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Measure of Fibrosis in Nondystrophic and Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle
Measure of Fibrosis in Nondystrophic and Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle
2_006
Work package 7.4: Develop standardised protocols and procedures for harmonising and
accelerating pre-clinical studies (including standardised data analysis)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
OBJECTIVE.............................................................................................................................. 3
SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY .............................................................................................. 3
CAUTIONS............................................................................................................................... 4
MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................ 5
METHODS................................................................................................................................ 6
EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS.................................................... 9
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................ 11
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1 OBJECTIVE
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3 CAUTIONS
Age, Muscle, and Gender Considerations. Since collagen levels increase with age in skeletal
muscle from both nondystrophic and dystrophic mice, it is imperative that comparisons be
made only between groups that are appropriately age-matched. Collagen levels also differ
between different muscles in both nondystrophic and mdx mice. It is therefore quite important
to identify the muscle being evaluated. Experiments comparing hydroxyproline contents in
adult gastrocnemius and costal diaphragm muscle indicate that hydroxyproline content is not
significantly elevated over nondystrophic levels in the gastrocnemius, but is quite
substantially elevated in the costal diaphragm (Graham et al., 200X; Fig. 2). These results and
those of Stedman et al (1991) clearly identify the costal diaphragm as the most appropriate
muscle to use when examining the potential efficacy of experimental treatments to reduce
fibrosis in the mdx mouse. We have not observed obvious gender differences in
hydroxyproline content in either nondystrophic or mdx mice.
Critical steps in the hydroxyproline assay. There are some particularly important steps in the
hydroxyproline assay that must be monitored carefully to ensure quality results.
(Steps 2A and B).The first two steps in the hydrolysis (step 2A, B in Methods)
°
of the muscle tissue involve overnight incubation of the sample in 5 N HCl at 130 C. The acid
solution must be contained within stoppered glass tubes that do not leak. Therefore, the
volume of acid in each tube should be visually monitored before and after the incubation
period to ensure it remains constant throughout the incubation period. Instances in which
there is a clear loss of volume indicate a gas leak and should result in termination of the
experiment for that sample. To avoid this problem, use brand new screw-tops and make sure
that the screw tops are tightly applied to each tube prior to the incubation.
(Step 4N). In removing the toluene layer containing the final pyrrole reaction
product, it is imperative not to disturb or remove any of the aqueous layer. If aqueous solution
is removed, it clouds the colorimetric reaction measured in step 5. To avoid this problem,
remove only 1.5 ml of the 2.5 ml toluene layer and make the appropriate correction to
determine the hydroxyproline level in the 2.5 ml of toluene extract (Evaluation and
Interpretation of Results).
Continuity of assay. Theoretically, once the muscle sample is fully hydrolyzed (Step 2c), it
may remain at room temperature for up to 3 to 4 hours before processing the sample (Step 4).
Once the processing steps have begun (Step 4A), they should continue without interruption
until the assay has been completed (Step 5). In practice, it takes about 5 hours to fully process
about 30 test tubes and the process is facilitated by having more than one investigator engaged
in Steps 4 and 5.
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Precautions. Standard protection (gloves, eye protection, lab coat) should be used at all times
when handling acids and toluene solutions. Toluene extractions should be performed under a
fume hood. All solutions at the end of the procedure should be discarded using
environmentally-appropriate procedures for handling acids and organic solvents.
4 MATERIALS
Measure 900 ml ddH2O and add 12 ml glacial acetic acid slowly while mixing. Add
citric acid monohydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate, and NaOH. Add ddH2O to total
volume of 990 ml and adjust pH to 6.0 with HCl and NaOH as needed. Add ddH2O to
total volume of 1 liter and check pH again. Label (HP Stock Buffer solution, pH,
initials, date) and store in refrigerator.
2) Ehrlich’s Reagent (from Prockop and Udenfriend, 1960; for step 4P):
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5 METHODS
1) Tissue preparation
Blot and weigh fresh or thawed muscle sample (e.g. ½ to 1 costal hemidiaphragm) to
obtain wet weight. Make sure that the muscle sample is carefully trimmed and contains no
tendinous material.
2) Hydrolysis. Always wear appropriate protection (lab coat, heavy rubber gloves, eye
protection) and use standard safety procedures when handling acids.
A. Add 5N HCl (1ml HCl /10mg tissue) to the muscle sample in glass test tube. Tighten
screw-tops carefully and ensure that the screw-tops are not over-worn from previous
use.
B. Incubate tubes at 130oC for 12 hrs (setting is number 13 on the Fisher Scientific
Isotemp oven).
C. Remove muscle samples from oven and cool to room temperature. Do not open the
test tubes until they are cooled to room temperature.
A. Determine how many tubes (n) will be run. This includes all the experimental
samples (in triplicate) and the hydroxyproline standards (in duplicate) plus the blank
tube.
B. Weigh approximately 1.5 g of KCl for each test tube and place in weigh boats (see
step 4G).
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2) Weigh out enough chloramine T for the total volume that is required. Based
on the molecular weight of chloramine T (Sigma # C9887; 227.6 g/mole):
4) Sample and standard processing. To ensure safety, all of the following steps should be
conducted using a fume hood and standard laboratory safety precautions required for
handling acids and organic solvents.
A. Make sure hydrolyzed muscle sample at room temperature is mixed well (invert
closed tube to mix). Remove 50 µl of the hydrolyzed muscle sample, which represents
0.5 mg of the original muscle wet weight, and add to 2.25 ml of ddH2O (need total
volume of 2.3 ml) in glass test tube. Repeat in triplicate for each muscle sample. In a
test tube marked “0” (blank), add 2.3 ml ddH2O. Screw a cap on each test tube.
C. Add 1 drop of phenolphthalein solution (1%) to each tube and adjust pH to a “faint
pink color” with 0.1 N KOH (Using a Pasteur pipette, add about 5 drops of 0.8 N
KOH then add drops of 0.1N KOH until faint pink).
D. Add 0.5 ml of 0.1 M sodium borate buffer (pH 8.7) to each tube, screw a cap on each
tube, and mix by vortexing at low speed.
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E. Add 2.0 ml of freshly prepared 0.2 M chloramine-T solution to each tube, screw a cap
on each tube, and incubate at room temperature for 25 minutes.
F. Add 1.2 ml of 3.6 M sodium thiosulfate to each tube, screw a cap on each tube, and
mix thoroughly (vortex) for 10 sec.
G. Add 1.5 g KCl and 2.5 ml toluene to each tube. Screw a cap on each tube.
H. Shake sample for 5 minutes or slowly invert test tubes 100 times, preferably using a
test tube invertor.
J. Remove toluene phase using clean Pasteur micropipette. Discard using appropriate
procedures for organic solvents.
K. Heat remaining aqueous phase in boiling water for 30 minutes (cap tightly).
M. Add 2.5 ml toluene to each tube, screw a cap on each tube, and repeat steps 4H-I.
N. Remove 1.5 ml of toluene layer and place in a separate test tube. Screw a cap on each
tube.
O. Gently warm stock Ehrlich’s reagent (see Materials) that is kept in refrigerator in order
to remove crystals.
P. Add 0.6 ml Ehrlich’s reagent, mixing well to prevent layering of the solvent. Incubate
at room temperature for 30 minutes.
5) Measure samples
Using a conventional glass or quartz cuvette, measure the blank-corrected (sample – blank)
absorbance (560 nm) for each solution obtained in step 4P.
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A. Perform a linear regression analysis of the results using the hydroxyproline standards to
identify the relationship between hydroxyproline (µg) and Absorbance (e.g., Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Example of a
0.4 hydroxyproline standard curve
y = -0.00921 + 0.0572 x and the least squares
Absorbances (560 µm)
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hydroxyproline (µg)
B. Determine the amount of hydroxyproline (µg) in each sample test tube (Step 4P) using the
regression curve from the hydroxyproline standards. In the example shown (Fig. 1), the
appropriate relationship is:
Sample Hydroxyproline (µg) = (Sample Absorbance + 0.00921)/0.0572
C. Since the amount of hydroxyproline in the final colorimetric reaction (Step 4P) represents a
proportion (1.5 ml/2.5 ml) of the total hydroxyproline in the final toluene extract (Step 4M),
multiply the result obtained in Step 6B by (2.5/1.5) to obtain the total amount of
hydroxyproline present in the final extract.
D. Divide the result obtained in Step 6C by the amount of muscle (wet weight) contained in
the initial sample (0.5 mg; Step 4A) to obtain the hydroxyproline content (µg
hydroxyproline/mg muscle). Examples of typical values obtained from the costal diaphragms
of 14 month old nondystrophic and mdx mice are shown (Fig. 2).
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0
Nondystrophic MDX
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7 REFERENCES
Graham KM, Singh R, Millman G, Malnassy G, Gatti F, Berge J, Bruemmer K, Stefanski C,
Curtis H, Sesti J, and Carlson CG. Inhibitors of the NF-κB pathway do not influence collagen
deposition in dystrophic (mdx) muscle, submitted, 200X
Prockop D.J. and Udenfriend S., (1960). A specific method for the analysis of hydroxyproline
in tissues and urine. Analytical Biochemistry, 1, 228-239.
Stedman, H.H., Sweeney, H.L., Shrager, J.B., Maguire, H.C., Panettieri, R.A., Petrof, B.,
Narusawa, M., Leferovich, J.M., Sladky, J.T., Kelly, A.M., (1991). The mdx mouse
diaphragm reproduces the degenerative changes of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nature
352, 536-539.
Switzer, B.R., Summer, G.K., (1971). Improved method for hydroxyproline analysis in tissue
hydrolyzates. Anal Biochem. 39(2), 487-491.
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