MATHEMATICS

𝑛
1. What formula will be used in order to get the NUMBER OF DIGITS?  NOD = 1+[log (√2𝜋𝑛)+n log( )]
𝑒

2. What is the formula in finding the Difference of Roots?  𝐷2 = (𝑆𝑂𝑅)2 − 4(𝑃𝑂𝑅)

3. Formula used to find the remainder of a polynomial.  R = ax + b
𝑎𝑥𝑏
4. Formula to find the LCM of two numbers.  LCM =
𝐺𝐶𝐹

𝐿𝐶𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
5. Formula to find the LCM of fractions.  LCM =
𝐿𝐶𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

6. What is the formula of a Mersenne number?  2𝑛 − 1

7. What is the formula of Fermat’s Equation ?  𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧𝑛

8. What is the form of a Diophantine Equation?  x+y =A  𝑥 2 + 𝑦2= 𝐵

1 1+√5 𝑛
9. What is the formula of the Fibonacci Sequence?  Fs = ( )
√5 2

𝑛[2+(𝑒−2)(𝑛−1)]
10. What is the formula for the general E-gonal Number?  An =
2
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
11. What is the formula for the pyramidal number?  S=
6

1+√5 𝑛 1−√5 𝑛
12. What is the formula for the Lucas Sequence?  Ls = ( ) +( )
2 2

13. Geometric Progression Formulas :

𝑎2
 Common Ratio  r=
𝑎1

 nth Term of GP  An = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1

𝑟 𝑛−1
 Sum of Infinite GP  Sn = 𝑎1 ( )
𝑟−1
𝑎1
 Sum of Finite GP  Sn =
1−𝑟

 Geometric Mean  GM = √𝑎1 𝑎2

14. Arithmetic Progression Formulas :
 Common Difference  d = 𝑎2 - 𝑎1
 nth Term of AP  An = 𝑎1 +(n-1)d
𝑛
 Sum of AP  Sn = [2𝑎1 + (n-1)d]
2
𝑎1 +𝑎2
 Arithmetic Mean  AM =
2

15. Harmonic Progression

2(𝑎1 ∗𝑎2 )
 Harmonic Mean  HM =
𝑎1 +𝑎2

16. Formula for the Binomial Theorem: Expansion (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛  (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛−1y + n𝑐𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1 + …
𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑃
17. Odds in favor of the event to happen.  O= =
𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 1−𝑃

𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 1−𝑃
18. Odds against the event to happen.  O= =
𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑃

19. Binomial Probability Formula.  P = (nCr)(𝑝𝑟 )(𝑞 𝑛−𝑟 )

20. Poisson Probability Formula
𝜆𝑘 𝑒 −𝜆
 P=
𝑘!
21. Measures of Central Tendency
MEAN (AVERAGE)

 Arithmetic Mean  ̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑋1 +𝑋2 +𝑋𝑛

𝐴𝑀
𝑛
𝑛
 Geometric Mean  ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐺𝑀 = √𝑋1 . 𝑋2 . 𝑋𝑛

22. Measures of variability

 Range  R = highest # - smallest #
 Variance
∑𝑛
1 (𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
2
• Sample Variance  𝜎𝑠 2 = 𝑛−1
∑𝑛
1 (𝑥𝑖 −𝜇)
2
• Population Variance  𝜎𝑝 2 = 𝑛

 Standard Deviation

∑𝑛
1 (𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
2
• Sample SD  𝜎𝑠 = √ 𝑛−1

∑𝑛
1 (𝑥𝑖 −𝜇)
2
• Population SD  𝜎𝑝 = √ 𝑛
𝜎
 Coefficient of variation  cv =
𝑥̅
𝑥̅ −𝑚𝑜
 Skewness  S= where: 𝑥̅ − arithmetic mean
𝜎

𝜇 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
23. Conversion factor: 1 Revolution is equal to:
= 360 degrees = 400 gradians

= 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 400 gons

= 6400 mils
24. Coterminal Angles Formula:
 Positive Coterminal Angle
 Negative Coterminal Angle
25. Angle Pairs
 Complementary Angles
 Supplementary Angles
 Explementary Angles
 𝜃𝑐𝑇 = 𝛽 + 𝑛(3600 )
 𝜃𝑐𝑇 = 𝛽 − 𝑛(3600 )
 ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 = 900
 ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 = 1800
 ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 = 3600

 Vertical Angles  ∠𝐴 = ∠C and ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐷

26. Reference Angles

Quadrant 1  𝜃= 𝛼
Quadrant 2  𝜃 = 1800 − 𝛼

Quadrant 3  𝜃 = 𝛼 − 1800
Quadrant 4  𝜃 = 3600 − 𝛼
27. Triangle’s Formula:
𝟏
 Given Base & Altitude  A = bh
𝟐

𝟏
 Given 2 Sides & 1 Angle  A = ab sin 𝜽
𝟐

 Given all sides  A = √𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)

𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶
 Given 3 angles and a side  A=
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷

√𝟑
 An equilateral triangle  A=
𝟒
𝒂𝟐

 A triangle with escribed circle  A = rs

(𝒔−𝒂)(𝒔−𝒃)(𝒔−𝒄)
 A triangle circumscribed in a circle:  A = rs where: r=√
𝒔

𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝒂
 A triangle inscribed in a circle:  A= where: r =
𝟒𝒓 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨

28. Special Lines of A Triangle

1
 Length of Median  𝑚𝑎 = √2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
2

2
 Length of Angle Bisector  𝑏𝑎 = * √𝑏𝑐𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎)
𝑏+𝑐

2(𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 )
 Length of Altitude  ℎ𝑎 =
𝑎

29. Special Right Triangles

 300 − 600 − 900  Ratio > 1: √3: 2

 450 − 450 − 900  Ratio > 1: 1: √2

30. Solutions to Oblique Triangles
𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
 Cosine Law  Cos A =
𝟐𝒃𝒄

𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑪

 Sine Law  = =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄

𝑨+𝑩 𝒂+𝒃
𝐭𝐚𝐧( ) 𝐭𝐚𝐧( )
𝟐 𝟐
31. The law of tangent  𝑨−𝑩 = 𝒂−𝒃
𝐭𝐚𝐧( ) 𝐭𝐚𝐧( )
𝟐 𝟐

32. Reciprocal Identities

𝟏 𝟏
sin =  csc =
𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
cos = 𝒔𝒆𝒄  sec = 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟏 𝟏
tan = 𝒄𝒐𝒕  cot = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
33. Quotient Relation of Identities
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒄
tan = 𝒄𝒐𝒔  tan = 𝒄𝒔𝒄
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒔𝒄
cot = 𝒔𝒊𝒏  cot = 𝒔𝒆𝒄
34. Product Relation of Identities
sin = tan * cos csc = sec * cot
cos = cot * sin sec = csc * tan
tan = sec * sin cot = csc * cos
35. Spherical Triangles
 Spherical Excess  E = (A+B+C) - 1800
 Spherical Defect  D = 3600 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝜋 𝑟2𝐸
 Area  A=
1800
𝐴
 Solid Angle  𝜔=
𝑟2

 Sum of Vertex Angles

𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 > 1800
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 < 5400
36. Angle Measurements and Diagonals
 Sum of Interior Angles  S = (n – 2) * 1800
𝑆
 Interior Angle  𝜃=
𝑛

 Sum of Exterior Angles  S = 3600

3600
 Exterior Angle  𝜃=
𝑛
𝒏
 Diagonal  D = (n – 3) ( )
𝟐

37. Area and Perimeter of Regular Polygons

1
 Given apothem and perimeter  A = ap
2

180
 Given apothem and no. of sides  A = n𝑎2 ( )
𝑛

𝑛𝑠2 180
 Given length and no. of sides  A= * cot( )
4 𝑛

 Perimeter  P = n𝑠
 Given r of the circumscribing circle
𝑛𝑟 2 360
Area  A= * sin( )
2 𝑛
360
Perimeter  P = 2𝑛𝑟 * sin( )
2𝑛

38. Quadrilaterals
1. Parallelogram
1
 Area & Perimeter  A= bh = ab sin𝜃
2
1
 A= 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin𝜃
2

 P = 2 (a+b)
2. Square

 Area, Perimeter & Diagonal  A = 𝒔𝟐

 P = 4s

 D = s√2
3. Rectangle
 Area & Perimeter  A = lw
 P = 2 (lw)
4. Trapezoid
𝒉
 Area & Perimeter  A = (a+b)
𝟐

ℎ ℎ
 P=a+b+ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

5. Rhombus
 Area & Perimeter  A = hs
1
 A = 𝑑1 𝑑2
2

 A = 𝑠 2 sin𝜃
 P = 4s
6. General Quadrilateral

 Area  A = √(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅) − 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
where: s =
2

𝐴+𝐶
𝜃= or
2
𝐵+𝐷
𝜃=
2

7. Cyclic Quadrilateral
 Area & Radius

A = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)

√(𝑎𝑏+𝑐𝑑)+(𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)+(𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐)
r=
4𝐴

where: 𝑑1 𝑑2 = ac + bd

8. Quadrilateral Circumscribing a Circle A = √𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑

A = rs
9. Special Polygons
 Pentagram  A = 1. 123 𝑟 2

 Hexagram  A = √3 𝑟 2
39. All About Circles

1. Area & Circumference  A = 𝜋𝑟 2

 C = 2𝜋r
2. Arc Length  S = r𝜃
 𝟏 𝟏
3. Area of a Sector  A= rs = 𝑟2𝜃
𝟐 𝟐

4. Area of a Segment
1
 Case 1:  A= 𝑟 2 (𝜃𝑟 - sin𝜃)
2

1
 Case 2:  A= 𝑟 2 (𝜃𝑟 + sin 𝛼)
2

40. Plane and Solid Geometry

1. Cube

 Area, Volume & Diagonal  A = 6 𝑎2  V = 𝑎3  D = √3𝑎

2. Cuboid/Rectangular Parallelepiped
 Area, Volume & Diagonal  A = 2 (ab + bc + ac)  V = abc

 D = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
3. Cylinder 4. Prism
* Right Cylinder * Right Prism
A = 2𝜋rh A = 𝑃𝐵 * h

V = 𝑏ℎ V = 𝐴𝐵 * h
* Oblique Cylinder * Oblique Prism
A = 2𝜋rL A = 𝑃𝑅 * L

V = 𝜋𝑟 2 (L sin 𝜃) V = 𝐴𝑅 * L
5. Cone 6. Pyramid
* Right Cone * Right Pyramid
𝑃𝐿
A = 𝜋rL A = 𝐴𝐵 +
2
1 1
V= bh V = Bh
3 3

* Oblique Cone * Frustum of a Pyramid

(𝑃𝑏 +𝑃𝑏 )∗𝐿
A = 𝜋rL A =
2
1 ℎ
V= bh V = (B+b+√𝐵𝑏)
3 3

where: 𝐿2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2
7. Prismatoid 8. Sphere
A = 𝐴1 + 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑑 +𝐴2 A = 4𝜋𝑟 2
ℎ 4
V = * (𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑑 + 𝐴2 ) V = 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3

9. Similar Solids
𝐴2 𝐿
• = ( 2 )2
𝐴1 𝐿1
𝑉2 𝐿
• = ( 𝐿2 ) 3
𝑉1 1
𝑉2 2 𝐴
• (𝑉 ) = (𝐴2 )3
1 1
41. Regular Polyhedrons

√2 2
1. Tetrahedron A = √3 𝑎2 V = 𝑎3 h =√ 𝑎 Angle Between = 70.530
12 3

𝑎
• Number of Faces  4 • R (Midsphere)  𝑟𝑚 =
√8
• Number of Vertices  4 3
• R (Circumsphere)  𝑟𝑐 = √ 𝑎
8
• Number of Edges  6 3
• R (Exsphere)  𝑟𝑒𝑥 = √2 𝑎
√6
• R (Insphere)  𝑟𝑖 = 12
𝑎

2. Hexahedron A = 6𝑎2 V = 𝑎3 Angle Between = 900

Face Diagonal = √2 𝑎 Number of Edges  12

Space Diagonal = √3 𝑎 𝑎
R (Insphere)  𝑟𝑖 =
2
𝑎
Number of Faces  6 R (Midsphere)  𝑟𝑚 =
√2
Number of Vertices  8 R (Circumsphere)  𝑟𝑐 =
√3
𝑎
2
√2
3. Octahedron A = 2√3𝑎2 V = 𝑎3
3

• Number of Faces  8 • R (Insphere)  𝑟𝑖 =

√6
𝑎
6
𝑎
• Number of vertices  6 • R (Midsphere)  𝑟𝑚 =
2
• Number of Edges  12 • R (Circumsphere)  𝑟𝑐 =
√2
2

4. Dodecahedron A = 20. 65 𝑎2 V = 7.66 𝑎3

• Number of Faces  12 • R (Insphere)  𝑟𝑖 = 1.11 𝑎

• Number of vertices  20 • R (Midsphere)  𝑟𝑚 = 1.30 𝑎
• Number of Edges  30 • R (Circumsphere)  𝑟𝑐 = 1.40 𝑎

5. Icosahedron A = 8.66 𝑎2 V = 2.18 𝑎3

• Number of Faces  20 • R (Insphere)  𝑟𝑖 = 0.756 𝑎

• Number of vertices  12 • R (Midsphere)  𝑟𝑚 = 0.81 𝑎
• Number of Edges  30 • R (Circumsphere)  𝑟𝑐 = 0.951 𝑎

42. What is the distance between two points?  D = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

(𝑟1 ∗𝑥2 )+(𝑟2 ∗𝑥1 )
43. Division of Line Segment Formula  X =
𝑟1 +𝑟2

(𝑟1 ∗𝑦2 )+(𝑟2 ∗𝑦1 )

 Y =
𝑟1 +𝑟2

𝑥1 +𝑥2
44. The Midpoint Formula  𝑋𝑀 =
2
𝑦1 +𝑦2
 𝑌𝑀 =
2
𝐴𝑥 +𝐵𝑦 +𝐶
43. Distance From a Point to a Line  D =
√𝐴2 +𝐵2

𝐶 −𝐶1
44. Distance Between Two Parallel Lines  D = |√𝐴22 | where: 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 and 𝐵1 = 𝐵2
+𝐵2
45. Centers of a Triangle :

 The Location of the Centroid

𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3
𝑋𝑐 = 3
𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
𝑌𝑐 = 3

 The Location of the Incenter

𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3
𝑋𝑖 = 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑎𝑦1 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐𝑦3
𝑌𝑖 = 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

45. Angle of Inclination and Slope of the Line

 Given Inclination  m = tan 𝜃

𝑦2 −𝑦1
 Given Two Points  m=
𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝑚2 −𝑚1
 Intersection of two Lines  tan 𝜃 =
1+𝑚2 𝑚1

 Slope of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

• Parallel Lines  𝑚2 = 𝑚1
−1
• Perpendicular Lines  𝑚2 =
𝑚1

46. Equations of Straight Lines

 Standard Equations:

• Point – Slope Form  y - 𝑦1 = m(x - 𝑥1 )

• Slope Intercept Form  y = mx + b

47. Conic Sections

1. Circle (e = 0)

 Gen. Equation  A𝑥 2 + A𝑦 2 +𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 +F = 0

 Standard Equation  (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

2. Ellipse (e <1)
 Gen. Equation  A𝑥 2 + C𝑦 2 +𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 +F = 0

 Standard Equation
𝑥2 𝑦2
• Major Axis Horizontal @ center 0,0  + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑥2 𝑦2
• Major Axis Vertical @ center 0,0  + =1
𝑏2 𝑎2
 Key Formulas for Ellipse
2𝑏 2
• Latus Rectum  LR =
𝑎

𝑎 𝑐
• Eccentricity  e= =
𝑑 𝑎

• Relationship among a, b and c  𝑎2 = 𝑏 2

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
• Major Axis Horizontal @ center h,k 
𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
=1

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
• Major Axis Vertical @ center h,k  + =1
𝑏2 𝑎2

3. Parabola (e = 1)
 Gen. Equation  A𝑥 2 +𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 +F = 0

 Standard Equation

• Vertex at the origin ( 0,0 )

* 𝑦 2 = ± 4𝑎𝑥

* 𝑥 2 = ± 4𝑎𝑦 note: (+) --- Opens Upward or Right

(-) --- Opens Downward or Left

• Vertex at ( h,k )

* (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = ±4𝑎(𝑥-h)  OPENS RIGHT or LEFT

* (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = ±4𝑎(𝑦-k)  OPENS UPWARD or DOWNWARD

 Key Formulas for Parabola

• Latus Rectum  LR = 4𝑎

• If C = 0 ; Axis is  VERTICAL

• If A = 0 ; Axis is  HORIZONTAL

4. Hyperbola (e > 1)
 Gen. Equation  A𝑥 2 − C𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 +F = 0 (Transverse Axis is Horizontal)

 C𝑦 2 − 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 +F = 0 (Transverse Axis is Vertical)

 Standard Equations
𝑥2 𝑦2
• Transverse Axis - HORIZONTAL at the origin ( 0,0 )  − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑦2 𝑥2
• Transverse Axis - VERTICAL at the origin ( 0,0 )  + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
• Transverse Axis - HORIZONTAL at ( h,k )  − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
• Transverse Axis - VERTICAL at ( h,k )  + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

 Key Formulas for Hyperbola

2𝑏 2
• Latus Rectum  LR =
𝑎

• Length of Transverse Axis  2a

• Length of Conjugate Axis  2b

• Relationship among a, b and c  𝑐 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

48. Limit of Some Special Functions
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
• 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥−−0 ( )=1 • 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥−− ∞ ( ) =0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
• 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥−− ∞ ( )=0 • 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥−− 0 ( ) =0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1
• 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥−−0 ( )=1 • 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥−− 0 (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = e
𝑥

49. Differential Calculus

 Algebraic Functions
𝑑
• (𝑢 ± 𝑣) = du ± 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢 −𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 • ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
• (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢 • √𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑢

𝑑
• (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

 Logarithmic Functions
𝑑 log𝑎 𝑒
• log 𝑎 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑 1
• (ln 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

 Exponential Functions
𝑑
• (𝑎𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
• (𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥

 Trigonometric Functions
𝑑 𝑑
• (sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 • (csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
• (cos 𝑢) = −sin u • (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
• (tan 𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 u • (cot 𝑢) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 u
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 Hyperbolic Functions
𝑑 𝑑
• (sinh x) = cosh x • (csch 𝑥) = −coth x csch x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
• (cosh 𝑥) = sinh x • (sech 𝑥) = − tanh x sech x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
• (tanh 𝑥) = 1 − tanh x • (coth 𝑥) = 1− 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
50. Integral Calculus
𝑢𝑛+1
 Power Formula  ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1
+𝐶

𝑑𝑢
 Logarithm Formula  ∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢

 Exponential Formula  ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
  Trigonometric Functions
𝑢
• ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑢 + 𝐶 • ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln tan 2 + 𝐶

• ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 • ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln (sec 𝑢 ∗ tan 𝑢) + 𝐶

• ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −ln cos 𝑢 + 𝐶 • ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶

51. Moment of Inertia of Plane Areas

𝑥
∫𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴
2
 At the y – axis (Vertical Strip) 
1

𝑦2
 At the x – axis (Horizontal Strip)  ∫𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
1

52. Physical Applications

 Law of growth and decay  𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜 𝑒 ±𝑘𝑡

 Newton’s Law of cooling  T = 𝑡𝑠 + (𝑡𝑜 -𝑡𝑠 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
 Chemical Conversion  Q = 𝑄𝑜 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑄
 Flow Problems  = 𝑟𝑖 - 𝑟𝑜
𝑑𝑇

53. Forms of Complex Numbers

 Rectangular Form  Z = a + bi

 Polar Form  Z = r∠𝜃

 Trigonometric Form  Z = x + jy
 Z = r (cos 𝜃+ i sin 𝜃)

 Exponential Form  Z = r𝑒 𝑖𝜃

54. Operations on Complex Numbers

 Addition and Subtraction  (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 i) ± (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 i) = (𝑎1 ± 𝑎2 ) ±(𝑏1 i ± 𝑏2 i)

 Power Raising  (r∠𝜃)𝑛 = r𝑛 ∠𝑛𝜃

 Multiplication  (𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 )*(𝑟2 ∠𝜃2 ) = 𝑟1 𝑟2 ∠𝜃1 + 𝜃2

𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 𝑟
 Division  = 𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 − 𝜃2
𝑟2 ∠𝜃2 2

1 1
𝜃+360
 nth Root  (r∠𝜃)𝑛 = r𝑛 ∠ 𝑛
∞
55. The Laplace Transform  L = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f(t) dt

55. The Inverse Laplace Transform  𝐿−1 = f(t)