ECOTOPIA –THE POSSIBILITIES OF

FUTURE UTOPIAN CITIES THROUGH

THE LENS OF SUSTAINABILITY
Alvina Habib Khan*
Imaad Nizami**

*Student, IV Sem, M. Arch, Recreation Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
**Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

Abstract – No-one really knows what the future holds, we can only image what our
future would look like. Our vision could be of a Utopian, sustainable, green, technology
driven or Dystopian, with people forced to live in airtight sealed pods because war or
some other disaster has rendered whole swathes of the city unliveable.
One thing we can predict is that spaces will change due to various factors be it climate
change, depletion of resources, war scenarios, etc. Every scenario/situation will need a
different approach and solutions.
This paper will explore the possibilities of different Utopian cities by formulating
alternative scenarios that could take place in the next 100 years forcing the mankind to
rely on renewable resources and nature to survive.

Keywords – Utopia, cities, recreational spaces, ecotopia, climate change, depletion of

resources, nuclear wars

1. INTRODUCTION The word utopia has become adopted in the

English language to mean a place where
The term Utopia was first was first used as
everything is ideal or perfect. Ecotopia
the name of an imaginary island, governed
means any ecologically ideal place or
on a perfect political and social system, in
situation. Ecotopia aims to harness More's
the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas
spirit to predict the future of the world -- if
More.1 “Utopia” comes from Greek: οὐ
they somehow managed to become super
(“not”) and τόπος (“place”) which
eco-friendly.3
translates as “no-place” and literally means
any non-existent society, when ‘described
in considerable detail’.2

1 3
The British Library Board n.d. Marshall, Alan. 2017. Utopian cities of the
2
Wikipedia. 2021. Utopia. future re-imagine life on Earth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia.

1
 2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What are the possible scenarios that could
take place 100 years from now, affecting
the way we live?
How will cities and spaces function in
response to these scenarios?
Will sustainability be a right approach
towards the future cities?
3. THE GOAL OF THE STUDY
Explore the different possibilities of future
utopian cities through the lens of
sustainability.
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
The term Utopia was first was first used as
the name of an imaginary island, governed
on a perfect political and social system, in
the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas
More.4 (The British Library Board n.d.)
“Utopia” comes from Greek: οὐ (“not”) and
τόπος (“place”) which translates as “no-
place” and literally means any non-existent
society, when ‘described in considerable
detail’.2
The word utopia has become adopted in the
English language to mean a place where
everything is ideal or perfect.
Ecological utopia –
Ecotopia term was Ecotopia means any first
used in a utopian novel “Ecotopia: The
Notebooks and Reports of William
Weston” by Ernest Callenbach, published
in 1975. 3
An ecologically ideal place or situation.
Ecotopia aims to harness More's spirit to
predict the future of the world -- if they
4
The British Library Board. n.d. Thomas More's
Utopia.
2
somehow managed to become super eco-
friendly. 3
5. SCENARIOS
Further discussed are different scenarios
which involves a review of both global and
local environmental challenges. This allows
for a diversity of future scenarios rather
than one common vision of the "future
city".
5.1. SCENARIO 1-
DEATH OF CARS – EXHAUSTION OF
FOSSIL FUEL
Crude oil is the lifeblood of modern
economies and nations, but what would
happen if this vital fuel source were to ever
be exhausted?
First, there’s transportation. With the
overwhelming majority of the oil, we
produce, and import devoted to powering
our cars, motorcycles, trucks, trains and
planes, the impact on getting around would
be most dramatic. Price-gouging would
begin right away, and long lines would
form at gas stations. The lines wouldn’t last,
though, because the gasoline would soon be
gone. A strategic reserve of finished
petroleum products — gasoline, diesel and
aviation fuel — has often been suggested
but never created. Within a month, every
fuel tank would be dry, all our gauge
needles would point to “E,” and the roads,
rails and skies would be virtually empty.5
Needless to say, it would be a pretty serious
event. The loss of these resources would
have a profound, and shattering effect on
human civilization.
But is it a realistic scenario for the future?
According to British Petroleum's Statistical
Review of World Energy, we should have
enough to last until about 2070.5
establish delivery infrastructure and switch
over our cars.7
Thus, transformation of cities and their
network takes place. Instead of being paths
for cars and trucks, roads and highways are
converted to vegetated greenways for
pedestrians and cyclists. The highways
would also act as a network of ecological
corridors; connecting populations of wild
plants and animals that would otherwise be
isolated.

Figure i transportation vehicles stacked on over the

other.

Source -
https://static.wixstatic.com/media/0db8c2_dd96ae4eebd1
4808b8320109ac7ce502~mv2.jpg.webp

IMPACT ON CITIES
This will lead us to entirely depend on solar,
wind, hydrogen, natural gas as energies of
the future.
The loss of oil will make us question the
shortest of distance.
Following World War II, one machine ruled
city planning and our way of life: the
automobile. Cities were designed and built
around roadways and the interstate system
would change the way we drove our cars
near and far. 6
How far is it to the nearest grocery store? Figure ii Car-free city.
How long does it take to walk — or bike, or
skate — to work? Finally confronting our Source- James McKay

dependence on motor vehicles, we’d reach
for whatever solutions we could find. Soon,
we’d all be looking for an electric car or
converting our vehicles to run on natural
gas. But we’d be waiting for some time to
secure adequate natural gas supplies,
The big cities will get a huge makeover,
with dozens more suburban train stations
and extensive electrified mass transit
networks comprising trolley buses and
trams that will be connected to surrounding
small towns.

5 7
McFadden, Christopher. 2019. What Would Steve Hallett, John Wright. 2011. Imagining a
Happen If the World Ran Out of Crude Oil? world without oil.
6
Szymkowski, Sean. 2019. Totally car-free
neighbourhood planned in Arizona.

3

Figure iii Transformation of streets
Source -
https://twitter.com/carfreedayLDN/status/101596189900
6087168/photo/3
Free electric shared taxis are introduced for
people with mobility issues and shared
electric minibuses for long distances or
rural connections.
Neighbourhoods look and feel completely
different. Some roads remain, reclassified
as service roads for buses, trams, or for
electric vehicles for trade or health workers.
But all other roads are now neighbourhood
mobility routes. Two lanes have been
reduced to one, creating active travel
corridors for walking and cycling.
In the space freed up, life and activity
flourishes. Independent traders, community
businesses, green spaces, pocket parks,
micro gardening, allotments, and
playgrounds have appeared like
mushrooms. The noise of traffic has been
replaced by the constant hubbub of
laughing, playing, and chatting. Nature and
wildlife have found ways back in through
biodiversity corridors.8
In the city centre, multi-storey car parks
have been turned into bike racing tracks and
rooftop gardens. Along all dual
carriageways, surplus lanes have been
8
Chatterton, Paul. 2019. Extinction Rebellion’s
car-free streets showcase the possibility of a
beautiful, safe and green future.
4
turned into sports pitches for football,
cricket, rugby, cycling.8
Figure iv Roadways replaced by greens
Source-
https://zoningthegardenstate.wordpress.com/2017/12/15/t
he-car-free-cities-of-the-future/
5.2. SCENARIO 2
NUCLEAR WAR/ MELTDOWN
A nuclear holocaust, nuclear apocalypse or
atomic holocaust is a theoretical scenario
where the mass detonation of nuclear
weapons causes globally widespread
destruction and radioactive fallout. Such a
scenario envisages large parts of the Earth
becoming uninhabitable due to nuclear
warfare, potentially causing the collapse of
civilization and, in the worst case, the
extinction of humanity. 9
Besides the immediate destruction of cities
by nuclear blasts, the potential aftermath of
a nuclear war could involve firestorms, a
nuclear winter, widespread radiation
sickness from fallout, and/or the temporary
(if not permanent) loss of much modern
technology due to electromagnetic pulses. 9
9
Wikipedia. n.d. Nuclear holocaust.
Figure v Nuclear Explosion
Source -
https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/d166aa42800977bd1d5a8
99b6d10aa11dd06def7/0_283_1800_1081/master/1800.j
pg
Considering the events of the past –
CHERNOBYL DISASTER – accident at
the Chernobyl nuclear power station in the
Soviet Union in 1986, the worst disaster in
nuclear power generation. More than 30
years on, scientists estimate the zone
around the former plant will not be
habitable for up to 20,000 years.
(BLAKEMORE 2019)
According to the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA), it released 400
times more radiation into the atmosphere
than the atomic bomb dropped on
Hiroshima. More than 116,000 people were
evacuated from a 1,622-square mile zone
(which is half in Belarus and half in
Ukraine). The town of Pripyat, once home
to over 50,000 people, was abandoned,
along with the surrounding farms and
villages. (Schenkman, After a nuclear
disaster, then what? A surprising look at the
animals of Chernobyl and Fukushima 2020)
What remains of the reactor is now inside a
massive steel containment structure
deployed in late 2016. Containment efforts
and monitoring continue, and clean-up is
expected to last until at least 2065.
(BLAKEMORE 2019)
10
Marshall, Alan. n.d. The Utopia of the Isolated
Nuclear Family?
5
Figure vi Sign warns of the insidious danger still present
in Chernobyl
Source -
https://static.nationalgeographic.co.uk/files/styles/image_
3200/public/140326-long-shadow-chernobyl-ludwig-
04.webp?w=710&h=474
Another example is the Fukushima nuclear
meltdowns in Japan during 2011 resulted in
the abandonment of a host of small cities on
the nation’s Pacific seaboard.10 The event
was primarily caused by the 2011 Tōhoku
earthquake and tsunami. It was the most
severe nuclear accident since the Chernobyl
disaster in 1986.11
Situation 1- An all-out nuclear war between
Russia and the US. Not only would
explosions, fires and radiation exposure kill
millions in targeted cities, but a "nuclear
winter" lasting from months to years would
also drastically alter the Earth's climate,
causing freezing summers and worldwide
famine.
Figure vii Visualisation of a city after Nuclear war
Source- http://elihead.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/09/City_Ruins-1024x610.jpg
11
Wikipedia. n.d. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
disaster.
Situation 2- Almost the entire population of
a city has to be evacuated because an
“unpredictable” seismic event hits yet
another “perfectly safe” nuclear plant near
the city.
IMPACT ON CITIES
The researchers found that if the U.S. and
Russia were each to launch their entire
nuclear arsenals at one another, soot would
drift high into the atmosphere, blotting out
the sun for months to years. Summers
would become a thing of the past, with
temperatures throughout much of the
Northern Hemisphere dipping below
freezing year-round. Growing seasons
would be cut by 90%, and most of the world
would be plagued by famine.12
Finally, as if the effects on climate weren't
enough, soot would poke huge holes in the
ozone layer, bombarding the surface of
Earth with ultraviolet radiation.12
The only way residents that manage to
survive in this disaster hit places is through
the construction of domestic homes that are
impervious to the radiation. These may be
temporary emergency shelters, but they will
soon become permanent features --
especially when other disaster hit, like
repeated waves of toxic air pollution and
incessant pandemics that are likely to strike
again and again.
Within each 'base' home, there are facilities
to produce fresh water, grow adequate food
crops, recycle waste, and be generally self-
reliant. But to go outside and remain safe
and healthy whilst doing so, it’s necessary
to wear a protective mask and suit.
In effect, each home is like a little spaceship
on the land, and indeed spaceship
technology is likely to be used in the
engineering and architecture of such
residences. Because the city has been
greatly depopulated, those who remain can

Figure viii Visualization of Base constructed after the war.

Source- Author (Photo collage and post processing)

12
Whitcomb, Isobel. 2019. A Nuclear Winter
Could Last Years After an All-Out War Between
Russia and the US.

6
create a quiet and independent post-
apocalyptic paradise.
Some “Nuclear Greenies”—James
Lovelock, for example—have noted that an
irradiated landscape may in fact be a source
of ecological recovery and rehabilitation,
since most humans don’t want to live there,
and abandonment of the radiated zone
leaves wilderness alone to flourish (albeit
with numerous mutative impacts and cancer
outbreaks). 10
An example of such is the Chernobyl
“exclusion zone” and Fukushima. Wildlife
ecologist Jim Beasley has gone into the
contaminated zones around Chernobyl and
Fukushima and discovered that populations
of animals have been increasing, despite the
high contamination of these areas. “All the
data that we’ve collected at this point
suggests that these animals in these nuclear
landscapes are, at the population level
anyway, thriving in the absence of
humans”, Beasley says. 13
If such a conservation zone is paradise for
animals and plants, it may also be paradise
for a few intrepid families who enjoy the
environmental challenges, the changed
landscape, the wildlife, and the quiet
isolation.
5.3. SCENARIO- 3
EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL
COLONIZATION
Space colonization (also called space
settlement or extra-terrestrial colonization)
is the hypothetical permanent habitation
and exploitation of natural resources from
outside planet Earth.
13
(Schenkman, After a nuclear disaster, then what?
A surprising look at the animals of Chernobyl and
Fukushima 2020)
14
Morton, Adam. 2018. Should We Colonize Other
Planets?
7
As humans continue to degrade and destroy
our planet’s resources, leading to
predictions of total ecological collapse,
some now suggest that a human colony
elsewhere may be our species’ best hope for
survival.14
Space colonies can supply clean energy
necessary for human survival in the 21st
century. In addition, they can provide new
homelands and an expanded ecological
niche for our species.15
Figure ix cover art of human colony on Mars with several
domes and parks for "Welcome to Mars: Making a Home
on the Red Planet" book for kids
Source - https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
DtRwJFFj9QI/XPqMv_BsE1I/AAAAAAAADw0/iV-Z-
Zrs_Fk3EVPFt9YjEbblTkEvV6uXQCLcBGAs/s1000/.jp
g
Elon Musk has said that there's a 70 percent
chance that he'll travel on a rocket to Mars
in his lifetime, and that he's thinking about
eventually moving there to live in a human
outpost on the surface of the red planet.16
While Elon Musk envisions a private-sector
Mars colony, NASA has plans to eventually
establish a base on Mars as well. The US
Administration currently is focused upon
revisiting the moon by 2024 and building a
15
Maryniak, Gregg. 1992. How Space Colonies
Could Benefit Earth.
16
Mike Allen, Jim VandeHei. 2018. Elon Musk:
There's a 70% chance that I personally go to Mars.
permanent base there that would provide
the opportunity for "developing the
technologies to take American astronauts to
Mars and beyond," in the words of Vice
President Mike Pence. 17
In anticipation of that day, NASA already is
testing technologies such as space habitat
modules — basically, spacefaring mobile
homes that would provide life support for
humans living on the surface of other
worlds. 18
Situation – With global climate change
taking place on Earth including flooding,
frequent wildfires, longer periods of
drought in some regions and an increase in
the number, duration and intensity of
tropical storms. The idea of Colonising on
other planets became a reality in the 22nd
Century. This scenario deals with how
colonisation and homes on mars can look
like.
Figure x Visualisation of a habitat on mars
Source - Author
17
Wall, Mike. 2019. US to Return Astronauts to
the Moon by 2024, VP Pence Says.
8
LIFE ON MARS
A space colony has three essential
characteristics. First, a colony must have a
tightly closed-cycle ecological system
capable of replenishing the colonists' air,
water, and food with only trace elements
required from outside the system. Second,
it must have enough radiation-shielding so
that indefinite stays are possible. Third, it
must provide sufficient artificial gravity to
permit the inhabitants to reside on a
permanent basis without bone-calcium loss
or other harmful effects of prolonged
exposure to microgravity. 15
Early habitats would be much smaller, with
populations of hundreds or thousands. Each
habitat would have provisions for
agriculture and closed-cycle life support so
that once a colony is established, very little
18
NASA. 2019. NASA Begins Testing Habitation
Prototypes.
 1 - Air lock 12 - Personal Units
2 - Dining Area 13 - Corridor
3 - Kitchen 14 - Bath area
4 - Gym 15 - WCs & Wash Area
5 - Library 16 - Bedroom
6 - Medical Bay 17 - Cut out
7 - Controlled Plantation Area 18 - Emergency lockdown
8 - Spiral staircase 19 - Suits
9 - Way to Research Lab 20 - Communication Zone
10 - Research Lab 21 - Control Room
11 - Workstation 22 - Storage
Figure xi Plans for a habitation module
Source - Author

outside material would be required to private quarters, amenities zone, lockdown

sustain it.
In-situ habitation architecture that behaves
not only as a dwelling, but also as a design
that nestles with Mars’ cold, windy, and
dusty atmosphere, making the most of its
unique qualities.
Suitable location - Deuteronilus Mensae
(43.9°N 337.4°W) (Rich in buried ice
deposits)
Conditions - 1/3rd earth gravity, Average
Temperature: -63° C, Surface pressure 6 to
14 mbar, 95% CO2, frozen water available,
0 to 10 m/s air velocity.
The envisioned habitat is divided into major
functional areas: entrance, research areas,
area and controlled plantation zone.
The design was specifically created to
withstand dust storms and harsh climates
that can be found on the red planet.
The use of space resources less than 10
percent of the cost of launching
construction materials from Earth. Self-
sufficiency of colonies.
These houses will be built with materials
that is be imported from Earth. Taking
advantage of robotic autonomy, the plates
unfold forming the habitable abode. A
compact and easy solution. (windows) -
glazing acting as a second protective shield
for radiations.

9
Figure xii Isometric of the habitat on mars
Source- Author
Skin is made up of mild steel hollow tubes
enclosed by complex translucent
polyurethane layer of carbon kevlar fabric.
The external shell - aerodynamic biosphere
supporting vegetation, repels radiation,
maintains atmospheric pressure (100 Kilo
pascal)
Floor sealing the ground with channels of
plantation using soil of mars mixed with
manure produced. Regolith retaining wall
will be built using 3D printing technology
that anchors shell.
Luminescent Ribs over the shell for way
finding during dust storms.
The column that supports the shell also
helps in creating magnetosphere (inserts
magnetic shield on surface to repel solar
winds & radiations) on the top and suction
induced mechanism which crystallized
water and stores in the bottom.
19
KRAMER, SARAH. 2016. This Is What Earth
Will Look Like in 100 Years.
10
Figure xiii Green (Recreational) Zone
Source - Author
A dedicated green zone is created for
recreational activities which houses land for
farming potato, tomato, and spinach.
CONCLUSION
Considering the different scenarios
discussed and how their outcome could be
perceived it can be concluded that ecotopia
is a result of dystopia.
An oft-repeated criticism against the
ecotopia is that it is dystopian and
catastrophist when it comes to its diagnosis,
and utopian when it comes to its prognosis.
On the one hand, greens warn of a scary
future of planetary disaster, and on the
other, offer a peaceful dreamland where
people bike to their work- and live-in
picturesque houses with well-manicured
food gardens.
These scenarios are just possible
assumptions based on the research done by
experts in their fields to predict the future of
the earth 50-100 years from now.
Gavin Schmidt, a climate scientist who is
the director of NASA's Goddard Institute of
Space Studies said, “There's no stopping
global warming, Everything that's
happened so far is baked into the system.”19
Also, the fact cannot be discarded that
Climate change, global warming, excessive
use of fossil fuels etc are all happening in
real time and things are bound to deteriorate
if not acted upon now.
Thus, sustainability is the most viable way
to avoid the dreadful scenarios and also to
recover from the same.
REFERENCES
BLAKEMORE, ERIN. 2019. The
Chernobyl disaster: what
happened, and the long-term
impact. 05 20. Accessed 06 01,
2021.
https://www.nationalgeographic.co.
uk/environment/2019/05/chernobyl
-disaster-what-happened-and-long-
term-impact.
Chatterton, Paul. 2019. Extinction
Rebellion’s car-free streets
showcase the possibility of a
beautiful, safe and green futur. 11
16. Accessed 05 15, 2021.
https://theconversation.com/extinct
ion-rebellions-car-free-streets-
showcase-the-possibility-of-a-
beautiful-safe-and-green-future-
124924.
curator. 2016. Sci-Fi Cities & Mega Cities
Of The Future, As Imagined Or
Not? 05 30. Accessed 05 15, 2021.
https://citi.io/2016/05/30/sci-fi-
cities-mega-cities-of-the-future-as-
imagined-or-not/.
Ecotopia 2121. 2020. Deep Blutopia: San
Diego in 2121. Accessed 06 01,
2021.
https://www.ecotopia2121.com/sin
11
gle-post/2017/12/05/deep-blutopia-
san-diego-in-2121.
ICAN. 2017. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
bombings. Accessed 05 16, 2021.
https://www.icanw.org/hiroshima_
and_nagasaki_bombings#:~:text=B
y%20the%20end%20of%201945,E
ach%20person%20had%20a%20na
me.
KRAMER, SARAH. 2016. This Is What
Earth Will Look Like in 100 Years.
08 17. Accessed 05 21, 2021.
https://www.sciencealert.com/this-
is-what-earth-will-look-like-in-
100-years.
Marshall, Alan. n.d. The Utopia of the
Isolated Nuclear Family? Accessed
05 15, 2021.
https://www.ecotopia2121.com/sin
gle-post/2020/04/14/the-utopia-of-
the-isolated-nuclear-family.
—. 2017. Utopian cities of the future re-
imagine life on Earth. January 17.
Accessed 2021.
https://edition.cnn.com/style/article
/utopian-cities/index.html.
Maryniak, Gregg. 1992. How Space
Colonies Could Benefit Earth. 01
02. Accessed 05 25, 2021.
https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0
102/02161.html.
McFadden, Christopher. 2019. What
Would Happen If the World Ran
Out of Crude Oil? 04 07. Accessed
06 11, 2021.
https://interestingengineering.com/
what-would-happen-if-the-world-
ran-out-of-crude-oil.
Mike Allen, Jim VandeHei. 2018. Elon
Musk: There's a 70% chance that I
personally go to Mars. 11 28.
Accessed 05 15, 2021.
https://www.axios.com/elon-musk-
 mars-space-x-14c01761-d045-
4da0-924b-322fb6a109ce.html.
Morton, Adam. 2018. Should We Colonize
Other Planets?
https://www.wiley.com/en-
in/Should+We+Colonize+Other+Pl
anets%3F-p-9781509525119.
NASA. 2019. NASA Begins Testing
Habitation Prototypes. 03 27.
Accessed 06 01, 2021.
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-
begins-testing-habitation-
prototypes/.
Schenkman, Lauren. 2020. After a nuclear
disaster, then what? A surprising
look at the animals of Chernobyl
and Fukushima. 02 13. Accessed
05 16, 2021.
https://ideas.ted.com/after-a-
nuclear-disaster-then-what-a-
surprising-look-at-the-animals-of-
chernobyl-and-fukushima/.
—. 2020. After a nuclear disaster, then
what? A surprising look at the
animals of Chernobyl and
Fukushima. 02 13. Accessed 05
2021, 13.
https://ideas.ted.com/after-a-
nuclear-disaster-then-what-a-
surprising-look-at-the-animals-of-
chernobyl-and-fukushima/.
Steve Hallett, John Wright. 2011.
Imagining a world without oil. 04
21. Accessed 05 22, 2021.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/o
pinions/imagining-a-world-
without-
oil/2011/04/12/AFppFHKE_story.h
tml.
Szymkowski, Sean. 2019. Totally car-free
neighbourhood planned in Arizona.
11 25. Accessed 06 12, 2021.
https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/ne
12
ws/culdesac-car-free-
neighborhood-arizona-location/.
The British Library Board. n.d. Thomas
More's Utopia. Accessed 2021.
https://www.bl.uk/learning/timelin
e/item126618.html.
Wall, Mike. 2019. US to Return
Astronauts to the Moon by 2024,
VP Pence Says. 03 26. Accessed 05
30, 2021.
https://www.space.com/us-
astronauts-moon-return-by-
2024.html.
Whitcomb, Isobel. 2019. A Nuclear Winter
Could Last Years After an All-Out
War Between Russia and the US.
07 31. Accessed 05 15, 2021.
https://www.livescience.com/nucle
ar-winter-disaster.html.
Wikipedia. n.d. Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear disaster. Accessed 05 15,
2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukus
hima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster.
—. n.d. Nuclear holocaust. Accessed 05
15, 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucle
ar_holocaust.
—. 2021. Utopia. Accessed 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopi
a.
youmatter. 2020. Climate Change:
Meaning, Definition, Causes,
Examples And Consequences.
Accessed 2021.
https://youmatter.world/en/definitio
n/climate-change-meaning-
definition-causes-and-
consequences/.
BLAKEMORE, ERIN. 2019. The
Chernobyl disaster: what
 happened, and the long-term Marshall, Alan. n.d. The Utopia of the
impact. 05 20. Accessed 06 01, Isolated Nuclear Family? Accessed
2021. 05 15, 2021.
https://www.nationalgeographic.co. https://www.ecotopia2121.com/sin
uk/environment/2019/05/chernobyl gle-post/2020/04/14/the-utopia-of-
-disaster-what-happened-and-long- the-isolated-nuclear-family.
term-impact.
—. 2017. Utopian cities of the future re-
Chatterton, Paul. 2019. Extinction imagine life on Earth. January 17.
Rebellion’s car-free streets Accessed 2021.
showcase the possibility of a https://edition.cnn.com/style/article
beautiful, safe and green futur. 11 /utopian-cities/index.html.
16. Accessed 05 15, 2021.
Maryniak, Gregg. 1992. How Space
https://theconversation.com/extinct
Colonies Could Benefit Earth. 01
ion-rebellions-car-free-streets-
02. Accessed 05 25, 2021.
showcase-the-possibility-of-a-
https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0
beautiful-safe-and-green-future-
102/02161.html.
124924.
McFadden, Christopher. 2019. What
curator. 2016. Sci-Fi Cities & Mega Cities
Would Happen If the World Ran
Of The Future, As Imagined Or
Out of Crude Oil? 04 07. Accessed
Not? 05 30. Accessed 05 15, 2021.
06 11, 2021.
https://citi.io/2016/05/30/sci-fi-
https://interestingengineering.com/
cities-mega-cities-of-the-future-as-
what-would-happen-if-the-world-
imagined-or-not/.
ran-out-of-crude-oil.
Ecotopia 2121. 2020. Deep Blutopia: San
Mike Allen, Jim VandeHei. 2018. Elon
Diego in 2121. Accessed 06 01,
Musk: There's a 70% chance that I
2021.
personally go to Mars. 11 28.
https://www.ecotopia2121.com/sin
Accessed 05 15, 2021.
gle-post/2017/12/05/deep-blutopia-
https://www.axios.com/elon-musk-
san-diego-in-2121.
mars-space-x-14c01761-d045-
ICAN. 2017. Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4da0-924b-322fb6a109ce.html.
bombings. Accessed 05 16, 2021.
Morton, Adam. 2018. Should We Colonize
https://www.icanw.org/hiroshima_
Other Planets?
and_nagasaki_bombings#:~:text=B
https://www.wiley.com/en-
y%20the%20end%20of%201945,E
in/Should+We+Colonize+Other+Pl
ach%20person%20had%20a%20na
anets%3F-p-9781509525119.
me.
NASA. 2019. NASA Begins Testing
KRAMER, SARAH. 2016. This Is What
Habitation Prototypes. 03 27.
Earth Will Look Like in 100 Years.
Accessed 06 01, 2021.
08 17. Accessed 05 21, 2021.
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-
https://www.sciencealert.com/this-
begins-testing-habitation-
is-what-earth-will-look-like-in-
prototypes/.
100-years.
Schenkman, Lauren. 2020. After a nuclear
disaster, then what? A surprising

13
 look at the animals of Chernobyl War Between Russia and the US.
and Fukushima. 02 13. Accessed 07 31. Accessed 05 15, 2021.
05 16, 2021. https://www.livescience.com/nucle
https://ideas.ted.com/after-a- ar-winter-disaster.html.
nuclear-disaster-then-what-a-
Wikipedia. n.d. Fukushima Daiichi
surprising-look-at-the-animals-of-
nuclear disaster. Accessed 05 15,
chernobyl-and-fukushima/.
2021.
—. 2020. After a nuclear disaster, then https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukus
what? A surprising look at the hima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster.
animals of Chernobyl and
—. n.d. Nuclear holocaust. Accessed 05
Fukushima. 02 13. Accessed 05
15, 2021.
2021, 13.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucle
https://ideas.ted.com/after-a-
ar_holocaust.
nuclear-disaster-then-what-a-
surprising-look-at-the-animals-of- —. 2021. Utopia. Accessed 2021.
chernobyl-and-fukushima/. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopi
a.
Steve Hallett, John Wright. 2011.
Imagining a world without oil. 04 youmatter. 2020. Climate Change:
21. Accessed 05 22, 2021. Meaning, Definition, Causes,
https://www.washingtonpost.com/o Examples And Consequences.
pinions/imagining-a-world- Accessed 2021.
without- https://youmatter.world/en/definitio
oil/2011/04/12/AFppFHKE_story.h n/climate-change-meaning-
tml. definition-causes-and-
consequences/.
Szymkowski, Sean. 2019. Totally car-free
neighbourhood planned in Arizona.
11 25. Accessed 06 12, 2021.
https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/ne
ws/culdesac-car-free-
neighborhood-arizona-location/.
The British Library Board. n.d. Thomas
More's Utopia. Accessed 2021.
https://www.bl.uk/learning/timelin
e/item126618.html.
Wall, Mike. 2019. US to Return
Astronauts to the Moon by 2024,
VP Pence Says. 03 26. Accessed 05
30, 2021.
https://www.space.com/us-
astronauts-moon-return-by-
2024.html.
Whitcomb, Isobel. 2019. A Nuclear Winter
Could Last Years After an All-Out

14