2.1.

Theory  
a. Orthogonal sets
Let V be a vector space with an inner product.

Definition. Nonzero vector v , v …, v ∈ V form an orthogonal set if they are orthogonal to each
1 2 k

other: (v , v ) = 0 for i j.
i j

If, in addition, all vector are of unit norm, , then v , v …, v  is called an orthonormal set.
1 2, k

Any orthogonal set is linearly independent.

b.  Orthogonal projection
Let V be an inner product space

Let , v ∈ V, v 0. Then p = is the orthogonal projection of the vector onto the vector v.
That is, the remainder o = x – p is orthogonal to v.
If v v v  is an orthogonal set of vector then
1, 2, … , n

p= is the orthogonal projection of the vector x onto the

subspace spanned by v ,…,v That is the remainder o = x – p is orthogonal to v ,…,v
1 n. 1 n.

c. The Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process

Let v be a vector space with an inner product.
Suppose x , x ,...,, x is an orthogonal basic for V.
1 2 n

Let  

Then v , v ,...,v
1 2 n.

   2.2. Progression

Step 1: Fill the input of vector in array V . To be precise V = {v ,v ,v ,…} is a basis of the space
1 1 1 2 3

R(n).
Step 2: Computing the orthogonal basis:
Step 3: Let u = u ;
1 1

Step 4: Calculate u = 2 , u= 3

Step 5: Calculate u . k

Step 6: Compute the orthonormal basis:

Step 7: E =
1 ; E=
2 ;…..
   2.3. Matlab code
 1st way:
function U = Gram_Schmidt(V1)
%V1 is a basis in the space R(n) including these vectors you input
    V = transpose(V1);%transposing these vectors 
    m = size(V,1);
    k = size(V,2);
    U = zeros(m,k);
    U(:,1) = V(:,1)/sqrt(V(:,1)'*V(:,1));  %calculate the orthonormal basis of column 1  
    disp('Orthogonal basis: ');
    disp(V(:,1)); %Computing the orthogonal basis of the space spanned the vectors 
    for i = 2:n %Because u1 = v1, take i runs starting from 2 to n. 
      U(:,i) = V(:,i); 
      for j = 1:i-1
        U(:,i) = U(:,i) - ( U(:,j)'*U(:,i) )/( U(:,j)'*U(:,j) )*U(:,j);   %calculate the orthogonal basis 
      end
      disp(U(:,i));
      U(:,i) = U(:,i)/sqrt(U(:,i)'*U(:,i));%calculate the orthonormal basis  
      
    end
     disp('Orthonormal basis: ');
  end

     
  Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 3:

2nd way :

function U = K(v)
%v is a basis in the space R(n) including these vectors you
input
v=[3 4 5;9 2 5; -7 3 4]
V = transpose(v); );%transposing these vectors 
m = size(V,1);
n = size(V,2);
U=zeros(m,n);
U(:,1)=V(:,1);
U(:,1) = V(:,1)/sqrt(V(:,1)'*V(:,1));     %calculate the orthonormal
basis of column 1  
disp(V(:,1));
for i=2:n %Because u1 = v1, take i runs starting from 2 to k. 
s=V(:,i);
for j=1 :i-1
s=s-(dot(V(:,i),U(:,j))/dot(U(:,j),U(:,j)))*U(:,j);
%calculate the orthogonal basis
end
U(:,i)=s;
disp(U(:,i));
U(:,i) = U(:,i)/sqrt(U(:,i)'*U(:,i)); %calculate the
orthogomal basis 

end
Give the same answer as example 1