Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region v
11
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SORSOGON
GUBAT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 4
Random Sampling, Parameter, and Statistic
Name: _______________________________________Grade & Sec.: ________________Date:_____________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT:

The field of inferential statistics is mainly concerned with generalizations and predictions. For example,
consider a survey trying to determine the public’s preferred candidate for president. Based on the opinion
of several people interviewed, the researcher might say that 30% of the votes in the coming election will go
to a particular candidate.
In this example, we are using the value of some characteristic of a sample to make a statement about
the population which may or may not be true. In this case, we are using the value of a sample statistic to
infer something about the corresponding population parameter.
This learning activity sheet is divided into three lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1 – Random Sampling
• Lesson 2 – Parameter and Statistic
II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM MELCs:
After going through this LAS, you are expected to:
1. illustrate random sampling (M11/12SP-IIId-2) and
2. distinguish between parameter and statistic (M11/12SP-IIId-3).
III. ACTIVITIES:
A. Let Us Review:
If a researcher wants to observe, examine, or test a theory or hypothesis, he will consider the problem
by selecting a section of the population of the study using a method called random sampling. In random
sampling, all subjects in the population listed in the study have the same chances of being chosen for the
survey. This means that, ultimately, each member of the sample retains characteristics, or impartial
characteristics, of the population. With random sampling, the conclusions of the post-hypothesis tests
applied to the sample selection will apply to the entire population as well. This is because the selection of
the sample essentially represents the characteristics of the population from which it is obtained, since each
member of the sample was drawn unbiased from the population data. When bias in sample selection is
avoided, the results of a particular study are considered more conclusive, and the error is minimized.

B. Let us Study:
The population refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In research, the population does
not always refer to people. It may mean a group containing elements of anything you want to study, such
as objects, events, organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.

A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or by non-random sampling.
A sample is a representation of the population where it is hoped that valid conclusions will be drawn from
the population.

Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from the N population, which is the subject
of an investigation or experiment, where each point of the sample has an equal chance of being selected
using the appropriate sampling technique.

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Types of Random Sampling Techniques

1. Simple random sampling (Lottery sampling) is a sampling technique in which each member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected. An instance of this is when members of the
population have their names represented by small pieces of paper that are then randomly mixed
together and picked out. In the sample, the members selected will be included.

2. Systematic random sampling is a sampling technique in which members of the population are listed
and samples are selected at intervals called sample intervals. In this technique, every nth item in the
list will be selected from a randomly selected starting point. For example, if we want to draw a 200
sample from a population of 6,000, we can select every 3rd person in the list. In practice, the
numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen randomly to act as the starting point.

3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which members of the population are grouped
on the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is used when there are a number of distinct
subgroups in the population within which full representation is required. The sample is constructed
by classifying the population into subpopulations or strata on the basis of certain characteristics of
the population, such as age, gender or socio-economic status. The selection of elements is then done
separately from within each stratum, usually by random or systematic sampling methods.

Example:
Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400 students from the population which are
grouped according to the cities they come from. The table shows the number of students per city.
City Population (N)
A 12,000
B 10,000
C 4,000
D 2,000
Solution:
To determine the number of students to be taken as sample from each city, we divide the number of
students per city by total population (N= 28,000) multiply the result by the total sample size (n=
400).
City Population (N) Sample (n)
A 12,000 12,000
𝑥 (400) = 171
28,000
B 10,000 10,000
𝑥 (400) = 143
28,000
C 4,000 4,000
𝑥 (400) = 57
28,000
D 2,000 2,000
𝑥 (400) = 29
28,000
4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area sampling and applied on a geographical basis.
Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels before going down to lower levels. For example,
samples are taken randomly from the provinces first, followed by cities, municipalities or barangays,
and then from households.

5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different sampling techniques. For example, when
selecting respondents for a national election survey, we can use the lottery method first for regions
and cities. We can then use stratified sampling to determine the number of respondents from selected
areas and clusters.
In this course, the parameters and statistics are closely related terms that are important for the
determination of the sample size. Many have trouble understanding the difference between the parameter
and the statistic, but it is important to know exactly what these measures mean and how to distinguish
them.
A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a measure of the characteristics of the entire
population (a mass of all the units under consideration that share common characteristics) based on all the
elements within that population.
Example:
1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all elements in a shopping cart, and all
students in a classroom.
2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their favorite apparel brand.

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 Statistic is the number that describes the sample. It can be calculated and observed directly. The
statistic is a characteristic of a population or sample group. You will get the sample statistic when you collect
the sample and calculate the standard deviation and the mean. You can use sample statistic to draw certain
conclusions about the entire population.
Example:
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care proposal. Researchers
cannot ask hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so they take samples or part of the
population and calculate the rest.
2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of COVID-19 survivors.

C. Let us Practice:
A. Identify the terms being described and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.
2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or non-random sampling technique.
3. This is a selection of n elements derived from a population N, which is the subject of the investigation
or experiment, where each sample point has an equal chance of being selected using the appropriate
sampling technique.
4. A sampling technique where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
5. It refers to a sampling technique in which members of the population are listed and samples are
selected in intervals called sample intervals.
B. Identify the type of sampling method illustrated in each of the following.
1. The teacher writes all the names of students in a piece of paper and puts it in a box for the graded
recitation.
2. The teacher gets the class record and call every 4th name in the list.
3. Every five files out of 500 files will be chosen.
4. There are 20 toddlers, 40 teenagers, 45 middle aged and 55 senior citizens in a certain area.
Samples are taken according to the total number of people in the area.
5. All the names of the employees of the company are put in a raffle box.
D. Let us Practice More
A. Get the samples needed for each category using stratified random sampling.
There are 20 members of sports club, 40 math club members, 60 drama theatre members, and 30
members of science club. The researchers want to get 30 respondents out of these organizations.
Identify the samples to be taken in each organization.
B. Decide whether the statement describes a parameter or statistic.
1. The average income of 40 out of 100 households in a certain Barangay is P 12, 213.00 a month.
2. Percentage of red cars in the Philippines.
3. Number of senior high schools in Region 3.
4. A recent survey of a sample of 250 high school students reported the average weight of 54.3 kg.
5. Average age of students in East High School.
E. Evaluation
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.
A. population C. random sampling
B. sample D. subset
2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or nonrandom sampling techniques.
A. population C. random sampling
B. sample D. lottery sampling
3. What sampling technique in which members of the population are listed and samples are selected in
intervals called sample intervals.
A. systematic sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. lottery sampling D. quota sampling
4. It is sometimes called area sampling, it applies on a geographical basis.
A. systematic sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. lottery sampling D. cluster sampling

5. It refers to a part of the sampling technique where each sample point has an equal chance of being
selected.
A. systematic sampling C. random sampling
B. cluster sampling D. quota sampling

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6. Which of the following is most likely a population rather than a sample?
A. Every fifth person who passes a certain intersection
B. Respondents to an online survey
C. The registered voters in Sorsogon City
D. The first 20 shoppers in a department store

7. Mrs. Nimfa is deciding which of her 40 students to call for recitation for tomorrow’s class. She decides to
put all her students’ names in a bag, shakes it well, and then draws five names at random. What sampling
method is being used by Mrs. Nimfa?
A. simple random sampling C. cluster sampling
B. stratified random sampling D. systematic random sampling

8. You wish to examine the effect of socioeconomic status on diet. To do this, you decide to randomly sample
from all employees or patients at a local hospital for the study. However, it is known that more individuals
in this group are from higher, rather than lower, socioeconomic status. What would be the most
appropriate sampling method to be used?
A. simple random sampling C. cluster sampling
B. stratified random sampling D. systematic random sampling

B. Study the cases below. Identify which of the cases involves measures from a population and a sample.
1. A researcher randomly selected a sample of 1000 people in Barangay, 143 and asked if they used
a certain coffee product and 40% of them said yes.
2. A researcher interviewed all the students in a certain school to identify their insights about their
favorite shoe brand.

C. If you were a researcher and wanted to conduct a research within your Barangay, what would it be?
What sampling technique are you going to use?

IV. ANSWER KEY

Let us Practice: Let us Practice More: Evaluation:

A. A. A.
1. Population Club Population (N) Sample (n) 1. A
2. Sample Sports 20 20 2. B
3. Random sampling 150
𝑥 (30) = 4 3. A
4. Lottery sampling Math 40 40 4. D
𝑥 (30) = 8
5. Systematic sampling 150 5. C
Drama 60 60 6. C
𝑥 (30) = 12
B. 150 7. A
Science 30 30
1. Lottery sampling 𝑥 (30) = 6 8. B
150
2. Systematic sampling
3. Systematic sampling B. B.
4. Stratified sampling 1. statistic 1. measures from a sample
5. Lottery sampling 2. parameter 2. measures from a population
3. parameter
4. statistic C. Answers may vary.
5. parameter

V. REFERENCES
• Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Statistics and Probability Core Subject. Quezon City: CHED.
• Statistics and Probability Quarter 3 – Module 4: Random Sampling, Parameter and Statistic, and
Sampling Distribution of Statistics. Alternative Delivery Mode. pp. 5 – 15.
• Chan Shio, C.P. and Reyes, M.A., 2017. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School. C & E
Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. pp.151 – 162.

Prepared by:

JOAN E. HAPA
MT I