The basin area of the Mahanadi has a large number of industrial complexes

in the Orissa portion of the basin the major industries are paper. textiles and
thermal power plants at Choudwar, fertiliser and breweries at Paradeep,
Sugar industries of Nayagarh, Badamba, Cement industry at Bargarh, paper
industry of Brajrajnagar, coal mining areas of Rampur and lb valley, and an
aluminium smelter at Hirakud.

Most of these industries are located on the banks of the river Mahanadi or its
tributaries and distributaries, which are used to carry the industrial effluents
and wastewater from these industries. From the point of view of significant
environmental impacts, the important medium scale industries are the
chemical, textile, paper, cement, and leather tanning which consume large
quantities of water.

Iron and steel industry at Bhilai, cement industries at Durg and Raipur, Kedia
distillery at Raipur textile industry of Rajnandagaon, aluminium and thermal
power plants at Korba are the major polluting industries in the State of M.P.
that falls in the river basin. All these major units are located on the river
banks of Seonath, Kharoon and Hasdeo. The medium scale industries
include chemical and distilleries of Durg,cement industries of Raipur, Iron and
steel of Urla, paper industries of Bilaspur and many other agro based
industries.

All the industries are discharging their wastewater either directly or indirectly
to river Mahanadi as well as its tributaries. The vast mineral and human
resources of the basin besides power generation infrastructure has resulted
in a growth of a large variety of industries. The industries using the river
bodies as the ultimate sink need to establish effluent treatment plants so that
the designated best use of the river is sustained.

The water quality trend of river Mahanadi with respect to BOD and Total
Coliforms for the period 1990 to 2001 is given in figures 4.20 & 4.21.

Figure 4.20 : Water Quality Trend in Mahanadi River (BOD)

12
10 U/S Rajim
8 Inter State Boundry
mg/l

6 Hirakud Reservoir
D/S Sambalpur
4
Sonepur D/S
2
D/S Kuttack
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

72
 Figure 4.21 : Water Quality Trend in Mahanadi River
(Total Coliform)
12
U/S Rajim
10
Inter State Boundry
MPN/100ml

8
Hirakud Reservoir
6
D/S Sambalpur
4
Sonepur D/S
2 D/S Kuttack
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

4.2.8 The Brahmani & The Subarnarekha Basins

The Brahmani-Baitarani basin extends over an area of 51,822 sq km. Lying in

the north-east of the Deccan Plateau, the basin covers large areas in the
States of Orissa and Bihar and a small area in Madhya Pradesh. The basin is
bounded on the north by the Chhotanagpur Plateau on the west and south by
the ridge separating it from the Mahanadi basin, and on the east by the Bay of
Bengal. The Brahmani sub-basin covers an area of 39,033 sq km while the
Baitarani sub-basin covers an area of 12,789 sq km. The Brahmani , known
as the South Koel, in the upper reaches, rises near Nagri village in the Ranchi
district of Bihar State. The total length of the river from the head to its outfall
into the Bay of Bengal is 799 km of which 258 km are in Bihar and the
balance in Orissa.

The Subarnarekha rises near Nagri village in the Ranchi district. Of its total
length 269 km are in Bihar and 64 km in West Bengal and 62 in Orissa. The
river drains a total area of 19,296 sq km.

The Subarnarekha is the smallest of the basins and is falling short only
marginally to be called a ‘major basin’. it has virtually no significant tributary,
the tiny Kharkai has gained a name only because of its support to the
Jamshedpur steel city. The Pollution load generation from Class-I Cities &
Class-II Towns of Brahmani & Subarnarekha River Basins is given in tables
4.11 & 4.12.

73
 Table 4.11: Pollution load generation from Class-I Cities & Class-II
Towns of Brahmani River Basin
City State Population Wastewater Solid waste
Generation (mld) Generation
(t/day)
Raurkela Orissa 398864 17.3 119
Gumia Jharkhand 41202 3.20 6
Total 440066 20.5 125

Table 4.12: Pollution load generation from Class-I Cities & Class-II
Towns of Subarnarekha River Basin
City State Population Wastewater Solid waste
Generation Generation
(mld) (t/day)
Jamshedpur Jharkhand 460577 80.0 140
Ranchi Jharkhand 599306 200.0 195
Bhadrak Orissa 76435 3.28 12
Chailbasa Jharkhand 56729 4.00 10
Total 1193047 287.28 357

It is observed that the Brahmani basin inhabits about 4,40,066 urban

population living in Class I cities and Class II towns , generating about 20.5
million litres of wastewater and 125 tonnes of solid waste every day.

It is observed that the Subernrekha basin inhabits about 11,93,047 urban

population living in Class I cities and Class II towns , generating about 287
million litres of wastewater and 357 tonnes of solid waste every day.

The details of monitoring locations on Brahmani & Subarnarekha River Basins

is given in table 4.11 & 4.12. The industrial complex of Angul Talcher has
been identified as a critically polluted area in the Brahmani basin. The
wasteweaters generated form the industries Viz, NALCO, TTPS, FCI,
Orichem and mining operations are primarily responsible for deterioration of
water quality of Nandira river which is a tributary stream of Brahmani river. For
restoration of environment quality of the region on action plan is being
implemented.

The river Subarnarekha passes through an important industrial belt of Bihar.

The industries like Heavy Engineering Corporation, Usha Martin Industries,
MECON, SAIL (P&D) in Ranchi, Indian Aluminium Industries at Mari, Tata
Steel, TELCO, Indian Tube Company, Tin Plate (of India), Tata Pigments in
Jamshedpur, and Hindustan Copper Ltd. and Uranium Corporation of India in
Ghatshila, are existing in the basin.
74
The river is basically a rainfed peninsular river with the wet months being
June to September. The river in its upper and middle reaches remains more
or less as a stagnant pool, often highly charged with pollutants, particularly
during dry periods. The largest concentration of population is located in the
Singbhum and Ranchi districts of Bihar. The river and its tributaries are the
mains sources of urban water supply with the ground water resources still
under utilized. Nearly 60 percent of the water supplies eventually find their
way to surface water systems. Some of the important towns are also
significant industrial centres. As per the river basin survey report the urban
wastewater in the Subarnarekha basin has a biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) as high as 211 mg/1. None of the towns except partly for Jamshedpur
and Tatanagar railway colony have wastewater treatment facility worth
mentioning.

The Brahmani river from Kamalanga to Bhuban has been identified as

polluted river stretch under the NRAP. The river is polluted in this stretch due
to wastewater discharged from industrial complex of Angul-Talcher through
river Nandira. Detailed survey of this stretch has been carried out and the
action plans have been formulated to improve the water quality of this stretch.

The Subarnarekha being a mineral rich area, it is natural that mining activity
would always be an important element in the pollution control programme.
The possibility of contamination of surface and ground water derived from the
ore dumps and radioactive waste materials in the uranium mines at Jaduguda
is very great. Fluoride pollution is a great health hazard and has been
reported to be 0.74 mg/l at Ruka near Ranchi (crystalline rock area). The
organic pollution load in the urban area is largely domestic, and as per the
river basin survey report nearly 69% of the total organic load (BOD) was
contributed by the domestic effluents and the remaining originated from
industrial effluents.

River Subarnarekha from Hatia to Bahragora in the Bihar State has been
identified as polluted river stretch under the proposed National River Action
Plan. intensive study of the polluted stretch has been carried out and it has
been observed that the water quality of Subarnarekha river has deteriorated
mainly due to discharge of untreated, domestic and industrial effluent
especially near towns. The level of Dissolved Oxygen in the river from Hatia
Dam to Baharagora is observed in the range of 1.0 mg/l with lowest value at
D/S of Mango town. Similarly biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was found
in the range of 0.2 mg/l to 70 mg/l with the highest value at D/S of Mango
town. The total coliform count was observed in the ranges of 140 MPN/100
ml to 2.7x105 MPN/100 ml with a highest value at Bahragora.

The water quality trend of river Brahmani & Baitarani with respect to BOD and
Total Coliforms for the period 1990 to 2001 is given in figures 4.22, figure
4.23 & figure 4.24 & figure 4.25 respectively.

75
76
 Figure 4.22 : Water Quality Trend in Brahmani River (BOD)
9
8
D/S Panposh
7
Bonigarh
6
Samal
5
mg/l

Talcher U/S
4
Bhuban
3
Dharamshala
2
1
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

Figure 4.23 : Water Quality Trend in Brahmani River

(Total Coliform)
12

10 D/S Panposh
Bonigarh
MPN/100ml

8 Samal
6 Talcher U/S
Bhuban
4
Dharamshala
2

0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

Figure 4.24 : Water Quality Trend in Baitarni river (BOD)

12
Joda
10
Anandpur
8
Jaipur
mg/l

6 Chandbali

4 Damara

0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

77
Continued

78