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Urban Retreat:
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A Natural Healing
Center for the Stressed
Ginger Rene Hurst

A Thesis in Architecture
Submitted to the Architecture
T
Faculty of the College of
Architecture of Texas Tech
University in Partial Fulfillment
for the Degree of
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Cllirman of ~oiru;uttee
~
~s Instructo . Steph n Faulk

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/ ~~~sis Advisor: P llhp Mead
Schematics=~~r~i~~l
D~College of Architecture
December 2001
A Natural Healing Center
for the Stressed
Ginger Rene Hurst
Schematics Instructor:
Dr. Michael A. Jones
Thesis Instructor:
Prof. Stephen L. Faulk
Thesis Advisor:
Phillip Mead
The entire world population is becoming more aware of its health and well-being, mentally, physically, and spiritually. Tliere
is a new respect for the connection between nature and mind, body, and spirit. People are seeking ways to heal and renew themselves
from the utilitarian influenced contemporary culture. We are developing ways to do this in all areas oflife, including changes cihe
built environment. Environments affect our behavior, actions, thoughts, and especially our emotions.i Civilization is becoming m r
aware that the only way to fully heal and prevent illness is through the use of many more natural products.
Using the natural products of the earth in order to heal is becoming much more common place in our culture, as has been tlie
case in many others. In today's high-tech society, we have become so dependent on mechanical things and chemical compounds to
make our lives go more smoothly that we have forgotten the most important aspect, the effect on our bodies.
what to do, our body actually performs the tasks.
Man has been absorbed into technology.ii Industrialized people, living in a microchip society, solving pressing problems in
split seconds, take little time or inclination to reflect on the communal nature of the universe, nor are they inclined to do so. iii 0
fast-paced society provides little time for ourselves, and our bodies become stressed, physically and mentally. We therefore b ome
more vulnerable to illnesses that affect our overall well-being. A facility that specializes in providing natural healing techniques,
where the facility itself also promotes healing, can provide the remedy to over-taxed bodies. If a building is to contribute to
healing process it must respond to the user's needs.iv Everything about the facility; textures, colors, smell, form, and space must work
E
together for the users/patients in order to promote healthy living and healing.
iCrisp, Barbara. Human Spaces: Life-Enhancing Designs for Healing, Working, and
Living. Gloucester, MA: Rockport Publishing, 1998.
ii Adorno, Theodore. "Functionalism Today." In Rethinking Architecture: a Reader in

Cultural Theory, ed. Neil Leach, 4-19. New York: Rutledge, 1999.
iii Erdoes, Richard, and Alfonso Ortiz. American Indian Myths and Legends. New York:
Pantheon Books, 1984.
iv Caudill, William Wayne, Paul Kennon, and William M Pena. Architecture and You:
How to Experience and Enjoy Buildings. New York: Whitney Library of Design, 1981.
TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
ABSTRACT
c
THE NEED 1
WHAT IS NATURAL HEALING?
WHY IS IT NEEDED?
STRESS
FACILITY USERS
ARCHITECTURAL THEORY 17
COLOR
LIGHT
NATURE
CASE STUDIES
CONTEXT 36
OVERVIEW
SITE
FACILITY 50
GOALS
CONCEPTS
ANALYSIS
N
SPACE SUMMARY
COST ANALYSIS
BIBLIOGRAPHY 86
DESIGN RESPONSE 90
s
THESIS STATEMENT A
In order to heal mentally, physically, and emotionally, the space one penetrates must contribute greatly to whether or not
recovery will be successful, fast or slow paced. Although architecture alone cannot heal the sick, many believe that it can aid in t ,__
e __
healing process. Architecture may assist in healing through, among other things, the use of space, color, light, and natural materials.
This thesis will investigate architecture's effects on illness and healing through the application of a Natural Healing Center and
Retreat.
S
There are physical factors among the built and natural environment that contribute to wellness. This thesis will incorporate
these automatically but go beyond to see if there are other factors that may stimulate healing on a psychological basis. In fact, is this
phenomenon of architecture, that of making the invisible visible? Is healing dependant on satisfaction? The Natural Healing Ce ter
and Retreat will look at these components, as the primary function of the facility is to promote health and wellness among people ·
metropolitan setting.
FACILITY
A
This facility is designed to aid over-worked adults who are seeking rejuvenation. Guests will stay at the facility for a period of
three to four days. The facility itself is to be designed in such a way that it provides relaxation for its guests through the use of healing
architectural elements and therapies.

SCOPE
The project will include adequate spaces for such therapies as yoga, tai chi, massage therapy, hydrotherapy, aromatherapy,
dance, and meditation. Dining facilities, a library, indoor swimming pool, individual spas, therapists' rooms, and lodging for thirty
people will be provided.
CONTEXT
The Urban Retreat will be located in downtown Dallas, Texas, at the comer of Young and Field Streets. A public park is
directly adjacent to the facility. The Dallas City Hall, the main branch of the Dallas Public Library System, and the Convention
Center are also within close proximity.

NATURAL HEALING
WHAT IT IS
WHY IT IS NEEDED
STRESS
FACILITY USERS
1
NATURAL HEALING: WHAT IT IS
There are many definitions of health used throughout the world; that taken in the Natural Healing Center and Retreat will be in
terms of alternative medicine. This includes, but is not limited to, a complete balance between mind, body, and soul.
Natural healing tends to enhance the positive side of health, while current Western medicine generally takes a negative
position. The positive approach includes eating right, having the correct weight, positive outlook, a good life attitude, and being
energetic. The negative side identifies notions of never feeling ill, or never going to the doctor. In this sense health seems to focus
mainly on what the individual does not have in order to view the positive side.i In other words, if a person is not ill (focusing on the
negative) they are automatically healthy. While alternative medicine sees that the person is eating well, exercising, and is well-
balanced between mind, body, and spirit, then they are healthy, taking a positive outlook on the situation.
According to Gordon Edlin, health is described as a sense of optimum well-being that people can attain when reducing their
exposure to health risks and living in harmony with themselves and their environment. Reducing such risks includes keeping
physically fit, embracing good eating habits, and having plenty of sleep. Health encompasses not just the body, but also emotions,
thoughts, attitudes, and feelings. Health is also dependant on the positive quality of physical surroundings, which includes the state of
2
the health of family, friends, and acquaintances, the level of success in relationships with others, and the satisfaction and enjoyment
received from daily activities. All in all, health comes from the harmonious integration of body, mind, and spirit. ii
Holistic health is an approach to health and disease that includes all factors that can possibly affect human life.iii In this, every
aspect of one's life is examined in order to find out what is keeping one from being healthy overall. Disease and illness are almost
never caused by a single factor. Likewise, maintaining good health is also not due to a single factor. Therefore, mental health is just
as important as physical health.iv When one part of the body is not well, it can also affect other parts. When this happens it requires
more energy to overcome both the infected part and the others, which come under its detrimental influence in order to become well.
In alternative healing, the entire makeup of the person is considered from the outset.v At the Natural Healing Center, the effects of
stress on the body, physically and mentally, will be followed and treated.
Natural healing is healing that utilizes the natural products of the earth accompanied by therapeutic touch, movement exercises
and breathing. Natural healing focuses on the body and mind, bringing both together to work as one.vi Once the body and mind are
centered they can begin to work as one in healing the entire body. As stated by Plato, "the part can never be well, unless the whole is
well. ,,vii Good health occurs when we live in harmony with our environment, and ourselves maintaining a balance in the face of
change, growing with challenge, and in the development of our innate healing powers.viii Living in harmony with the environment
includes using natural products such as herbs, plants, and essential oils that come from them, as well as the use of natural materials in
building construction. Plants produce life and oxygen for animals and people to breathe, thus it is appropriate to return to our "roots"
3
for better ways to heal. ix Natural healing encourages the body to mend itself. Adverse Chemicals and impurities should never enter
the body.x The natural way of healing works with what the body already has, but uses natural medicines in order to complete what the
body doesn't have naturally. The benefits of alternative medicine include the ingestion of fewer medications, fewer side effects from
drastic cures, a reduction in healthcare costs, as well as being treated by caring people and not inhuman machines.xi Over time we
have learned frequently that medical technology has not produced the health we had expected. A ten percent gain in life span during
the last century is due mainly to immunization and healthcare.xii The vast majority, ninety percent, is due to good nutrition and better
living conditions.xiii
We have also learned that the environment affects behavior. Patients in hospitals with internal landscaped courtyards require
forty percent less sleeping/pain pills than those in facilities which did not have such landscaped spaces. As well as using such features
constructed of natural materials, the art of architecture must be combined with the art of healing in order to form a synergy. xiv
Alternative medicine has been used from the beginning of time. It is only within the last century, however, that is has been
regarded as an "alternative" method for healing purposes. According to Goldstein, alternative medicine is not typically taught in
medical school or normally widely practiced on patients. It differs from mainstream medicine in that it requires the mental and
physical realms oflife to be seen as one. In mainstream medicine, these two realms are isolated.xv While alternative medicine focuses
on healing the whole body, mainstream medicine ultimately heals the most apparent or immediate cause or source of pain and/or
discornfort, often leaving aspects of the body or mind uninvestigated.
4
Natural healing practices focuses on individuals and their specific needs. Western medicine sees everyone as almost identical,
needing the same care for the same health problems. An important aspect oflife is omitted from the diagnosis and treatment. Natural
healing techniques recognize the uniqueness of individuals in assessment and healing.xvi
Cooperation among the healer and the individual is key.xvii The healer acts as a guide for the individual who assists in the
healing process, providing direction and comfort. The healer is not the sole actor in this process, however. The individual must take
on the responsibility also for his own health. Together, both must work through the healing processes until total health is achieved.
5
NATUR AL HEALIN G: WHY IT IS NEEDE D
The demands for natural healing vary from individual to individual. However, some of the basics are presented here. With
heal from
alternative medicines, individuals can cope with stress, exercise, and learn relaxation, and supplemental nutrition in order to
within.xviii Destructive chemicals must not enter the body. This keeps it healthier, utilizing the body's natural defenses in the
company of natural products. Many of the chemicals ingested with medicines only help to reduce the symptoms of the problems,
rather than healing individuals.

of
Other good reasons for people to turn to natural healing include a reduction in the high costs of Western medicine, the lack
treatments,
personal care and access to today's physicians, much frustration in not getting completely well despite the often expensive
and the positive features of natural medicines most of which have little or no side effects.
There has been a dramatic increase in the cost of medical care over the past several years.xix Not only have physicians' fees
costs are
increased, but hospital costs have risen, health insurance has become more expensive. Some of the most expensive medical
to
diagnostic testing, hip and joint replacements, and organ transplants .xx Alternative medicines provide people with the opportunity
do
heal without the costs of having to go to a hospital, or the need to have health insurance. Also, because natural healing therapists
not have professional medical degrees, their fees tend not to be as high as medical doctors.
6
Associated with the lower costs of natural healing therapy, the more personal attention a patient receives is an aspect which
must be considered, especially for healing to take place. Today, the practice of medicine in the urban, technological society rarely
provides sufficient time or the correct environment to encourage a full doctor-patient relationship that will promote healing.""i One
reason for the frequent disappearance of personal care from physicians is that there are not enough of them to take care of everyone.
New York State has 228 physicians on average for every 100,000 residents, while Mississippi has only 82 physicians per 100,000
residents.""" However, Natural Healing therapists also tend to be hard to come by. Once found, their benefits are several, including
the time they take to meet with patients for a correct diagnosis, and the effort made to individualize healing plans. These two work
together to complete the healing process.
The frustration of not getting fully well when using Western medicines can be severe. The direction that Western medicine
has taken has often been accused of treating the symptoms of illnesses, and not the illness itself. In treating the symptoms alone, the
illness can persist and in some cases take over the whole body. With the use of natural medicines for healing purposes not only are the
symptoms treated, but the total illness also attacked. This is all part of making the mind, body and soul work together. Western
medicine and treatments tend to address the body alone, leaving the mind and soul out of the wellness picture. Holistic health is an
approach to health and disease that seeks to include all factors that can possibly affect human life.""iii
7
Natural medicines have little to no side effects. Because natural healing products are natural (with no chemical additives) they
do not usually tend to produce side effects. Chemicals often are not made to fit appropriately with the human body, only to
complement it. Natural products come from the earth and therefore work on the body in a natural way.
In focusing on natural healing, this Natural Healing Center and Retreat concentrate on healing the whole mind, body, and soul
with a focus on the problem caused by stress. When a person is stressed, it affects the entire body, mentally, physically, and
emotionally. The Retreat Center will focus on reducing stress among its guests and ways to heal what the stress has done to the body.
8
STRESS
Stress involves every aspect oflife, including love, hate, close attachments, competition, achievement, worry, hope, fear, goals,
and even faith.xx.iv It affects all systems of the body (neurological, endocrine, cardiovascular), all systems of the psyche (emotional,
cognitive, and unconsciousness), and all social systems (interpersonal, interpersonal, small and large group, and societal). Reducing
stress is important to our social, physiological, and psychological well-being.""v
Stress refers to symptoms resulting from stressors, or circumstances that produce disruptions in mind and body harmony.'°'vi
The mind and body no longer work as one when an individual experiences stress. Stress has also been defined as a force, strain, or
pressure on a person who resists them in an attempt to maintain a healthy state.xxvii
Another definition of stress is anything viewed by an individual that is taxing or exceeding his resources and endangering his
well-being.""viii It has been noted that people need a moderate amount of stress in order to be alert and function effectively; however,
when this stress becomes too great and unmanageable, it affects people physically and mentally in a harmful manner.xxix Small
amounts of stress help to motivate individuals. This is the type of stress that is manageable and not harmful. The mental and physical
effects of stress disrupt the individual to the extent that it can cost one his job, or affect an organization in general.xxx
9
A stressor is what causes the stress. More specifically, it is an event in the environment or body that puts a demand on the
individual. The result of this is strain, psychological strain resulting in depression or anxiety, or biological strain, which causes
illnesses, diseases, and cancers. xxxi
The causes of stress depend greatly on the individual, although there are three major categories; harm and loss, threat, and
challenges.lCXXii Harm and loss includes the death of a loved one, damage or theft to personal property, personal injury, or loss of self-
esteem. These situations create stress because important physical or psychological needs are removed. Emotions that arise from these
situations include sadness, depression, and anger.
Threat situations can produce harm and loss, and hinders ones ability to cope with life. Emotions stemming from this type of
stress include anger, hostility, anxiety, frustration, and depression.
Challenge opportunities are those that provide for growth, mastery, and gain. The result in emotions coming from these
situations often involves both excitement and sadness.)O{xiii
The causes of stress can vary from moment to moment and person to person. Therefore personalized and individualized care
are needed in order to identify the stress so that healing may take place.= iv
Stress can take place anywhere, at an individual's job, home, or school, anywhere that one has contact with others, family,
friends, co-workers, students, and teachers.=v Stress in the work place often comes from job dissatisfaction caused by work overload
or under load, changes in the environment in which the work takes place, tense relations with the boss or others. Stress that comes
10
from an individual's personal life and overlaps into the work place is difficult to handle, there is often no escape. Problems with work
and family are the two most important current sources of daily stress in adult life.= vi
Edlin explains that when stress is experienced it activates the nervous and endocrine systems, which in turn produce changes in
the body physiology. The nervous and endocrine systems are meant to deal with stressful situations; however, illness results when
these response systems become over-activated and the organs running them begin to wear down. This causes illness and lowers the
level at which the immune system works, leading to disorders, infections, and often cancer.=vii
Cary L. Cooper and Judi Marshall explain that there are nine different symptoms of psychological and physical strain caused
by work overload. These include: job dissatisfaction, tension, lowered self-esteem, embarrassment, threat, high cholesterol, increased
heart rate, skin resistance, and smoking.=viii
In the work force, when stress is left unmanaged, it can create problems not only in performance, but can also affect the health
and well-being of the individuat.=ix Studies have shown that stress has been the cause of such diseases as cancers, psychosexual
diseases, gastric ulcers, asthma, anxiety as well as dysfunctions in the endocrine glands.
A study completed by Khatri, Chansouria, and Udupa in 1977 found that stress plays a vital role in causing cancer.xi Stress
stemming from overwork and anxiety were found to be the cause of psychosexual disease in a study conducted by Chaudhari in
1977 .xli Stress causes the chemicals in the body to become imbalanced and thereby create physical and mental disturbances. Stress
induces gastric ulcers through increased adrenocortical secretions.xiii
11
The effects of stress have been studied very closely over the years in order to find out that it has the severe possibility of
causing numerous diseases in various organs and bodily systems.
When the body is stressed, the heart rate increases. This is the body's natural reaction in order to boost the supply of energy
and oxygen to the lungs, heart, and muscles.xliii Blood pressure also increases as circulation is redirected to the heart, lungs and
muscles from the other non-fighting organs. Because of this, the skin is left feeling cold and clammy. In order for the muscles to
receive more oxygen, the rate of breathing must also increase.
12
FACILITY USERS
For design purposes, it is appropriate to define the users of the Urban Retreat. The facility is intended for working adults in the
Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, who feel the stresses oflife and work bearing upon them. The Urban Retreat is to provide a place
where these people are welcome to relax and get away from the stresses of everyday life, without having to leave town. The Retreat is
to provide the "vacation" without the stress of "vacating." Unlike vacations where the activity level is often kept to a minimum, the
activities at the Retreat are low-key, yet they provide the guests with the opportunity to learn relaxation techniques to take with them
upon departure. The activities will further the knowledge of those that participate. Not only will rejuvenation occur, but the
techniques will also be learned. Personal attention from the therapists will also have an affect on the guests. Within the learning, the
therapists can provide guests with personal attention throughout the length of the stay.
13
i Calnan, Michael. Health and Illness: The Lay Perspective. London: Tavistock Publications Ltd., 1987.
ii Edlin, Gordon. Health and Wellness: A Holistic Approach. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Pub., 1988.
iii Mehl, Lewis E. Mind and Matter: Foundations for Holistic Health. Berkeley,
California: Mindbody Press, 1981.
iv Milsum, John H. Health, Stress, and Illness: A Systems Approach. New York: Praeyer
Publishers, 1984.
vGoldstein, Michael. Alternative Healing: Medicine, Miracle, or Mirage. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999, 41.
vizwicky, John F., Arthur W. Hafner, Stephen Barnett, William T. Jarvis. Reader's Guide
to Alternative Health Methods. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: American Medical Associates, 1993.
vii Jaffe, Dennis T. Hea/ingfrom Within. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986.
viii Ibid.
ix Garrett, J.T., and Michael Garrett. Medicine of the Cherokee: The Way of Right
Relationship. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Bear and Company Publishing, 1996.
x Keville, Kathi. Herbs for Health and Healing. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press Inc., 1996.
xi Dillard, James, and Terra Ziparyn. Alternative Medicine for Dummies. Forster City,
California: IDG Books, 1998.
xii Illich, Ivan. Medical Nemisis. New York: Bantam Books, 1976, 12.
xiii Ibid.
xiv Fiset, Martin. "Architecture and the Art of Healing." The Canadian Architect, no.35
(1990): 25-40.
14
xv Goldstein, 43.
xvi Ibid., 47.
xvii Ibid., 64.
xviii Kendrot, Edward. Healing the Eye the Natural Way: Alternative Medicine and Macular
Degeneration. Carson City, Nevada: Nutritional Research Press, 2000.
xix Edlin, Gordon. Health and Wellness: A Holistic Approach. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Pub., 1988, 500.
xx Ibid.
xxi Moyers, Bill. Healing and the Mind. New York: Doubleday, 1993.
xxii Edlin, 501 .
xxiii Mehl, Lewis E. Mind and Matter: Foundations for Holistic Health. Berkeley,
California: Mindbody Press, 1981.
xxiv Hobfoll, Stevan E. The Ecology ofStress. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.,
1988, 2.
xxv Lazarus, Richard S. Stress and Emotion: A New Synthesis. New York: Springer
Publishing Co. Inc., 1999, 27.
xxvi Edlin, 202.
xxvii Pestonjee, D.M. Stress and Coping: The Indian Experience. Newbury Park, California:
Sage Publications, 1992, 15.
xxviii Hobfoll., 10.
xxix Pestonjee., 29.
xxx Cooper, Cary L. Judi Marshall. "Sources of Managerial and White Collar Stress." In
15
Stress at Work, ed. Cary L. Cooper and Roy Payne, 81-105. New York: John Wiley
and Sons, 1978.
xxxi Hobfoll., 16.
xxxii Edlin, 205.
xxxiii Edlin., 205.
xxxiv Crum, Albert. The Ten Step Method of Stress Relief Decoding the Meaning and
Significance ofStress. New York: CRC Press, 2000.
xxxv Lazarus., 29.
xxxvi Lazarus., 32.
xxxvii Edlin,. 203.
xxxviii C
ooper., 85 .
xxxix Pestonjee., 20.
xi Ibid., 35.
xii Ibid., 36.
xiii Ibid., 37.
xliii Crum.
16
COLOR
LIGHT
CASE ST
E
0
y
17
Nancy Moore and Henrietta Komas state that since the beginning of the twentieth century, hospitals have been designed as
functional and efficient medical workshops rather than as centers focusing on the power of the mind, body, and spirit to aid the healing
process. Coping with births, deaths, and illnesses, patients, staff and visitors need psychologically warm, comforting and nurturing
environments. Research findings have indicated that designs that ignore these basic psychological needs can lead to elevated blood
pressure, anxiety, increase in the amount of medical drugs taken, and a lengthened stay for patients in hospitals.i An architecture that
contributes to the healing process provides a nurturing and caring environment. While the staff must convey this message, the facility
should communicate this as well, as soon as the patient arrives.
The basic function of a healing facility should be to ''harness the healing potential of the whole human being. ,,ii It is an age-old
process. In ancient Greece, special attention was paid to the power of natural elements to aid in healing and to restore the harmony
between mind, body, and spirit.iii Hospitals, nursing homes, and clinics are often seen as a stressor by the patient, and can be linked in
some ways to the beginning stages of another illness or disease. iv
Healing architecture includes the basic components of "air quality, thermal comfort, noise control, privacy, light, view of
nature, and visual serenity for those who are ill, and visual stimulation for those who are recuperating.,,v In order to set a stage for
healing, a design needs to capture and focus on what one is smelling, hearing, touching, tasting, and seeing in the environment, and
18
how one's body moves through the space and interacts with it.vi While incorporating all of these aspects into the building, the design
of this Urban Retreat will primarily focus on light, color, and nature. Every aspect of the complex needs to avoid confusion and
distraction in the users and instead promote reflection and relaxation.
19
COLOR
Color is important to enliven spaces. People attribute emotional and symbolic
values to colors. They affect moods and cause neurological responses through out the
body,vii which can also affect feelings.viii Colors create different emotions among people,
which can be used for healing. In the built environment choice of color should produce the
best possible reaction of users. Colors change the atmosphere of a room in an instant.
They enhance and vary the visual environment. ix Colors are the expression of language,
symbolism, tradition, and superstition that has been used since the beginning of time.x
Color is also viewed as a property oflight. The different wavelengths produce

Figure 2.1 Tang Center
different colors. Long wavelengths produce the warm colors of red, orange, and yellow, Health Care Architecture: Designs for
the Future.
while short wavelengths produce the cool colors of blue, green, and purple.xi Warm colors
are considered warm because of their similarities to the sources of warmth, mainly fire, ranging from red to orange to yellow.xii The
warm colors of the spectrum are the colors that excite and activate.xiii In healing, warm colors are considered best used for those that
are depressed. The cool colors that approach blue on the spectrum are usually associated with the coolness of the sky, mountains, and
water.xiv Ironically, the coolest part of a flame in a fire is the blue portion. It is fair to say that color cannot exist without light in its
20
various wavelengths. Cool colors posses passive and calming qualities that tend to enliven or quiet a mood.xv They result in less
visual stimulation and therefore are more calming than warm colors. Cool colors are appropriate for use in healing where people are
overcome by stress, hypertension, or hyperaction.
Laboratory tests have proven that energy exists in color,xvi which can affect health, comfort, happiness, and safety.JCVii All rays
on the electromagnetic spectrum possess energy, including color, which is seen as a form of ligheviii Dinshah P. Ghadiali discovered
that certain colors influence activity in specific glands in the body and this can aid in healing. Red represents the adrenal glands and
primary survival. Orange embodies the ovaries and testies and is active in creating energy. Yellow represents the pancreas and
promotes power and energy. Green is tied to the thymus gland, which excretes a growth hormone and is the heart and love energy.
Blue is the throat and thyroid gland promoting communication and the expression of the individual. Purple represents the head or the
pituitary gland and is the intuitive energy. Violet or indigo is the pineal gland and is seen as sacred, or tied to spirituality.xix Using the
color corresponding to the gland will aid in secretion of the gland that is infected.
21
LIGHT
The sun has been used to indicate time, heat, illuminate, worship, sterilize, and stimulate growth throughout history. Sunlight
is a comfortable and productive light in which to work. Its use also reduces energy costs.'°' Sunlight will not to be the sole source of
lighting for the Natural Healing Center and Retreat; however, it will be used wherever possible. Full spectrum electric lighting will be
used to supplement natural lighting when needed. Daylighting is the natural
choice because of the positive effects it has on the body.
full-spectrum light with which the
human eye is familiar.'°'i Day lighting
is important because of the quality
which is good for general vision and
produces a good visual

Figure 2.1 Bernard Mitchell Hospital
Hospital Interior Architecture. environment. xxii
Figure 2.2 Kaiser Permanente

Medical Campus
Health Care Architecture: Designs
for the Future.
22
Ultraviolet light is essential to human welfare. It keeps the skin healthy, prevents rickets,
produces vitamin Din the body, destroys germs, and influences chemical changes in the body.icxiii
With these physical changes, there also is a drop in blood pressure accompanied by a sense of
overall well-being.wv Of course, overexposure can be detrimental, causing wrinkling and skin
cancers. Having the appropriate amount of sunlight each day is certainly beneficial as it not only
keeps the body in good physical health, but it can also keep it in good mental health by creating the
sense of well-being.
The vitamin D that the body produces as a

Figure 2.3 Pacific Cataract and
Laser Institute
result of sunlight plays a very important role in
Hospital Interior Architecture.
the human body. It helps it to absorb calcium without which people develop
deficiencies such as rickets in childhood, and osteoporosis in adults. The sun is not
the only source of vitamin D for the body; man-made full spectrum lights can also
produce the ultraviolet radiation that the body requires.xxv
Figure 2.4 Shiley Eye Center

Health Care Architecture: Designs for the
Future.
23
NATURE
The key to the Urban Retreat will be the incorporation of nature into the city landscape. The
challenge is not to cut off the city from the Retreat, but to fuse the
urban environment with the natural context of the Retreat Center,
allowing the two to play off each other. Incorporating nature into the
scene is one of the best ways to promote healing among people.
Urban lifestyles do not typically encourage communing with

Figure 2.6 London
Bridge Hospital
nature.xxvi In a study conducted by Anita Olds, participants were
Hospital Interior
Architecture. asked to draw pictures of spaces that they believed would heal. In
seventy five percent of these spaces, outdoor scenes, growing things, and nature as a healer were Figure 2.5 Center for Non-
invasive Diagnosis
depicted.x:xvii People made connections between the natural universe and healing. The intent Hospital Interior Architecture.
upon departure of this facility is to feel rejuvenated, mentally, physically, and also spiritually.
24
One important aspect of nature is that it does not have to be physically experienced. Through visual stimulation, nature can
calm the body and mind. In a study completed by Roger Ulrich in 1990, it was found that when subjects viewed scenes of nature,
relaxation commenced after only three to six minutes .JOCviii Another study in 1984, also by
Ulrich, found that the functions of the immune system were induced when an individual was
subjected to visual exposure of nature.JOCix
Eyes relax when viewing expanses of greenery, or nature.JOO[ Essentially, this suggests
that viewing nature is peaceful; it allows the eyes to relax and, in turn, helps the body to relax.
The symbolism found in nature may be one reason why so many find it so relaxing and
comforting. Water holds many symbolic or iconographic meanings including rebirth or

Figure 2.7 St. Vincent Hospital
Health Care Architecture: Designs for purification; flowers express the fragility of life; stones represent strength or stability; rainbows
the Future.
symbolize hope or good fortune. All of the virtues that man needs are found symbolically in nature. Perhaps this is why so many tum
to it to find solace.
Nature is never static. It is constantly moving and changing. Waves in the ocean are never identical. No two rainbows ever
look alike. The patterns and colors on leaves are never quite the same, neither is the motion of the wind that blows them. This is a
reminder that things will change, and never remain in the same place for very long. This is important for those who are ill to realize
they will overcome their illness.
25
One architect who incorporated nature into his architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright wanted the natural world to
surround his buildings so that it would directly speak oflife.>OOU If nature could not be a physical part of his architecture, he would
turn the architecture into nature. Wright used the shapes, patterns, and
symbols of nature everywhere in his architecture. "Wright thought
that a building should serve as a foil to nature, and nature should
serve a building as ornament. ,,x.xxii
Figure 2.8 Tang Center

Health Care Architecture: Designs for the Future.
26
EASTERN HEALING c
ASKLEPIEION HOSPITALS .A...
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE s
E
T
u
D
I
E
27
EASTERN HEALING
Traditional Chinese medicine has been a part of the culture for centuries. It is traditional in the true sense. Health for those
that practice traditional Chinese medicine is a harmony and proper balance of internal and external forces.xxxiii This philosophy is
based on the system of Taoism. Taoists believe that there is a universal energy that connects all beings in the universe. This energy is
called ch'i. In order for health to occur, there must be a correct amount of ch'i in the body. When the amount of ch'i is heightened or
lowered, then an imbalance occurs and the body becomes diseased. Chinese medicine is therefore concerned with finding the
imbalances of energy in the body and the organs that it is affecting.
Taoists classify everything as having either a positive or negative force. The positive is called
...
yang and the negative, yin. All of the organs of the body are classified as yang or yin, as well as all
foods and medicinal herbs.
Chinese medical philosophers emphasize a five-element theory. The elements include wood,
fire, earth, metal, and water. Again, all objects and beings are referable to the five elements. The
f!'t ,. '-~"" Ht.iif 0·~'11lo'.MUI
elements are on a cyclic pattern and therefore ever-changing. ~I

01 •
... M;'olU l ulnl~
ft'rpW H~JC.~
11 .......,.
... s.-.
(..'\ .. Clr(.,,1-.u1.&.a
SI: - $4<11n•d·
'~ : ~;i!.t"'u~ Lr1 • IJc11!f;'
K '"' IOUIW"'
vu ... '-·.\U"t..dl>a t.. - Li·~
Figure 2.9 Ch'i Diagram

Health and Healing.
28
As energy flows from one organ to the next, the theory of Chinese medicine focuses on the mechanics of the body and the
directions of energy flow. Treatments are concerned with normalizing the energy flow and restoring the balance of yang and yin. xxxiv
Figure 2.10 Yin-Yang

Time, Energy and the
Psycho/of!Y of Healin~.
29
ASKLEPIEION HOSPITALS
Research suggests that hydrotherapy has been used for centuries. The oldest known use of hydrotherapy was in the
Asklepieion hospitals of ancient Greece.xxxv The spring water used in these hospitals was said to be sacred, and used in all 320
Asklepieia that have been documented.xxxvi The sacred water was thought to have healing powers, as it was a gift from the gods.xxxvii
The ancient medicines practiced at the Aslepieion hospitals used water treatments for a variety of diseases and disorders, including;
skin disorders, arthritis, and psychological disorders.lOOCViii
Water was seen as a sacred tool used in medicine. It had cleansing and purifying effects that could cure many physical and
mental ailments. Fortunately, water is still seen to have some of these effects today. Historically, the Asklepieion hospitals show that
hydrotherapy was taken seriously and not simply a new age method of healing.
The hydrotherapy used at the Natural Healing Center and Retreat is to maintain the healing power that has been used over
time. Aromatherapy is to be combined with the water treatment in order to create a specific healing environment. The treatment
rooms will allow the patient to experience the healing powers of water and aromatherapy, along with color and light that is to be
incorporated with the architecture of the sacred space.
30
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
The following information is taken from an interview with the author and Ms. Goyette that occurred on February 28, 2001, at
the Massage Therapy Healing Arts Center in Lubbock, Texas. This information will aid in the design of the massage therapy rooms .
Upon receiving a massage, all five senses of the body are used. The first thing noticed upon entering the massage room is the
smell of essential oils and candles burning. With the unique smell, atmosphere is created with the lights dimmed very low. Although
the lights are not fully on, pictures of ocean scenes and whales were visible on the walls. The sound of soft music plays in the
background. The room itself is soothing, with a carpeted floor and soft purple painted walls. Even before the massage has begun, the
physical environment has created a relaxing feeling for the individual.
At the beginning of the session, before the massage begins, the therapists asks a few questions about what one wants to
accomplish from the massage, and what areas need to be focused on. Once the therapist describes how she will perform the therapy,
she then asks if it is necessary to use the restroom, and then leaves the room to allow for disrobing. Once undressed, the patient lays
on the treatment table under the sheets and blanket. The treatment table is highly padded providing extreme comfort. A few moments
later, the therapist returns and prepares herself. She has already washed her hands and warmed them. Now she prepares herself by
calming herself with deep breathes. The room is large enough to accommodate the therapist walking around all sides of the table.
The floor is also carpeted for comfort, as she is standing for the entire length of the therapy. Once the therapy is complete, she gives
31
instructions for getting up off of the table slowly as feeling light-headed is common. Also a frequent occurrence is the need to use the
restroom again, even if it has only been one hour. This is common because the massage is releasing toxins in the body that need to
exit. Once the therapist leaves the room, one dresses and then talks about the therapy with the therapist. She goes over what she felt
were areas that needed to be worked on some tips on how to relieve the tension on one' s own.
Massage is an experience all its own that can only be enhanced by the space that it is performed in.
32
i Moore, Nancy, and Henrietta Komas. Patient Focused Healing: Integrating Caring and Curing in Health
Care. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pub., 1993, 158.
ii Ibid.
iii Ibid.
iv Malkin. John. Hospital Interior Architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992, 10.
v Ibid.
vi Beaugureau, Danielle. "Healing Garden Monitors Patients by Remote Control."
Architectural Record 185, no. I. (1997): 39.
vii Birren. Faber. New Horizons in Color. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1955, 102.
viii Birren, Faber. Color Psychology and Color Therapy. New York: University Books Inc., 1961, 162.
ix Swirnoff, Lois. Dimensional Color. Boston: Birkhauser, 1989, 3.
x Birren, Faber. Color Psychology and Color Therapy. New York: University Books Inc., 1961, 162.
xi Birren, Faber. Creative Color. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1961, 17.
xii Sargent, Walter. The Enjoyment and Use of Color. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1964, 54.
xiii Birren, Faber. Color Psychology and Color Therapy. New York: University Books Inc., 1961, 141.
xiv S
argent, 54.
xv Birren, Faber. Color Psychology and Color Therapy. New York: University Books Inc., 1961 , 141 .
33
xvi Clark, Linda A The Ancient Art of Color Therapy. Old Greenwich, Connecticut: The Devin-Adair Co., 1975, 33.
xvii Ibid.
xviii Ibid.
xix Goyette, David, registered massage therapist. Interview by author, 23 January 2001, Lubbock, Texas. Massage Therapy Healing Arts Center, Lubbock.
xx Lam, William M.C. Sun/ighting as Formgiver for Architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1986, 3.
xxi Robbins, Claude L. Daylighting: Design and Analysis. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1986, 4.
xxii Ibid.
xxiii Evans, Benjamin H. Daylight in Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1981 , 20.
xxiv Ibid.
XXV Lam, 23.
xxvi Malkin, 31.
xxvii Malkin, 32.
xxviii Ibid.
xxix Ibid.
xxx Neutra, Richard. Survival Through Design. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969, 194.
xxxi Hoffman, Donald. Frank Lloyd Wright: Architecture and Nature. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1986, 5.
xxxiiHoffm an, 7.
xxxiii Weil, Andrew. Health and Healing: Understanding Conventional and Alternative Medicine. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1983, 144.
34
xxxiv Graham, Helen. Time, Energy and the Psychology of Healing. London: Jessica Kingsley Pub., 1990, 64.
JOCXV Kasas, Sauas. Important Medical Centers in the Antiquity, Epidaurus and Corinth: When Medicine was Still Divine. Translated by Anne Kasas. Athens,
Greece: Editions Kasas, 8.
xxxvi Ibid.
xxxvii Ibid, 9.
xxxviii Ibid.
35
SITE
T
36
CONTEXT OVERVIE W
The site proposed for the Urban Retreat is in the center of downtown Dallas, Texas, at the comer of Field and Young Street.
The site is surrounded by a park, the main branch of the Dallas Public Library, City Hall, Convention Center, loft apartments, and high
rise businesses. Dallas has a population of just over one million, and growing. i The percent of population included in the working
class is 64.4%. ii Dallas' location is considered North Central Texas located about 250 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico.iii The
climate is categorized as humid sub-tropical with a large temperature range. The daily average temperature is 65°F with 34 inches of
average rainfall per year.iv The summers are hot with temperatures ranging from 80°F to 100°F. Warm weather generally lasts from
mid-March to mid-October. The winter months are mild with occasional cold winds and freezing temperatures with rare snowfall.
Rainfall generally occurs during the night with heavy thunderstorms mainly in the spring.v
37
Nof1h Central Texas 2025
Traffic SUNey Zone Forecast
Total Population
1995
--12-Jit
.,""°....
--
41 - 1$
"·'~
.....
Figure 3. 1 Population of North Central Texas
www.dfwinfo.com.
Figure 3. 2 Downtown Dallas City Street Map

www.dfwmaps.com.
38
Proposed Site
Figure 3.3 Aerial Photo graph of Dallas , Texas

www.dfwinfo.com.
39
Figure 3.4 Aerial Photograph of Site
www.djw.in/o.eom.
40
Figure 3.5 Site Analysis: Existing Conditions
fllustration by the Author.
41
Figure 3.6 Site Analysis: Views
IUustration by the Author.
42
Figure 3.9 East view from site
Photograph by the Author.
44
Figure 3.10 South view from site
Figure 3.11 West view from site

45
Figure 3.12 View of site from park
46
I
z;
J
Figure 3.13 Park

Photograp h by the Author.
47
Figure 3.14 West view from park
48
i City of Dallas. 2000. Dallas Facts and Statistical Profile [on-line]. Dallas, Texas: Dallas City Hall;
available from htto://www.dallascityhall.org/html/statistical profile.html; Internet; accessed 3 March 2001.
ii City of Dallas. 2000. Dallas Facts and Statistical Profile [on-line]. Dallas, Texas: Dallas City Hall;
available from htto://www.dallascityhall.org/html/statistical profile.html; Internet; accessed 3 March 2001.
iii National Weather Service, 2000. Dallas/Fort Worth Climate Overview [on-line]. Dallas, Texas: National
Weather Service; available from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/fwd/CLIMO/dfw/annual/dnarritive.html; Internet; accessed 3 March 2001.
iv City of Dallas. 2000. Dallas Facts and Statistical Profile [on-line]. Dallas, Texas: Dallas City Hall;
available from http://www.dallascityhall.org/htrnl/statistical profile.html; Internet; accessed 3 March 200 I.
v National Weather Service, 2000. Dallas/Fort Worth Climate Overview [on-line]. Dallas, Texas: National
Weather Service; available from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/fwd/CLJMO/dfw/annual/dnarritive.html; Internet; accessed 3 March 2001.
49
GOALS F
y
50
GOALS AND CONCEPTS
The goals for the Urban Retreat include:
1. Accessibility
2. Comfort
3. Mood/Ambience
4. Safety
51
ACCESSIBLE:
1. Accessible in location:
Parking must be The facility should be

located on site with located on or near a
clear entrance and major road.
exit signs.
2. Meets all ADA requirements:
Must accommodate
all people.
52
COMFORT: t ·
1. Use of natural healing e1emen s.
Use of natural Use of water elements

daylighting. · for sight and sound
comfort.
Nature should be
viewed from the inside
and outside.
53
2. Sound:
White noise from

natural elements
should be provided.
54
MOOD/AMBIENCE:
1 . Colors and Textures:
Colors, textures,
materials should be
used that are most
pleasing to the eye.
2. Lighting:
Dimmable lighting to
create a mood,
especially within the
therapy rooms.
55
SAFETY:
1. Entrance:
Must be clearly Must continue within

defined and visible. the space.
2. Safety in Security:
Closed access at Barrier walls for

off hours. _ ........,_~_ visual privacy.
56
ADMINISTRATION OFFIOE
CONSULTATION ROOM~
DINING ROOM
DOUBLE GUESTS ROOMS
HYDROTHERAPY ROOMS
INDOORSWIMMINGPOOLI
KITCHEN
LAUNDRY ROOM
LIBRARY
LOBBY
MASSAGE THERAPY ROOMS
MEDITATION GARDEN
MULTI-PURPOSE ROOMS
PARKING
PUBLIC RESTROOMS
RECORDS &BUSINESS ~
SHOP
SINGLE GUEST ROOMS . _
STAFF BREAK ROOM
STAFF LODGING
,,,,,,,,,
STORAGE CLOSETS
s
THERAPISTS OFFICES
I
s 57
ROOM NAME: DIAGRAM OF ADJACENCIES:
Administration Office
CODE CLASSIFICATION :
Group B
SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS:
100sq. Ft.
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
2people
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
1
ATMOSPHERE & ENVIRONMENT:
This office must be a secure working space that provides privacy
for conservation and records.
FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT:

desk with 3 chairs, shelving, filing cabinets.
OPERATIONAL FLOW /PHYSICAL FACTORS:

Adjacent to the Records and Business office, and therapists' offices.
58
Consultation Rooms
CODE CLASSIFICATION:
Group B
60sq. Ft.
NUMBER OF ROOMS:
4
MAXIMUM OCCUPA NCY:
3 people
NUMBER OF EGRESSE S:
1
ATMOSPHERE & ENVIRON MENT:
The Consultation rooms are to provide full visual and acoustical
privacy. They must incorporate natural day lighting and a view
of the outdoors to provide comfort for the patient. These rooms are
used to determine what types of treatment are necessary during
the stay and at the end of the stay, how treatments have been
effective. Atmosphere must be professional, but not stuffy.
FURNITURE AND EQUIPME NT:

Armchairs configured for easy communication, small table, phone
outlet for future use.
OPERATIONAL FLOW/PHYSICAL FACTORS:

Must be near therapists' offices, records and business office, and guest rooms.
59
Dining ,
Group B
600sq. Ft.
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
40 people
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
2
The Dining Facility must have a comfortable appearance where
relaxation can occur. The materials must provide for easy
clean up. Natural day lighting and views of the gardens are a
priority.

Dining: tables and seating for 40 people, fireplace.

Must have access to a loading/unloading dock, and in close
proximity to the guest lodging units, separated from the main entry
and lobby of the facility.
60
Double Occupancy Lodging
Group R-1
SPATIAL REQUIREMENT S:
300sq. Ft.
NUMBER OF ROOMS:
5
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
2 people
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
1
ATMOSPHERE & ENVIRONMENT :
The Lodging units are to be places for personal retreats, where
sleeping and meditation occurs. The rooms must include views of
garden areas with private entrance to garden, and natural
day lighting. Acoustical privacy must be a priority.

Queen size bed, 2 chairs, 2 nightstands, table, dresser, attached
bathroom.

Lodging units must be adjacent to each other, each with private
entrances to the garden areas, must be away from main entrance
into the building and lobby, should be grouped with other double
occupancy units.
61
Hydrotherapy/Aromatherapy Room
CODE CLASSIFI CATION:
Group B
SPATIAL REQUIRE MENTS:
100sq. Ft.
NUMBER OF ROOMS:
5
MAXIMUM OCCUPA NCY:
1 person
1
The Hydrotherap y rooms are to be calming and relaxing spaces that
promote reflection within the patient. These rooms must incorporate
natural day lighting. Must have acoustical and visual privacy.
Aromatherapy is also to be included in the treatment used in these
rooms, as is meditation.

Jacuzzi(4'x4 'x4'), chair, connected restroom with shower system
for changing and rinsing off, stair/ladder for getting into the tub.
OPERATIONAL FLOW/PHYSICA L FACTORS:

Must be in relation to the massage therapy rooms, and away
from the lobby area for privacy issues.
62
Indoor Swimming Pool Room
Group A-3
500sq. Ft. of pool , 150sq. Ft. of deck
MAXIMUM OCCUP ANCY:
10 people
NUMBER OF EGRESS ES:
1
The Pool room is to be a relaxing, cool space where,
patients can mingle together, almost as a group therapy. Natural
day lighting is necessary, however visual privacy from the outside is
a must.

Pool(4'-8'deep), lounge chairs, connected men's and women's restrooms
with shower facilities for changing and rinsing, shelves for clean
towels and disposal of used towels.

Must be in close proximity to the hydrotherapy rooms for the
water piping systems, attached restrooms.
63
Laundry Facility
100sq. Ft.
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
3 people
NU MBER OF EGRESSES:
1
The Laundry Facility is to be a working environment for the staff
of the Center. It is to be used for washing, drying, and cleaning
of the guests' linens.

Industrial washing(30'wide,32"deep) and drying machines(32"wide,45"deep),
storage for linens.

Must be in close proximity to the main Janitorial Closet.
65
Library
Group A-3
500sq. Ft.
MAXIMUM OCCUPA NCY:
10 people
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
1
The Library needs to be a quiet environment and also well lit.
Day lighting must be incorporated. Comfortable seating providing
choice in arrangement must be included .

Seating , shelves, tables and chairs, televison/vcr for video
materials with isolation area for sound reasons.

Must be near the Records and Business Office (which would serve
as Librarian) and restrooms, must have a storage closet.
66
Lobby
Group A-3
500sq.ft
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
1-20 people
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
1
The lobby needs to be an inviting space that incorporates
openness. It must include natural day lighting for comfort
and a source for white noise, such as a fountain, to
block out sounds of the surrounding city. To feel more
inviting and like home, the space should also include
plants.

seating for up to 20 people, tables, check-in desk,
water fountain and plants.

Directly after the entrance into the building, incorporated
with the check in desk, restrooms, telephone, and
water fountain nearby .
67
Massage Room
Group B
100 sq. Ft.
NUMBER OF ROOMS:
4
MAXIMUM OCCUPA NCY:
2 people
1
The Massage rooms must be calming spaces where people may
feel relaxed and secure. The lighting needs to be controlled
therefore, no windows for natural daylight and for privacy. The floor
must be padded and carpeted in order to provide comfort for the
therapist who stands on his feet all day while performing the
therapy. Music choices and volume must also be controlled
within the specific therapy room.

massage table, 2 chairs, small table, built in cabinetry for storage
of towels, linens, stereo, and other therapy products, dimmable
lighting, telephone outlet for future changes, but no telephone.
OPERATIONAL FLOW/PHYSICA L FACTORS:

Potential separate entrances for therapisUpatient, with restroom
for changing on attached to the patient entrance and wash room
attached to therapist entrance, must be away from the bustle
68
of other guests, the journey to the treatment room must also be calming ..
69
Meditation Garden
500sq. Ft
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
10 people
The Meditation Garden is to provide relaxation and reflection upon
the guests. The garden must include a pathway that has several
stopping points along the way. It must contain plants, trees, and
a water element which creates white noise.

Plants, trees, water fountain, benches, tables, walking path.

Potential entrances from each guest room, possibly in the form of
roof gardens, needs to shield view of city streets and noise with
a barrier wall.
70
Multi-Purpose Room
Group A-3
SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS :
450sq. Ft
NUMBER OF ROOMS:
2
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
20 people
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
2
ATMOSP HERE & ENVIRONMENT:
The Multi-purpose rooms needs to accommodate for multiple events
such as yoga, tai chi, classroom settings, and dance. It must
include cool colors and views of the outdoors, with incorporation
of natural day lighting.

Ample storage space for tables and 30 chairs, 30 yoga mats, chalkboard,
built in storage cabinets for classroom materials (papers, pencils, craft
supplies).

Must be near therapists' offices and public restrooms .
71
ROOM NAME:
Parking
Group S-4
20,000sq. Ft
Must be well lit with easy access to 2 of the streets that the site
borders.

Must be adjacent to the facility.
Needs to provide for 200 parking space in order to accommodate
for the spaces that are being taken over by the facility.
72
Public Restrooms
Group A-3
250sq. Ft.
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
4 people
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
1
The restrooms must be kept clean and easy to clean. Privacy,
both acoustical and visual, is primary.
FURNITURE AND EQUIPM ENT:

Men: 3 toilets, 2 urinals, 4 sinks, soap dispenser, towels, trash
can.
Women: 4 toilets, 4 sinks, soap dispenser, towels, feminine
hygiene products dispenser, trash can.

Must be adjacent to the lobby/check-in desk, adjacent to public
phones and drinking fountain.
73
Records and Business Office
Group B
SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS :
300sq. Ft.
MAXIMUM OCCUP ANCY:
3 people
NUMBER OF EGRESS ES:
1
The Records and Business Office is a working office housing
confidential records, and taking reservations. The office must be
organized and have accessibility to all areas. Security for all
records is essential.

desks, filing units, storage units, shelving, copy machine.
OPERATIONAL FLOW/PHYSIC AL FACTORS:

Must be in direct relation with the check-in desk and administration
office, near therapists' offices, designated storage unit/closet.
74
Shop
Group M
240sq. Ft.
MAXIMUM OCCUPA NCY:
8 people I
1 ~i
ATMOSPHERE & ENVIRON MENT: 1
The Shop is to be an inviting space where guests can purchase I
forgotten toiletries, herbal medicines, books, and small food items.
The Shop needs to have a storage closet.

Shelving, counters, cash register, closet.

Must be near the loading/unloading docking area for accessibility
of moving materials. Should also be in close proximity to the
lobby area.
75
DIAGRAM OF ADJACENCIES:
ROOM NAM E:
Single Occu pancy Lodging
Group R-1
SPATIAL REQ UIRE MEN TS:
250sq. Ft.
NUMBER OF ROOMS:
20
MAXIMUM OCC UPA NCY :
1 person
NUMBER OF EGRESSES :
1 for every 1O rooms
ATMOSPHERE & ENV IRON MEN T:
ts, where
The Lodging units are to be places for personal retrea
s. The rooms must includ e views of
sleeping and meditation occur
to garde n, and natura l
the garden areas with private entrance
day lighting. Acoustical privacy must be a priority.

bathroom .
Full size bed , chair, 2 nightstands, dresser, attached
OPERATIONAL FLO W/PH YSIC AL FACTORS:

with private
Lodging units must be adjacent to each other, each
main entrance
entra nces to the garden areas, must be away from
other single
into the building and lobby, should be grouped with
occup ancy units.
76
Staff Break Room
Group A-3
SPATIAL REQUIR EMENTS :
150sq. Ft.
MAXIMUM OCCUP ANCY:
10 people
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
1
ATMOSPHERE & ENVIRO NMENT:
The Break Room is to be a place for taking a break from work to
eat, socialize, and relax. It must have a view of the outside to promote
relaxation.

Refrigerator, mini-stove, built in cabinetry for food storage, table
and chairs, couch, trash can.

Must be adjacent to the Therapists' offices, Administration office,
and the Records and Business office.
77
Staff Lodging
Group R-1
SPATIAL REQUI REMEN TS:
300sq . Ft.
MAXIMUM OCCUP ANCY:
2 people
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
1
This lodging unit is to provide living space for permanent staff
member(s) who operate the facility. This space is to be used for
living. The room must include a view of day lighting.
Acoustical privacy must be a priority. The living area and
kitchenette must be separated from the sleeping area.
FURNITURE AND EQUIP MENT:

Queen size bed, 2 chairs, table, 2 nightstands, dresser, attached
bathroom , television, telephone, kitchenette, couch, closet.

Must be near other lodging units for accessibility of patients.
78
Storage/Broom Closet
Group S-2
60sq . Ft.
NUMBER OF ROOMS:
1 per floor
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
1 person
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
1
These closets will be used for storage of linens and cleaning
supplies for each floor of the facility. This space must be easy to
clean and provide ample lighting.

Shelving units, mop sink, trash bin, floor drain.

Must not be visible to the guests, yet have a central location for
easy accessibility to all lodging units and restrooms.
79
Therapist Offices
Group B
150sq. Ft.
NUMBER OF ROOMS:
4
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
2 people per room
NUMBER OF EGRESSES:
1
The Therapists' offices are working environments where the
therapists research and prepare themselves for giving treatments.
The offices need to allow for acoustical privacy.

2 desks and chairs, vertical filing units, shelves, telephones,
computer station.

Must be adjacent to the business and records office.
80
s
p
A,.
E
s
u
NI
81
SPACE SUMMARY
SPACE QUANTITY SQ. FT. NET AREA

ASSIGNABLE AREAS
Administration Office 1 100 100
Consultation Room 4 60 240
Dining Room 1 600 600
Guest (Double) 5 300 1500
Guest (Single) 20 250 5000
Hydrotherapy 5 100 500
Indoor Swimming Pool 1 650 650
Kitchen 1 300 300
Laundry 1 285 285
Library 1 500 500
Lobby 1 500 500
Massage Room 4 100 400
Mechanical 1 500 500
Meditation Garden 1 500 500
Multi-Purpose Room 2 450 900
Public Restrooms 1 250 250
Records and Business 1 300 300
Shop 1 240 240
Staff Break Room 1 150 150
Staff Lodging 1 300 300
Therapist Office 4 150 600
NET ASSIGNABLE AREA

14,615
UNNASSIGNED AREAS
Circulation 20% 2,923
NET UNASSIGNABLE AREA

2,923
GROSS AREA
17,538
82
L
I
s
83
COST ANALYSIS
SPACE $/SQ. FT. SQ. FT. NET COST

Hotel 100.95 6 ,140 619,833
Administration
Consultation
Guest rooms
Laundry
Library
Lobby
Therapy rooms
Multi-purpose rooms
Public restrooms
Records and Business
Staff break room
Staff lodging
Storage
Therapist offices
Pool 40 1,150 46,000
Indoor swimming pool
Hydrotherapy rooms
73.3 240 17,592
Shop
127.6 900 114,840
Restaurant
Kitchen
Dining
47.45 30,000 1,423,500
Parking Garage
GROSS COST $2,221 ,765
84
All code classification, spatial requirements, maximum occupancy, and number of egresses information is from:
International Conference of Building Officials. 1997 Uniform Building Code. Whittier, CA: 1997.
International Code Council, Inc. International Plumbing Code. Country Club Hills, IL: 2000.
Jones, Vincent, ed. Architects ' Data. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Sciences Ltd., 1980.
All cost analysis data is from:
Balboni, Barbara, ed. RS Means Square Foot Costs 2001. Kingston, MA: RS Means Co. Inc., 2000.
85
B
86
Adorno, Theodore. "Function alism Today." In Rethinking Architecture: a Reader in
Cultural Theory, ed. Neil Leach, 4-19. New York: Rutledge, 1999.
Beck, William C., Ralph H. Meyer. Health Care Environment: The User's Viewpoint.
Boca Raton, Florida: CRL Press Inc.: 1982.
Cadji, Miriam. "Healing Power." RIBA Journal, November 2000, 44-50.
Carpman, Janet R., Myron A. Grant, Deborah A. Simmons. Design that Cares: Planning
Health Facilities for Patients and Vistiors. Chicago, Illinois: American Hospital Publishing Inc., 1986.
Caudill, William Wayne, Paul Kennon, and William M Pena. Architecture and You:
How to Experien ce and Enjoy Buildings . New York: Whitney Library of Design, 1981.
Cooksley, Valerie Gennari. Aromatherapy: A Lifetime Guide to Healing with Essential

Oils. Paramus, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996.
Dever, G.E. Commun ity Health Analysis: A Holistic Approach. Germantown, Maryland:
Aspin Systems Corp., 1979.
Erdoes, Richard, and Alfonso Ortiz. American Indian Myths and Legends. New York:
Pantheon Books, 1984.
Evans, Benjamin H. Daylight in Architecture. New York: McGraw Hill, 1981 .
Fiset, Martin. "Architecture and the Art of Healing." The Canadian Architect, no.35
(1990): 25-40.
87
Edlin, Gordon. Health and Wellness: A Holistic Approach. Boston: Jones and Bartlett
Pub., 1988.
Frohock, Fred M. Healing Powers: Alternative Medicine, Sprirtual Communities, and

the State. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Haggard, Liz, and Sarah, Hosking. Healing the Hospital Environment. New York:
Routledge, 1999.
Hosler, Virginia N . Holistic Mental Health for Tomorrow's Children: For Teacher's and
Mental Health Workers. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1981.
Kliment, Stephen A. Building Type Basics for Healthcare Facilities. New York: John
Wiley and Sons Inc., 2000.
Marberry, Sara 0. ed. Innovations in Healthcare Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995.
Mitchell, Stewart. The Complete Illustrated Guide to Massage. New York: Barnes and
Noble Inc., 1997.
Nesmith, Eleanor Lynn. Health Care Architecture: Designs for the Future. Washinton
D.C.: The AIA Press, 1995.
Null, Gary. Secrets of the Sacred White Buffalo: Native American Healing Remedies,
Rites, and Rituals. Paramus, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press, 1998.
Pitchford, Paul. Healing with Whole Foods: Oriental Traditions and Modern Nutrition.
Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 1996.
Schwartz, Murray. Designing and Building Your Professional Office, 2d ed. Oradell,
New Jersey: Medical Economics Company Inc., 1989.
88
Titmuss, Christopher. The Power ofMeditation. New York: Sterling Publication
Company Inc., 1999.
Unconventional Cancer Treatments. New York: Garden Press Publishers, [1991].
Vitruvius. The Ten Books on Architecture. Translated by Morris Hicky Morgan. New
York: Dover Publications Inc., 1960.
89
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PROCESS
Actually designing the Urban Retreat was by far the most fun, and at times the hardest, part of thesis. During the schematic
phase of design, I went through four major changes in the shape and organization of the facility, until finally reaching the one that
satisfied what I thought were the most important requirements of the program. Color, light, and nature were obvious design
requirements, both in the large scale and in the details. Most of the criticism in the design reviews consisted of connecting the parts of
building together, and making it more free flowing with gentle curves. This allowed for the design to appear gentler to the eye, and
therefore more relaxing.
RESPONSE
The conceptual basis for my design consisted of incorporating as much color, light, and nature as possible, and breaking the
building up into individual pieces. This allowed for similar building types to be grouped together, forming wings. There is the service
wing, therapy wing, and a guest wing. These wings house different types of actions, but the way that they are connected becomes
important.
The most important spaces in the design are where the relaxation and rejuvenation take place. These would be the therapy
rooms. The guest rooms and the gardens are also very important with regards to healing.
The controlling factors of my design were light and views. The guest wing faces the east, which is extremely important to
wake up to eastern light. Also, the therapy rooms have unique windows that capture the western light and push it into the rooms.
91
also were important factors. The way that the guest
View of the main garden , private garden s, and the park across from the facility
street, as well as the central garden within the facility.
wing is situated, it allows for every guest to have a view of the park across the
The lookou t tower also provide s views around the area.

human scale, and the fact that someon e who was
The most compe lling aspect of the design is how the spaces are designed at
actually start to feel that they could take control of their
completely stresse d and needin g a "time-o ut" from life could come here and
are carefully designed to provide this kind of
life and get things in order to not be stressed, or as stressed. The therapy rooms
environment, as is the entire facility.
DESCRIPTION
need to get away, but don't want the hassle of
This is Urban Retreat. It's a place for people to come who are stressed and
to "de-stress" through yoga, tai chi, meditation,
having to leave town to relax. Further more, those that come here will learn
s in which to do it.
hydrotherapy, and massag e therapy. They will learn how to relax and method
and nature. From the second a guest pulls into the
Archite cture plays into this healing of stress through the use of color, light,
with trees and flowers, along with a water feature that

circular drive, they are greeted by bold colors and an intimate garden filled
an elegant floor tile, which once again become s water in
directs the guest to the front door. Once inside, the water elemen t turns into
in an adjacent lot, and be given a tour of the facility.
the meditation garden . The guest will check in while their car is being parked
entry to the guest wing is a sculptural stair element that
The lobby is a colorfu l, light filled space with three glass-enclosed trees. The
92
provides a sense of place. The guest wing itself is bright and overlooks the meditation garden, until inside the actual guest rooms,
which overlook the central garden with a pond and walking, trail. The therapy wing is intimate and has views of the same garden.
With the irregular triangular form of the building, each comer or point houses an element that represents color, light, and
nature, along with the body, mind, and spirit. The lobby has the three trees, representing nature. The transition from the guest wing to
the therapy wing has a colorful sculptural element (color), and the therapy wing has an indoor fireplace, representing light. From each
wing of the building, no matter which direction one is walking, one of these three elements is in the line of sight. These elements
provide focal points and act as visual stimulants. This is an important aspect of healing, especially for those that are coping with
stress.
Along with these elements, the materials of the space become very important. In order to create a homey, comfortable feel,
natural stone that has vibrant colors seem to be the best option. The particular stone that I chose to use is Chilton Stone from Halquist
Stone Company in Wisconsin. This limestone has a blend of colors ranging from gray to beige to blue to green to red to purple.
Along with this stone there are two specific areas of the building that would have stucco. The wall that leads the guest from the
circular drive to the entry would be a blue color that would match the blue found in the stone. The other area is the exterior walls of
the Hydrotherapy rooms, which would be red, also matching the red found in the Chilton stone. Glass in structural steel framing
would also be used, along with stainless steel walls in sections, particularly the exterior walls between the hydrotherapy rooms. The
roofing material over the hydrotherapy "cones" would be made of copper, while the rest of the facility would be stainless steel.
93
The design of the retreat really focused on creating intimate spaces where healing could take place. I believe that I
accomplished this goal. The building first began as an "office" looking building, which I quickly realized that healing would not
happen this kind of space. I focused on breaking the spaces up and bringing the building down to a human scale. As you will find in
the following pages, the building is one connected space, but all of the functions are separated and the therapy rooms are completely
separated from each other, insuring privacy and most importantly, healing.
Example of Chilton Stone from Halquist
94
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
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SCHEMATIC DESIGN
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SCHEMATIC DESIGN
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SCHEMATIC DESIGN-ELEVATI ON STUDIES
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SCHEMATIC BUILDING TYPE MODELS
MODEL l MODEL3
MODEL2 MODEL4
SCHEMATIC REVIEW PLANS
SECOND FLOOR PLAN FOURTH & FIFTH FLOOR PLANS
TYPICAL GUEST BEDROOM

SCHEMATIC REVIEW ELEVATIONS
NORTH ELEVATION EAST ELEVATION EAST-WEST SECTION
WEST ELEVATON SOUTH ELEVATION NORTH-SOUTH SECTION
SITE PLAN
PRELIMENARY REVIEW
FLOOR PLANS AND EXTERIOR PERSPECTIVE SITE PLAN, ELEVATIONS, SECTIONS, INTERIOR PERSPECTIVES
QUALIFYING REVIEW INTERIOR PERSPECTIVES
~
@:.:::.....:
./
GUEST ROOM HYDROTHERAPY ROOM ENTRANCE
CHECK-IN AND MAIN STAIR THERAPY WING GUEST WING CORRIDOR
LOBBY POOL HYDROTHERAPY SECTION

FINAL REVIEW-PRESENTATION
FINAL REVIEW-MODEL
CENTRAL GARDEN SITE VIEW
SERVICE WING AERIAL VIEW

FINAL REVIEW-MODEL
SOUTH VIEW WEST AERIAL VIEW
SOUTHWEST AERIAL VIEW
WEST VIEW
SOUTHEAST VIEW
FINAL REVIEW-MODEL
EAST AERIAL VIEW
NORTH AERIAL VIEW
SOUTH AERIAL VIEW

FINAL REVIEW-PERSPECTIVES
MAIN ENTRANCE
O D
CONSULTATION ROOMS, FROM CENTRAL GARDEN :

f
SECTION PERSPECTIVE OF HYDROTHERAPY ROOM
FINAL REVIEW-PERSPECTIVES
SOUTHWEST VIEW, STAIR TOWER, POOL,

HYDROTHERAPY ROOMS
MEDITATION GARDEN, GUEST WING
SOUTHEAST VIEW, HYDROTHERAPY ROOMS, POOL,

STAIR TOWER
FINAL REVIEW-INTERIOR PERSPECTIVES
INDOOR POOL MASSAGE THERAPY
LOBBY
GUEST ROOM THERAPY WING

FINAL REVIEW-INTERIOR PERSPECTIVES
0
HYDROTHERAPY ROOM LOBBY AND SHOP
GUEST WING CORRIDOR
:..... 1.-
CHECK-IN AND MEDITATION GARDEN

FINAL REVIEW-ELEVATIONS
EAST ELEVATION
NORTH ELEVATION
SOUTH ELEVATION WEST ELEVATION

FINAL REVIEW-PLANS
FIRST FLOOR PLAN - SECOND FLOOR PLAN

FINAL REVIEW-PLANS
·-~ ----. ~··-----·-------------
THIRD FLOOR PLAN GARDEN PLAN

FINA L REVI EW-S ECTI ON
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R

Ginger Rene Hurst

~s Instructo . Steph n Faulk

Ginger Rene Hurst

what to do, our body actually performs the tasks.

ii Adorno, Theodore. "Functionalism Today." In Rethinking Architecture: a Reader in

architectural elements and therapies.

people will be provided.

Center are also within close proximity.

discornfort, often leaving aspects of the body or mind uninvestigated.

healing techniques recognize the uniqueness of individuals in assessment and healing.xvi

rather than healing individuals.

together to complete the healing process.

stress is important to our social, physiological, and psychological well-being.""v

pressure on a person who resists them in an attempt to maintain a healthy state.xxvii

illnesses, diseases, and cancers. xxxi

situations include sadness, depression, and anger.

stress include anger, hostility, anxiety, frustration, and depression.

situations often involves both excitement and sadness.)O{xiii

heart rate, skin resistance, and smoking.=viii

induces gastric ulcers through increased adrenocortical secretions.xiii

causing numerous diseases in various organs and bodily systems.

receive more oxygen, the rate of breathing must also increase.

xvi Ibid., 47.

xvii Ibid., 64.

xxii Edlin, 501 .

xxvi Edlin, 202.

xxviii Hobfoll., 10.

xxix Pestonjee., 29.

xxxi Hobfoll., 16.

xxxii Edlin, 205.

xxxiii Edlin., 205.

xxxv Lazarus., 29.

xxxvi Lazarus., 32.

xxxvii Edlin,. 203.

xxxix Pestonjee., 20.

xii Ibid., 36.

xiii Ibid., 37.

should communicate this as well, as soon as the patient arrives.

some ways to the beginning stages of another illness or disease. iv

distraction in the users and instead promote reflection and relaxation.

Color is important to enliven spaces. People attribute emotional and symbolic

Color is also viewed as a property oflight. The different wavelengths produce

overcome by stress, hypertension, or hyperaction.

used to supplement natural lighting when needed. Daylighting is the natural

choice because of the positive effects it has on the body.

full-spectrum light with which the

human eye is familiar.'°'i Day lighting

is important because of the quality

which is good for general vision and

produces a good visual

Figure 2.2 Kaiser Permanente

The vitamin D that the body produces as a

produce the ultraviolet radiation that the body requires.xxv

Figure 2.4 Shiley Eye Center

urban environment with the natural context of the Retreat Center,

scene is one of the best ways to promote healing among people.

Urban lifestyles do not typically encourage communing with

subjected to visual exposure of nature.JOCix

comforting. Water holds many symbolic or iconographic meanings including rebirth or

they will overcome their illness.

symbols of nature everywhere in his architecture. "Wright thought

that a building should serve as a foil to nature, and nature should