules. Which
one of the following pairs of elements involved in this reaction? [NEET 2016,P-1]
a) Manganese and chlorine b) Manganese and potassium
c) Magnesium and molybdenum d) Magnesium and chlorine
7. The process which makes major difference between CJ3 and C 4-plants is
[NEET2016,Phase II]
(a) glycotysis (b) Calvin cycle (c) photorespiration (d) respiration
8. In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions take place at [CBSE AIPMT 2015]

(a) thylakoid lumen (b) Calvin cycle (c) photosystem-II (d) stromal matrix
9. Anoxygenic photosynthesis is characteristic of [CBSE AIPMT 2014]

(a) Rhodospirillum (b) Spirogyra (c) Chlamydomonas (d) Ulva
10. A process that makes important difference between C3 and C4-plants is

[CBSE AIPMT 2012]
(a) transpiration (b) glycolysis (c) photosynthesis (d) photorespiration
11. The correct sequence of cell organelles during photorespiration is

[CBSE AIPMT 2012]
a) chloroplast—Golgi bodies-mitochondria
b) chloroplast-rough endoplasmic reticulurndictyosomes
c) chloroplast-mitochondria-peroxisome
d) chloroplast-vacuole-peroxisome
12. CAM helps the plants in [CBSE AIPMT 2017]

(a) secondary growth (b) disease resistance
(c) reproduction (d) conserving water
13. Of the total incident solar radiation the proportion of PAR is [CBSE AIPMT 2011]
(a) about 60% (b) less than 50% (c) more than 80% (d) about 70%
14. PGA as the first C02 -fixation product was discovered in photosynthesis of
[CBSE AIPMT 2010]
(a) bryophyte (b) gymnosperm (c) angiosperm (d) alga
15. C4-plants are more efficient in photosynthesis than C3 -plants due to

[CBSE AIPMT 2010,08]
a) higher leaf area
b) presence of larger number of chloroplasts in the leaf cells

c) presence of thin cuticle
d) lower rate of photorespiration
16. Stroma in the chloroplasts of higher plants contains [CBSE AIPMT 2009]
a) light-independent reaction enzymes
b) tight-dependent reaction enzymes
c) ribosomes
d) chlorophyll
17. Oxygenic photosynthesis occurs in [CBSE AIPMT 2009]

(a) Chromatium (b) Oscillatoria (c) Rhodospirillum (d) Chlorobium
18. Cyclic-photophosphorylation results in the formation of [CBSE AIPMT 2009]

(a) NADPH (b) ATP and NADPH (c) ATP, NADPH and O2 (d) ATP
19.Carbohydrates are commonly found as starch in plant storage organs, Which

of the following five properties of starch , (A—E) make it useful as a storage,
material?
A. easily translocated
B. chemically non-reactive
C. osmotically inactive
D. easily digested by animals
E. synthesised during photosynthesis
The useful properties are [CBSE AIPMT 2008]
(a) B and C (b) B and D (c) A, C and E (d) A and E
20.In the leaves of (C4-plants, malic acid formation during CO2 -fixation occurs in
the cells of [CBSE AIPMT 2007, 08]
a) mesophyll b) bundle sheath c) phloem d) epidermis
21.The first acceptor of electrons from an excited chlorophyll molecule of

photosystem-II is [CBSE AIPMT 2007, 08]
a) cytochrome b) iron-sulphur protein c) ferredoxin (d) quinone
22.In photosystem-I the first electron acceptor is [CBSE AIPMT 2006]
a) cytochrome b) piastocyanin c) an iron-sulphur d) ferredoxin
protein
23.During photorespiration, the oxygen consuming reaction(s) occur in

[CBSE AIPMT 2006]
a) stroma of chloroplasts and peroxisomes
b) grana of chloroplasts and peroxisomes
c) stroma of chloroplasts
d) stroma of chloroplasts and mitochondria
24.As compared to a C4-plant, how many additional molecules of ATP are needed
for net production of one molecule of hexose sugar by C4 a-plants [CBSE
AIPMT 2005]
a) 26 b) 6 c) 12 d) Zero
25.Photosynthesis in Co-plants is relatively less limited by atmospheric CO2 levels

because [CBSE AIPMT 2005]
a) effective pumping of CO2 into bundle sheath cells
b) RuBisCO in Ccplants has higher affinity for CO2
c) four carbon acids are the primary initial CO2-fixation products
d) the prirnary fixation of CO2 is mediated via PEP carboxylase
26. In C3 -plants, the first stable product of photosynthesis during the dark
reaction is [CBSE AIPMT 2004]
a) malic acid b) oxaloacetic acid
c) 3-phosphoglyceric acid d) phosphoglyceraldehyde
27. Plants adapted to low light intensity have [CBSE AIPMT 2004]
a) larger photosynthetic unit size than the sun plants
b) higher rate of CO2 fixation than the sun plants
c) more extended root system
d) leaves modified to spines
28.Chlorophyll in chloroplasts is located in [CBSE AIPMT 2004]

a) outer membrane b) inner membrane c) thylakoids d) stroma
29. Which fractions of the visible spectrum of solar radiations are primarily
absorbed by carotenoids of the higher plants? [CBSE AIPMT 2003]
a) Violet and blue b) Blue and green c) Green and red d) Red and violet
30. In sugarcane plant 14 CO2 is fixed in malic acid, in which the enzyme that fixes
CO2 is [CBSE AIPMT 2003]
a) fructose phosphatase
b) ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
c) phosphoenol pyruvic acid carboxylase
d) ribulose phosphate kinase
31. Which one of the following is wrong in relation to photorespiration?
[CBSE AIPMT 2003]
a) It is a characteristic of C3-plants
b) It occurs in chloroplasts
c) It occurs in day time only
d) It is a characteristic of C4-plants
32. Which element is located at the centre of the porphyrin ring in chlorophyll?
[CBSE AIPMT 2003]
a) Manganese b) Calcium c) Magnesium d) Potassium
33. which of the following absorb light energy for photosynthesis?

[CBSE AIPMT 2002]
a) Chlorophyll b) Water molecule c) O2 d) RuBP
34. In photosynthesis energy from light reaction to dark reaction is transferred in

the form of [CBSE AIPMT 2002]
a) ADP b) ATP c) RuDP d) chlorophyll
35. Which pigment system is inactivated in red drop? [CBSE AIPMT 2001]
a) PS-I and PS-II b) Ps-I c) PS-II d) None of the above
36. Which pair is wrong? [CBSE AIPMT 2001]

a)C3—Maize b) C4—Kranz c) Calvin cycle— d) Hatch and Slack Pathway—
anatomy PGA Oxalo acetic acid
37. How many turns of Calvin cycle yield one molecule of glucose? [AIPMT 2000]
a) 8 b) 2 c) 6 d) 4
38. The first step of photosynthesis is [CBSE AIPMT 2000]

a) excitation of electron of chlorophyll by a photon of light
b) formation of ATP
c) attachment of CO2 to 5 carbon sugar
d) ionization of water
39. Fixation of one CO2 molecule through Calvin cycle requires [CBSE AIPMT 2000]
a) 1 ATP and 2NADPH2 b) 2 ATP and 2NADPH2
c) 3 ATP and 2NADPH2 d) 2ATP and INADPH2
40. Photochemical reactions in the chloroplast are directly involved in [AIPMT 2000]
a) formation of phosphoglyceric acid
b) fixation of carbon dioxide
c) synthesis of glucose and starch
d) photolysis of water and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
41. Which enzyme is most abundantly found on earth? [CBSE AIPMT 1990]
a) Catalase b) RuBisCO c) Nitrogenase d) Invoctase
42. Protochlorophyll differs from chlorophyll in lacking [CBSE AIPMT 1998]
a) 2 hydrogen atoms in one of its pyrrole rings
b) 2 hydrogen atoms in two of its pyrrole rings
c) 4 hydrogen atoms in one of its pyrrole rings
d) 4 hydrogen atoms in two of its pyrrole rings
43. NADPH is generated through [CBSE AIPMT 1997]

a) photosystem-l b) photosystern-ll c) anaerobic respiration d) glycolysis
44. The principle of limiting factors wag proposed by [CBSE AIPMT 1996]
a) Blackmann b) Hill c) Arnon d) Liebig
45. Which one of the following is represented by Calvin cycle? [CBSE AIPMT 1996]
a) Reductive carboxylation b) Oxidative carboxylation
c) Photophosphorylation d) Oxidative phosphorylation
46. Photorespiration is favored by [CBSE AIPMT 1996]
a) high O2 and low CO2 b) low light and high O2
c) low temperature and high O d) low O2 and high CO2
47. Chlorophyll-a molecule at its carbon atom 3 of the pyrrole ring-II has one of
the following [CBSE AIPMT 1996]
a) aldehyde group b) methyl group c) carboxyl group d) magnesium
48. Photosynthetically active radiation is represented by the range of wavelength

[CBSE AIPMT 1996, 2004, 05]
a) 340-450 nm b) 400-700 nm c) 500-600 nm d) 400-950 nm
49. Pigment acting as a reaction centre during photosynthesis is[CBSE AIPMT 1994]
a) carotene b) phytochrome c) P700 d) cytochrome
50. C4-cycle was discovered by [CBSE AIPMT 1994]

a) Hatch and Slack b) Calvin c) Hill d) Arnon
51. Which one occurs both during cyclic and non-cyclic modes of
photophosphorylation? [ICBSE AIPMT 1994]
a) Involvement of both PS-I and PS-II b) Formation of ATP
c) Release of O2 d) Formation of NADPH
52. Nine-tenth of all photosynthesis of world (85-900/0) is carried out by

[CBSEAIPMT 1994]
a) large trees with millions of branches and leaves
b) algae of the ocean
c) chlorophyll containing ferns of the forest
d) scientists in the laboratories
53. A photosynthesis in g plant is releasing 18O more than the normal. The plant
must have been supplied with [CBSE AIPMT 1993]
18 18
a) O3 b) H2O with O c) CO2 with O d) C6H12O6 with 18 O
54. Maximum solar energy is trapped by [CBSE AIPMT 1993]

a) planting trees b) cultivating crops c) growing algae d) growing grasses
in tanks
55.The CO2 acceptor in Calvin cycle/ C3 -plants is [CBSE,AIPMT 1993,95,96,99]

a) Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP) b) Ribulose 1 ,5- Diphosphate (RuDP)
c) Ribulose Monophosphate (RMP) d) Ribulose Monophosphate (RMP)
56. Formation of ATP in photosynthesis and respiration is an oxidation process

which utilizes the energy from [CBSE AIPMT 1992]
a) cytochromes b) ferredoxin c) electrons d) carbon dioxide
57. Translocation of carbohydrate nutrients usually occurs in the form of [CBSE

AIPMT 1992]
a) glucose b) maltose c) starch d) sucrose
58. Photosystem-II occurs in [CBSE AIPMT 1992]

a) stroma b) cytochrome c) grana d) mito-chondrial surface
59. Which one is a C4-plant? [CBSE AIPMT 1992]

a) Papaya b) Pea c) Potato d) Maize/Corn
60. The enzyme that catalyses initial carbon dioxide fixation in Co-plants is
[CBSE AIPMT 1992, 2002]
a) RuBP carboxylase b) PEP carboxylase
c) carbonic anhydrase d) carboxydismutase
61. Chlorophyll-a occurs in [CBSE AIPMT 1992]

a) all photosynthetic autotrophs b) in all higher plants
c) all oxygen liberating autotrophs d) all plants except fungi
62. Dark reactions of photosynthesis occur in [CBSE AIPMT 1991]

a) granal thylakoid membranes b) stromal lamella membranes
c) stroma outside photosynthetic lamellae d) peripiastidial space
63. Photosynthetic pigments found in the chloroplasts occur in [CBSE AIPMT 1991]
a) thylakoid membranes b) plastoglobules
c) matrix d) chloroplast envelope
64. Ferredoxin is a constituent of [CBSE AIPMT 1991]

a) PS-I b) PS-II c) Hill reaction d) P680
65. During monsoon, the rice crop of Eastern states of India shows lesser yield
due to limiting factor of [CBSE AIPMT 1997]
a) CO2 b) light c) temperature d) water
66. Which technique has helped in investigation of Calvin cycle? [CBSE AIPMT 1991]
a) X-ray crystallography b) X-ray technique
c) Radioactive isotope technique d) intermittent light
67. Kranz anatomy is typical of [CBSE AIPMT 1990, 95]

a) C4-plants b) C3-plants c) C2-plants d) CAM plants
68. The first carbon dioxide acceptor in C4-plants is [CBSE AIPMT 1990, 92]
a) phosphoenol-pyruvate b) ribulose I ,5-diphosphate
c) oxalo acetic acid d) phosphoolyceric acid
69. In CA-plants, Calvin cycle operates in [CBSE AIPMT 1989]

a) stroma of bundle sheath b) grana of bundle sheath
chloroplasts chloroplasts
c) grana of mesophyll chloroplasts d) stroma of mesophyll chloroplasts
70. The substrate for photorespiration is [CBSE AIPMT 1989]

a) ribulose bis-phosphate b) glycolate c) serine d) gtycine
71. A very efficient converter of solar energy with net productivity of 2-4 kg/m 2 or
more is the crop of [CBSE AIPMT 1989]
a) wheat b) sugarcane c) rice d) bajra
72. The size of chlorophyll molecule is [CBSE AIPMT 1988]

a) head 15 x 15 Å, tail 25 Å b) head 20 x 20Å, tail 25 Å
c) head 15 x 15Å, tail 20 Å d) head 10 x 12 Å, tail 25 Å
73. Carbon dioxide joins the photosynthetic pathway in [CBSE AIPMT 1988]
a) PS-I b) PS-II c) light reaction d) dark reaction
74. NADP + is reduced to NADPH in [CBSE AIPMT 1998]

a) VPS-I b) PS-II
c) Calvin cycle d) Non-cyclic photophosphocylation
: ANSWER KEYS:
1) b 2) c 3) a 4) a
5) a 6) a 7) c 8) d
9) a 10) d 11) c 12) d
13) b 14) d 15) d 16) a
17) b 18) d 19) c 20) a
21) d 22) c 23) a 24) c
25) d 26) c 27) a 28) C
29) a 30) c 31) d 32) c
33) a 34) b 35) c 36) a
37) c 38) a 39) c 40) d
41) b 42) a 43) b 44) a
45) a 46) a 47) a 48) b
49) c 50) a 51) b 52) b
53) b 54) d 55) b 56) c
57) d 58) c 59) d 60) b
61) b 62) c 63) a 64) a
65) b 66) c 67) a 68) a
69) a 70) b 71) b 72) c
73) d 74) d
: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS:

1. (b) Phosphophenol Pyruvate (PEP) is found in the mesophyll cell, which
accepts the atmospheric CO2 in C4 plants and converts it to oxalo acetate -aC4
compound. It is the first stable compound of C plants.
Concept Enhancer C4 -plants possess special adaptation anatomy in their
leaves to cope up the photorespiratory losses. There are dimorphic
chloroplast present in them—agranal in bundle sheath cells and granal in
mesophyll cells.
2. (c) In C4-plants, the initial fixation of CO2 occurs in mesophyll cells. The primary
acceptor of CO2 is Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP). It combines with CO2 in the
presence of enzyme PEP carboxylase to form the first stable product, i.e. Oxalo
Acetic Acid (OAA). Where as C3 -plants lack PEP carboxylase enzyme. They possess
RuBisCO enzyme. This enzyme can work as both carboxylase (fixation of CO2) and
oxygenase (fixation of O2). RuBisCO has a much greater affinity for CO2 than for O2
and the binding is competitive. At higher temperature, its affinity for CO2
decrease and it works as oxygenase.
Therefore, at higher temperature photosynthesis decrease in C3-plants, while in
C4 -plants it increases.
3. (a) This plant is a C4 -plant as these group of plants shows little

photorespiration, efficient in binding to CO2 even at low concentrations, better
utilization of water as well as high rates of photosynthesis even at high
temperatures, i.e. tropical region. Besides, they can also tolerate excess of
salts due to presence of organic acids.
4. (a) Emerson performed photosynthetic experiment on Chlorella. He provided

monochromatic light of more than 680 nm and observed decrease in rate of
photosynthesis known as red drop.
Later, he provided synchronized light of 680 nm and 700 nm and observed
increase in rate of Photosynthesis, known as enhancement effect.
This experiment led to discovery of two Photo-systems —PS-I and PS-II
operating in photosynthesis.
5. (a) Proton concentration is higher in the lumen of 'thylakoid due to photolysis

of water, H+ pumping and NADP reductase activity which occurs in stroma of
the chloroplast.
6. (a) Photolysis of water during photosynthesis evolve nascent oxygen in the

presence of manganese, calcium and chloride ions.
7. (c) Photorespiration is the process which makes a difference between the C3

and C4-plants. In this process, there is a continuous loss of carbon fixed in the
form of CO2.
It occurs due to the high O2. Content, high temperature conditions in which
RuBP carboxylase starts working as RuBP oxygenate and normal
photosynthesis does not occur.
8. (d) The light-independent reactions (or dark reactions, takes place in the
stromal matrix of the chloroplasts.
In light independent reactions, carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose

(carbohydrate) by the hydrogen in NADPH by using the chemical energy
stored in ATP. This reaction takes place in the presence of a substance called
RuDP.
9. (a) Anoxygenic photosynthesis (in which O2. is not released) is seen in

Rhodospirillum which is a purple non-Sulphur bacteria. It helps an organism
to trap light energy and store it as chemical energy.
Other than this anoxygenic photosynthesis commonly occurs in purple non-
Sulphur bacteria, green Sulphur/non-Sulphur bacteria, and heliobacteria, etc.
10.(d) Photorespiration is a light dependent process which occurs in C3-plants. It

is opposite to photosynthesis because during this process, uptake of O2. and
release of CO2 take place. Due to the presence of Kranz anatomy, C4 -plants
do not show photorespiration.
11.(c) None of the option is correct. Photorespiration required three cell

organelles in sequence of chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondria,
Option (c) may be correct if be read as said sequence.
12.(d) CAM plants are mostly succulent xerophytes. The stomata in these plants
remain closed during the day, This helps to check the transpiration, In this
way, water is conserved.
13.(b) PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) designates the spectral range of

solar radiation from 400-700 nm that photosynthetic organisms are able to
use in the process of photosynthesis. Of the total incident solar radiation, the
proportion of PAR is less than 50%.
14.(d) The use of radioactive 14C by Melvin Calvin in algal (Chlorella)

photosynthesis studies led to the discovery that the first CO2 fixation product
was a 3-carbon organic acid. The first product identified was 3-
phosphoglyceric acid (PGA).
15. (b) C4 -plants are more efficient in photosynthesis than C3-plants but use
more energy. They possess the larger number of chloroplasts in the leaf cells. In
the leaves of C4 -plants, the vascular bundles are surrounded by bundle sheath
cells which in turn are surrounded by mesophyll cells.
Chloroplast in bundle sheath cells are larger and always contain grana, whereas
chloroplasts in mesophyll cells are smaller.
16. (a) In higher plants, enzymes for light independent reactions (dark reactions)
are present in the stroma of chloroplasts.
Light dependent reaction occurs in grana of chloroplast.
Ribosomes are necessary for protein synthesis.
Chlorophyll is green photosynthetic pigment found in chloroplasts.
17.(b) Oscillatoria is a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. In this cyanobacteria

during photosynthesis water is electron donor and oxygen is a byproduct, i.e.,
oxygenic photosynthesis occurs.
Rhodospirillum and Chlorobium are non-oxygenic photosynthetic, purple non-
Sulphur and green Sulphur bacteria.
Chromatium is purple Sulphur bacterium, also a non-oxygenic photosynthetic.
18.(d) Cyclic-photophosphorylation involves only pigment system-I and results in

the formation of ATP only. When the photons activate PS-I, a pair of
electrons are raised to a higher energy level, they are captured by primary
acceptor which passes them on to ferredoxin, plastoquinone, cytochrome
complex, plastocyanin and finally back to reaction centre of PS-I, i.e., P700
At each step of electron transfer, the electrons lose potential energy. Their trip
down hill is caused by the transport chain to pump H+ across the thylakoid
membrane, The proton gradient thus established is responsible for forming
ATP (2 molecules), No reduction of NADP to NADPH +H+.
19.(c) Option (c) is correct, As starch is a high molecular weight polymer of D-

glucose in α 1 4 linkage, It is synthesized in chloroplasts as one of the stable
end products of photosynthesis, It is most abundant and common storage
polysaccharide in plants hence, most staple food for man and herbivores.
It is a mixture of two types of glucose homopolysaccharide viz, amylose and
amylopectin. During day time the starch synthesis in chloroplast is coordinated
with sucrose synthesis in cytose, Typically about 90% of total solute carried in
phloem is the carbohydrate sucrose, a disaccharide.
This is relatively inactive and highly soluble sugar playing little direct role in
metabolism and so, making an ideal transport sugar.
20.(a) The oxalic acid is reduced to malic acid in mesophyll cells, from
chloroplast of mesophyll cells the malic acid is transferred to the chloroplast
of bundle sheath cells where, it is decarboxylated to form CO2 and pyruvic
acid.
21.(d) Plastoquinone is the first acceptor of electrons from an excited

chlorophyll molecule of photosystem-ll.
22.(c) In photosystem-l, the primary electron acceptor is probably a Fe-S protein.

The reduced primary acceptor transfers the electrons to secondary electron
acceptor (most probably P430). The sequence of electron transfer is as follows
. e -e- e -
P700 A1 A2 A3
Chl-a+ phyloquinone Fe-S PRotein P430
The reduced P430 passes its electrons to ferredoxin (Fd) present at outer surface
of thylakoid membrane.
23.(a) The first reaction of photorespiration occurs in stroma of chloroplast. In

this reaction the RuBP (Ribulose 1-5 biphosphate) consumes one oxygen
molecule in presence of enzyme RuBisCO.
In peroxisome the glycolate transferred from chloroplast takes up O2 and
formed the glyoxylate whereas, the H2O released as byproduct.
24.(c) In C4 -plants every CO2 molecule has to be fixed twice, so these plants are
needed more energy for the synthesis of hexose sugar molecules than C3-
plants in which CO2 has to be fixed only once. 18 ATP molecules are required
by C3 -plants for the synthesis of one molecule of hexose sugar while 30 ATP
molecules are needed by the C4 -plants for the same. Thus, C4 -plants have a
need of 12 ATP molecules extra than C3 -plants for the synthesis of one
molecule of hexose sugar.
25. (d) The fixation of CO2 in C4 -plants takes place in two places and by two
different organic compounds, Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP) is found in mesophyll
cells which primarily fixes atmospheric CO2 into oxalo acetic acid(4C)RuBisCO) is
present in bundle sheath cells where final fixation of CO2 in hexose sugars takes
place, CO2 is primarily fixed by PEP carboxylase because this enzyme has greater
affinity to CO2 than RuBisCO.
26.(c) In C3 -plants the first stable product formed during dark reaction is 3-
phosphoglycerie acid. Since, it is a 3-carbon compound hence, the pathway is
referred as C3 -pathway. Oxalo Acetic Acid (OAA) is the first stable compound
in C4-plants. It is a 4C compound,
27.(a) Shade tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence, lower
growth rates. On the other hand, these plants have larger photosynthetic unit
size than the sun plants.
28.c) The thylakoids of chloroplast are flattened vesicles arranged as a

membranous network within the stroma. 50% of chloroplast proteins and
various components involved (namely chlorophyll, carotenoids and
plastoquinone) in photosynthesis are present in thylakoid membranes.
29.(a) Carotenoids are a group of yellow, red and orange pigments which function
as accessory pigments and protect chlorophyll molecules from destruction by
intensive light rays. Carotenoids have three absorption peaks in the blue-violet
range of the spectrum.
30.(c) In C4 -plants, CO2 is taken up by Phospho-enol-Pyruvate(PEP) and the

reaction being catalyzed by PEP carboxylase.
PEP carboxylase
CO2+PEP Oxalo acetic acid

Mesophyll cells of C4 - Plant
Dehydro NADPH
genase
Malic Acid
+
NADP+
31.(d) Dicker and Tio (1959) discovered photorespiration in tobacco plant. It is a

light dependent process of oxygenation of Ribulose Bisphosphate (RuBP).
During this process CO2. is liberated and O2 is consumed. C4 -plants avoid

photorespiration by following Hatch Slack pathway.
32.(c) Magnesium is at the centre of the porphyrin ring in chlorophyll. The

general structure of chlorophyll was elucidated by Hand Fischer in 1940.
33.(a) Chlorophyll molecule absorbs light for photosynthesis. H2O molecules,

provide H+ ions and electrons during O2 is liberated during photosynthesis.
RuBP (Ribulose 1,5-bigphosphate) reacts with Co2 during dark reaction of
photosynthesis. This process takes place in the presence of enzyme RuBisCO.
34.(b) As a result of light reaction, oxygen, NADPH and ATP are formed, Oxygen is
released into the atmosphere while NADPH and ATP are utilised for reduction
of CO2 to carbohydrate in dark reaction.
35.(c) The fall in photosynthetic yield beyond red region of spectrum (680 nm) is
called red drop. Reaction centre of PS-II is P680 while that of PS-I is P700. So in
the red drop reaction PS-II is inactivated.
36. (a) Maize is a C4 -plant. C4-plants have Kranz type anatomy of leaves.
PGA (3-Phosphoglyceric Acid) is formed during Calvin cycle.
OAA (Oxalo Acetic Acid) a 4C compound is formed during Hatch and Slack cycle
(C4 cycle).
37. (c) Conversion of CO2 to simple (reduced) organic compounds is called CO2
assimilation or CO2 fixation or carbon fixation. This fixation pathway was
elucidated in the early 1950s by Melvin Calvin and Coworkers and is often called
as Calvin cycle.
Since, one molecule of carbon is fixed in one turn of the Calvin cycle. So, SIX turns
of the cycle are required to fix the glucose molecule containing 6 carbon atoms.
38. (a) The entire process of photosynthesis is driven by light energy coming
from the sun. This energy is first captured by chlorophyll molecules and later on
utilised for the synthesis of ATP (chemical energy) molecules which are later
utilised in the dark reaction, i.e., Calvin cycle.
39. (c) 2 ATP are required during conversion of PGA to 1, 3 diphosphoglyceric

acid and 1 ATP during conversion of glyceraldehyde phosphate to ribulose
biphosphate. 2 NADPH2 molecules are utilised for converting 1, 3
diphosphoglyceric acid to glyceraldehyde phosphate.
40. (d) CO2 is fixed in the stroma of the chloroplast leading to the synthesis of
PGA from which glyceraldehyde phosphate is formed. From gayceraldehyde
phosphate, sugar and starch are formed. All these do not require light. However,
photolysis of water and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP requires light energy.
41. (b) RuBisCO (RuBP carboxylase) is the most abundant protein on this
planet, RuBisCO constitutes 16% of chloroplast protein, It is required for CO2
fixation with RuBP (Ribulose Biphosphate) in Calvin cycle.
42. (a) Protochlorophyll differs from chlorophyll in lacking 2 hydrogen atoms in

one of its pyrrole rings.
43. (b) NADPH is generated through photosystem-ll, In non-cyclic

photophosphorylation (which involves both PS-I and II) protons released from
photolysis and electrons emitted from photolysis and electrons emitted from P700
are ultimately passed on to NADP+ resulting in the formation of NADPH. In cyclic
photophosphorylation (which involves only PS-I) electrons flow in a cyclic manner
but there is no net formation of NADPH and O2.
44. (a) The principle of limiting factors was given by Blackmann, a British plant
physiologist in 1905, according to him, light intensity, carbon dioxide
concentration and temperature are the limiting factors in photosynthesis. When a
process is conditioned as to its rapidity by a number of separate factors, the rate
of the process is limited by the pace of the slowest factor.
45. (a) In dark phase or Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is assimilated with the help
of assimilatory power (ATP and NADPH2) to produce organic acid, The cycle
involves reduction of carbon involving carboxylation, glycolytic reversal and
regeneration of RuBP. C3 cycle is also known as reductive pentose pathway or
Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR).
46. (a) Photorespiration is light induced oxidation of photosynthetic

intermediates with the help of oxygen. It is stimulated by high O2 concentration
or low CO2 , high light intensity, high temperature and ageing of leaf.
47. (a) Chlorophyll has a tetrapyrrole porphyrin head and a long chain alcohol
called phytol tail. Each pyrrole is a 5 member ring with one nitrogen and four
carbon. A non-ionic Mg atom lies in the centre of porphyrin, attached to nitrogen
atoms of pyrrole rings Chloroohyll-a has methyl group at carbon 3 of pyrrole ring
and chlorophyll-b has formyl (aldehyde) group attached to this atom.
48. (b) Photosynthetically Active Region (PAR) of solar radiation is visible

region. It consists of radiations having wavelength betwen 400 to 700 um. Green
plants use this wavelength in the process of manufacture of food. i..e
photosynthesis.
49. (c) Photosynthetic pigment molecules (e.g. P700, P680) are able to convert
light energy into chemical energy. These pigment molecules which together
forms the photosynthetic units, possess photocentres (reaction centre = trap
centre) surrounded by harvesting molecules differentiated into core molecules
and antenna molecules.
50. (a) C4 pathway or dicarboxylic acid pathway is an alternative path of CO2 -

fixation in photosynthesis, it was discovered by MD Hatch and CR Slack in 1967,
so also known as Hatch- Slack cycle.
51. (b) Cyclic photophosphorylation is that type of light energized ATP

synthesis in which electron expelled by excited photocenter does not return to
them, It involves two Photochemical Systems (PS-I and PS-II) and produces
assimilatory power (ATP and NADPH).
In both, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation, formation of ATP takes
place.
52. (b) 90% of total photosynthesis is carried out by aquatic plants, chiefly
algae (80% in oceans and 10% in freshwater), 10% of total photosynthesis is
performed by land plants.
53. (b) Ruben, Hassid and Kamen (1941) using heavy isotope of oxygen, O18 in
water, found that oxygen evolved in photosynthesis comes from water. Evolution
of oxygen does not require carbon dioxide.
54. (d) Maximum solar energy is trapped by growing grasses, as they have the
largest surface area for absorption. Limited number of algal individual are
growing in tank so, they absorb limited amount of light.
55. (b) In C3 -plants, CO2 combines with ribulose biphosphate (acceptor

molecule) in the presence of RuBisCO (RuBP carboxylase) and form two
molecules of 3-Phosphoglyceric acid or PGA (first stable product).
56. (c) Cytochromes (Kelvin; 1925) are the electron transport intermediates
containing heme (or related prosthetic groups) in which the iron undergoes
valency changes during electron transfer and produces energy (ATP) in both
photosynthesis and respiration.
57. (d) In plants, translocation, i.e the movement of organic nutrients from the
region of supply to the region of sink or utilisation occurs through phloem (sieve
tube/sieve cells) tissue. Translocated organic nutrients constitute 10-26%
carbohydrates (usually sucrose) and 1% nitrogenous components (mostly amino
acids).
58. (c) PS-II is present in appressed part of granal thylakoids. PS-I is present in
stroma thylakoids and non-appressed parts of granal thylakoids.
59. (d) The plants in which the first stable product of dark reaction of
photosynthesis is a 4-carbon compound called C4 -plants, e g. sugarcane, maize,
sorghum, These plants shows characteristic Kranz anatomy. The first CO2
acceptor in these plants is Phosphopheoenol Pyruvate (PEP).
60. (b) In C4-plants, mesophyll cells fix carbon dioxide with the help of
phosphophoenol-pyruvate (the first acceptor) in the presence of PEP carboxylase
compound oxaloacetic acid (first product).
61. (b) Chlorophyll-a (C55H72O5N4Mg) is a bluish green pigment, it is the primary

photosynthetic pigment or universal photosynthetic pigment that occurs in all
plants except photoautotrophic bacteria, i.e. found in all oxygenic
photoautotrophs.
62. (C) Light reaction of photosynthesis occurs 'in granal thylakoid membranes
of chloroplast while dark reaction occurs in the stroma or matrix, i.e. outside the
photosynthetic lamellae of chloroplast.
63. (a) Photosynthetic pigments are those pigments which occur on

photosynthetic thylakoids of chloroplasts and absorb light energy for the purpose
of photosynthesis. These are mainly of two types—chlorophylls and carotenoids.
64. (a) Ferredoxin (Fd) is a soluble protein which acts as electron carrier and
forms a constituent of PS-I Ferredoxin passes electrons to reductase complex
which helps in reducing NADP+ to NADPH (a strong reducing agent).
65. (b) According to the principle of limiting factor, the rate of the process is
limited by the pace of the slowest factor. Light intensity varies with latitude,
altitude, season, topography, presence or absence of interceptors like cloud, dust,
fog, humidity etc. In Eastern states, low light intensity during monsoon results in
low photosynthesis and hence, lesser yield.
66. (c) Calvin, Benson and Basshan utilized C14 (with long life) to trace the path
of carbon in photosynthesis. Calvin was awarded Nobel Prize in 1961 in
recognition to his work with CI4 isotope. He discovered the cycle involved in
carbon assimilation, known as Calvin cycle or C3-cycle.
67. (a) Leaves of C4 -plants (e.g. sugarcane, maize) are characterized by Kranz
anatomy in which the mesophyll is undifferentiated and its cells occur in
concentric layers around vascular bundles. Vascular bundles are surrounded by
large sized bundle sheath cells which are arranged in a wreath like manner (Kranz-
wreath).
68. (a) In C4 -plants, phosphoenol-pyruvate is the first acceptor of CO2 while

ribulose bi-phosphate is the second acceptor, Oxalo Acetic Acid (OAA) is the first
product of C4 -cycle.
69. (a) C4 plants possess two types of chloroplasts granal in mesophyll cells and
agranal in bundle sheath cells. Mesophyll cells are specialized to perform light
reaction and bundle sheath cells possess RuBisCO, here CO2 is fixed through
Calvin cycle.
70. (b) Photorespiration is the oxidation of photosynthetic intermediate

without production of CO2, ATP and NADH2. The substrate for photorespiration is
a 2-carbon compound glycolic acid (glycolate).
71. (b) In C4 -plants, (e.g. maize, sugarcane, sorghum) optimum temperature

of photosynthesis is 30 – 45o C, In C4 -plants, rate of net photosynthesis in full
sunlight is (40—80 mg C02/dm2 /hr) which is more than the rate of net
photosynthesis (15—35 mg CO2/dm2 /hr) at optimum sunlight in C3 -plants.
72. (c) A chlorophyll molecule consists of two parts, the porphyrin ring (head)
15 x 15 Å and a phytol tail (20 Å)
73. (d) In dark reaction of reducing agent (NADPH) and source of energy (ATP)
formed during light reaction, are utilised in the conversion of CO2 to
carbohydrates.
74. (d) In photosynthesis during non-cyclic photophosphorylation involving

both PS-I and PS-II, electrons released during photolysis of water are transfered
to PS-II and then PS-I via a series of electron carriers P700 of PS-I releases electron
after absorbing light, energy. This electron passes through chlorophyll X, Fe-S,
ferredoxin and finally to NADP+, NADP+ combines with H+ (released during
photolysis) with the help of NADP reductase to form NADPH,
NADP Reduces
NADP+ + 2e- + H+ NADPH
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ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH-9844532971

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4) Jan Ingenhousz (1730-1799) showed that sunlight is essential to the plants.

8) The mesophyll cells of leaves contain a large number of chloroplasts,

28) PS-II supplies electrons continuously by splitting of water. Water is split

• (C4-pathway, in which the first product was a C4 acid (Oxaloacetic

40.Calvin cycle occurs in all photosynthetic plants, whether they have C3 or C4

57. In C3-plantss photorespiration occurs.

The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen-generating light reactions

4. RuBisCO is an enzyme that acts both as a carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do

5. Suppose there were plants that had a high concentration Of chlorophyll-b,

Answer This is due to the interconversion of pigments, i.e., change Of green

Graph of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

9. Give Comparison between the following

ii. Comparison between Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

It is activated by light of 700 nm It occurs in 680 nm as well as 700 nm

It generates ATP only there is no

iii. Comparison Between Anatomy of Leave in C3 and C4 – Plants

Selected NCERT Exemplar Problems

i. Is this structure present in animal cell or plant cell.

Question 2. 2H2O 2H+ + O2 + 4e-

Question 3. Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria don't have

Question 5. Can girdling experiments be done in monocots? If yes, How? If no,

Question 6. Does moonlight support photosynthesis? Find out.

Question 7. Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplast? What is

Question 9. Which products formed during the light reaction of photosynthesis

Question 10. What is the basis for designating C3 and C4.-pathways of

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 2. Do reactions of photosynthesis called, as 'dark reaction' need light?

Question 3. How are photosynthesis and respiration related to each other?

Question 5. Photosynthetic organisms occur at different depths in the ocean. Do

Question 7. What conditions enable RuBisCO to function as an oxygenase?

Question 8. Explain how during light reaction of photosynthesis, ATP synthesis is

Question 15. Why do we believe chloroplast and mitochondria to be semi –

Question 16. Observe the diagram and answer the following

i. Which group of plants exabits these two types of cells?

iv. The photorespiration occurs in chloroplast, peroxisomes and mitochondria.

Long Answer Type Questions

(a) Synthesis of ATP and NADPH ___________

Wavelength Of light in nanometers (6m)

Question 6. In the diagram shown below label A, B, C. What type of

Answer It is the process called cyclic photophosphorylation. Here, 'A' is e-

Question 7. Why is the RuBisC0 enzyme more appropriately called RUBP

Importance In C3-plants, some O2 does bind to RuBisCO, hence CO2 fixation is

In turn, the RuBisCO functions as a carboxylase minimizing the oxygenase

Question 8. What special anatomical features are displayed by leaves of C4-

Question 9. Name the two important enzymes of C3 and C4,-pathway,

Question 11. Why does not photorespiration take place in C4 -plants?

: 32 YEARS of AIPMT & NEET Chapter wise solutions (1988-2019):

1. Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP) is the primary CO2 acceptor in [NEET 2017]

2. With reference to factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis, which of the

5. In a chloroplast, highest number of protons are found in [NEET-2016,Phase I]

c) Magnesium and molybdenum d) Magnesium and chlorine

8. In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions take place at [CBSE AIPMT 2015]

9. Anoxygenic photosynthesis is characteristic of [CBSE AIPMT 2014]

10. A process that makes important difference between C3 and C4-plants is

11. The correct sequence of cell organelles during photorespiration is

12. CAM helps the plants in [CBSE AIPMT 2017]

15. C4-plants are more efficient in photosynthesis than C3 -plants due to