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Uruk University

College of Engineering

Electron and Communication Engineering

Report: - Phase Shifters

Name: - Ameer Ali

Stage: - 4 th
Year: - 2020\2021
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phase shifters are two-port waveguide modules that alter the phase
of an output signal in response to an
external signal. They are made of
aluminum, brass, bronze, copper or
silver waveguides and have
rectangular, circular, or elliptical
cross sections. There are two basic
types of RF waveguide phase
shifters. Analog phase shifters use
an analog signal, usually voltage, to
change a signal’s output phase. By
contrast, digital phase shifters use a digital signal that consists of two
discrete stages. For both types of devices, phase shift change is the
most important specification to consider. Typically, RF waveguide
phase shifters can change the phase of an input signal from a
minimum of 0° to a maximum of 90°, 180°, 270°, or 360°. Variable
devices apply a variable control signal and used mainly in digital
products.

RF waveguide phase shifters use flanges to connect waveguide

sections or terminate waveguide components. Most flanges are
square, circular, or rectangular in shape and plated with cadmium,
nickel, rhodium, silver, or tin. Union guide (UG) is the military
standard MIL-DTL-3922 for a range of flange types. Cover or plate
flanges are flat, square UG-style flanges. Choke flanges are UG-style
devices with an O-ring groove and choke cavity. They are often used
to minimize the effects of flange discontinuity. Connector pressurized
rectangular (CPR) flanges meet
Electronic Industry Association
(EIA) specifications and are used
in many non-military applications.
CPR variants include miniature
(CMR), grooved (CPRG), and flat
(CPRF) flanges. Mill-back flanges
are made with the opening of the
flange face equal in size to the
inside of the waveguide, which is soldered into a larger milled
opening at the rear of the flange.
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Performance Specifications
Performance specifications for RF waveguide phase shifters include
operating frequency range, EIA waveguide size, length or height,
insertion loss, average power, and voltage standing wave ratio.
Operating frequency range is the range for which RF waveguide
phase shifters meet all guaranteed specifications. EIA waveguide
sizes have a prefix of WR and indicate the widest inside dimension of
the waveguide in hundredths of an inch. For example, WR650 is 6.50
in. wide, WR90 is 0.90 in. wide, and WR75 is 0.75 in. wide. Length or
height is also measured in inches. Insertion loss is the measured in
decibels (dB) and defined as the ratio of power output to power input.
Average power is measured in watts (w). Voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR) is a unit-less ratio ranging from 1 to infinity that expresses
the amount of reflected energy at the input or output of the device. A
value of one indicates that all energy passes. Any other value
indicates that a portion of the energy is reflected.

Waveguide Phase Shifters – K to W Bands

• Phase shifters available in seven models to cover frequency
ranges from 18 GHz to 110 GHz (WR-42 to WR-10 waveguide
sizes)
• Waveguide phase shifters have a continuously variable range
from 0 to 180 degrees
• 1 dB maximum insertion loss on phase shifter series
• UG flange style per military standard
• Micrometer allows precise and repeatable phase settings.
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Waveguide Phase Shifter Series – K to W Bands

Pasternack’s waveguide phase shifter series operates in the frequency

range of 18 GHz to 110 GHz. These waveguide phase shifter
components function in 7 waveguide bands from K to W band. They
provide phase shift range from 0 to 180 degrees and 1 dB maximum
insertion loss.

These phase shifters for waveguide are constructed of gold-plated

brass waveguide material and feature UG flange-style per military
standard. The phase shifter micrometer allows for precision and
repeatable phase settings. They are ideally suited for aerospace,
defense, industrial, telecom, instrumentation and medical industries.

Pasternack’s waveguide phase shifters are available in sizes ranging

from WR-42 to WR-10. Typical waveguide phase shifter applications
include instrumentation, test benches, product development and
characterization. As with all over 40,000 RF, microwave and millimeter
wave components, these Pasternack waveguide phase shifters are in-
stock and ship same-day.

A Phase Shifter is two-port device

whose basic function is to provide to

change the phase angle of an RF signal

with practically negligible

attenuation.does a phase shifter work

An electronic device that changes the

phase of an incoming signal. Phase
shifting works by taking the input signal
and adding a very small amount of
delay to it, and then mixing it back with the original (non-delayed) signal so
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that certain frequencies of the audio are in or out of phase with each other.
.

Therefore the precision rotary attenuator produces attenuation which

depends only on the angle of rotation Ɵ of the respect to the incident wave
polarization Attenuators are norrnally rnatched reciprocal deyices so that

|S21|=|S12|
and
𝑺𝑾𝑹−1
|S11| or |S22| = ≪ 0.1
𝑺𝑾𝑹+1

Where the SWR is measured at the por concerned.The S- matrix of an ideal

precision rotary attenuator is

[s]= |ቂ 02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 Ɵቃ.

𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ɵ 0
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Figures of Merit

• Number of Effective bits, if digital [Bit]

• Biasing: current-driven, high-voltage electrostatic [mA,V]
• DC power consumption [mW]
• Distortion: group velocity dispersion (GVD) [ps/(km.nm)]
• Gain [dB] if active, loss [dB] if passive
• Linearity: IP3, P1dB [dBm]
• Phase shift / noise figure [deg/dB] (phase shifter) or time
delay / noise figure [ps/dB] (TTD phase shifter)
• Power handling [mW, dBm]
• Reliability [Cycles, MTBF]
• Size [mm2]
• Switching time [ns]

APPLICATIONS
1- In ndustrial applications.
2- microwave instrumentation and measurement systems
3- Used in a variety of communication and radar systems .
CONCLUSION
• Phased array radars are used for inertia less scanning and tracking.
They as well can be multi target tracking.
• Phased arrays can also be used for air traffic control at the
airports.
• Other than defense applications, phase shifters are finding their
place in routine life.
• An American company is working on a project where phased arrays
are used for finding the blind stops on road while driving.
• With such high tech commercial applicat ion, driving on road will be
safer.
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• The phase shifter technology for phased arrays has no limitation

either in defence or in our daily life .
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References:
1. Microwave Solid State Circuit Design, 2nd Ed., by Inder Bahl and
Prakash Bhartia, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 12)
2. ^ RF MEMS Theory, Design and Technology by Gabriel Rebeiz, John
Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 9-10)
3. ^ Antenna Engineering Handbook, 4th Ed., by John Volakis, McGraw-
Hill, 2007 (Chapter 21)