USAID BIN ARSHAD

BBA 182023
BRM PAPER

SHORT QUESTION AND ANSEWRS

Q1. What are the sources of data collection method? List them with their
significance
The sources of data collection methods are,
- Surveys. They are the most reliable method to get the real feedback from the
desired audience.  Surveys are used for collecting data from the target group and
obtain information about their products and services, preferences, opinions, choices
and feedback. Most survey software frequently selects a large range of query kinds.
- Questionnaire. Questionnaire include both open ended and close ended
questions. It's an effective way measuring opinions and preferences when they are in
a large number.
- Direct observation. It is one of the most effective way of data collection. It
provides the accurate facts and figures about the subject in its natural setting.
- Focus groups. It enables the researcher to gather data in a shorter period of time
as compared to other methods. A group of people around 6-7 members discuss the
problems of common area. Everyone give their insights and issues about particular
thing.
-Interview. In this way, the interviewer will ask the respondents directly or via phone.
The interviewer questions the interviewee personally and notes answers during face-
to-face interviews. In the event that the interviewer cannot meet the subject, a
telephone interview is available. This data gathering form is appropriate when only a
few interviewees are available. When several individuals are present, it is very
tiresome and time consuming to repeat the same process.
Literature sources. This includes data collected from previously published public
domain text. Sources of literature may include textbooks, state or private reports of
companies, journals, periodicals, online papers and articles.
This data collection process is called the acquisition of secondary data. Tt is cheap
and not time consuming compared to primary data collection.
Q2. What is the difference between rating scale and ranking scale?

ANS 2
Ranking Scale:
A scale of ranking is a questionnaire that measures preferences of the public by
requesting them to list their opinions on a list of related objects. Using these scales,
your company may determine what important and what does not matter to external
or internal parties. You can analyse client satisfaction using ranking scale questions
or review strategies to motivate your people.
Ranking scales provide a unique value to each item. Every item has to be
distinguished quality wise even if they are the same in opinion of the respondent. 
Scales of ranking come with their own problems. Put too many categories and
cognitively drain the responders. Questions remain unresolved or classifications are
not clearly considered. Returns various outcomes according to the completeness of
the list of objects classified.

Rating Scale:
Rating scale is often used by respondents and easily understood. It’s allow
responders to allocate the same things. Rating scale is generally used to rate or
evaluate the performance or quality of a product. Lead to less differences across
things, with the chance that a respondent will evaluate each item similarly.
This scale is created to represent input from the respondents for various
characteristics/products/services in a comparative style. This is one of the most
established forms of questions for online and offline surveys in which survey
respondents should rate a characteristic. The rating scale is a variety of the popular
inquiry of multiple choices, frequently used to collect information providing relative
information about a certain issue.

LONG QUESTIONS
Q2a. Describe the four types of scale
These are the four main scales
NOMINAL SCALE
It is one scale that permits the researcher to categorise subjects. Nominal scales
have the least amount of data. The numbers allocated to each variable or
observation are used only for classifying the variable or observation on nominal
scales. For instance, a fund manager can decide to allocate the number 1 to tiny
capital stock, 2 to corpuscular bonds, 3 to derivatives, and so forth.
ORDINAL SCALE
This scale helps to classify the individual things. Ordinal scales include more
information than nominal scales and are thus higher. There is an orderly link
between the observations of the variable in ordinary scales. The number 1 can be
classified by assigning the most efficient manager, the number 2 to the second most
efficient manager, for example, to a list of 500 mutual fund managers. With this type
of measurement, it is possible to conclude that the mutual fund manager at the first
position was better than the mutual fund management at the second position.
INTERVAL SCALE
An interval scale enables us to execute specific arithmetic operations on the data
acquired from the respondent. The interval scales are more information than ordinary
scales since they ensure that the values differ equally. In other words, interval scales
are common yet equivalent to low to high intervals.
As an example of an interval scale, the temperature measurement: The temperature
difference is the same as the difference between 50°C and 55°C and the 60°C is
cooler than 65°C. That is to say, 5°C difference has the same interpretation and
meaning at both intervals.
RATIO SCALE
It addresses the deficiency of the interval scale's arbitrary origin point by having an
absolute zero point that is a meaningful measuring point. The most informative
scales are ratio scales. Ratio scales have a real zero point, offer rankings, and
ensure equal discrepancies between scale values. A ratio scale is essentially a
combination of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales.
Money measurement, for example, is an example of a ratio scale. A person with $0
does not have any money. With a real zero point, it is correct to argue that someone
who has $100 has twice as much money as someone who has $50.

How the interval scale more sophisticated than the nominal and ordinal
scales?
Part B
Interval scale is more sophisticated than nominal scale since the differences
between each value may be quantified and the values can also be added or
subtracted. One cannot quantify the difference and add or remove with either the
nominal and ordinal scales. The interval scale also helps to distinguish the direction
and size of the difference and the distances between each two points on the scale.
The unit distance can also be used. The interval scale helps to determine how
dissimilar the items are or allows us to conduct specific arithmetical operations on
the information collected by the responder. The nominal scale splits individuals or
items into categories – i.e. seniors and juniors, or it enables us to distinguish groups
only in a qualitative manner by classifying them into each other in exclusive and
collectively comprehensive sets.

ANS 3
Q3a. What is qualitative data? How do qualitative data differ from quantitative data?
Qualitative Data:
Qualitative information is defined as approximating and characterising data. It can
verify qualitative data. Qualitative data is also called categorical data - data which
can be categorised on the basis of a particular object or phenomenon's aspects and
properties. Qualitative data is information that describes qualities or attributes. It is
gathered by questionnaires, interviews, or observation and is typically presented in
narrative form. It could be notes collected during a focus group on the quality of
cuisine at Cafe Mac, or it could be comments from an open-ended questionnaire.
Qualitative data can be difficult to measure and interpret correctly. The data could be
in the form of descriptive words that can be evaluated for patterns or significance,
sometimes using coding. Coding enables the researcher to categorise qualitative
data in order to uncover themes that match to the research questions and conduct
quantitative analysis.

The difference between qualitative and quantitative data is rather clear to see. In its
definition of characteristics qualitative data does not include numbers while
quantitative data are all about numbers. Quantitative data is any measurable
information to be utilised in mathematical or statistical calculations. This data type
allows you to make mathematical choices in real life. Is quantitative data utilised for
answering queries such as how many? How often does this happen? What is the
amount? This information may be checked and validated.
Q3b. Describe the main steps in qualitative data analysis

Ans
Quantitative data requires a preliminary analysis. These are the steps involved in a
qualitative data analysis:

Organize The Collected Data: To manage the study, the interviews are interpreted,
the data translated, the details recorded and the contents labelled.

Identification Of Framework forms the next step: To analyse the facts this needs
an overall quality. As the researcher proceeds, a framework has to be identified
based either on the research topic or on the information collection. The basis for
arranging, classifying and interpreting data is the programming framework.

Sorting The Data Into a Framework comes next: Sorting the data into a
framework is essential in this step.

Descriptive Analysis: Descriptive analyses mean that the constructs of interest, or

associations between them, are statistically described, aggregated and presented.
Inferential analysis refers to hypothesis statistics (theory testing). The framework
should give insights into the spectrum of answers and recurrent data topics. In case
of exploratory research, the definition of this pattern is the end product.

Second Order Analysis: In this stage, frequent issues, data patterns and
respondent clusters are identified and gathered, and the results are developed so
that a response can be given to the research question to construct a hypothesis that
can be tested.
Full analysis for second-order construction is more common and cannot be applied
for concrete as EC2 is not prohibited. The precision of the determination of the
second-order effects for concrete structures depends on a good assessment of long-
term concrete properties. For the amplified strength approach and the second-order
analysis, this is a severe problem. Therefore, it is vital to provide precise member
type modifying factors