Mhat

0DefineJntanal
aungy and tn thalby
isto
Melahionship_
bluo theua

deincd as t t o t a !
EaYP Hl
9ntunal laaitha fix
Aociakd
of Eugy
aMOunt
UnduaqivenSet
conditlao
of_conditla.

|OFaSubstarce
Tuknal EMA9T-
e callhd Exe

uok bK= KineHo_EAg

E TLauAatlonal EwugY-
Ev Vihuah'oal ElLAI

defano n HaLAuat and Auitlal

 lAsSMAL
Date
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nthalbhs The sum of_intana Ee4nd

ss ouwe aL Wsk.do nt of a Susm unde
a faniualaa st Cond1tions,iS Knoun_a
eaninal

MatwneatlcallyH Ut PV
HE En aalphu f fkSem-
UE ntoinou EO1 L

P guskm

V Valume

ErthaLphu is also a stattunchton

olltund uoa H hatted d hma
A
dtel doa uat pmd upo tta Patac
Peta
oALoLd.
AtE: AHaA -H

NhiLAH=_Chamg in mnalphy
2Hmal
mtinl

olisaron
At=_AU+ ALPV)_
AM aAU + AP V +PAV
A Luatast_.uemmL

Ac to FluAL La o lhinwuodyua
AU:- yt
PAV
 elassute
Date

AU yPAVV
AH A PAV +PAV

he p to heot occun'ug at
0taut

Kelokiodhe beluw AH Cud 40

Le us considu a Ataetton Invowing Gasa a
CO nsnt_ cssu aml Constad 1unp

VE Total Volum KLukaal

uProdu
MA T0t ND Of Mnluo a
GaALOAw Reactanl
Tot No Molio
GA0Louo fhodu

Ace to Ldis c laueshba

PVa= ngRT-
P Vg- PVA = RT(nA-nA
PNg- VA)_RT np-n)-0

PAV= AM KT:_-

0A We AH 4U+ PAV
pultivg Valer An2 AD tAnRIL
 elssmate
nte

tLNen An=0 AH A

wheM AVz01AMa AU

Detv EnHopy change to a Ided_qao

Considu Hs Rcunaibla egusion duaLgas
eneloseolAma Coutam uiln a leonle
coustaut
Alu'ghALw amd a Movecble pla1A t A

ofta sysh
Enkobs js a Stae tancionLotn Stak
FMu Naclol
Ctsvau depnd upon any of M
TP.andV
Temfuatu Iof al4as SuSuallu taka

u gecond vaaiabl t0 be Considund Is eHN

Volu meV 1iessu_P:

ohen Tand V ew Naalahla.

CupPose na No of maa of an idtalGa

Ve Voltune Oceupled
T: Temfuatun

cesuns
unall
S y S A abso be
AOuAAt Nat
T
 dsdajnu

nC.caseinenttopy
Whc ds
heat Cbsoab kteda Aci

namics
hemodsna
Actto fis e La af
dateydi-dA iN_

9LwOLK Is oonedluc fo_enpanst

duoz
-PdV - ) , _

AV neaLa seinNe Lume

FO n moluoof idkal qas

dU nvdT

Cy Mokaa hcat lapacl ak tanatnd

A futinq eulunaA of and inn_

dau n Cvd T Pv
PNEnKT daavnCudTtRT dV:
V

dS mCvdT nRTdv
 0ote

ds n CvdJtn Bfdy
T AV

ds n Cv dT +nR dv
T V
Snkguating om SamdL,
V T TOmd T
VLamd V2
A MLAa
V
SO ds
T V
S2
n Cy AnT
nR_;ud
V
nCy nCy AnT,-T)+ nRILN=ta
AS _S2-S nLvLn T nR_ RnV
V
AS=_2.B.03 n Cy T2 + nR Lng V_
VI
A
hen Wk_auation KHesuke elsauge
 aniabli
V a i a b l u

at
Tand
P
b) w h n 9vni'btol PLewo dcal
Pi gas
finoul issune a
d e a l aa
Pa
Pa
and P, V, nkla
PV nRT

T T2

Vz
V Pa T

Ruting valus in eaualhop

AS nlyin T2 nR Ln P 2
T

nCy ln2- K n P 4nRLn .

2 T
CvR Ln T
P-
P RNr P
AAEALAGAZAAAAARAAA
 elassmate
Date
age

ln T t n R inT+
T TI T NKtnf
P
2 nn CpinTz +n R n
P

AS= nCpin 2-nKinfL

AS= 2.903 n Cp lag- -n2.303 RLagfa

Ac 2.303n Cp log.12= n2.03 R lo_
P

CaA Paa yanuobden

Q-2Cykop Enltopy is a
Sulestanu Ohuch mcasuu t d
1 Randamnm In_ usk

a kak Funchn

Folumla Aszdauw|

JIK |uae

fhygicoa SgnlflcaMC of twop

9tIs the Meas b£ Kandomns bfajygen

Sleakais the XundomntsR A2aka js t

'enhopk
EhoRhy S Minimum of o'd Ond Maxlmw

OMAmgcol oah'io.Cas
Move
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Dnte
pnge

Mtltinq l'u tvpa.

Mixng of qur
all_a
LVoonof
accom panitd by 1 in twhat