DG3SM586_001-024.

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13. a. The flag of Puerto Rico is not symmetric, because  or QP

9. PQ 
of the star and the colors.
 or RT
10. TR , RI
 or IR
, and TI
 or IT

11. A B

12. y
S
11

Puerto Rico

b. The flag of Kenya does not have rotational R

symmetry, because of the colors and the
spearheads. x

  14.3 cm
13. mAB   6.7 cm
14. mCD
15–17. Check the length of each segment to see if it
is correct. Refer to each exercise for the correct
measurements.

Kenya
. X is the midpoint of WY
18. R is the midpoint of PQ .
. No midpoints are shown
Y is the midpoint of XZ
c. Possible answers: in ABC. (Note: Even though AD and DC appear
to be the same length, you cannot assume they are
congruent without the markings.)
19. Possible answers:
A B C D E
or
 ⬵ CE
AC 
Japan Nigeria
 
BC ⬵ CD
Hello Mr. Lin Thant please see my answer here!
 with midpoint M. Add
20. First, draw a segment ST
CHAPTER 1 congruence marks.
T
M
S
LESSON 1.1
Next, add point P so that P
EXERCISES SP  PT. Draw SP and PT
1. Possible answers: point: balls, where lines cross; and add congruence marks.
segment: lines of the parachute, court markings;
collinear: points along a line of the court structure;
coplanar: each boy’s hand, navel, and kneecap, M
T
S
points along two strings
, TP
  to
Finally, extend PT P
2. PT
twice its length. Mark the
3. The name can have any two of the point names—A, endpoint Q. Because
R, or T—in either order. So, the correct answer can PT  TQ, mark TQ 
, RA
be any two of the following: AR , AT
, TA
, with the same
, TR
RT . congruence mark M
T

, MS
4. Any two of the following: MA , AS
, AM
, SA
, SM
 .
used for PT
S

5. A B
6. K L
Q
7. y  or CA
8. AC 
3 21. The first point listed must be the endpoint, A; the
D other point can be either B or C. So, the two names
–3 3
x  and AC
are AB .
–3 E

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, PN
22. PM  , XZ
23. XY  Possible answer:
y
24. The first point listed must be the endpoint of
the ray. Q
N
A
B x
P
25. Y 26. M N

X
34. A
R
27.
C T
G
D Y
A B
PROJECT
28. First, list all the segments with endpoint A: AB, AC
, Project should satisfy the following criteria:
, AE
AD . Next, list the segments with endpoint B,
● Uses concentric circles whose radii increase by a
but don’t include AB  because you already listed it:
constant amount and segments that divide the circles
, BD
BC , BE . Next, list all the segments with
into equal sectors.
endpoint C, but don’t include AC  or BC
 because
you already listed them: CD , CE. The only segment ● The decoration of the design emphasizes the spirals.
with endpoint D that hasn’t been listed yet is DE.
All the segments with endpoint E have been listed. USING YOUR ALGEBRA SKILLS 1
, AC
In all, there are 10 possible segments: AB , AD
,
, BC
AE , BD , BE , CD
, CE
, DE. EXERCISES
x x 12  (6) y y
29–31. y 1. x  
1
2    3 and y  
2 2
1
2
2
7  15
 2  4, so the midpoint is (3, 4).
5
x x 17  (1) y y
2. x  
1
2    9 and y  
2 2
1
2
2
M
8  11
C
x  2  1.5, so the midpoint is (9, 1.5).
–5 O A (4, 0) x x 14  (3) y y
3. x  
1
2    5.5 and y  
2 2
1
2
2
D
(7)  18
–5  2  5.5, so the midpoint is (5.5, 5.5)
B
4. Let (x, y) represent the other endpoint, then
12  x 8  y
3  2 and 18  2. Here are the
32. Change the signs of the coordinates to get P(6, 2),
Q(5, 2), R(4, 6). step-by-step solutions to these equations:
12  x
y 3  2
R
6  12  x Multiply both sides by 2.
Q P⬘ 6  x Subtract 12 from both sides.
x 8  y
18  2
Q⬘
P
36  8  y Multiply both sides by 2.

R⬘
44  y Add 8 to both sides.

The endpoint is (6, 44).

rise
Because the slope  run  between any two points is

4
, the points are collinear.
5. Yes. The coordinates of the midpoint of a segment
1
with endpoints (a, b) and (c, d) are found by taking
33. Plot point N. It will be easiest to determine the ac
the average of the x-coordinates,  
2 , and the
lengths if you draw a horizontal or vertical segment. bd
average of the y-coordinates, 2. Thus, the
To locate P and Q, mark points the same number of ac bd
units above and below (or to the left and the right midpoint is  2 , 2 .
 
of) point N. 6. (3, 2) and (6, 4). To get the first point of trisection,
add the coordinates of points A and B to get (9, 6),
then multiply those coordinates by 13 to get (3, 2).

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To get the second point of trisection, add the 7. 90°

coordinates of points A and B to get (9, 6), then  passes through 60° on one scale and 120°
8. Side QC
multiply those coordinates by 23 to get (6, 4). This
on the other. Because AQC is larger than a 90°
works because the coordinates of the first point
angle, 120° must be the correct measure.
are (0, 0).
9. 45° 10. 135° 11. 45° 12. 135°
7. Possible method: Find the midpoint of the segment,
and then find the midpoint of each half of the 13. One way to find mCQB is to find mAQC and
segment. mAQB and subtract. mAQC  120° and
mAQB  90°, so mCQB  30°.
8. a. For Figure 1, both midpoints are (5.5, 6.5). For
Figure 2, both midpoints are (16, 6.75). For 14. To find mXQY, find mAQY and mAQX and
Figure 3, both midpoints are (29.75, 5.5). subtract. mAQY  135° and mAQX  45°, so
b. For these figures, the midpoints of the two mXQY  90°.
diagonals are the same point. This means the 15. 69°. Place the center mark of the protractor on
diagonals intersect each other at their midpoints. point A. Rotate the zero-edge of the protractor to
. AM
line up with side AC  passes through 69° on
LESSON 1.2 one scale and 111° on another. Because MAC is
smaller than a 90° angle, mMAC  69°.
EXERCISES
1. When three letters are used to name an angle, the 150 16
130 140 0
middle letter must be the vertex. Also, a single letter 10
120 170
1 50 40 30 20 18
0
60 10
can name an angle only if there is no confusion 1 00 M 70 0
about which angle it is referring to. For example, 80

90
90
there is only one angle with vertex E, so it can be

80
100
named E. However, there are two angles with

0
C

0 130 120 110

50 60 7
vertex O, so the name O is ambiguous. TEN,
A
NET, E; FOU, UOF, 1; ROU,
UOR, 2
4
40

1
150
30

In Exercises 2–4, the angles may be any size, but the 0

16
20

0
17
vertex labels should be the same as those in the 0
10

18

answers below. 0

2. N 3.
G B
16. 110° 17. 40° 18. 125° 19. 55°
A T
20. SML has the greater measure because
mSML  30° and mBIG  20°. The measure of
I an angle is the amount of rotation from one side to
the other. It has nothing to do with the lengths of
4. S
the angle’s sides.
M
21. Draw a ray with endpoint A.
L A

5. In the first figure, S, P, R, Q. The other Place the center mark of the protractor on point A
angles all have the same vertex, T, so none of them and line up the zero-edge with the ray.
can be described with just one letter. In the second
figure, all the angles have the same vertex, D, so 80 90 100 1
70 10
none of them can be described with just one letter. 60 100 90 80 70
120
110 13
50 60 0
120
6. Possible answer: 13
0 50
14
40

0
0

40
14

150
30
150

30

160
20

B
60

20
180 170 1

170 180
10

10

C A
0

A
D

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Mark a point next to the 44° mark of the 27. 28.

protractor. (Use the scale that will give you an angle
smaller than 90°.)

80 90 100
70 110
120
60 100 90 80
0 1 10 70 13
0
5
0
120
60
5 0
29. Possible answer: 4:00
13

14
40

0
0

40
14

30.

150
30

H
150

30

160
20

60

90°

20
180 170 1

170 180
10

6 8

10
A 44
0

0
T O
Remove the protractor, and draw a ray from
point A through the point you marked. 31. T H

44° R A S
A

32. G T
22. 23.
C
135°
D E
A
90°
B
I N
24. Align your protractor as if you were going to
33. W
measure A. Mark a point at the 22° mark (half
the measure of A). Remove the protractor, and
draw a ray from point A through the point you B O
T
marked. Add markings to show that the two angles
formed are congruent.
I

 and MY
34. MI  have the same congruence markings, so
22° 67.5°  and
they are the same length. That is, MI  MY. IC
67.5°
22° 
CK have the same markings, so IC  CK. M and
A C
I have the same markings, so mM  mI.
25. D and Y are not the same point. 35. SEU; EUO; MO
C
36. A quarter of a rotation is 90°. So,
Y
D x  90°  (15°  21°)  54°.
37. Half of a rotation is 180°. So,
N
y  180°  (41°  37°)  102°.
A 38. A full rotation has measure 360°. Both angles
marked as congruent have measure z, so
26. Don’t forget that at half past the hour, the hour 2z  360°  (87°  135°  74°)  64°. Therefore,
hand will be halfway between 3 and 4. z  32°.
39. The incoming angle has measure 50°. Draw an
outgoing angle of measure 50°. The side of the

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angle does not pass through the pocket, so the ball 1. The steps are shown below. (Read across the rows
will not go in. rather than down the columns.)

50° 50° 10
8 7
4
15

6 2. PDDPPPDDDPPPDDP

LESSON 1.3

40. The incoming angle measures 73°. The ray through EXERCISES
point B forms a 73° angle with the side of the table, 1. Possible answer: 2. Possible answer:
so the ball will pass through point B. D T E

41. Yes

45° R
O G

3. Possible answer:  must be

4. Note that DG
a segment and MS
must be a line.
B E
G
D

I G S
M
42. 12 cm
 must be
 must be a segment and AR
5. Note that PE
6 cm 6 cm
a ray.
43. The wire has length 4.36 cm. The center of gravity A
is the midpoint of the wire, which is 4.36 divided
by 2, or 2.18 cm from the end of the wire.
4.36 cm
2.18 cm 2.18 cm
P E
44. Possible answer: MS  DG means that the distance R

between M and S equals the distance between D

and G. MS  DG
 means that segment MS is 6. A D
congruent to segment DG. The first statement
B
equates two numbers. The second statement C
E
concerns the congruence between two geometric
figures. However, both statements convey the same 7. A and B are complementary, so their measures
information and are marked the same way on must add to 90°. Because mA  40°, mB  50°.
a diagram.
IMPROVING YOUR VISUAL THINKING SKILLS
40°
In problems of this kind, it’s a good strategy to move A
the coins so that the middle ones form an alternating
sequence. Note that due to the symmetry of the
50°
problems, switching the P’s and D’s is also a solution. B

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8. C and D are supplementary, so their measures 19. False. Possible counterexample:

must add to 180°. Because mD  40°,
mC  140°.

140°
C
140° 40°
C D 40°
D

9. B is a Zoid. A Zoid is a creature 20. False. Possible counterexample:

whose interior contains a small A
triangle surrounding a black dot.
10. A good definition places an object in a class and
also differentiates it from other objects in that class.
A good definition has no counterexamples. C T

11. True 21. If P is not between A and B or not between C

12. True 13. True and D, then the definition is not true. Here is
a counterexample:

P
C
B D

A
14. False

15. False. Think in three dimensions. There are an
infinite number of planes that contain the given
line, and each one contains a line perpendicular
through the given point.
16. False. Possible counterexample:
50°
50° 80°
17. True. (Parallel lines must be in the same plane.)
 and CD
The following is a correct definition: If AB 
intersect at point P so that P is between A and B
and P is between C and D, then APC and BPD
are a pair of vertical angles.
22. Point P must be on the line through T and S. The
 is 69, or 23. One way to find another
slope of TS
point on the line is to start at point T and move up
2 units and right 3 units. This would give you
point (3, 0). You can continue moving up and
over to find more possible points. Possible answers:
(3, 0), (0, 2), or (6, 6).
  TS
23. For QR , the lines must have the same slope.
The slope of TS is 69, or 23. One way to find
 is 23 is to start at
point Q so that the slope of QR
point R and move up 2 units and right 3 units. You
will be at point (2, 3). You can continue moving
up and over to find more possible points. Possible
answers: (2, 3) or (5, 1).
24. Just as in pool, the measure of the incoming angle
is equal to the measure of the outgoing angle. The
incoming angle has measure 46°, so draw an
outgoing angle with measure 46°.
A

46°
18. False. Possible counterexample:
Reflected
C T segment
46°

B
Mirror
A

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You should find that the reflected ray and the ray 29.
that passes through (called the “refracted” ray) are 0 pts.
mirror images of each other. They form congruent
angles with the mirror. 1 pt.

25. This problem is best solved by trial and error. Here

, so
is a possible method. Point C has to lie on TR 2 pts.
choose that point first. Put it far enough to the left
of point S so that you have room for points A and 3 pts.

B. Because BAC will be a right angle, you know

30.
points A and B will be on a segment perpendicular 1 pt. 2 pts.
. Because ABS will be obtuse, B needs to
to AC
be to the right of A and to the left of S. BAT
needs to be an acute angle, so place segment AB 3 pts. 4 pts.
somewhere such that ABS is obtuse and BAT
is acute. Possible answer: A(8, 8), B(4.5, 6.5),
C(11, 1). 5 pts. 6 pts.
y

A Infinitely
B many points
6

S
120° 1 2
31. a. , or  is missing, so  is left.
C 360° 3 3
x 60° 1
–12 –6 b. , or  is missing.
360° 6
T 360°
R c.   40°
9
IMPROVING YOUR VISUAL THINKING SKILLS
26. Make a sketch showing the given information. The other four tetrominoes:
, AC  6 cm.
Because D is the midpoint of AC

Because C is the midpoint of AB , AB  12 cm.
3 cm
A D C B
Note that if two tetrominoes are congruent, they
are considered to be the same. For example, these
27. Make a sketch showing the given information. tetrominoes are all the same:
 is the bisector of ABC,
Because BD
mABD  24°. Because BE  is the bisector
of ABD, mEBD  12°. Therefore,
mEBC  12°  24°, or 36°.
LESSON 1.4
A
E EXERCISES
D 1. Octagon 2. Rectangle or square
3. Hexagon 4. Triangle
24°
B C 5. Heptagon 6. Pentagon
7. Undecagon 8. Dodecagon
28. Possible answer:
9. Possible answer: 10. Possible answer:

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11. Possible answer:   FI

12. To name the figure, start with any vertex, and list
the letters in order as you move clockwise or
counterclockwise around the figure. A few possible
names are FIVER, VERFI, REVIF, IVERF.
13. Possible name: quadrilateral FOUR
14. Possible name: equilateral quadrilateral BLOC
15. Consecutive angles are angles whose vertices are
endpoints of the same side. For example, C and
Y are consecutive angles. Consecutive sides are
 and YN
sides that share a vertex. For example, CY 
are consecutive sides.
16. Nine. A concave hexagon is a hexagon with at least
one diagonal outside the polygon. The hexagon on
the left below is a convex hexagon. On the right,
the hexagon’s nine diagonals have been drawn.
21. PA  and IVE  ANC.
22. At right is an equilateral concave
pentagon. It is impossible to
draw an equiangular concave
pentagon because an angle where
there is a “dent” must be larger than
an angle where there is no “dent.”
23. (5, 6). Here is one way to reason through this
problem: Point P is 5 units right of point C and
1 unit up. Point E is 5 units right of point A
and 1 unit up. So, point T could be 5 units right
and 1 unit up from point R. Counting squares,
this gives one possibility for T as (5, 6).
24. S(9, 0), I(4, 2). Use reasoning similar to that
described in the solution to Exercise 23.
25. S(3, 0), I(1, 5)
26. A(7, 6), N(5, 9) or A(5, 2), N(7, 1)
27. Draw two sides of the octagon by connecting A, B,
and C. Get two more sides by reflecting these sides
over the x-axis. Get the remaining sides by reflecting
those four sides over the y-axis. The octagon is not
regular because its angles are not all the same size.
y

C (0, 5)
B (4, 4)
, AD
17. Make a sketch. The diagonals are AC , BD
,
, and CE
BE .
x
A (0, 5)
A E

B
D

28. Possible answer: 29. Possible answer:

P N G
C

18. When stating that two triangles are congruent, you E A

H A
need to list the vertices in the order that shows the
correspondences. Because T corresponds to E,
I corresponds to A, and N corresponds to R, N T
E X
EAR  TIN.
19. WEN 30. Possible answer: 31. Possible answer:
Q U
 corresponds to TH
20. a. Because PO , they must be the
same length. Therefore, PO  28. Using similar
reasoning, PR  34, EW  20, RE  58, and
WO  44. D A
b. Because P and T correspond, mT  mP
 87°. Because W and I correspond, mI
 mW  165°.

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32. Possible answer: 35. Complementary angles: AOS and SOC; vertical
angles: OCT and ECR, or TCE and RCO
5 cm
5 cm
36. 37. Possible answer:
E
A B 5

20

33. Use your compass to draw a circle. Because a C D

regular pentagon has five equal sides, you want to F

divide the circle into five equal pieces. Draw five 72°
angles (360°  5  72°) with vertices at the center 38. All are possible except two points.
of the circle as shown below. Then, connect the
points where the sides of the angles intersect
the circle. 0 pts. 1 pt.

3 pts. 4 pts.
72° 72°
72° 72°
72°

5 pts. 6 pts.

34. 90 cm. Let l and w represent
the length and the width of
one of the small rectangles.
Then, as the diagram at right
illustrates, the perimeter of
the large rectangle is 4l  5w.
So, 4l  5w  198. You can
also see from the diagram
that 2l  3w.
Now, do a little algebra.
4l  5w  198
2(2l)  5w  198
l l IMPROVING YOUR VISUAL THINKING SKILLS
w w Here is one way to organize your work to make sure
you have found all the possibilities. Keep in mind that
l l congruent pentominoes are considered to be the same.
w w w
Pentominoes with a Pentominoes with a row
row of five squares of four squares
The equation for the perimeter
of the large rectangle.
Pentominoes with a row of three squares and both other
Rewrite 4l as 2(2l). squares on the same side of that row

2(3w)  5w  198 Substitute 3w for 2l.

11w  198 Simplify.

w  18 Solve for w.
Pentominoes with a row of three squares and the other
To find l, go back to the equation 2l  3w. squares on opposite sides of that row

2l  3w
LESSON 1.5
2l  3(18) Substitute 18 for w.
EXERCISES
2l  54 Multiply.   BC
 and D is a right angle.
1. First figure: AD
l  27 Solve for l.   HG  and EF
  FG , or EFGH
Second figure: EH
So, each small rectangle has length 27 cm and width is a kite. (Note: EFGH is drawn so that it doesn’t
18 cm. Therefore, the perimeter of a small rectangle look like a kite, but the markings indicate it is
is 2(27  18)  90 cm. a kite.)

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Third figure: I and J are right angles. 18. Possible answer:

  MN
Fourth figure: QP  and QM
  PN
, or MNPQ A
6 cm
B
40°
is a parallelogram.
2. Figure A. A scalene right triangle has three sides of 6 cm
C A B
40°
different lengths and one right angle.
3. Figure E. An isosceles right triangle has two sides of
the same length and one right angle. C

4. Figure D. An isosceles obtuse triangle has two sides 19. To have two outside diagonals, the hexagon must be
of the same length and one obtuse angle. concave with two “dents.”
5. Figure B. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly
one pair of parallel sides.
6. Figure F. A rhombus is a quadrilateral with four
congruent sides.
7. Figure I. A rectangle is a parallelogram with four 20. A regular quadrilateral has four congruent sides and
congruent angles. four congruent angles. It is a square.
8. Figure C. A kite is a quadrilateral with two distinct
pairs of consecutive congruent sides.
9. Figures F, G, and I. A parallelogram is a quadrilat-
eral with two pairs of parallel sides.
10. C 11. C
21. There are three possibilities for the other two
vertices: (2, 6) and (2, 4); (6, 2) and (2, 4);
(3, 1) and (1, 3). In two cases, the given vertices
are the endpoints of a side. In the third case, they
A T are the endpoints of a diagonal.
S M L
y
12. A 13. D I (2, 6)

Z O (–2, 4)
(1, 3)
(4, 2)

x
R C (0, 0)
(3, –1)
(6, –2)
14. N 15. L
E

(2, –4)
A
E U
B
F 22. There are an infinite number of possible answers.
Here are just a few possibilities: (1, 1), (1, 0),
Q (4, 3).
16. T H 23. There are six possible answers: (3, 4), (11, 4),
I
(3, 3), (11, 3), (0.5, 0.5), or (7.5, 0.5).
R G The triangle must have one right angle and two
congruent sides. To find the third vertex of an
17. Possible answer: isosceles right triangle with right angle at vertex
M, draw a horizontal line through M. Because
 is 7 units long, count over 7 units in either
ME
3a 3a
2a 2a direction to locate point O. You will get (3, 4)
b b – 2a or (11, 4).

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y 31. Find the midpoint of each rod. All the midpoints lie
O M O on the same line; place the edge of a ruler under
4
this line.
2
PROJECT
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 Project should satisfy the following criteria:
–2
● Both of the given “impossible” objects are reproduced.
E –4
● Students created their own “impossible” object.
You can use a similar method to find the third Extra credit
vertex if the right angle is at E. You will get (3, 3) ● The objects are drawn in creative ways that accentuate
or (11, 3). their impossibility.
 and EO
If the right angle is at O, then MO  will be ● Students include analyses of Escher’s Waterfall and
the congruent sides. Visually, you can see that vertex Belvedere.
O must be located on the horizontal line y  0.5
(that is, the horizontal line through the midpoint of EXTENSION
). For O to be a right angle, the slopes of MO
ME  Answers will vary.
 must be negative reciprocals. The two
and EO
points that satisfy these criteria are (0.5, 0.5) LESSON 1.6
or (7.5, 0.5).
EXERCISES
24. Possible answers: (3, 1), (1, 9), (2, 2), (4, 8),
(0, 1), or (1, 6). If the right angle is at C, then , BD
1. Three of the following: AB , EC
, EF

 will be 5, the negative reciprocal
the slope of CR 
2. EC
of the slope of CL. Draw a line through point C
with slope 5 and locate point R so that CR  CL. , EP
3. AP , FP
, BP
, CP

You can use similar reasoning to locate point R if 4. Five of the following: EF, AE
, AB, BC
, CD
, DF
,
the right angle is at L. If the right angle is at R, the        
EB , ED , FC , AC , DB , AF , AD , BF
problem is a little trickier. You can see that in order  (or EDC ) and EBC  (or EAC )
for RC to equal RL, point R will have to be on the 5. EFC
perpendicular line through the midpoint of CL . The , ECF
6. Two of the following: ECD , EDB, EDA, CBF
,

midpoint of CL is (0.5, 3.5). Draw a line with        
CBD , CDA , CDB , FEC , FED , FCA , DEC , DCF ,
slope 5 through this point. Then, try to locate a , BAC
BCA 
point R so that the slopes of RC  and RL are nega-
tive reciprocals. , HB
7. FG 
25. True 26. True 8. Either F or B

27. False. A diagonal connects nonconsecutive vertices. 9. Possible answers: cars, trains, motorcycles; washing
machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners; tape
28. False. An angle bisector divides an angle into two players, compact disc players, record players, car
congruent angles. racing, Ferris wheel
29. True  is the measure of the central angle
10. mPQ
30. (4, 1) → (3, 2); (1, 1) → (2, 2); whose sides pass through points P and Q. So,
  110°. Because PQ  and PRQ make up a
(2, 4) → (3, 1); (3, 5) → (2, 2). Yes, the mPQ
quadrilaterals are congruent. full circle, and a full circle has measure 360°,
  360°  110°, or 250°.
mPRQ
y
11. To make the 65° arc, first draw a circle. Then, draw
(–3, 5)
(2, 4) a 65° angle with its vertex at the center of the circle.
The minor arc with endpoints at the intersection
(–4, 1) points has measure 65°. To make the 215° arc, first
(1, 1) x
draw a circle. Then, draw a 145° angle with its
vertex at the center of the circle. The major arc with

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endpoints at the intersection points has measure 17.

360°  145°, or 215°.
A
C
65°
145°
B E

215°

D
  18. Yes 19. No
mAB  65° mCDE  215°
y y
12. Possible answers: concentric rings on cross sections
of trees (annual rings), bull’s-eye or target, ripples 5 5
from a rock falling into a pond
13. x x
–5 5 –5 5

–5 –5

20. No y
8
14.

P Q x
8 16

15. Equilateral quadrilateral (The figure is actually a

21.
rhombus, but students have not yet learned the
properties needed to conclude that the sides
are parallel.)
B
22. A scalene triangle has no congruent sides and an
P Q isosceles triangle has at least two congruent sides.
Therefore, it is not possible to draw a triangle that
A
is both isosceles and scalene.
16. From the way the hexagon was constructed, you 23. Possible answer: 24. Possible answer:
know that the length of each side is s, the same as B A
the radius of the circle. Therefore, the triangles are
equilateral. The perimeter of the hexagon is 6s and C B
the diameter of the circle is 2s, so the ratio is 6s to C A
2s, or 3 to 1. 25. Possible answer: 26. Possible answer:
T P A

A
100°
s

T R

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27. Possible answer: must be a two-way street. Because it is an even-

120° 60° numbered street, 14th Street must run one-way east.
60° 60° The finished diagram indicates that a car traveling
south on S Street could make a legal left turn
120° 120° 60° 120°
onto 14th.
28. An equilateral triangle has three equal sides and N

three equal angles, so it cannot have one right W E

angle. Therefore, it is not possible to draw a S Street
(2 ways) S
triangle that is both equilateral and right.
29. Possible answer:
14th Street
R (1-way east)

3. 28 days. You can draw a vertical number line

T G representing the well. Mark the number line to
show Freddie’s location at the end of each day
12a  6b
30. Each side must have length ,
3 or 4a  2b. (D1, D2, and so on) and the end of each night
(N1, N2, and so on). After marking the results for
several days, you should begin to see a pattern: At
the end of Day n, Freddie is n  2 feet from the
bottom of the well; at the end of Night n, he is
4a + 2b
n feet from the bottom of the well. So, Freddie will
31. Possible answer: 32. Possible answer: first reach the top of the 30-foot well on Day 28.
Top 30
I 2p U
29
2p 28
2p
27
55°
50° 70° 50° 70° E Q 26
2p
25
33. Possible answer: 24
23
E
22
120°
21
K T 20
19
I 18
17
IMPROVING YOUR REASONING SKILLS
Height (ft)

16
In both solutions, the third steps must be third, but the 15
first two steps can be interchanged. 14
13
1. B1 to B3, A1 to A3, A3 to C3; or A2 to C2, A1 to 12
C1, C1 to C3 11
10
2. A4 to C4, A3 to C3, C4 to C2, A1 to C1, C1 to C3,
9
A2 to C2, C3 to C1 8 D6
7 D5
LESSON 1.7 6 D4
5 D3 N5
EXERCISES 4 D2 N4
3 D1 N3
1. Sample answer: Furniture movers might visualize
2 N2
how to rotate a couch to get it up a narrow
1 N1
staircase. Bottom
of well
2. Draw a diagram. S Street is a lettered street, so it
runs north-south. Because S is not a vowel, S Street

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4. Draw a diagram. She will need 28 posts. 9. The locus of all points in the plane that are 3 cm
5 ft
 is two lines, one on either side of AB
from AB , each
5 ft 3 cm from AB . The locus of all points in space that
5 ft
5 ft
are 3 cm from AB  is a cylinder of radius 3 cm with
25 ft .
axis AB

A B 3 cm
45 ft
3 cm
5. Make a number line on which each tick mark
represents 5 meters. Mark the given information 3 cm
on the number line. The final diagram will show A B
that Nadine is ahead.
W O M E N
10. No. The diagram below shows Beth’s route. The
6. 0 feet. When the cable hangs, it is bent in half, with interval between two dots represents 1 km. The time
each half measuring 15 feet. However, the vertical is labeled every 4 km. The diagram shows that Beth
distance from the lowest point on the cable to the will not reach Birnam Woods Road until 8:00, which
horizontal line level with the top of the poles is is not before sunset.
also 15 feet. Therefore, the cable must be hanging Start
vertically. For this to happen, the poles must be 3:00
touching. That is, the distance between the poles Birnam 1 km
Woods
must be 0 feet. Road 1 km 1 km
Cable N
4:00
For these two
15 lengths to be equal, 5:00
20 15 15 20 the cable must be
hanging vertically. 6:00
5 8:00 7:00

7. The locus of all points in the plane that are equally

distant from A and B is the line that passes through
 and is perpendicular to AB
the midpoint of AB .
The locus of all points in space that are equally
distant from points A and B is the plane that passes
through the midpoint of AB  and is perpendicular

to AB .
B
A B
A stay the same, but the x-coordinates would be the
8. The locus of all points that are the same distance
from the two sides of A is the bisector of A.
11. A(0, 0), B(0, 5), C(2, 3), D(2, 1). First, rotate
the horizontal segment AB . The rotated segment
will be vertical with point A at (0, 0) and point B at
(0, 5). Once you draw AB , you can locate the other
vertices relative to points A and B. (You could also
copy trapezoid ABCD onto patty paper or tracing
paper, and then rotate the tracing paper 90°, or a
1
 turn, counterclockwise.)
4
12. C(3, 1), Y(4, 1), N(0, 3); If CYN were
reflected over the y-axis, the y-coordinates would
opposite of what they are now (the points would
be the same distance from the y-axis, but on the
opposite side).
13. ABCD was slid right 3 units and up 2 units. So,
the rule is (x, y) → (x  3, y  2).

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  CP
14. AB , EF
  GH
; i  k, j  k (Just because two 34. They bisect each other and are perpendicular.
lines look parallel or perpendicular, you cannot A
assume that they are parallel or perpendicular.)
15. The perimeter of the first figure is 6, and then the P Q
perimeter increases by 4 with each subsequent
B
figure. So, the perimeter of the second figure
is 6  4(1), the perimeter of the third figure is IMPROVING YOUR VISUAL THINKING SKILLS
6  4(2), and the perimeter of the fourth figure
is 6  4(3). Continuing this pattern, the perimeter
of the eighth figure would be 6  4(7), or 34 cm.

16. Triangles

Acute Right EXTENSIONS

Obtuse
A. Answers will vary. B. Answers will vary.
Scalene Isosceles
Scalene Isosceles
Isosceles Scalene
Equilateral LESSON 1.8

17. EXERCISES
Parallelograms
1. 2.
Rhombuses Squares Rectangles

18. B, D. Net A, when folded, would have too many

sides; in net C the two top squares would coincide;
net E would be missing a side; and net F would 3. 4.
have too many sides in the horizontal direction and
would be missing one in the vertical direction. Only
nets B and D would fold into a cube.
19. B 20. C
21. D 22. A
5. 6.
23. point, line, plane 
24. AB

25. AB 26. vertex

27. AB   CD
28. AB 
29. protractor 30. ABC
31. AB 
  CD 32. congruent to
7. Possible answer:
33. The distance is two times the radius.

r r
P Q

PQ = 2r

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8. Follow Steps 1–4 below. The 3 m-by-4 m face is 15. Pyramid with square base
biggest, so it should be on the “bottom.”

16. Below are sketches of the top and front views. From
the top view, you can see that 17  x  13  45,
so x  15. From the front view, you can see that
Step 1 Step 2 y  18  45, so y  27.
45 17 13
x
y
2m 45

3m 4m 18
x
17 13
Step 3 Step 4
Top Front
9. There are 3  4, or 12, boxes in the base layer, and
17. From this sketch of the front view, you can see
there are 5 layers, so there are 12  5, or 60, boxes.
that x  3  7  2, so x  12. You can also
see that y  2  2  8, so y  4.
3

5 y
7
8
2 2
2
3 4
2 2

10. 11. 3 7 2
x

18. To visualize the solid, cut out a rectangle and tape it

to your pencil. Rotate your pencil to see what shape
the rotating rectangle forms.

12.

19.
13. Pyramid with hexagonal base

20. To visualize the section, imagine slicing an orange.

What shape is revealed?
14. Prism with hexagonal base

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21. 22. True 29. True

23. True

30. (3, 1)
31. Perimeter  20.5 cm; m(largest angle)  100°.
24. False. The two lines are not necessarily in the same
plane, so they might be skew. 32.

8 cm

120°

13 cm

IMPROVING YOUR VISUAL THINKING SKILLS

25. True
First, draw A, B, and C. Because AB  BC  AC,
points A, B, and C are vertices of an equilateral triangle.
C

A B

Now, where does point D go? If it is in the same plane

as A, B, and C, then it can be the same distance from
26. True any two points, but not from all three points. Try
thinking in three dimensions. Imagine placing D above
your paper so that ABD, BCD, and ACD are
equilateral triangles. If you could connect all four points,
you would get a tetrahedron, a three-dimensional figure
with four faces that are equilateral triangles. So, A, B, C,
27. True and D are vertices of a tetrahedron.
D

A C

EXTENSIONS
28. False. They divide space into eight parts. A. Here is one way to divide the solids.
Solids with all straight edges: prism, pyramid
Solids with curved edges: cylinder, cone,
sphere, hemisphere
B. To draw a cube truncated to edge midpoints, first
draw a cube. Then, mark the midpoints of each side
and connect the midpoints surrounding each face to
make triangular wedges at each corner. Finally, erase

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the corners of the cube (you will erase all the cube’s 27. S
lines) to make the truncated cube. This is also called 5 3
a cuboctahedron. T P
O
7

28. A 29. R T

N Y E
R
A P

I E

Draw the truncated tetrahedron in a similar way.

G
A tetrahedron truncated to edge midpoints is an
octahedron. 30. 31. A

32. A
33.

C. Answers will vary. D. Results will vary.

CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
EXERCISES C B D

1. True .
2. False. It is written as QP
34. 35.
3. True 4. False. The vertex is point D.
2 in.
5. True 6. True 125°

7. False. The measure of an acute angle is less than 90°. 5 in.

3 in.
8. False. Here are two possible counterexamples:
D C
36.
A
D
A 40°
P
P B
C

⬔APD and ⬔APC ⬔APD and ⬔APC 37. Here is one possible method. Draw a circle and
are linear angles. are the same angle. one diameter. Draw another diameter perpendicular
to the first. Draw two more diameters so that eight
9. True 10. True
45° angles are formed. Draw the regular octagon
11. False. They are supplementary. formed by connecting the endpoints of the
diameters.
12. True 13. True 14. True
15. False. A pentagon has five diagonals.
16. True 17. E 18. G 19. L 45° 45°
45° 45°
20. J 21. C 22. I 23. No match 45° 45°
24. A 25. No match 45° 45°

26. T

E Y

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38. 114° 39. x  2, y  1 Shed

Shed
40. x  12, y  4 41. x  4, y  2.5
Path of flashlight
42. Find y first. y  12  20, so y  8. x  8  18,
so x  10.
43. The diagram below illustrates the given information.
Ground
3z  12, so z  4 cm. Therefore, AB  4z  16 cm.
12 cm 51. It will take 46 to 50 minutes, depending on whether
A z D z C 2z B
he can stop when he hits his house or must wait
until he is blown back to his house.
44. The diagram below illustrates the given  will be
52. If the triangle is rotated 90° clockwise, AB
 is the bisector of
information. Because BE
a vertical segment. Point B will have the same
DBC, mDBC  64°. Because BD  is the
location as it does now, and point A will be
bisector of ABC, mABD  64°. So,
at (2, 3).
mEBA  mDBE  mABD  32°  64°  96°.
53. 54.
A

E
32°

B
C
55. 56.
45. Drawing radii from each hour mark to the center of
a clock forms 12 central angles, each with measure
360°
30° 12 . The angle formed by the hands at 2:30

includes 312 of those central angles. (At 2:30, the
hour hand will be halfway between 2 and 3.) So, 57.
the angle has measure 3.5(30°), or 105°.
360°
46. 1
2  30°
47. Quadrilateral Quadrilateral

Rectangle Square Rhombus or Rectangle Rhombus Trapezoid

Square
Trapezoid
CHAPTER 2
48. The top and the bottom each need one 9-inch strip
and one 14-inch strip. The four sides each need one LESSON 2.1
5-inch strip. So, the total length needed is 2(9  14)
EXERCISES
 4(5)  66 inches.
1. “All rocks sink.” Stony needs to find one rock that
49. Draw a number line on which each tick mark will not sink.
represents 3 feet. Label the line to show each boy’s
position. The completed diagram shows that Paul 2. Possible conjecture: If two angles are formed by
was 3 feet ahead of George. drawing a ray from a line, then their measures add
up to 180°.
J R G P
3. 10,000, 100,000. Each term is 10 times the previous
50. The dashed segments in the following diagram term.
represent the ladder in various positions as it slides 4. 56, 1. Written with the common denominator of 6,
down the wall. The midpoint of each segment is the sequence becomes 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, 66, . . . .
marked. The path traced by the midpoint is an arc
of a circle or a quarter-circle if the ladder slides all 5. 17, 21. Four is subtracted from each term to get
the way from the vertical to the horizontal. the next term.

Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 2 25

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