NIGHT LAMP BRIGHTNESS CONTROLLER

SYSTEM
APPLIED PHYSICS AP102
2020-21

Submitted to :
Dr. Rinku Sharma
Dr. Sameer Jain

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)

Bawana Road,

Delhi 110042

BY - PROMIT MANDAL(2K20/A14/42)
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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I PROMIT MANDAL students of B. Tech.

(ELECTRICAL) hereby declare that the project Dissertation

titled

“NIGHT LAMP BRIGHTNESS CONTROLLER SYSTEM”

which is submitted by us to the Department of APPLIED

PHYSICS , Delhi Technological University,
Delhi in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is original and not
copied from
any source without proper citation. This work has not
previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree,
Diploma
Associateship, Fellowship or other similar title or
recognition.

Dr. Rinku Sharma

Dr. Sameer Jain
Place: Delhi
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering) Bawana Road,
Delhi-110042
 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In performing our major project, I had to take the help and
guideline of some respected persons, who deserve our
greatest gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives
us much pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude to
Professor RINKU SHARMA AND SAMEER JAIN, Mentor for
major project. Giving us a good guideline for report
throughout numerous consultations. I would also like to
extend our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly
and indirectly guided us in writing this assignment.

Many people, our classmates and team members itself,

have made valuable comment suggestions on this proposal
which gave me an inspiration to improve our assignment.
We thank all the people for their help directly and indirectly
to complete our assignment. In addition, we would like to
thank Department of APPLIED PHYSICS.
Delhi Technological University for giving us the opportunity
to work on this topic.
 4

ABSTRACT

Night Lamp Brightness Controller System is

designed as an intelligent street light this is because
the system has capability to sense day or night, it
sense if there is any motion or not and can control
the brightness of the lamp accordingly in two
condition: dim in day time and full brightness in
night time. The brain for this system is PIC16178
77(micro controller). Firstly, Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR) sensor will sense day or night. If the
sensor sense night, PlC microcontroller will switch
on the Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor and lamp in
dim condition and but if it day, there is nothing
happen towards the system. Next, when PIR sensor
senses the motion or movement, PlC microcontroller
will switch the condition of lamp from dim to full
brightness. The lamp will be in full brightness
condition until the PIR sensor did not sense any
movement anymore and it will back to dim conditon.
Next when LDR sensor senses the intensity of light
from sun, the system will turn the lamp and PIR
sensor off. Lastly, this system will loop to the initial
condition.
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CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION
→Overview
→Objective of Project
→Project Scope
→Problem Statement

CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEW

→Main Use of Street Light
→Night Lamp Controller System
→PIC 16F877 Mircocontroller
→Halogen Lamp

CHAPTER-3
→Development of LDR
→LED

CHAPTER-4
→Overview on Motion Detection
→IR Sensor
→Overview on Arduino UNO:
→Physical characterstics
→USB Overcurrent Protection
 6

CHAPTER-5
→Design and Implementation
→Working of the Circuit

CHAPTER-6
→Code for Arduino UNO

CHAPTER-7
→Observation and Result
→Conclusion
→Reference
 7

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Nowadays, street light are an important component when a night is

coming. It is because street light will be a component that replaces sun at

night. It also will help a living creature to continue their activity at night.

But, there are many highways that did not have a street light and

sometimes, some place that has a street light are rarely use by the road

user. Both of situations can cause a negative effect. When there is no street

light at certain area that some people use, it maybe can give big chances to

a robbery or other criminal activities. And when there is a street light at

area that people rarely use can cause a wasting current. This also would not

give any profit to the government. Others, as we can see, nowadays street

light is used concept of timer. For example, the timer is set the street light

will turn on at 7.00 pm and turn off at 7.00 am. This condition is not

flexible because the day turn to night is not constantly. Sometimes, 7.00

pm is still in day but the street light is already switched on. And

sometimes, at 7.00 am is still in the dark but the street light is already turn

off. This Night Lamp Brightness Controller System is an intelligence

system. It will overcome this problem with the very flexible system. The
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system that to be develop with LDR sensor and Motion Detector to control

the brightness of the street lamp. This system only operates at night. It will

be two ,condition of lamp. When there is any movement is detected, the

lamp will be in full brightness condition. But, if there is no motion is

detected, lamp is still in dim condition. This is system is save the current

that used when the lamp is in dim condition. And it can be installed at

deserted area.

The advantage of this system is it did not need high current to support the

lamp when it is in dim condition. Others, it is also would not cause a high

cost to develop this system and when the system operating.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this project is to;

1. To create system that can detect day or night time according to sun's
intensity.

2. At night, to control a lamp in dimmed condition when no motion has

detected and full brightness when motion is detected.

3. To develop a night lamp system that can detect day or night and
control the brightness of a lamp.
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1.3 PROJECT SCOPE

a. Assembly the hardware and do programming for the microcontroller

(PIC).

PIC that has been using in this project is PIC16F877. This is

because the entire feature that content in this type of PIC
microcontroller is suitable and preferable for this project. The
application that has been using is ADC,
PWM, and other.

b. Detect motion in 5 meters.

The sensor that has been installed in this project that function as a
motion detector is Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor. The PIR Sensor
has a range of approximately 5 meters. The PIR sensor can sense
object up t01200 within 1 meter range. The sensitivity can vary with
environmental conditions. The sensor is designed to adjust to slowly
changing conditions that would happen normally as the day
progresses and the environmental conditions change, but responds
by making its output high when sudden changes occur, such as when
there is motion.

c. 2 condition of lamp is dimmed and full brighmess.

According to the objective that have stated above, the lamp has to be
controlled based on the situation. If there is a motion has detected,
the lamp will be in full brightness, but when no motion has detected,
the lamp exactly will be in dim condition. These two conditions of
lamp will be controlled by
 10

PIC microcontroller by using PWM application.

d. This system can sense day or night by using LDR sensor

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor is very useful especially in

light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very
high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are
illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically.

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

As we know, there are many problems can happen when there is no street
light with a well function at the highway at night. This happen because
this street light is a replacement with sun at night besides a moon. People
can continue their business safely at night with this street light such as
walking to go back home from the bus stop and others. But when there is
no street light, the dangerous thing can happen easily because these bad
people cannot be see clearly in a dark night. But, if there is a sfreet light
also gives us a drawback when this street light is placed at a highway that
is been seldom used. This is because the voltage that is supply to support
the street light is wasting just like that because of no people driving their
vehicle through this way.

Disadvantages of Classical Street Light:

1. Street lights are remain on when there is a visible spectrum of light.

2. These street lights need a manual switching operation.

3. It also needs man power.

4. These street lights are unnecessarily glowing with its full intensity in the absence of
any activities in the street.

5. High power consumption and waste of energy.

6. Less reliable.

7. Manual hectic operation due to change in season and climate.

 11

To face the various problem mentioned above in the conventional

lighting system we need a lighting system that is well equipped with
recent inventions and technology. As it is well known to everyone is that
the natural sources to generate power is limited and we are wasting so
much of energy meaninglessly.
So if we can use automation in this particular case so that all the street
lights can be switch on and off automatically when it is really necessary.
And if we can use controller circuits to implement a model so that all the
street lights can only glow with its maximum intensity when there is
activity in its region otherwise it should glow at a minimum given
intensity. So that we can save a huge amount of power.
With the inventions of light emitting diodes which has a small amount of
power consumptions and high efficiency; we should use light emitting
diodes instead of all classical fuse bulbs
With the help of all these sensor available in the market, we should have
100% control over the street for the safety and security of lives in the
streets along with a flexible transportation system.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2 OVERVIEW:

Street light are the device that help human continue their activities at night. Street light as known as
lamppost is placed everywhere especially at a place that is at a strategic location where many people
use stay or do their activity at that place.

A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the
edge of a road, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. The concept that has been using
for street light nowadays is timer concept.

2.1 Main use of Street Light

There are three distinct main uses of street lights, each requiring different types of lights and
placement. The different types of lights can make the situation worse by compromising visibility or
safety.First is beacon light. A modest steady light at the intersection of two roads is an aid to
navigation because it helps a driver see the location of a side road as he comes closer to it and he can
adjust his braking and know exactly where to turn if he intends to leave the main road or see vehicles
or pedestrians. A beacon light's function is to say "here I am" and even a dim light provides enough
contrast against the dark night to serve the purpose. To prevent the dangers caused by a car driving
through a pool of light, a beacon light must never shine onto the main road, and not brightly onto the
side road. In residential areas, this is usually the only appropriate lighting, and it has the bonus side
effect of providing spill lighting onto any sidewalk there for the benefit of pedestrians. On highways,
this purpose is commonly served by placing reflectors at the sides of the road.

Figure 2.1: Beacon light

 The second light is roadway lights. Street lights are not normally intended to illuminate the driving
route, but to reveal signs and hazards outside of the headlights' beam. Roadway lights are properly used
sparingly and only when a particular situation justifies increasing the risk. This usually involves an
intersection with several turning movements, situations where drivers must take in much inforrnation
quickly that is not in the headlights' beam. In these situations, at freeway junction or exit ramp, the
intersection may be lit so that drivers can quickly see all hazards, and a well designed plan will have
gradually increasing lighting for approximately a quarter of a minute before the intersection and
gradually decreasing lighting after it. The main stretches of highways remain unlighted to preserve the
driver's night vision and increase the visibility of oncoming headlights. If there is a sharp curve where
headlights will not illuminate the road, a light on the outside of the curve is often justified. If it is
desired to light a roadway, perhaps due to heavy and fast multilane traffic, to avoid the dangers of
casual placement of street lights it should not be lit intermittently, as this requires repeated eye
readjustment which implies eyestrain and temporary blindness when entering and leaving light pools.
In this case the system is designed to eliminate the need for headlights. This is usually achieved with
bright lights placed on high poles at close regular intervals so that there is consistent light along the
route. The lighting goes from curb to curb.

Figure 2.2: Solar street light

The last light is security lighting. Security lighting is similar to high-intensity lighting on a busy major
street, with no pools of light and dark, but with the lighted area extending onto people's property, at least
to their front door. This requires a different type of fixture and lens. The increased glare experienced by
drivers going through the area might be considered a trade-off for increased security. This is what would
normally be used along sidewalks in dense areas of cities. Often unappreciated is that the light from a full
moon is brighter than most security lighting.

Figure 2.3: Security light

2.2 Night Lamp Controller System.

Time goes by and the technologies are more and more by passes of time. In this subtopic, the
technology that we want to discuss is about technologies of street light. Nowadays, a latest controller
system of street light that has been using in Malaysia is timer. The timer has been set when the light
have to on and off. For example, the timer is been set at 7p.m to turn on and when 12 hours later, the
lights will turn off. In this situation, this kind of system is not very practical because the dusk at the
dawn not fix at 7p.m and 7a.m. sometimes we can see that the street light is turn on but here is
still in a day and other situation is the street is still in the dark because that time is not at 7p.m yet. And
these two situations will make a little difficulty toward our human being.

Others, nowadays street light is just have one condition of light. So the current that has been used can
be a wasted if there is no person driving their vehicles used this highway.
Next is solar street light. This kind of street light is stored the energy in the morning when there is a
sunlight and will use the energy at night to lighting the street light. This system is quite practical and a
good system because solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and emissions are
manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under
development. And the facilities also operate with little maintenance or intervention after initial setup.
But, there are also a several disadvantages while been using this solar system, such as solar electricity
is almost always more expensive than electricity generated by other sources. Others, solar electricity is
not available at night and is less available in cloudy weather conditions. Therefore, a storage or
complementary power system is required.
Night Lamp Brightness Controller System has been develop as an intelligent street light where this
system can be turn on and off at the right time. There are 2 sensors has been installed in this system
which is LDR sensor and PIR sensor. LDR sensor is function to detect day and night. While PIR
sensor is function to detect motion or movement.

The advantage of this system is the lamp has two condition lighting which is dim and full brightness.
The condition is function when there is a motion has detected or no motion detect. When there is a
motion has been detected, the lamp will be in full brightness condition, while, when there is no motion
detected the lamp will stay in dim condition. Other advantages are this system is turn off and on
according to light detection at LDR sensor. When the LDR detect that is a night, lamp will be turn on
in dim condition if there is no motion and vice versa.
The disadvantage of this system is PIR sensor is sensitive with all movement such as a movement of
tree.

2.3 PIC 16F877 Microcontroller

PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) is the IC which was developed to control peripheral devices,
alleviating the load from the main CPU. It is also family of Harvard Architecture microcontroller. It is
made by Microchip Technology, derived from the
PIC1640 originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The PIC
16F877/874 devices come in 40-pin packages. PIC16F877 is PIC which is placed in the higher rank of
PIC16F873 and the capacity of the program memory and so on is big capacity compared with 873. The
function which is in 877, not being in 873 is the function of the parallel communication. It is called
PSP (Parallel Slave Port).

The core features is this PIC is high performance RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) TPU
(Time Processing Unit). This RISC is fixed microcode size with normally one clock cycle for each
instruction. It is also easy to operate as less transistor is required and faster execution time. And it
prefers high level language. Other features are 35 single word instructions, all single cycle instruction
except for program branches which are two cycles, pinout compatible to the PIC 16073B/74B/76/77,
interrupt capability (up to 14 sources), eight levels deep hardware stack, programmable code
protection, processor read/write access to program memory and etc.

The peripheral features are:

Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

Timer 1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during SLEEP via external
crystal/clock

Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler

Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

 Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns

Compare is 1 6-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns PWM max. resolution is 10-bit

10-bit multi-channel Analog-to-Digital converter

Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPID (Master mode) and 12cü (Master/Slave)

Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address

detection

Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only)
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

2.4 HALOGEN LAMP

A halogen lamp is an incandescent lamp in which a tungsten filament is sealed into a compact
transparent envelope filled with an inert gas and a small amount of halogen such as iodine or
bromine. The combination of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces a chemical reaction
known as a halogen cycle that increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by
redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament. The halogen lamp can operate
its filament at a higher temperature than a standard gas filled lamp of similar power without loss of
operating life. This gives it a higher efficacy (10-30 1m/W). It also gives light of a higher color
temperature compared to a non-halogen incandescent lamp. Alternatively, it may be designed to have
perhaps twice the life with the same or slightly higher efficacy. Because of their smaller size, halogen
lamps can advantageously be used with optical systems that are more efficient.
Halogen lamps get hotter than regular incandescent lamps because the heat is concentrated on a
smaller envelope surface, and because the surface is closer to the filament. This high temperature is
essential to their operation. Because the halogen lamp operates at very high temperatures, it can pose
fire and burn hazards. Some safety codes now require halogen bulbs to be protected by a grid or grille,
especially for high power (1-2 kW) bulbs used in commercial theatre, or by the glass and metal
housing of the fixture to prevent ignition of' draperies or flammable objects in contact with the lamp.
Similarly, in some areas halogen bulbs over a certain power are banned from residential use.

Any surface contamination, notably fingerprints, can damage the quartz envelope when it is heated.
Contaminants will create a hot spot on the bulb surface when the bulb is turned on. This extreme,
localized heat causes the quartz to change from its vitreous form into a weaker, crystalline form which
leaks gas. This weakening may also cause the bulb to rapidly form a bubble, thereby weakening the
bulb and leading to its failure or explosion, and creating a serious safety hazard. Consequently,
manufacturers recommend that quartz lamps should be handled without touching the clear quartz,
either by using a clean paper towel or carefully holding the porcelain base. If the quartz is
contaminated in any way, it must be thoroughly cleaned with rubbing alcohol and dried before use.

Halogen headlamps were widely implemented in many automobiles. Halogen floodlights for home
outdoor lighting systems as well as for watercraft are also manufactured for commercial and
recreational use. They are now also used in desktop lamps. Halogen headlamps were widely
implemented in many automobiles. Halogen floodlights for home outdoor lighting systems as well as
for watercraft are also manufactured for commercial and recreational use. They are now also used in
desktop lamps.
CHAPTER 3:

3.1 Development of LDR :

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is made up of light sensing material called Cadmium Sulphide i.e. Cds.
LDR is a Cadmium Sulphide photo resister that changes its resister according to the spectrum of light
falls on it. Its resistance is 1MQ in the absence of sunlight and 5k0 in the presence of sunlight. So when
there is complete darkness it conducts electricity very poorly due to high resistance and when there is a
visible spectrum of light it conducts electricity very well.

So according to problem statement

1. Are remain switched on in the presence of sunlight.

2. Need manual switching.

3. Need man power.

4. Face variable On-period due to change in seasons.

5. Less reliable.

6. Waste of huge amount of energy unnecessarily.

To overcome this problem we can connect a relay in series with all the street lights which will receives
the signals from LDR where to switch the street lights on or off. By using this concept we can develop an
automatic street light.

3.2 LED:

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light

sources. The light emitted from LEDS varies from visible
to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low
voltage and power. LEDs are one of the most common
electronic components and are mostly used as
indicators in circuits. They are also used for luminance
and optoelectronic applications.

Based on semiconductor diode, LEDs emit photons

when electrons recombine with holes on forward
biasing. The two terminals of LEDs are anode (+) and
cathode (-) and can be Identified by their size. The
longer leg is the positive terminal or anode and shorter one is negative terminal.
The forward voltage of LED(1.7V-2.2V) is lower than the voltage supplied (5V) to drive it in a circuit.
Using an LED as such would burn it because a high current would destroy its p-n gate. Therefore a
current limiting resistor is used in series with LED. Without this resistor, either low input voltage (equal
to forward voltage) or PWM (pulse width modulation) is used to drive the LED.

Chapter-4

4.1 Motion Detection :

According to problem statement all the classical street lights are remain switched on from 6 pm to 6 am
whether there is a pedestrian or vehicle is present or not present of any activity. The most probable
peak time of movement is from 6 pm to 10 pm in a smart city; so after 10pm all the street lights are
glowing at its full intensity which leads to loss of enormous amount of energy. So to overcome this
problem if we can install a small motion detection device which will control the street light to glow at its
100% only in the presence of any activity in the street. To overcome this problem we can use IR sensor
or proximity sensor or photoelectric beam detector.

4.2 IR Sensor:

An infrared Sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surrounding.
An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detect the motion. Usually in the infrared
spectrum, all the object radiate some form of thermal radiations. These type of radiations are invisible
to our eyes that can be detected by an infrared sensor.The emitter is simply an IR LED and the detector
is simply an IR photo diode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the
IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and these output voltage, change in
proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.
4.3 Overview on Arduino UNO:
The Arduino UNO is ATmega328 datasheet based microcontroller that has 6 analog inputs, 8 digital
outputs and 6 PWM outputs. It has a reset button and 16 MHz ceramic resonator with an usb
connection facility along with a power jack.

"Uno" implies one in Italian and is named to stamp the forthcoming arrival of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and
version 1.0 will be the reference renditions of Arduino, making headway. The Uno is the most recent in
a progression of USB Arduino sheets, and the reference model for the Arduino stage.
4.4 Physical Characteristics :
The greatest length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches individually, with the USB
connector and force jack augmenting past the previous measurement. Four screw gaps permit the
board to be connected to a surface or case. Note that the separation between advanced pins 7 and 8 is
160 mil (0.16"), not an even numerous of the 100 mil dispersing of alternate pins.

4.5 USB Overcurrent Protection:

The Arduino Uno has a resettable poly-fuse that shields your PC's USB ports from shorts and
overcurrent. Albeit most PCs give their own particular inner insurance, the fuse gives an additional layer
of security. In the event that more than 500 mA is connected to the USB port, the circuit will
consequently break the association until the short or over-burden is uprooted.

Memory:

The ATmega328 has 35 KB (with 0.5 KB utilized for the boot loader) which includes

1. 2KB for SRAM

2. 1KB for EEPROM

Power:

It can only works on 7-12 volts which can be possible via USB connection from the system. We can give
supply to it by using a battery between Vin and GND. It also provides a IDREF pin to decide whether it
should work on 5v or 3.3v.

Input and Output:

1. Serial: 0 (RX) pin to receive serial data.

2. Serial: 1 (TX) pin to transmit serial data.

3. External Interrupts: Pin 2 and 3 are used to activate interrupt command

4. PWM 8-bit PWM outputs are provided in 3-5, 6, 9, 10, 11

5. LED: 13. The built in led shows whether Arduino is on or off

6. it has analog input named A0, A1,A2,A3,A4,A5

Chapter-5

1. We have used one LDR circuit to distinguish between the day and night. LDR with a small register in
series is connected across the 5V and GND of the Arduino Uno and from the midpoint of the LDR
potential divider circuit the output of the circuit is feed to A0 of the Arduino which turn on all the street
lights which are represented by Led connected to the output pin (ie: 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13).

2. LDR is a special type of resister whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is falling on
it. It has resistance of about 1M-ohm when in total darkness but a resistance of only 5 k-ohm when
brightness is illuminated. The voltage is directly proportional to the conductance so more voltage we
will get when there is sunlight and vice-versa and then we have to set a reference value for the
switching actions of the Led. The reference value is set to 500(baud rate).

3. Four infrared receiver and sender circuits are made to detect the movements and output from the
receiver is fed to the input terminal (ie 1,2,3,4) which corresponds to the led connected to
5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 respectively. All the object sensors are connected between SV and GND of the
Arduino UNO.
5.1 Working of the circuit :

• The output from the LDR is connected to the AO and initially LDR flag and LDR value is set to zero. The
value of LDR reference value is initialized and set to 500(baud rate). If the Arduino UNO reads any value
from LDR whose value is less than the LDR reference value than it will turn on the street lights.

• The output from IR1 and IR2, IR3, and object IR4 are connected to the pin 1,2,3,4 and reference value
of all sensor is set to 500(baud rate).

* Another four proxy value for each object sensor are set to zero and if any object sensor detects any
presence of objects then Arduino UNO compares the value with the object reference value. If the
sensed value is less than the reference value it will glow with 100% of its intensity otherwise LEDs will
be off.

• The first and the last LED glows continuously to detect the start and end of the road.
Chapter-6

6.1 Coding:
The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to the board. This
software can be used with any Arduino board. The Coding required for this project is given below:
CHAPTER 7
Observations and Outcomes:
For a comparative study we have to take the following assumptions:

Assumptions:
1. Suppose a 10 km long one-way street contains 500 street lights and the nominal range of all the
street lights are 20 meter.

2. All the street lights are supposed to glow for a period of 12 hour from 6 pm to 6 am.

3. One street light is supposed to consume 1 kwh power for a period of 1 hour when it glows

with its maximum intensity so that one street light consumes maximum 12kwh in a day.

4. So 500 street lights consume maximum 12kwh 500-6000kwh power in a day.

5. Each IR sensor if blocked than two street light glows,

Case-1: (Let one vehicle is in motion during night)

If two Street light glows per one IR sensor

Than power consumed by two Street light = 2*1kWh

= 2kWh

Maximum of only two street light glow for one vehicle movement.

Therefore, Total power consumed for 12 hrs. = 2 kWh*12

= 24 kWh

Total power saved = 6000kWh-24kWh

= 5976 kWh

Case-2: (from Sam to 6am and 12 pm to 1 am; let only 10 vehicles are in motion) If 10 vehicle crosses
the street light one by one; than total of 20 street light glows per 10 IR sensor

Therefore, power consumed by 20 Street light = 20kWh

Total power consumed in 12 hrs- 20kWh*12

= 240 kWh

So, total power saved 6000kWh-240 kWh

=5760 kWh

Case-3: (from 10pm to 12am; let only 100 vehicles are in motion)
If 100 vehicle crosses the street light one by one; than total of 200 street light glows per 100 IR sensor

Therefore, power consumed by 200 Street light = 200kWh

Total power consumed in 12 hrs = 200kWh 12

= 2400 kWh

So, total power saved= 6000kWh-2400 kWh = 3600 kWh

Conclusion:

This project report gives the detail study of the "Smart Street Light System". The construction, working
principle, implementation of the project is given throughout this report. Circuit meets expectations
appropriately to turn road light on/off depending on the movement of the vehicle. LDR sensor senses the
day or night time. The IR sensor senses the motion of the vehicle. The road lights have been effectively
controlled by Arduino UNO. With orders from the controller, the lights will be ON in the spots of the
movements. Besides the downside of the road light framework utilizing timer controller has been
succeeded, where the framework relies on upon photoelectric sensor. At long last this control circuit can
be utilized as a part of a long roadway between the urban areas as well as the rural areas.

The results of our project work supports our hypothesis that the Smart Street Light circuit would solve
the power consumption problem. The final conclusion drawn from our project work is that the circuit is
very efficient and it can be used in street of India.

Reference:

Books:

Principle of electronics

VK Mehta

Websites:

https://www.elprocus.com/infrared-ir-sensor-circuit-and-working

https://www.lutronik.co.uk/blog/how-an Idilight dependent-resistor-works

https://www.arduino.cc

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino

http://www.instructables.com/id/Start-Street-Lighting Indoor With Avding