Subject :- BEE Unit -2

Question 01 What Is The Main Difference Between An Ac Generator And Dc Generator?

Answer : In an AC Generator the field is rotating and the armature is stationary whereas in DC Generator the field is
stationary and the armature is rotating.

Question 02. What Is A Generator?

Answer : A Generator is a machine which converts Mechanical Energy into Electrical Energy.

Question 03. On Which Principle A Generator Works?

Answer : Generator works on Faradays laws of “Electro Magnetic Induction ”

Question 04. What Is Form Factor And Peak Factor?

Answer : The ratio of rms value to average value of an ac quantity is called form factor.
Form Factor = RMS value/ Average value
The ratio of maximum value to the RMS value of an ac quantity is called as peak factor.
Peak Factor = Maximum Value/RMS value

Question 05. what is power factor? whether it should be high or low? why?

Answer :Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the system. Low power factor means
losses will be more. it is the ratio of true power to apparent power. it has to be ideally 1. if it is too low then cable
over heating & equipment overloading will occur. if it is greater than 1 then load will act as capacitor and starts
feeding the source and will cause tripping.(if pf is poor ex: 0.17 to meet actual power load has to draw more
current(V constant),result in more losses if pf is good ex: 0.95 to meet actual power load has to draw less current(V
constant),result in less losses).

Question 06. Why we use ac system in India why not dc ?

Answer : Firstly, the output of power stations comes from a rotary turbine, which by it’s nature is AC and therefore
requires no power electronics to convert to DC. Secondly it is much easier to change the voltage of AC electricity
for transmission and distribution. Thirdly the cost of plant associated with AC transmission (circuit breakers,
transformers etc) is much lower than the equivalent of DC transmission AC transmission provides a number of
technical advantages. When a fault on the network occurs, a large fault current occurs. In an AC system this
becomes much easier to interrupt, as the sine wave current will naturally tend to zero at some point making the
current easier to interrupt.

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

Long Answer Type

Qu 01 How the Generation of sinusoidal AC voltage Done.

Ans:-

As the coil rotates anticlockwise around the central axis which is perpendicular to the magnetic field, the wire loop
cuts the lines of magnetic force set up between the north and south poles at different angles as the loop rotates. The
amount of induced EMF in the loop at any instant of time is proportional to the angle of rotation of the wire loop.
As this wire loop rotates, electrons in the wire flow in one direction around the loop. Now when the wire loop has
rotated past the 180o point and moves across the magnetic lines of force in the opposite direction, the electrons in the
wire loop change and flow in the opposite direction. Then the direction of the electron movement determines the
polarity of the induced voltage.
So we can see that when the loop or coil physically rotates one complete revolution, or 360 o, one full sinusoidal
waveform is produced with one cycle of the waveform being produced for each revolution of the coil. As the coil
rotates within the magnetic field, the electrical connections are made to the coil by means of carbon brushes and
slip-rings which are used to transfer the electrical current induced in the coil.
The amount of EMF induced into a coil cutting the magnetic lines of force is determined by the following three
factors.

  Speed – the speed at which the coil rotates inside the magnetic field.
  Strength – the strength of the magnetic field.
  Length – the length of the coil or conductor passing through the magnetic field.
We know that the frequency of a supply is the number of times a cycle appears in one second and that frequency is
measured in Hertz. As one cycle of induced emf is produced each full revolution of the coil through a magnetic field
comprising of a north and south pole as shown above, if the coil rotates at a constant speed a constant number of
cycles will be produced per second giving a constant frequency. So by increasing the speed of rotation of the coil the
frequency will also be increased. Therefore, frequency is proportional to the speed of rotation, ( ƒ ∝ Ν ) where
Ν = r.p.m.
Also, our simple single coil generator above only has two poles, one north and one south pole, giving just one pair
of poles. If we add more magnetic poles to the generator above so that it now has four poles in total, two north and
two south, then for each revolution of the coil two cycles will be produced for the same rotational speed. Therefore,

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

frequency is proportional to the number of pairs of magnetic poles, ( ƒ ∝ P ) of the generator where P = the number
of “pairs of poles”.
Then from these two facts we can say that the frequency output from an AC generator is:

 Where: Ν is the speed of rotation in r.p.m. P is the number of “pairs of poles” and 60 converts it into seconds.

Qu 02 Explain all Parameter of AC

Ans:- Amplitude The maximum positive or negative value attained by an alternating quantity in one complete
cycle is called Amplitude or peak value or maximum value. The maximum value of voltage and current is
represented by Em or Vm and Im respectively.

Cycle When one set of positive and negative values completes by an alternating quantity or it goes through 360 degrees
electrical, it is said to have one complete Cycle.

Instantaneous Value The value of voltage or current at any instant of time is called an instantaneous value.It is denoted
by (i or e).

Frequency The number of cycles made per second by an alternating quantity is called frequency. It is measured in cycle
per second (c/s) or hertz (Hz) and is denoted by (f).

Time Period The time taken in seconds by a voltage or a current to complete one cycle is called Time Period. It is
denoted by (T).

Peak Factor Definition: Peak Factor is defined as the ratio of maximum value to the R.M.S value of an alternating
quantity. The alternating quantities can be voltage or current. The maximum value is the peak value or the crest value or
the amplitude of the voltage or current.

The root means the square value is the amount of heat produced by the alternating current will be same when the direct
supply of current is passed through the same resistance in the same given time.

Mathematically it is expressed as

Where,
Im and Em are the maximum value of the current and the voltage respectively, and Ir.m.s and Er.m.s are the roots
mean square value of the alternating current and the voltage respectively.

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

For the current varying sinusoidally, the peak factor is given as

The value of Peak Factor is 1.4142

Form Factor

Definition: The ratio of the root mean square value to the average value of an alternating quantity (current or
voltage) is called Form Factor. The average of all the instantaneous values of current and voltage over one
complete cycle is known as the average value of the alternating quantities. Mathematically, it is expressed as

Ir.m.s and Er.m.s are the roots mean square value of the current and the voltage respectively, and I av and Eav are the
average value of the alternating current and the voltage respectively.

For the current varying sinusoidal, the Form Factor is given as

The value of Form Factor is 1.11

Qu 03 Explain Power Factor.

Ans:- Beer analogy of active or true power, reactive power, apparent power and power factor.

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

Beer is active power (kW)—the useful power, or the liquid beer, is the energy that is doing work. This is the part
you want.

Foam is reactive power (kVAR)—the foam is wasted power or lost power. It’s the energy being produced that isn't
doing any work, such as the production of heat or vibration.

The mug is apparent power (kVA)—the mug is the demand power, or the power being delivered by the utility.

If a circuit were 100% efficient, demand would be equal to the power available. When demand is greater than the
power available, a strain is placed on the utility system. Many utilities add a demand charge to the bills of large
customers to offset differences between supply and demand (where supply is lower than demand). For most utilities,
demand is calculated based on the average load placed within 15 to 30 minutes. If demand requirements are
irregular, the utility must have more reserve capacity available than if load requirements remain constant.

Peak demand is when demand is at its highest. The challenge for utilities is delivering power to handle every
customer’s peaks. Using power at the very moment it is in highest demand can disrupt overall supply unless there
are enough reserves. Therefore, utilities bill for peak demand. For some larger customers, utilities might even take
the largest peak and apply it across the full billing period.

Utilities apply surcharges to companies with a lower power factor. The costs of lower efficiency can be steep—akin
to driving a gas-guzzling car. The lower the power factor, the less efficient the circuit, and the higher the overall
operating cost. The higher the operating cost, the higher the likelihood that utilities will penalize a customer for
overutilization. In most ac circuits there is never power factor equal to one because there is always some impedance
(interference) on the power lines.

How to calculate power factor

To calculate power factor, you need a power quality analyzer or power analyzer that measures both working power
(kW) and apparent power (kVA), and to calculate the ratio of kW/kVA.

The power factor formula can be expressed in other ways:

PF = (True power)/(Apparent power)

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

OR

PF = W/VA

Where watts measure useful power while VA measures supplied power. The ratio of the two is essentially useful
power to supplied power, or:

As this diagram demonstrates, power factor compares the real power being consumed to the apparent power, or
demand of the load. The power available to perform work is called real power. You can avoid power factor penalties
by correcting for power factor.

Qu04 Explain Two Wattmeter Method of Power Measurement.

Ans: - Two Wattmeter Method can be employed to measure the power in a 3 phase, three wire star or delta
connected the balanced or unbalanced load. In Two wattmeter method the current coils of the wattmeter are
connected with any two lines, say R and Y and the potential coil of each wattmeter is joined on the same line, the
third line i.e. B as shown below in figure (A).

The total instantaneous power absorbed by the three loads Z 1, Z2 and Z3, are equal to the sum of the powers
measured by the Two wattmeters, W1 and W2.

Measurement of Power by Two Wattmeter Method in Star Connection

Considering the above figure (A) in which Two Wattmeter W 1 and W2 are connected, the instantaneous current
through the current coil of Wattmeter, W1 is given by the equation shown below.

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

Instantaneous potential difference across the potential coil of Wattmeter, W1 is given as

Instantaneous power measured by the Wattmeter, W1 is

The instantaneous current through the current coil of Wattmeter, W2 is given by the equation

Instantaneous potential difference across the potential coil of Wattmeter, W2 is given as

Instantaneous power measured by the Wattmeter, W2 is

Therefore, the Total Power Measured by the Two Wattmeters W 1 and W2 will be obtained by adding the equation
(1) and (2).

Where P – the total power absorbed in the three loads at any instant.

Qu 05 Relation between Line Voltage and line current.

Ans:-

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

The arrowheads on the emfs and current indicate direction and not their actual direction at any instant.Now

There are two phase voltages between any two lines.

Tracing the loop NRYN

To find the vector sum of ENY and –ENR, we have to reverse the vector ENR and add it with ENY as shown in the
phasor diagram above.

Therefore,

Similarly,

Hence, in Star Connections Line voltage is root 3 times of phase voltage.

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

Relation Between Phase Current and Line Current in Star Connection

The same current flows through phase winding as well as in the line conductor as it is connected in series with the
phase winding.

Where the phase current will be

The line current will be

Qu 07 Explain 3 Phase Balanced and unbalanced System.

Ans:- Three-phase AC Supply

Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating current electric power generation, transmission,

and distribution. It is a type of polyphase system and is the most common method used by electrical grids worldwide
to transfer power. It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads.

A three-wire three-phase circuit is usually more economical than an equivalent two-wire single-phase circuit at the
same line to ground voltage because it uses less conductor material to transmit a given amount of electrical power

3-phase balanced and unbalanced supply and loads

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

The 3 Phase system is divided mainly into two types. One is Balanced three phase system and another one is
unbalanced three phase system.

Balanced three phase system

The balance system in one in which the load are equally distributed in all the three phases of the system. The
magnitude of voltage remains same in all the three phases and it is separated by an angle of 120º.

Unbalanced three phase system

In unbalance system the magnitude of voltage in all the three phases becomes different.

Qu 08 What is Active Power: (P)

Active Power is the actual power which is really transferred to the load such as transformer, induction motors,
generators etc and dissipated in the circuit.

Alternative words used for Real Power (Actual Power, True Power, Watt-full Power, Useful Power, Real

Power, and Active Power) and denoted by (P) and measured in units of Watts (W) i.e. The unit of Real
or Active power is Watt where 1W = 1V x 1 A. .

Active Power in DC Circuits:

In DC Circuits, power supply to the DC load is simply the product of Voltage across the load and Current flowing
through it i.e., P = V I because in DC Circuits, there is no concept of phase angle between current and voltage. In
other words, there is no frequency (f) or Power factor in DC Circuits.

Active Power in AC Circuits:

But the situation in Sinusoidal or AC Circuits is more complex because of phase difference (θ) between Current
and Voltage. Therefore average value of power (Real Power) is P = VI Cosθ is in fact supplied to the load.

In AC circuits, When circuit is pure resistive, then the same formula used for power as used in DC as P = V I.

Related Post: Power Formulas in DC, AC Single Phase and and AC Three Phase Circuits.

Active Power Formulas:

P = V x I                                         (In DC circuits)

P = V x I x Cosθ                            (in Single phase AC Circuits)

P = √3 x VLx IL x Cosθ         or      (in Three Phase AC Circuits)

P = 3 x VPh x IPhx Cosθ

P = √ (S2 – Q2)or

P =√ (VA2 – VAR2) or

Real or True Power or Active Power = √ (Apparent Power2 – Reactive Power2) or

kW = √ (kVA2 – kVAR2)

Where:

P = Power in Watts

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

V = Voltages in Volts

I = Current in Amperes

Cosθ = Power Factor (Phase angle Difference)

VL = Line Voltage

IL = Line Current

S = Apparent Power in VA (Volt Ampere)

Q = Reactive Power in VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive)

Qu 09 What is Reactive Power: (Q)  

Also known as (Use-less Power, Watt less Power)

The powers that continuously bounce back and forth between source and load is known as reactive Power (Q)

Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its reactive properties is referred to as reactive power.

Reactive Power represent that the energy is first stored and then released in the form of magnetic field or
electrostatic field in case of inductor and capacitor respectively.

Reactive power is given by Q = V I Sinθ which can be positive (+ve) for inductive loads and negative (-ve) for
capacitive load.

The unit of Reactive Power is Volt-Ampere reactive i.e. VAR where 1 VAR = 1V x 1A.

In more simple words, in Inductor or Capacitor, how much magnetic or electric field produced by 1A x 1V is known
as  the unit of Reactive Power.

 Must read: Is Reactive Power Useful?

Reactive Power Formulas:

Q = V I Sinθ

Reactive Power = √ (Apparent Power2– True power2)

VAR = √ (VA2 – P2)

kVAR = √ (kVA2 – kW2)

Where: θ = Phase angle

Qu 10 What is Apparent Power: (S)

Ans:- The Product of voltage and current if and only if the phase angle differences between current and voltage
are ignored Total power in an AC circuit, both dissipated and absorbed/returned is referred to as apparent power

The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power

In an AC circuit, the product of the r.m.s voltage and the r.m.s current is called apparent power which
is denoted by (S) and measured in units of Volt-amp (VA).

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

It is the product of Voltage and Current without phase angle.

The unit of Apparent power (S) VA i.e. 1VA = 1V x 1A.

When the circuit is pure resistive, then apparent power is equal to real or true power, but in inductive or
capacitive circuit, (when Reactances exist) then apparent power is greater than real or true power.

Apparent Power Formulas:

S=VI

S = √ (P + Q2)

Apparent Power = √ (True power2 + Reactive Power2)

kVA = √kW2 + kVAR2

Qu.11 Explain RLC Series Circuit with the help of example

Ans:- Series RLC Circuit Analysis

Thus far we have seen that the three basic passive components:

resistance (R),

inductance (L),

capacitance (C)

have very different phase relationships to each other when connected to a sinusoidal AC supply.

1. The instantaneous voltage across a pure resistor, VR is “in-phase” with current

2. The instantaneous voltage across a pure inductor, VL “leads” the current by 90o

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

3. The instantaneous voltage across a pure capacitor, VC “lags” the current by 90o

4. Therefore, VL and VC are 180o “out-of-phase” and in opposition to each other.

Example No1
A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 12Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a capacitor of 100uF are
connected in series across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the total circuit impedance, the circuits current,
power factor and draw the voltage phasor diagram.

Inductive Reactance, XL.

 
Capacitive Reactance, XC.

 
Circuit Impedance, Z.

 
Circuits Current, I.

 
Voltages across the Series RLC Circuit, VR, VL, VC.

 
Circuits Power factor and Phase Angle, θ.

 
Phasor Diagram.

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

Qu 12 Explain Parallel RLC Circuit  with the help of example

Ans:- The Parallel RLC Circuit is the exact opposite to the series circuit we looked at in the previous tutorial
although some of the previous concepts and equations still apply

Since the voltage across the circuit is common to all three circuit elements we can use this as the reference vector
with the three current vectors drawn relative to this at their corresponding angles. The resulting vector  IS is obtained
by adding together two of the vectors, IL and IC and then adding this sum to the remaining vector IR. The resulting
angle obtained between V and IS will be the circuits phase angle as shown below.

Current Triangle for a Parallel RLC Circuit

Parallel RLC Circuit

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

A 1kΩ resistor, a 142mH coil and a 160uF capacitor are all connected in parallel across a 240V, 60Hz supply.
Calculate the impedance of the parallel RLC circuit and the current drawn from the supply.

Impedance of a Parallel RLC Circuit

In an AC circuit, the resistor is unaffected by frequency therefore R = 1kΩ’s

Inductive Reactance, ( XL ):

Capacitive Reactance, ( XC ):

Impedance, ( Z ):

Supply Current, ( Is ):

Objective Type

Qu01.  In an AC circuit ( sine wave ) with R and L in series

   A. Voltage across R and L 180o out of face
   B. The voltage across R lags the voltage across L by 90o
   C. The voltage across R leads the voltage across L by 90o
   D. Voltage across R and L are in phase
Ans:-B

Qu 02.  A current is set to be alternating when it changes in.

   A. Magnitude only
   B. Direction only
   C. Both magnitude and direction

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 Subject :- BEE Unit -2

   D. None of the above

Ans:- C

Qu 03.  The power factor of practical inductor is

   A. Unity
   B. Zero
   C. Lagging
   D. Leading
Ans:- C

 Qu 04 Unit of reactive power is

   A. VA
   B. Watt
   C. VAR
   D. Ohm
Ans:- C

Qu. 05 The r.m.s. value of a sine wave is 100 A. Its peak value is
   A. 70.7 A
   B. 141 A
   C. 150 A
   D. 282.8 A
Ans: B

Qu 06 In a three-phase supply, floating neutral is undesirable because it may result in........across the load.
   A. Unequal line voltages
   B. High voltage
   C. Low-voltage
   D. None of the above
Ans: A

Qu 07 In a pure resistive circuit

   A. Current lags behind the voltage by 90o
   B. Current leads the voltage by 90o
   C. Current can lead or lag the voltage by 90o
   D. Current is in phase with the voltage
Ans: D

Qu 08 In a power system, reactive power is necessary for

   A. Power transmission
   B. Stabilising the voltage level
   C. Counteracting the effect of reactance in the transmission system
   D. None of the above
Ans: C

Qu 09 A high Q coil has

   A. Large bandwidth
   B. High losses
   C. Low losses
   D. Flat response
Ans: C

 Qu 10 A parallel AC circuit in resonance will

   A. Have current in each section equal to the line current

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   B. Have a high voltage developed across each inductive and capacitive section
   C. Act like a resistor of low value
   D. Have a high impedance
Ans: D

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