Namma Kalvi 11th Chemistry Unit 1 and 8 Sura Guide em

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CHEMISTRY
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11th Standard
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VOLUME - I & II
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Based on the updated new textbook for the year 2019 - 20
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Salient Features
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Prepared as per the updated new textbook for the year 2019 - 20
Exhaustive Additional MCQs, VSA, SA, LA questions with answers are given in each
chapter.
All the objective type (1 Mark) questions, are given with 4 options.
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(i) Choosing the correct option (ii) Matching

(iii) Filling the blanks (iv) Assertion & Reason
(v) Choosing the correct Statement (vi) Choosing the Incorrect Statement
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Govt. Model Question Paper-2018 [Govt. MQP-2018], First Mid-Term Test (2018)
[First Mid-2018], Quarterly Exam - 2018 [QY-2018], Half Yearly Exam - 2018
[HY-2018] are incorporated at appropriate sections.
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Govt. Model Question Paper - 1 (2018) & 2 (2019) with Answer Key.
Sura’s Model Question Paper - 1 & 2 with Answer Key.
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Public Exam Question Paper March 2019 with Answer Key

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SURA PUBLICATIONS
Chennai
orders@surabooks.com PH: 9600175757 / 8124201000 / 8124301000

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CHEMISTRY o ok
Volume I
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Basic Concepts Of
01 Chemistry And
Chemical Calculations
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CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
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PART I : IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY- CHEMISTRY, THE CENTRE OF LIFE
Classification of matter  Mole definition
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 Physical classification of matter  Molar mass
 Chemical Classification of matter  Molar volume of a gaseous substance
Elements and compounds: chemical Equivalent mass
classification o  Equivalent mass of acid
 Atom  Equivalent mass of the base
 Element  Equivalent mass of a salt
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 Molecule  Equivalent mass of an oxidising
 Compound agent
Atomic mass  Equivalent mass of a reducing agent
 Average atomic mass Empirical formula
 Gram atomic mass Molecular formula
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Molecular mass Stoichiometric calculations

 Relative atomic mass  Mole – mole relationship
 Relative molecular mass  Mass - mass relationship
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Mole concept  Mass – volume relationship

 Avogadro’s hypothesis  Volume – volume relationship
 Avogadro number Limiting reagents
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PART II : REDOX REACTIONS

Introduction  Disproportionation reactions
Electronic concept of oxidation and  Competitive electron transfer
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reduction reactions
Oxidation number Balancing of redox reactions
Types of redox reactions  Oxidation number method
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 Combination reactions  Ion-electron method for balancing

 Decomposition reactions redox reactions
 Displacement reactions
[3]

4 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 01 ➠ Basic Concepts Of Chemistry And Chemical Calculations
CONCEPT MAP
Chemistry - The centre of life
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Chemical substances (matter)
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Mole concept
Elements Compounds
Molar mass
Atomic mass
Molar volume
Chemical reactions
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Gram atomic mass Percentage composition
Empirical formula
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Molecular formula
Stoichiometry
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Limiting Equivalent Oxidation Types of redox reactions
reagent mass concept number 1. combination reaction
concept 2. decomposition
reaction
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Equivalent mass of 3. displacement reaction

Balancing redox
1. acids reaction 4. disproportionation
1. oxidation reaction
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2. bases 5. competitive electron

number method
3. oxidant reductant 2. ion-electron transfer reaction
method
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Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 01 ➠ Basic Concepts Of Chemistry And Chemical Calculations 5
FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
Mass of an atom
ÏÏ Atomic mass =
( 112) × mass of carbon atom 12
C
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ÏÏ Molecular Mass = n × Vapour Density
Mass
ÏÏ Molar mass =
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Mole
ÏÏ Molecular Formula = n × Empirical Formula
Mass of that element in the compound
ÏÏ Mass % of an element = × 100
Molar mass of the compound
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Molar mass of the Acid
ÏÏ Equivalent Mass of Acid =
Basicity of Acid
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Molar mass of the Base
ÏÏ Equivalent Mass of Base =
Acidity of Base
No. of moles of solute
ÏÏ Molarity =
Volume of solution in litress
No. of moles of solute
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ÏÏ Molality =
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Mass of solvent in Kg
No. of gram equivalents of solute

ÏÏ Normality =
Volume of solutiion in litres
ÏÏ Mole fraction = In a solution of two components A & B
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No. of moles of A nA
Mole fraction of A = =
Total no. of moles in solution nA + nB
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nB
Mole fraction of B =
nA + nB
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MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

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Matter : Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. All matter is
composed of atoms.
Mixtures : Mixtures consist of more than one chemical entity present without any chemical
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interactions.
Pure substances : Pure substances are composed of simple atoms or molecules. They are further
classified as elements and compounds.
Element : An element consists of only one type of atom.
Element can exist as monatomic or polyatomic units. The polyatomic elements
are called molecules.

Compound : Compounds are made up of molecules which contain two or more atoms of
different elements.
Relative atomic : The relative atomic mass is defined as the ratio of the average atomic mass
mass factor to the unified atomic mass unit.
Relative molecular : Relative molecular mass is defined as the ratio of the mass of a molecule to the
m
mass unified atomic mass unit. The relative molecular mass of any compound can be
calculated by adding the relative atomic masses of its constituent atoms.
Mole : One mole is the amount of substance that contains as many elementary particles
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as the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 isotope.
Avogadro Number : The total number of entities present in one mole of any substance is equal to
6.022 × 1023. This number is called Avogadro number
Molar Mass : Molar mass is defined as the mass of one mole of a substance. The molar mass of
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a compound is equal to the sum of the relative atomic masses of its constituents
expressed in g mol–1.
Molar Volume : The volume occupied by one mole of any substance in the gaseous state at a
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given temperature and pressure is called molar volume.
Gram equivalent : Gram equivalent mass of an element, compound or ion is the mass that
mass combines or displaces 1.008 g hydrogen or 8 g oxygen or 35.5 g chlorine.
Empirical formula : Empirical formula of a compound is the formula written with the simplest ratio
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of the number of different atoms present in one molecule of the compound as
subscript to the atomic symbol.
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Molecular formula : Molecular formula of a compound is the formula written with the actual
number of different atoms present in one molecule as a subscript to the atomic
symbol.
Stoichiometry : Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between reactants and products in
a balanced chemical equation in moles. The quantity of reactants and products
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can be expressed in moles or in terms of mass unit or as volume.

Limiting reagent : when a reaction is carried out using non-stoichiometric quantities of the
reactants, the product yield will be determined by the reactant that is completely
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consumed. It limits the further reaction from taking place and is called as the
limiting reagent.
Oxidation Number : It is defined as the imaginary charge left on the atom when all other atoms
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of the compound have been removed in their usual oxidation states that are
assigned according to set of rules.
Combination : Redox reactions in which two substances combine to form a single compound
reactions
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are called combination reaction.

Decomposition : Redox reactions in which a compound breaks down into two or more
reaction components are called decomposition reactions. These reactions are opposite
to combination reactions.
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Displacement : Redox reactions in which an ion (or an atom) in a compound is replaced by an

reactions ion (or atom) of another element are called displacement reactions.
Disproportionation : In some redox reactions, the same compound can undergo both oxidation and
reaction reduction. In such reactions, the oxidation state of one and the same element is both
increased and decreased. These reactions are called disproportionation reactions.

Oxidation : Classical concept - Addition of oxygen (or) Removal of hydrogen.

Electronic concept - Loss of electrons (or) Increase in oxidation number.
Reduction : Classical concept - Addition of Hydrogen (or) Removal of oxygen.
Electronic concept - Gain of electrons (or) Decrease in oxidation number
Redox Reaction : The reaction that involve the oxidation and reduction as its two half reactions
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are called redox reactions.
Oxidising Agent : Classical Concept : In a redox reaction, the substance which oxidises the other
(or) reduces itself is called oxidising agent.
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Electron Transfer concept : The substance that gains electrons.
Reducing Agent : Classical Concept : In a redox reaction, the substance which reduces the other
(or) oxidises it self is called reducing agent.
Electron Transfer concept : The substance that loss or donate electrons.
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EVALUATION
I. Choose The Best Answer :
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(a) both assertion and reason are true and the reason
is the correct explanation of assertion
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1. 40 ml of methane is completely burnt using 80 ml (b) both assertion and reason are true but reason is
of oxygen at room temperature The volume of gas not the correct explanation of assertion
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left after cooling to room temperature is (c) assertion is true but reason is false
(a) 40 ml CO2 gas (d) both assertion and reason are false
(b) 40 ml CO2 gas and 80 ml H2O gas [Ans. (c) assertion is true but reason is false]
(c) 60 ml CO2 gas and 60 ml H2O gas
Hint:
Based on Avogadro's law. One mole of any
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(d) 120 ml CO2 gas [Ans. (a) 40 ml CO2 gas]

substance is equal to 6.022 × 1023.
Hint: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
4. Carbon forms two oxides, namely carbon
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2. An element X has the following isotopic monoxide and carbon dioxide. The equivalent
composition 200X = 90%, 199X = 8% and mass of which element remains constant?
202X = 2%. The weighted average atomic mass of (a) Carbon (b) oxygen
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the element X is closest to (c) both carbon and oxygen

(a) 201 u (b) 202 u (c) 199 u (d) 200 u (d) neither carbon nor oxygen [Ans. (b) oxygen]
[Ans. (d) 200 u] Hint: React 1 : 2C + O2 → 2CO
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2 × 12g carbon combines with 32g of oxygen

Hint: =
(200 × 90) + (199 × 8) + (202 × 2) 2 × 12
100 \ Equivalent mass of carbon = ×8= 6
32
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= 199.96 = 200u
React 2 : C + O2 → CO2
3. Assertion : Two mole of glucose contains 12g carbon combines with 32g of oxygen
12.044 × 1023 molecules of glucose 12
\ Equivalent mass of carbon ×8= 3
Reason : Total number of entities present in 32
one mole of any substance is equal to
6.02 × 1022 [FIRST MID-2018]

5. The equivalent mass of a trivalent metal element (b) C+ 2H2SO4  → CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
is 9 g eq–1 the molar mass of its anhydrous oxide is (c) BaCl2 + H2SO4  → BaSO4 + 2HCl
(a) 102 g (b) 27 g (c) 270 g (d) 78 g (d) none of the above
[Ans. (a) 102 g] [Ans. (c) BaCl2 + H2SO4  → BaSO4 + 2HCl]
Hint: A
tomic mass of the metal oxide is equal to 2 11. Choose the disproportionation reaction among
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multiple atomic mass of metal + 3 multiple the following redox reactions.
atomic mass of oxygen (a) 3Mg(s) + N2(g)  → Mg3N2(s)
(b) P4(s) + 3 NaOH + 3H2O  → PH3(g) +
6. The number of water molecules in a drop of water
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3NaH2PO2(aq)
weighing 0.018 g is [FIRST MID-2018]
26 (c) Cl2(g) + 2KI(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + I2
(a) 6.022 × 10 (b) 6.022 × 1023
20 (d) Cr2O3(s) + 2Al(s) → Al2O3(s) + 2Cr(s)
(c) 6.022 × 10 (d) 9.9 × 1022
[Ans. (c) 6.022 × 1020] [Ans. (b) P4(s) + 3 NaOH + 3H2O  →
s.
PH3(g) + 3NaH2PO2(aq)]
Hint: 0.001 × 6.023 × 1023
12. The equivalent mass of potassium permanganate
7. 1 g of an impure sample of magnesium carbonate in alkaline medium is
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(containing no thermally decomposable MnO4– + 2H2O + 3e–  → MnO2 + 4OH–
impurities) on complete thermal decomposition
(a) 31.6 (b) 52.7
gave 0.44 g of carbon dioxide gas. The percentage
of impurity in the sample is (c) 79 (d) None of these
(a) 0% (b) 4.4% (c) 16% (d) 8.4 % [Ans. (b) 52.7]

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[Ans. (c) 16%] Hint:
The reduction reaction of the oxidising agent
(MnO4–) involves gain of 3 electrons.
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Hint: impurity is equal to 1 × 100/1.84.
Hence the equivalent mass =
8. When 6.3 g of sodium bicarbonate is added to 30 Molar mass of KMnO 4 158.1
g of acetic acid solution, the residual solution is = = 52.7.
3 3
found to weigh 33 g. The number of moles of
carbon dioxide is released in the reaction is
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13. Which one of the following represents 180g of

(a) 3 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.075 (d) 0.3
water?
[Ans. (c) 0.075]
(a) 5 Moles of water (b) 90 moles of water
Hint:
Number of moles of CO2 is equal to given
.s
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6.022 × 10
weight/ molecular weight. (c) molecules of water
180
9. When 22.4 litres of H2 (g) is mixed with 11.2 litres (d) 6.022 × 1024 molecules of water
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of Cl2(g), each at 273 K at 1 atm the moles of [Ans. (d) 6.022 × 1024 molecules of water]
HCl (g), formed is equal to
Hint: 10 × 6.023 × 1023
(a) 2 moles of HCl (g) (b) 0.5 moles of HCl (g)
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(c) 1.5 moles of HCl (g) (d) 1 moles of HCl (g) 14. 7.5 g of a gas occupies a volume of 5.6 litres at
[Ans. (d) 1 moles of HCl (g)] 0° C and 1 atm pressure. The gas is [HY. 2018]
Hint: H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl (a) NO (b) N2O (c) CO (d) CO2
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1 mole of an ideal gas occupies at 22.4 L. [Ans. (a) NO]
10. Hot concentrated sulphuric acid is a moderately 7.5g

Hint: × 22.4L = 30g
strong oxidising agent. Which of the following 5.6L
reactions does not show oxidising behaviour? Molar mass of NO (14 + 16) = 30g.
(a) Cu + 2H2SO4  → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

15. Total number of electrons present in 1.7 g of 19. Two 22.4 litre containers A and B contains 8 g of
ammonia is [FIRST MID-2018] O2 and 8 g of SO2 respectively at 273 K and 1 atm
6.022 × 1022 pressure, then
(a) 6.022 × 1023 (b) (a) Number of molecules in A and B are same
1.7
24 (b) Number of molecules in B is more than that in A.
6.022 × 10 6.022 × 1023
(c) (d)
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(c) The ratio between the number of molecules in A
1.7 1.7
to number of molecules in B is 2:1
[Ans. (a) 6.022 × 1023]
(d) Number of molecules in B is three times greater
Hint: Number of moles is equal to Atomic weight / than the number of molecules in A.
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valency [Ans. (c) The ratio between the number of molecules
in A to number of molecules in B is 2:1]
16. The correct increasing order of the oxidation state
of sulphur in the anions 20. What is the mass of precipitate formed when
SO 42 − , SO 23 − , S 2O 42 − , S 2 O 62 − is 50 ml of 8.5 % solution of AgNO3 is mixed with
s.
2− 2− 2− 2− 100 ml of 1.865 % potassium chloride solution?
(a) SO3 < SO 4 < S2 O 4 < S2 O6
(a) 3.59 g (b) 7 g (c) 14 g (d) 28 g
2− 2− 2− 2−
(b) SO 4 < S2 O 4 < S2 O6 < SO3 [Ans. (a) 3.59 g]
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2− 2− 2− 2−
(c) S2 O 4 < SO3 < S2 O6 < SO 4 Hint: Mass of AgNO3 is equal to number of moles
(d) S2 O62 − < S2 O 42 − < SO 24 − < SO32 − multiple molar mass.
[Ans. (c) S2 O 42 − < SO32 − < S2 O62 −

o < SO 24 − ] 21. The mass of a gas that occupies a volume of
612.5 ml at room temperature and pressure
+3 +4 +5 +6
Hint: S2 O 24 − < SO32 − < S2 O62 − < SO 24 − (25° c and 1 atm pressure) is 1.1 g. The molar
ab
mass of the gas is
(a) 66.25 g mol–1 (b) 44 g mol–1
17. The equivalent mass of ferrous oxalate is
(c) 24.5 g mol–1 (d) 662.5 g mol–1
molar mass of ferrous oxalate
(a) [Ans. (b) 44 g mol–1]
1
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molar mass of ferrous oxalate 612.5 × 10 −3 L

(b) Hint: = = −0.025 moles
2 24.5L mol −1
molar mass of ferrous oxalate mass
(c) Molar mass =
.s
3 No. of. moles

(d) none of these [Ans. (c)] 1.1 g
= = 44 g mol −1.
2 + 3+ 0.025 mol
Hint: Fe C 2 O 4 Oxidising
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 → Fe3+ + CO 42+

n = 1 + 2 (1) = 3 22. Which of the following contain same number of
carbon atoms as in 6 g of carbon-12.
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(a) 7.5 g ethane (b) 8 g methane

18. If Avogadro number were changed from
6.022 × 1023 to 6.022 × 1020, this would change (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
[Ans. (c) both (a) and (b)]
(a) the ratio of chemical species to each other in a
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balanced equation 23. Which of the following compound(s) has /have

(b) the ratio of elements to each other in a compound percentage of carbon same as that in ethylene
(c) the definition of mass in units of grams (C2H4)
(d) the mass of one mole of carbon (a) propene (b) ethyne
[Ans. (d) the mass of one mole of carbon] (c) benzene (d) ethane
[Ans. (a) propene]

24. Which of the following is/are true with respect to 30. Distinguish between oxidation and reduction.
carbon -12. Ans.
(a) relative atomic mass is 12 u Oxidation Reduction
(b) oxidation number of carbon is +4 in all its (i) Addition of oxygen and Additional of hydrogen
compounds. removal of hydrogen and removal of oxygen
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(c) 1 mole of carbon-12 contain 6.022 × 1022 carbon (ii) This process involves This process involves
atoms. loss of electrons gain electrons.
Fe2+   → Fe3+ + e– Cu2+ + 2e–   → Cu
(d) all of these
(iii) Oxidation number Oxidation number
[Ans. (a) relative atomic mass is 12 u]
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increases decreases
25. Which one of the following is used as a standard (iv) Ca +  S  → Ca2+ + 2e– Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn
for atomic mass. [GMQP-2018] (v) Removal of Metal Addition of metal
12
(a) 6C (b) 7
12
C (c) 6
13
C (d) 6
C14 2KI + H2O2   → HgCl2 + Hg   →

[Ans. (a) 6C12] 2KOH + I2 Hg2Cl2
s.
31. Calculate the molar mass of the following
II. Write Brief Answer To The compounds.
Following Questions.
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i) Urea [CO(NH2)2]
26. Define relative atomic mass. [FIRST MID-2018] ii) Acetone [CH3COCH3]
Ans. The relative atomic mass of element is defined as the iii) Boric acid [H3BO3]
ratio of mass of one atom of the element to the mass
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of 1/12th mass of one atom of carbon-12 Ans. (i) urea [CO(NH2)2] :
Relative atomic mass (Ar) C : 1 × 12.01 = 12.01
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Mass of one atom of the element O : 1 × 16 = 16.00
=
Mass of 1/12th mass of one atom of Carbon-12 N : 2 × 14.01 = 28.02
Mass of one atom of an element H : 4 × 1.01 = 4.04
=
1.6605 × 10 −27 Kg 60.07 g mol–1
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(ii) acetone [CH3COCH3]

27. What do you understand by the term mole.
C : 3 × 12.01 = 36.03
The mole is defined as the amount of a substance
H : 6 × 1.01 = 6.06
which contains 6.023 × 1023 particles such as atoms,
.s
molecules or ions. It is denoted by the symbol "n". O : 1 × 16 = 16.00

58.09 g mol–1
28. Define equivalent mass. [GMQP-2018; QY-2018]
(iii) boric acid [H3BO3] :
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Ans. The equivalent mass of an element, compound or ion

is the number of parts of mass of an element which H : 3 × 1.01 = 3.03
combines with or displaces 1.008 parts of hydrogen B : 1 × 10 = 10.00
or 8 parts of oxygen or 35.5 parts of chlorine. O : 3 × 16 = 48.00
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29. What do you understand by the term oxidation 61.03 g mol–1

number. (iv) sulphuric acid [H2SO4] :
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Ans. Oxidation number refers to the number of charges H : 2 × 1.01 = 2.02

an atom would have in a molecule or an ionic S : 1 × 32.06 = 32.06
compound, if electrons were transferred completely O : 4 × 16 = 64.00
the oxidation numbers reflect the number of electron
98.08 g mol–1
transferred.

32. The density of carbon dioxide is equal to (ii) 1 mol of formic acid : HCOOH (Formic acid)
1.965 kgm–3 at 273 K and 1 atm pressure. Calculate - Molar mass = 2 + 12 + 32 = 46
the molar mass of CO2. 46g of HCOOH contains 2 × 6.023 × 1023
Ans. Given : number of oxygen atoms
The density of CO2 at 273 K and 1 atm pressure (iii) 1 mol of H2O : H2O (Water) - Molar mass
= 1.965 kgm–3
m
= 2 + 16 = 18
Molar mass of CO2 = ? 18g of water contains 1 × 6.023 × 1023 number
At 273 K and 1 atm pressure, 1 mole of CO2 occupies of oxygen atoms.
a volume of 22.4 L
co
\ mol of formic acid contains the greatest number
Mass of 1 mole of CO2 of oxygen atoms.
1.965Kg
= × 22.4L 34. Calculate the average atomic mass of naturally
1m3 occurring magnesium using the following data
s.
1.965 × 103 g × 22.4 × 10 −3 m3 Isotope
Isotopic atomic
Abundance (%)
= mass
1 m3
Mg24 23.99 78.99
= 44.01 g
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Mg25 24.99 10.00
Molar mass of CO2 = 44 gmol–1.
Mg26 25.98 11.01
33. Which contains the greatest number of moles of Ans. Isotopes of Mg
oxygen atoms
78.99
i) 1 mol of ethanol Atomic mass = Mg24 = 23.99 × = 18.95
100
ii) 1 mol of formic acid
o 10
iii) 1 mol of H2O Atomic mass = Mg25 = 24.99 × = 2.499
100
ab
Ans. (i) 1 mol of ethanol : C2H5OH (ethanol) -
11.01
Molar mass = 24 + 6 + 16 = 46 Atomic mass = Mg26 = 25.98 × = 2.860
100
46g of ethanol contains 1 × 6.023 × 1023 number Average atomic mass = 24.309
of oxygen atoms.
Average atomic mass of Mg = 24.309.
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35. In a reaction x + y + z2  → xyz2 identify the Limiting reagent if any, in the following reaction mixtures.
(a) 200 atoms of x + 200 atoms of y + 50 molecules of z2
(b) 1 mol of x + 1 mol of y + 3 mol of z2
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(c) 50 atoms of x + 25 atoms of y + 50 molecules of z2

(d) 2.5 mol of x + 5 mol of y + 5 mol of z2
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Ans. Reaction : x + y + z2   → xyz2

Number of moles of reactants Number of moles of reactants consumed
allowed to react during reaction Limiting
Question
reagent
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x y z2 x y z2
(a) 200 atoms 200 atoms 50 molecules 50 atoms 50 atoms 50 molecules z2
(b) 1 mol 1 mol 3 mol 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol x and y
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(c) 50 atom 25 atom 50 molecules 25 atom 25 atom 25 molecules y

(d) 2.5 mol 5 mol 5 mol 2.5 mol 2.5 mol 2.5 mol x

36. Mass of one atom of an element is 6.645 × 10–23g. 39. The reaction between aluminium and ferric oxide
How many moles of element are there in 0.320 kg. can generate temperatures up to 3273 K and is
Ans. Given : used in welding metals. (Atomic mass of Al = 27 u
mass of one atom = 6.645 × 10–23 g Atomic mass of O = 16 u)
\ mass of 1 mole of atom 2Al + Fe2O3  → Al2O3 + 2Fe; If, in this
process, 324 g of aluminium is allowed to react
m
= 6.645 × 10–23 g × 6.022 × 1023
= 40 g with 1.12 kg of ferric oxide.
\ number of moles of element in 0.320 kg i) Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
1 mole ii) How much of the excess reagent is left at the
co
= × 0.320kg end of the reaction? [GMQP-2018]
40g
Ans. i) 2Al + Fe2O3   → Al2O3 + 2Fe
1 mol × 320g
= 54g 160g 102g 112g
40g
As per balanced equation 54g Al is required for
s.
= 8 mol.
112g of Iron and 102g of Al2O3.
37. What is the difference between molecular mass 102
and molar mass? Calculate the molecular mass \ 324g of Al will give × 324 = 612g of
54
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and molar mass for carbon monoxide. Al O 2 3
Ans.
ii) 54g of Al required 160g of Fe2O3 for welding
Molecular mass Molar mass reaction
(i) Molecular mass is defined Molar mass is 160
\ 324g of Al will require × 324 = 960g of
as the ratio of the mass of
a molecule to the unified
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defined as the mass
of one mole of a Fe2O3
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this is relative molecular substance.
\ Excess Fe2O3 - unreacted Fe2O3 = 1120 –
ab
mass atomic mass unit.
(ii) The relative molecular The molar mass of a 960 = 160g.
mass of any compound is compound is equal 40. How many moles of ethane is required to produce
calculated by adding the to the sum of the rel-
relative atomic masses of ative atomic masses 44 g of CO2(g) after combustion. [FIRST MID-2018]
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its constituent atoms of its constituents. Ans. Balanced equation for the combustion of ethane
(iii) Its unit is u or amu Its unit is g mol–1 7
C2H6 + O2  → 2CO2 + 3H2O
(iv) Molecular mass of CO : Molar mass of CO : 2
(1 × at.mass of C) + 1 × 12.01 + 1 × 16 ⇒ 2C2H6 + 7O2  → 4CO2 + 6H2O
.s
(1 × at.mass of O) = 28.01 g mol–1

1 × 12.01 amu To produce 4 moles of CO2, 2 moles of ethane is
+ 1 × 16 amu required
= 28.01 amu ∴ To produce 1 mole (44 g) of CO2 required
w
38. What is the empirical formula of the following ? number of moles of ethane
i) Fructose (C6H12O6) found in honey 2 mol ethane
= × 1 mol CO 2
ii) Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) a substance found in 4 mol CO 2
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tea and coffee. [FIRST MID-2018; QY-2018]

1
Ans. = mole of ethane
2
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Molecular Empirical = 0.5 mole of ethane.

Compound
formula formula
Fructose C6 H12 O6 CH2O 41. Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidising agent. It
Caffeine C8 H10 N4 O2 C4 H5 N2 O
oxidises ferrous ion to ferric ion and reduced itself
to water. Write a balanced equation.
Ans. H2O2 – Oxidising agent
Fe2+ + H2O2  → Fe3+ + H2O (Acetic Medium)

Ferrous ion is oxidized by H2O2 to Ferric ion

The balanced equation is Fe2+  → Fe3+ + e– × 2
H 2 O 2 + 2 H + + 2e −  
→ 2H 2 O
2Fe 2+ 
→ 2Fe3+ + 2e −
m
H 2 O 2 + 2H + 
→ 2H 2 O
2Fe 2+ + H 2 O 2 + 2H + 
→ 2Fe3+ + 2H 2 O
co
42. Calculate the empirical and molecular formula of a compound containing 76.6% carbon, 6.38 % hydrogen
and rest oxygen its vapour density is 47.
Ans.
Relative number
Element Percentage Atomic mass Simple ratio Whole no
s.
of atoms
76.6 6.38
C 76.6 12 = 6.38 =6 6
12 1.06
ok
6.38 6.38
H 6.38 1 = 6.38 =6 6
1 1.06
17.02 1.06
O 17.02 16 = 1.06 =1 1
o
16 1.06
Empirical formula = C6 H6 O
ab
Molar mass
n =
Calculated empirical formula mass
2 × vapour density 2 × 47
= = = 1 , since Molar mass = 2 × Vapour density
94 94
ur
molecular formula n × n empirical formula

∴ molecular formula (C6H6O) × 1 = C6H6O.
43. A Compound on analysis gave Na = 14.31% S = 9.97% H = 6.22% and O = 69.5% calculate the molecular
.s
formula of the compound, if all the hydrogen in the compound is present in combination with oxygen as
water of crystallization. (molecular mass of the compound is 322).
Ans.
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Relative number
Element % Simple ratio
of atoms
14.31 0.62
Na 14.31 = 0.62 =2
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23 0.31
9.97 0.31
S 9.97 = 0.31 =1
32 0.31
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6.22 6.22
H 6.22 = 6.22 = 20
1 0.31
69.5 4.34
O 69.5 = 4.34 = 14
16 0.31
∴ Empirical formula is = Na2 SO4.10H2O

Empirical formula mass = (23 × 2) + (32 × 1) + (16 + 4) + (10 × 18)

= 46 + 32 + 64 + 180 = 322
Molecular mass 322
n = = =1
Empricial formula mass 322
Molecular formula = Na2 SO4.10H2O.
m
44. Balance the following equations by oxidation number method
i) K2Cr2O7 + KI + H2SO4  → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + I2 + H2O
ii) KMnO4 + Na2SO3  → MnO2 + Na2SO4 + KOH
co
iii) Cu + HNO3   → Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
iv) KMnO4 + H2C2O4 + H2SO4  → K2SO4 + MnSO4 + CO2 + H2O [FIRST MID-2018]
Ans. (i) +6 −1 +3 0
→ K 2SO 4 + Cr 2 (SO 4 )3 + I 2 + H 2O
K 2 Cr 2 O7 + K I + H 2SO 4 
s.
2 × 3e − 1e −
ok
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + H2SO4  → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + I2 + H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 7H2SO4  → 4K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 7H2O
(ii) +7 +4 +4 +6
K M nO 4 + Na 2 S O3 
o
→ M nO 2 + Na 2 S O 4 + KOH
ab
3e− 2e−
⇒ 2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3  → MnO2 + Na2SO4 + KOH
⇒ 2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3  → 2MnO2 + 3Na2SO4 + KOH
2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3 + H2O → 2MnO2 + 3Na2SO4 + 2KOH
ur
⇒
(iii) 0 +5 +2 +4
→ C u ( NO3 )2 + N O 2 + H 2 O
C u + H N O3 
.s
2e − 1e −
Cu + 2HNO3  → Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
w
Cu + 2HNO3 + 2HNO3  → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Cu + 4HNO3  → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
w
(iv) +7 +3 +2 +4
K M nO 4 + H 2 C 2 O 4 + H 2SO 4 
→ K 2SO 4 + M nSO 4 + C O 2 + H 2 O
w
5e − 1e − × 2
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + H2SO4 → K2SO2 + MnSO4 + CO2 + H2O

2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + H2O
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

45. Balance the following equations by ion electron method.

i) KMnO4 + SnCl2 + HCl  → MnCl2 + SnCl4 + H2O + KCl
2– 2–  → Cr + CO2 (in acid medium)
3+
ii) C2O4 + Cr2 O7
iii) Na2S2O3 + I2  → Na2S4O6 + NaI
–  → Zn2+ + NO (in acid medium)
iv) Zn +NO3 [FIRST MID-2018]
m
Ans. (i) Half reaction are :
+7
M nO 4− 
→ Mn 2+ ......(1)
and Sn2+  → Sn4+ ......(2)
co
(1) ⇒ MnO 4− + 8H − + 5e − 
→ Mn 2+ + 4H 2O

( 2) ⇒ Sn 2+ 
→ Sn 4+ + 2e −
(1) × 2 ⇒ 2MnO 4− + 16H + + 10e − 
→ 2Mn 2+ + 8H 2 O
s.
( 2) × 5 ⇒ 5Sn 2+ → 5Sn 4+ + 10e −

⇒ 2MnO 4− + 5Sn 2+ + 16H + 
→ 2Mn 2+ + 5Sn 4+ + 8H 2 O
ok
(ii)
+3 +4
C 2 O 24 − 
→ C O 2 ......(1)
+6
C r2 O72 − 
→ Cr 3+ ......(2) o
(1) ⇒ C2O42– → 2CO2 + 2e– ......(3)
Cr2O72– +14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O ......(4)
ab
(3) × 3 ⇒ 3C2 O 24 − 
→ 6CO 2 + 6e − ......(5)
Cr2 O72 − + 14H + + 6e − 
→ 2Cr 3+ + 7 H 2 O ......(4)
⇒ Cr2 O72 − + 3C2 O 42 − + 14H + 

→ 2Cr 3+ + 6CO 2 + 7 H 2 O
ur
(iii)
S2O32–  → S4O62– ......(1)
half reaction ⇒ I2 → I– ......(2)
.s
(1) ⇒ 2S2 O32 − 

→ S4 O62 − + 2e − ......(3)
(2) ⇒ I 2 + 2e  −
→ 2I −
......(4)
w
(3) + (4) ⇒ 2S2 O32 − + → S4 O62 −

I 2  + 2I −
(iv)
w
0
→ Zn 2+ ......(1)
Z n 
+5 +2
N O3− 
→ N O ......(2)
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(1) ⇒ Zn → Zn2+ + 2e– ......(3)

(2) ⇒ NO3– + 3e– + 4H+ → NO + 2H2O ......(4)
(3) × 3 ⇒ → Zn 2+ + 6e −
3Zn  ......(5)
(4) × 2 ⇒ 2 NO3− −
+ 6e + 8 H   +
→ 2 NO + 4H 2 O ......(6)
3Zn + 2 NO3− + 8H + 
→ 3Zn 2+ + 2 NO + 4H 2 O

ADDITIONAL
QUESTIONS
Additional Choose the Correct 5. Match the list I with List II and select the correct
Answers 1 MARK answer using the code given below the list.
List I List II
m
1. Match the list I with List II correctly by using the A Diamond 1 Heterogeneous mixture
code given below the list. [QY-2018]
B Aerated drinks 2 Element
List I (no. of moles) List II (Amount) C Distilled water 3 Homogeneous mixture
co
A 0.1 mole 1 4480 mL of CO2 D Sand 4 Compound
B 0.2 mole 2 200 mg of hydrogen
gas A B C D
(a) 2 3 4 1
C 0.25 mole 3 9 mL of water
(b) 4 3 1 2
s.
D 0.5 mole 4 1. 51 × 1023 molecules (c) 3 1 4 2
of oxygen (d) 2 1 4 3 [Ans. (a) 2 3 4 1]
A B C D
ok
6. The characteristic feature of orderly arrangement
(a) 2 3 4 1 of molecules belongs to
(b) 4 3 1 2 (a) Solids (b) Liquid
(c) 3 1 4 2 (c) Gases (d) None of these
(d) 2 1 4 3 [Ans. (b) 2 1 4 3]
o [Ans. (a) Solids]
Hint: Number of moles is equal to Mass/ Molar mass 7. The volume occupied by any gas at S.T.P. is ____ .
Number of moles is equal to Volume/ molar (a) 22.4 litres (b) 2.24 litres
ab
volume (c) 224 litres (d) 0.224 litres
[Ans. (a) 22.4 litres]
2. The equivalent mass of a divalent metal element is
10 g eq–1. The molar mass of its anhydrous oxide is 8. Identify the incorrect statement about a
(a) 46 g (b) 36 g compound.
ur
(c) 52 g (d) none of these (a) A molecule cannot be separated into its
[Ans. (c) 52 g] constituent elements by physical methods of
separation
Hint: A
tomic mass of divalent metal is equal to 2
(b) A molecule of a compound has atoms of different
.s
multiple of atomic mass of metal + 2 multiple of

elements
atomic mass of oxygen
(c) A compound retains the physical properties of its
constituent element
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3. Consider the following statements

(d) The ratio of atoms of different elements in a
1 Matter possesses mass.
compound is fixed
2 22 carat gold is a mixture. [Ans. (c) A compound retains the physical
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3 Dry ice is a compound. properties of its constituent element]

Which of the following statement(s) given above 9. Which among the following statement(s) describe
is/ are correct? an element?
(a) 1 & 3 (b) only 1
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i) It is pure substance which could be split into

(c) 1 & 2 (d) 1, 2 & 3 two or more simpler substance.
[Ans. (d) 1, 2 & 3] ii) It is a pure substance which cannot be split
4. The solid state of matter is converted into gas by into simpler substance
(a) sublimation (b) deposition iii) It’s composition is not uniform
(c) freezing (d) condensation iv) All the above
[Ans. (a) sublimation]

(a) only (iv) (b) only (ii) 17. Match list I with list II and identify the correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iii) code.
[Ans. (b) only (ii)] List I List II
10. What will be the basicity of H3BO3, which is not A Bronze 1 Element
a protic acid? B Table salt 2 Homogeneous mixture
C Gold 3 Alloy
m
(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four
[Ans. (a) one] D Petrol 4 Compound
A B C D
11. Which form of based on physical characteristics
(a) 1 4 2 3
co
possess neither definite volume nor definite shape?
(b) 3 4 1 2
(a) Solids (b) Liquids
(c) 2 3 4 1
(c) Gases (d) Both (a) and (b)
(d) 4 2 3 1 [Ans. (b) 3 4 1 2]
[Ans. (c) Gases]
18. One mole of sulphuric acid contains ______
s.
12. Atoms are too small with diameter of 10–10 m and
oxygen atoms.
weigh approximately
(a) 4 × 1023 (b) 4 × 6.023 × 10–23
(a) 10–27 kg (b) 10–27 g
(c) 4 × 6.023 × 1023 (d) 4 × 6.023 × 1032
ok
–31
(c) 10 kg (d) 10–31 g
[Ans. (c) 4 × 6.023 × 10–23]
[Ans. (a) 10–27 kg]
19. Unit of Avogadro’s number is
13. 1 amu (or) 1u ≈
(a) mol (b) g (c) mol–1
(a) 1.6605 × 10–25 kg (b) 1.6605 × 10–26 kg
(d) no unit [Ans. (c) mol–1]
(c) 1.6605 × 10–27 kg (d) 1.6605 × 10–28 kg

o
[Ans. (c) 1.6605 × 10–27 kg] 20. Assertion :
An element that has a fractional
atomic mass.
ab
14. 12 g of carbon-12 contains _______ carbon atoms. Reason : An element exist as isotope.
(a) 6.022 × 1023 (b) 6 (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason
(c) 12 (d) 12.022 ×1023 is the correct explanation for assertion.
[Ans. (a) 6.022 × 1023] (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason
is not the correct explanation for assertion
ur
15. Atomicity of nitrogen is

(c) Assertion is true but reason are false.
(a) 1 (b) 2
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(c) 3 (d) zero [Ans. (b) 2]
[Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are
Hint: Atomicity is defined as total number of atoms is correct and reason is the correct explanation
.s
present in the molecule for assertion.]

21. The empirical formula and molecular mass of a
16. Statement I : Equivalent mass of Mg is compound are CH2O and 180 g respectively. What
w
determined by Oxide Method. will be the molecular formula of the compound?

Statement II : Molecular mass is calculated (a) C9H19O (b) CH2O
using vapour density. (c) C6H12O6 (d) C2H4O2
w
(a) Both the statements are individually true [Ans. (c) C6H12O6]
(b) Both the statements are individually true
and statement II is the correct explanation of Hint: Molecular formula is equal to empirical formula
multiple molecular weight
w
statement I.
(c) Statement I is true but statement II is false.
(d) Statement I is false but statement II is true. 22. One 'U' stands for the mass of
[Ans. (a) Both the statements are (a) An atom of carbon-12
individually true] (b) 1/12th of the carbon-12
(c) 1/12th of hydrogen atom
(d) One atom of any of the element
[Ans. (b) 1/12th of the carbon-12]

23. In the reaction NH 3 + H 2O  → NH 4+ + OH , A B C D

NH3 is acidic in nature. The reason for its acidity (a) 4 3 2 1
is _______. (b) 4 2 1 3
(a) Acceptance of one H+ from water (c) 3 4 2 1
(b) Release of one OH– ion (d) 3 1 4 2 [Ans. (a) 4 3 2 1]
m
(c) Due to the nitrogen atom 29. The oxidation number of chromium in dichromate
(d) All the above. lion is [QY-2018]
[Ans. (a) Acceptance of one H+ from water] (a) +4 (b) +6 (c)+5 (d) 0
[Ans. (b) +6]
co
24. The oxidation number of hydrogen in LiH is ___ .
(a) +1 (b) –1 (c) +2 (d) –2 30. The oxidation state of a element in its uncombined
[Ans. (b) –1] state is
(a) zero (b)+1 (c) –1 (d) none
25. The oxidation number of oxygen in O2 is ______ .
[Ans. (a) zero]
s.
(a) 0 (b) +1 (c) +2 (d) –2
[Ans. (a) 0] 31. Fe2+  → Fe3+ + e– is a _______ reaction.
(a) redox (b) reduction
26. Calculate the percentage of N in ammonia
ok
molecule. (c) oxidation (d) decomposition
(a) 121.42% (b) 28.35% [Ans. (c) oxidation]
(c) 82.35% (d) 28.53% 32. Assertion : The atomic masses of most of the
[Ans. (c) 82.35%]
o elements are in fraction.
Sol : Molar mass of NH3 = 14 + 1 × 3 = 17 g mol–1 Reason : The atomic mass represents the ratio
mass of N in NH3 of the average mass of the atom to
Percentage of N = × 100 one avogram.
ab
molar mass of NH3
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason
14
= × 100 = 82.35%. is the correct explanation for assertion.
17
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason
27. If a beaker holds 576 g of water, what will be the
ur

gram molecules of water in that beaker?
(a) 23 gram molecule (b) 23%
[Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are
(c) 32% (d) 32 gram molecule
correct but reason is not the
.s
[Ans. (d) 32 gram molecule]

correct explanation for assertion]
Sol : Molecular mass of H2O = 2 × 1 + 16
33. Assertion : The number of oxygen atoms in 16 g
= 18 g mol–1 of oxygen and 16 g of ozone is same.
w
18 g of water = 1 gram molecule Reason : Each of the species represent 1 g

1 × 576 atom of oxygen.
∴576 g of water =
18 (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason
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= 32 gram molecules. is the correct explanation for assertion.

(b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason
28. Match the following prefixes with their multiples. is not the correct explanation for assertion
w
Equivalent Mass (E) Molecular Mass (M) (c) Assertion is true but reason are false.
A EKMnO (Acidic) 1 M/2 (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
4 [Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason
B EKMnO (Neutral) 2 M are correct and reason is the correct
4
explanation for assertion.]
C EH PO
3 M/3
3 2
D EH PO
4 M/5
3 3

34. Identify disproportionation reaction. (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason
(a) CH4 + 2O2  → CO2 + 2H2O is the correct explanation for assertion.
(b) CH4 + 4Cl2  → CCl4 + 4HCl (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason
(c) 2F2 + 2OH–  → 2F– + OF2 + H2O is not the correct explanation for assertion
(d) 2NO2 + 2OH–  → NO–2 + NO–3 + H2O (c) Assertion is true but reason are false.
[Ans. (d) 2NO2 + 2OH 
–
→ NO–2 + NO–3 + H2O] (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
m
[Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are
35. The oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72– is _____ . correct but reason is not the correct
(a) +6 (b) –6 (c) +7 (d) –7 explanation for assertion]
co
[Ans. (a) +6]
36. Assertion : The ash is produced by burning 40. Assertion : Fluorine has an oxidation state of
paper in air is lighter than the – 1 in all its compounds.
original mass of paper. Reason : Fluorine is the most electronegative
Reason : The residue is left after the element of the periodic table .
s.
combustion of a chemical reaction (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason
that entities is always lighter. is the correct explanation for assertion.
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason
ok
is the correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason (c) Assertion is true but reason are false.
is not the correct explanation for assertion (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(c) Assertion is true but reason are false. [Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. are correct and reason is the
o
[Ans. (c) Assertion is true but reason are false.] correct explanation for assertion.]
37. Assertion : Oxalic acid is a dibasic acid 41. The compound in which mass percentage of
ab
carbon is 75% and that of hydrogen is 25% is
Reason : It contains two basic radicals
(a) C2H6 (b) C2H2 (c) CH4 (d) C2H4
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason
[Ans. (c) CH4]
is the correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason 42. Among the three metals, zinc, copper and silver,
ur
is not the correct explanation for assertion the electron releasing tendency decreases in the
(c) Assertion is true but reason are false. following order.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false. (a) zinc >silver>copper (b) zinc >copper >silver
[Ans. (c) Assertion is true but reason are false.] (c) silver>copper >zinc (d) copper >silver>zinc
.s
[Ans. (b) zinc >copper >silver]

38. How many moles of magnesium phosphate,
Mg3(PO4)2 will contain 0.25 moles of oxygen 43. Consider the following statements :
atoms?
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(i) Oxidation number of He = zero

(a) 0.02 (b) 3.125 × 10–2 (ii) Increase in oxidation number results in
(c) 1.25 × 10–2 (d) 2.5 × 10–2 reduction.
[Ans. (b) 3.125 × 10–2] (iii) The substance undergoing increase in
w
Sol : 8 mol of O = 1 mol of Mg3(PO4)2 oxidation number is reducing agent.

1 × 0.25 Which among the above statement(s) is/are
0.25 mol O = mol of Mg3(PO4)2 correct?
w
8
(a) only (i) (b) (ii) and (iii)
= 3.125 × 10–2 mol of Mg3(PO4)2.
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) only (ii)
[Ans. (c) (i) and (iii)]
39. Assertion : Equal volumes of all the gases do not
contain equal number of atoms. 44. What is the ratio of empirical formula mass to
Reason : Atom is the smallest particle which molecular formula mass of benzene?
takes part in chemical reactions. (a) 1:6 (b) 6:1 (c) 2:3 (d) 3:2
[Ans. (a) 1:6]
45. Rusting of iron is an example of ...... reaction. 50. Identify the correct statements with reference to
(a) Combustion (b) decomposition the given reaction
(c) reduction reaction and redox reaction P4 + 3OH– + 3H2O  → PH3 + 3H2PO2–
(d) hydrolysis (i) Phosphorous is undergoing reduction only
[Ans. (c) reduction reaction and redox reaction] (ii) Phosphorous is undergoing oxidation only
(iii) Phosphorous is undergoing both oxidation
m
46. Maximum oxidation state is present in the central
and reduction.
metal atom of which compound
(iv) Hydrogen is undergoing neither oxidation
(a) CrO2Cl2 (b) MnO2
nor reduction.
(c) [Fe(CN)6]3–
co
(d) MnO
(a) only (iii) (b) both (iii) and (iv)
[Ans. (a) CrO2Cl2]
(c) only (i) (d) None of these
47. Which of the following statement(s) is/are not
[Ans. (b) both (iii) and (iv)]
true about the following decomposition reaction.
2KClO3  → 2KCl + 3O2 51. Match the items in column list-I with relevant
s.
(i) Potassium is undergoing oxidation items in list-II.
(ii) Chlorine is undergoing oxidation List-I List-II
(iii) Oxygen is reduced A Ions having positive charge 1 anion
ok
(iv) None of the species are under going oxidation B Ions having negative 2 –1
and reduction. charge
(a) only (iv) (b) (i) and (iv) C 3 0
Oxidation number of
(c) (iv) and (iii) (d) All of these fluorine in NaF
[Ans. (b) (i) and (iv)]
o D The sum of oxidation 4 cation
48. Identify the correct statement(s) with respect to number of all atoms in a
ab
the following reaction : neutral molecule
Zn + 2HCl  → ZnCl2 + H2
A B C D
(i) Zinc is acting as an oxidant
(a) 3 4 2 1
(ii) Chlorine is acting as a reductant (b) 1 2 3 4
(iii) Hydrogen is not acting as an oxidant (c) 2 3 4 1
ur
(iv) Zn is acting as a reductant (d) 4 1 2 3 [Ans. (d) 4 1 2 3]

(a) only (ii) (b) only (iv)
(c) both (ii) and (iii) (d) both (ii) and (i) 54. Give an example of molecule in which the ratio of
[Ans. (b) only (iv)] the molecular formula is six times the empirical
.s
formula.
49. Match the list-I with list-II and select the correct (a) C6H12O6 (b) CH2O (c) CH4
answer using the code given below the list. (d) Na2CO3 [Ans. (a) C6H12O6]
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List-I List-II 55. The change in the oxidation number of S in H2S

A Cr2 O72− 1 +5 and SO2 in the following industrial reaction :
2H2S(g) + SO2(g)  → 3S(s) + H2O(g)
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B MnO 2−
4 2 +6 (a) –2 to 0, +4 to 0 (b) –2 to 0, +4 to –1
C VO32− 3 +3 (c) –2 to –1, +4 to 0 (d) –2 to –1, +4 to –2
[Ans. (a) –2 to 0, +4 to 0]
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D FeF63− 4 +7
Sol : Reduction (+4 to 0)
A B C D
(a) 3 1 4 2
2H 2S + SO 2 
→ 3S + H 2 O
(b) 4 3 2 1 Oxidation (−2 to 0)
(c) 2 4 1 3
(d) 3 2 1 4 [Ans. (c) 2 4 1 3]

56. Assertion (A) : In the reaction between potassium (a) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
permanganate and potassium (b) Cu(s) + 2Ag (aq) 
+ → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
iodide, permanganate ions act as (c) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)  → Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)
oxidising agent. (d) 2Ag(s) + Cu (aq) 
2+ → 2Ag+(aq) + Cu(s)
Reason (R) : Oxidation state of manganese [Ans. (d) 2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq) → 2Ag+(aq) + Cu(s)]
changes from +2 to +7 during the
m
reaction. Reason : Since Cu is more reactive than Ag, it
(a) Both A and R are true and R explains A displaces Ag+ ions from its salt solution.
(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A Which get deposited on the copper rod.
co
(c) A is true but R is false
62. Match the list I with List II and select the correct
(d) Both A and R are false
answer using the code given below the list.
[Ans. (c) A is true but R is false]
List-I List-II
57. In which of the following reactions, hydrogen A n 1 6.02×1023 Ne atoms
s.
peroxide acts as an oxidising agent?
B Vapour density 2 0.01 moles of solute
(a) I2 + H2O2 + 2OH–  → 2I– + 2H2O + O2
in one L of solution
(b) PbS + 4H2O2  → PbSO4 + 4H2O
C 22.4 L at S.T.P 3 Molecular mass/2
 → 2MnO2 + 3O2 + 2H2O
ok
–
(c) 2MnO4 + 3H2O2
+ 2OH– D Centimolar solution 4 Molecular mass/
empirical formula
(d) HOCl + H2O2  → H2O + Cl + O2
+ –
mass
[Ans. (b) PbS + 4H2O2  → PbSO4 + 4H2O]
A B C D
o
58. Two elements X and Y (atomic mass of X = 75;
Y = 16) combine to give a compound having 76%
(a) 2 3 4 1
(b) 4 3 1 2
of X. The formula of the compound is?
ab
(c) 3 1 4 2
(a) XY (b) X2Y (c) X2Y2 (d) X2Y3 (d) 2 1 4 3 [Ans. (b) 4 3 1 2]
[Ans. (d) X2Y3]
65. A compound has an empirical formula C2H4O. If
59. Assertion (A) : Among halogens fluorine is the the value of n = 2 the molecular formula of the
best oxidant. compound is _________ .
ur
Reason (R) : Fluorine is the most (a) C2H4O (b) CH2O

electronegative atom. (c) CH2 (d) C4H8O2
(a) Both A and R are true and R explains A [Ans. (d) C4H8O2]
(b) Both A and R are true but R does not explain A
.s
(c) A is true but R is false 66. If ten volumes of dihydrogen gases react with
(d) Both A and R are false five volumes of dioxygen gases that, how many
volumes of water vapour would be produced?
[Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R explains A]
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(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 10

60. Equal volume of nitrogen and Hydrogen gases will
[Ans. (d) 10]
react to form ammonia in favourable condition
Hint : 2H2(g) + O2(g)  → 2H2O(g)
then the limiting reagent is
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(a) H2 (b) N2 (c) NH3 67. Limiting reagent is in a chemical reaction is the
(d) No reactant is a limiting regent [Ans. (b) N2] reactant in which
(a) left some amount unreacted after the completion
61. Identify the redox reaction taking place in a
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of reaction
beaker.
(b) reacts completely in the reaction
(c) does not react in the reaction
Metal rod
Shinting (d) All of these
Colourless silvery deposit [Ans. (b) reacts completely in the reaction]
solution Blue solution
Initial stage Final stage

68. Assertion : When 4 moles of H2 reacts with 75. Which of the following is correct?
2 moles of O2, then 4 moles of water (a) Elemental analysis of a compound gives the mass
is formed. percentage of atoms present in the compound
Reason : O2 will act as limiting reagent. (b) Using the mass percentage, we can determine the
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is empirical formula of the compound
the correct explanation of assertion.
m
(c) Molecular formula of the compound can be
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is
arrived at from the empirical formula using the
not the correct explanation of assertion.
molar mass of the compound.
(c) Only assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) All the above are correct
co
[Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but [Ans. (d) All the above are correct]
reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.] 76. Which formula of a compound is a whole number
69. Match the list-I with list-II and select the correct multiple of the empirical formula?
s.
answer using the code given below the list. (a) matter (b) mass
List-I List-II (c) energy (d) weight
A Molecular formula 1 Completely consumed [Ans. (a) matter]
ok
B Stoichiometric 2 Left unreacted 77. All oxidation reactions are accompanied by
Equation ________ reactions.
C Limiting reagent 3 n × Empirical formula (a) accession (b) addition
D Excess reagent 4 Balanced equation (c) reduction (d) decomposition
A B C D
o [Ans. (c) reduction]
(a) 3 4 2 1 78. Hema attached to the _________ molecule.
ab
(b) 3 4 1 2 (a) hydrogen (b) oxygen
(c) 4 3 2 1
(c) protein (d) water
(d) 4 3 1 2 [Ans. (b) 3 4 1 2]
[Ans. (c) protein]
72. Assertion : K20. Al2O3. SiO2. 6H2O is the
ur
empirical formula of potash alum. 79. During which reactions the oxidation number of
Reason : It is a double salt. elements changes?
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason (a) metabolic reactions
is the correct explanation for assertion. (b) reduction reactions
.s
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason (c) exchange reactions
is not the correct explanation for assertion (d) redox reactions [Ans. (d) redox reactions]
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(d) Both assertion and reason are false. 80. An ion in a compound is replaced by an ion of
[Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are another element are called _________ reactions.
correct but reason is not the correct (a) displacement (b) ionic
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explanation for assertion] (c) chemical (d) physical

73. Anything that has mass and occupies space is [Ans. (a) displacement]
called _________. 81. Which method is used for ionic redox reactions?
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(a) matter (b) weight (a) Ionic method

(c) energy (d) system
(b) Ion–Electron method
[Ans. (a) matter]
(c) Proton-Electron method
74. The mass of one mole of a substance is ________. (d) Oxidation number method
(a) molecular mass (b) Atomic mass [Ans. (b) Ion–Electron method]
(c) molar mass (d) Nuclear mass
[Ans. (c) molar mass]

Additional Short Answers (i) Sugar

(ii) Sea water
1. Statement 1 : Two mole of glucose contains (iii) Distilled water
12.044 × 1023 molecules of glucose
(iv) Carbon dioxide
Statement 2 : Total number of entities present in
(v) Copper wire
one mole of any substance is equal
(vi) Table salt
m
to 6.02 × 1022. [GMQP-2018]
(vii) Silver plate
Whether the above statements are true? Is there
any relation between these two statements? (viii) Naphthalene balls
Ans.
co
Ans. The statements 1 & 2 are true. But there is no relation
between statement 1 and statement 2. Element Compound Mixture
2. How many moles of hydrogen is required to Copper wire (cu) Sugar Sea water
produce 10 moles of ammonia ? [HY-2018] Silver plate (Ag) distilled water
Ans. N2(g) + 3 H2(g)   → 2 NH3(g) carbon dioxide
s.
To produce 2 moles of ammonia, 3 moles of hydrogen Table salt
are required Naphthalene balls
To produce 10 moles of ammonia
7. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and
ok
3 moles of H 2 5
= × 10 moles of NH 3 occupies space. All matter is composed of atoms.
2 moles of NH3 Ans. Sublimation
= 15 moles of hydrogen are required.
Melting Evaparation
3. Calculate the total number of electrons present in (Heat) (Heat)
17g of ammonia.
o
Solid
Freezing

Liquid
Condensation

Gas
Ans. No. of electrons present in one ammonia (NH3) (Cool) (Cool)
ab
molecule (7 + 3) = 10
Mass 17 g Deposition
No. of moles of NH3 = Molar mass = −1
= 1 mol
17 g mol
No. of molecules present in 1 mol of NH3 8. List the differences between elements and
= 6.023 × 1023 compounds.
ur
No. of electrons present in 1 mol of NH3 Ans.

= 10 × 6.023 × 1023
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
= 6.023 × 1024
(i) An element consists ofCompounds are made
4. Mixture of salt and water is a solution while that only one type of atom.up of molecules which
.s
of oil and water is not. Explain. contain two or more

atoms of different
Ans. Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more elements.
components. Salt in water is homogeneous and
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(ii) Element can exist Properties of

therefore it is a solution. Whereas oil in water is as monatomic or compounds are
heterogeneous or immiscible mixture and so is not polyatomic units. The different from those
a solution. polyatomic elements of their constituent
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are called molecules. elements.

5. Why is air sometimes considered as a
(iii) Eg : Monatomic unit - Eg :
heterogeneous mixture? Gold (Au), Carbon dioxide (CO2),
Ans. Air sometimes considered as a heterogeneous Copper (Cu); Glucose (C6H12O6)
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mixture due to the presence of dust particles which Polyatomic unit -

form a separate phase. Hydrogen (H2)
6. By applying the knowledge of chemical 9. Write a note on 'mixture' based on the chemical
classification, classify each of the following into classification of matter.
elements, compounds or mixtures. Ans. Two or more substances mix together in any ratio
without any chemical intraction is called mixture.

(i) Homogeneous mixture : 14. State Avogadro’s hypothesis.

A mixture having uniform composition Ans. Equal volume of all gases under the same conditions
throughout is called homogeneous mixture. of temperature and pressure contain equal number of
Eg : salt solution, air etc., molecules.
(ii) Heterogeneous mixture : 15. Which law co-relates the mass and volume of a
A mixture in which the composition is not
m
gas?
uniform throughout and different components Ans. Avogadro’s law. It states equal volume of all gases
can be observed is called heterogeneous under the same conditions of temperature and
mixture. Eg : Mixture of salt and sugar, cereals pressure contain equal number of molecules.
co
and pulse etc.,
16. Does one gram mole of a gas occupy 22.4 L under
10. How will you classify matter based on physical all conditions of temperature and pressure.
state? Ans. No, one gram mole of a gas occupies 22.4 L only
Ans. Physical Classification of Matter : Matter can under STP conditions, i.e. at 273 K temperature and
s.
be classified as solids, liquids and gases based on 760mm of pressure. (1.0315 × 1015 Pa)
their physical state. The physical state of matter
17. Bring about the dissimilarities in mole concept
can be converted into one another by modifying the
and molar mass by clearly analysing them.
temperature and pressure suitably.
ok
Ans.
11. Explain the classification of matter based on Mole Molar Mass
chemical composition.
1. It is defined as the It is defined as the mass
Ans. Chemical Classification : Pure substances are amount of the substance of one mole of the
composed of simple atoms or molecules. They are
o
further classified as elements and compounds.
that contains as many
specified elementary
substance.
(a) Element : particles as the number

ab
of atoms in 12g of C12.
An element consists of only one type of atom.
2. 1 mole = 6.023 × 1023 Molar mass
Element can exist as monatomic or particles Mass
polyatomic units. The polyatomic elements = g mol −1
mol
are called molecules.
ur
Eg : Monatomic unit - Gold (Au), Copper 18. (i) If an acid is mono basic, how will you relate
(Cu); Polyatomic unit - Hydrogen (H2) their equivalent mass and molecular mass.
(b) Compound : (ii) What is the basicity of H4 P2 O7?
Compounds are made up of molecules which (iii) Give any two examples for dibasic acids.
.s
contain two or more atoms of different Ans. (i) If an acid is mono basic, then its equivalent
elements. mass = Molecular mass.
Eg : Carbon dioxide (CO ), Glucose (ii) Basicity of H4P2O7 is 4 (Tetrabasic acid)
2
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(C6H12O6). (iii) Examples of dibasic acid are H2SO4, H3PO3.

12. Define Avogadro number. 19. Why are the atomic mass of most of the elements
Ans. The total number of entities present in one mole of fractional?
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any substance is equal to 6.022 × 1023.This number Ans. It is because most of the elements occur in nature as
is called Avogadro number. a mixture of isotopes and their atomic masses are
13. Define molar volume. the average relative atomic masses of the isotopes
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Ans. The volume occupied by one mole of any substance depending in their abundance.
in the gaseous state at a given temperature and 20. Write down the formulae for calculating the
pressure is called molar volume. One mole of an equivalent mass of an acid, base and oxidising
Ideal gas is equal to 22.4 L (Or) 22400mL at STP agent.
conditions. Ans. (i) Equivalent Mass of Acids :
Molar mass of the acid
E=
Basicity of the acid

(ii) Equivalent Mass of Bases : Combustion of 1 mole (16 g) CH4 produces 2 moles
Molar mass of the base (2 × 18 = 36 g) of water.
E= CH4
Acidity of the base
(iii) Equivalent Mass of Oxidising agent : (12) + (4 ×1) = 16 g mol–1
Molar mass of the oxidising agent
m
E= H2O
no. of moles of electronns gained
by one mole of the oxidising agent (2×1) + (1 ×16) = 18 g mol–1
Combustion of 32 g CH4 produces
co
21. Define limiting reagent. [GMQP-2018; QY-2018]
Ans. Limiting reagent : When a reaction is carried out 36 g H2O 2
using non-stoichiometric quantities of the reactants, × 32 g CH4 = 72 g of water
16 g CH4
the product yield will be determined by the reactant
that is completely consumed. It limits the further
s.
27. Categorise the redox reactions that occur in our
reaction from taking place and is called as the
daily life.
limiting reagent.
Ans. � Fading of the colour of the clothes
22. Define stoichiometry. Burning of cooking gas, fuel, wood, etc.
ok
Ans. Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship Rusting of Iron
between reactants and products in a balanced Extraction of Metals.
chemical equation in moles.
28. 2Cu2S + 3O2  → 2Cu2O + 2SO2
23. What do you understand by stoichiometric co- (i) In this reaction which substance is getting
efficients in a chemical equation?
o oxidised and which substance is getting
Ans. The co-efficients of reactants and products involved reduced?
ab
in a chemical equation represented by the balanced (ii) Name the oxidising and reducing agents.
form are known as stoichiometric co-efficients.
Ans. (i) Oxygen is being added to Cu, (ie.,) Cu2S is
Eg : N2(g) + 3H2(g)  → 2NH3(g) oxidised to Cu2O and the other reactant O2 is
The stoichiometric co-efficients are 1, 3 and 2 getting reduced.
respectively.
ur
(ii) Cu2S is the a reducing agent.

24. Write the simplest formula for the following. O2 is an oxidising agent.
(i) N2O4 (ii) C6H12O6 (iii) H2O (iv) H2O2 29. How would you know whether a redox reaction
Ans. (i) NO2 (ii) CH2O is taking place in an acidic, alkaline or neutral
.s
(iii) H2O (iv) HO. medium.

25. Write the electronic concept of oxidation and Ans. � If H+ any acid appears on either side of the
reduction reactions. [QY. & HY. 2018] chemical equation, the reaction occurs in acidic
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solution.
Ans. The process can be explained on the basis of –
If OH or any base appears on either side of the
electrons. The reaction involving loss of electron is
termed oxidation chemical equation, the reaction occurs in basic
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solution.
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e– (loss of electron-oxidation). + –
If neither H , OH nor any acid or base is present
The reaction involving gain of electron is termed
in the chemical equation, the solution is neutral.
reduction.
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Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu (gain of electron-reduction) 30. Zn rod is immersed in CuSO4 solution. What
will you observe after an hour? Explain you
26. Calculate the amount of water produced by the observation in terms of redox reaction.
combustion of 32 g of methane. [QY-2018]
Ans. � The blue colour of CuSO4 solution will get
Ans. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) discharged and reddish brown copper metal will
As per the stoichiometric equation, be deposited on Zn rod.

This is because blue colour Cu2+ (in CuSO4) gets 34. Identify the type of redox reaction taking place in
reduced to Cu by accepting two electrons from Zn, the following.
which gets oxidised to colourless ZnSO4. 0 0 +2 −3
Reduction (i) 3Mg ( s ) + N 2( g ) 

→ Mg 3 N 2( s )
+5 −2 0 0 +2 −2
0 +2 +2 −2 0 (ii) Y2 O 5( s ) + 5Ca( s ) 
→ 2 V( s ) + 5 CaO( s )
Zn ( s ) + CuSO 4( aq ) 
→ ZnSO 4( aq ) + Cu ( s )
m
+1 +5 −2 +1 −1 0
(iii) 2 K Cl O 3( s ) 
→ 2 K Cl ( s ) + 3O 2( g )
Oxidation 0 +1 −2 +2 −2 + 1 0
(iv) Ca( s ) + 2 H 2O( l ) 
→ Ca (OH )2( aq ) + H 2( g )
co
31. What will be oxidation number of sulphur in
S 2O 82− ion and S 4O 62− ion? [HOTS] → 2Br(−aq ) + I 2( s )
(v) Br2( l ) + 2I ( aq ) 
0 −1 −1
2−
Ans. (i) In S2 O8 , there is one peroxide bond (–O–O–) −
→ Cl O(−aq ) + Cl (−aq ) + H 2O( l )
(vi) Cl 2( g ) + 2OH ( aq ) 
therefore, two oxygen atoms having oxidation
Ans. (i) Combination reaction
s.
2−
number –1 (i.e., O 2 ) and for the other six
oxygen atoms, the oxidation number is –2. (ii) Displacement reaction
S2 O82− = 2x + (–2 × 6) (iii) Decomposition reaction
O O (iv) Metal displacement reaction
ok
+ (–1 × 2) = –2 0 0
+5
2x = +12 ⇒ x = +6 −
O S S S S+5 O− (v) Non-metal displacement reaction
(ii) In S4 O6 , 2−
two (vi) Disproportionation reaction.
O S4 O62 − O
S-atoms have 35. What is molar Volume?
oxidation state +5 while another two S-atoms
have 0 oxidation state.
o Ans. Molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole
of any substance in the gaseous state at STP. It is
32. Nitric acid is an oxidising agent and reacts with equal to 2.24 × 10–2 m3 (22.4 L)
ab
PbO but it does not react with PbO2. Explain 36. How can we say sugar has solid and water has
why? [HOTS] liquid?
Ans. (i) Nitric acid in an oxidising agent. It oxidises Ans. When a sugar dissolves into tea or coffee, the liquid
an element from lower oxidation state to transforms the sugar into a liquid. So it can fit in with
ur
higher oxidation state. In PbO, lead is in lower the liquid and slide in with the molecules. If you try
oxidation state of +2. HNO3 oxidises lead from to evaporate the water for long enough, you will turn
Pb2+ to Pb4+ the sugar back into a solid.
PbO + 2 HNO3 → Pb (NO3)2 + H2 O
.s
37. Define Average atomic mass?

(ii) In PbO2, lead is in +4 oxidation state and cannot
be oxidised further. Therefore no reaction takes Ans. Average atomic mass is defined as the average
place. atomic mass of all atoms in their naturally occurring
isotopes.
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− −
33. Which one of the two, ClO 2 or ClO 4 shows Examples:
disproportionation reaction and why? [HOTS] Chlorine consist of chlorine isotope 17Cl35 and 17Cl37
−
Sol : The oxidation state of Cl in ClO 2 is +3. So, chlorine are in the ratio 77:23, the average atomic mass of
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can get oxidised as well as reduced and can act as chlorine

reductant and oxidant. A(– is bar) is equal to A1X1 + A2X2 / X1 + X2 is equal
−
The disproportionation reaction of ClO 2 is to 35 × 77 + 37 × 23/100 is equal to 35.46 u.
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+1 +5
→ Cl − + ClO3−
3ClO 2−  38. State Avogadro's Hypothesis.
− Ans. It states that "Equal volume of all gases under the
In ClO 4 , Cl is in its highest oxidation state, So it can
same conditions of temperature and pressure contain
only be an oxidant.
equal number of molecules."

39. The approximate production of Na2CO3 per 44. What is combination reaction? Give example.
month is 424 × 106 g while that of methyl alcohol Ans. When two or more substance combine to form a
is 320 × 106 g. Which is produced more in terms single substance, the reactions are combination
of moles? reactions.
Ans. Na2CO3 mass = 424 × 106 g A + B  →C
Molecular mass of Na2CO3 = (23 × 2) + 12 + Ex – 2Mg + O2  → 2MgO
m
(16 + 3)
45. What is decomposition reaction? Give 2 example.
= 46 + 12 + 18
Ans. Chemical reactions in which a compound splits
= 106 g
co
Mass of Na 2 CO3
up into tow or more simpler substances are called
No. of moles of Na2CO3 = molecular mass of Na CO decomposition reaction.
AB  → A+B
2 3
424 × 106 g Ex – 2KCl O3  → 2KCl + O2

=
106g PCl5  → PCl3 + Cl2
s.
= 4 × 106 moles 46. What is disproportionation reaction? Give
Methyl alcohol mass = 320 × 106 g example.
40. How many moles of glucose and present in 720g Ans. The reaction in which an element undergoes
ok
of glucose? simultaneously both oxidation and reduction are
Ans. Glucose = C6H12O6 called as disproportional reactions.
Ex : P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O  → PH3 + 3NaH2 PO2
Molecular mass = (12 × 6) + (1 × 12) + (16 × 6)
2HCHO + H2O  → CH3OH + HCOOH
of glucose
= 72 + 12 + 96 = 180
o 47. What is displacement reactions? Give its types.
Explain with example.
Mass of glucose
Number of mole =
ab
Molecular mass of glucose Ans. The reaction in which one ion or atom in a compound
of glucose is replaced by an ion or atom of the other element are
720 called displacement reactions.
= = 4 moles. AB + C  → AC + B
180
Ex – Metal displacement
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41. What do you understand by the terms acidity and CuSO4 + Zn  → ZnSO4 + Cu
Basicity? Ex – Non-metal displacement
Ans. Acidity : The number of hydroxyl ions present in one 2KBr + Cl2  → 2KCl + Br2
mole of a base is known as the acidity of the base.
48. What are competive electron transfer reaction?
.s
Basicity : The number of replaceable hydrogen

atoms present in a molecule of the acid is referred to Give example.
as its basicity. Ans. These are the reaction in which redox reactions take
place in different vessels and it is an indirect redox
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42. What is meant by plasma state? Give an example. reaction. There is a competition for the release of
Ans. Gaseous state of matter at very high temperature electrons among different metals.
containing gaseous ions and free electron is referred Eg : Zn releases electrons to Cu and Cu releases
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to as the plasma state eg., Lightning. electrons to silver and SO on

43. What is meant by limiting agend? Zn(s) + Cu2+  → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Ans. A large excess of one reactant is supplied to ensure (Here Zn oxidised Cu2+ – reduced)
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the more expensive reactant is completely converted Cu(s) + 2Ag+  → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(g)
to the desired product. The reactant use up first in a (Here Cu oxidised Ag+ – reduced)
reaction is called the limiting reagent.

49. Draw a flow chart to illustrate classification of matter.

Ans.
Matter
Physical Classification Chemical Classification
m
Solid Liquid Gas Mixtures Pure Substances
Eg: Ice Eg: Water Eg: Water Vapour
homogeneous heterogeneous Elements Compounds
Eg: air Eg: Oil and Water Eg: Copper Eg: Copper Sulphate
co
50. An organic compound present in vinegar has 40 % carbon, 6.6 % hydrogen and 53.4 % oxygen. Find the
empirical formula of the compound.
Ans.
Atomic Simple ratio Simplest ratio
s.
Element Percentage Relative No. of moles
mass mole (in whole no)
40 3.3
C 40 12 = 3.3 =1 1
12 3.3
ok
6.6 6.6
H 6.6 1 = 6.6 =2 2
1 3.3
53.4 3.3
O 53.4
o
16
16
= 3.3
3.3
=1 1
ab
The Empirical formula is CH2O.
51. Discuss the characteristic the properties of physical classification of matter. [LOTS]
Ans.
S.No PROPERTIES SOLID LIQUID GAS
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1. Volume definite definite indefinite

2. Shape definite indefinite indefinite
3. Compressibility cannot be compressed can be compressed can be highly
.s
compressed
4. Arrangement of regular and close to each random or irregular but almost random and wide
molecules other close to each other. apart
5.
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Bonding strong intermolecular relatively strong intermolecular very weak

bonds bonds; slightly weaker than solid intermolecular bonds.
6. Fluidity cannot flow can flow from higher to lower can flow in all
level directions
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Example Ice Water Water vapour

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Additional Long Answers 5 MARK 3. Define auto-oxidation (disproportination)

reaction and its examples.
1. Define oxidation number. Balance the following Ans. Displacement reaction :
equation using oxidation number method. Redox reactions in which
As2S3 + HNO3 + H2O  → H3AsO4 + H 2SO4 an ion (or an atom) in a
+ NO [GMQP-2018] compound is replaced
m
by an ion (or atom) of
Ans. Oxidation number : It is defined as the imaginary another element are called
charge left on the atom when all other atoms of displacement reactions.
the compound have been removed in their usual
co
They are further classified into (i) metal displacement
oxidation states that are assigned according to set of reactions (ii) non-metal displacement reactions.
rules. (i) Metal displacement reactions :
Solution :
Place a zinc metal strip in an aqueous copper
Step 1 : As2S3 + HNO3 + H2O  → H3AsO4 + sulphate solution taken in a beaker. Observe
s.
H2SO4 + NO the solution, the intensity of blue colour
Step 2 : Assign the oxidation numbers and identify of the solution slowly reduced and finally
the redox couples. disappeared.
Decreased by 3
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The zinc metal strip became coated with
+3 –2 +1 +5 –2 +1 –2 +1 +5 –2 +1 +6–2 +2 –2
→ brownish metallic copper. This is due to the
As2S3 + H N O3 + H2O H3AsO4 + H2SO4 + NO
following metal displacement reaction.
Increased by 2 Oxidation
tep 3 : Multiply As2S3 by 3 and HNO3 by 2.
S
3As2S3 + 2HNO3 + H2O 
o
→ H3AsO4 + H2SO4
+2 0
CuSO4 (aq) + Zn(s)
0 +2
Cu(s) + ZnSO4 (aq)
+ NO
ab
Reduction
Step 4 : Balance all the elements in the equation
(As, S and N) except H and O. (ii) Non-metal displacement :
Oxidation
3As2S3 + 2HNO3 + H2O  → 6H3AsO4 + 9H2SO4
+ 2NO 0 +1 +2 0
ur
Step 5 : Balance the complete equation including O Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H 2

& H. Reduction
3As2S3 + 28HNO3 + H2O  → 6H3AsO4 +
9H2SO4 + 28NO 4. Write any three rules assigning for the oxidation
.s
2. What is the condition for molar Volume? number?

Ans. The molar volume of any ideal gas at 273 degree The oxidation state of a free elements (i.e. in its
Ans. �
kelvin and 1 atm pressure is equal to 22.4 L (or) uncombined state) is zero.
w
22400ml. Example : each atom in H2, Cl2, Na, S8 have the

Ideal gas equation is PV is equal to nRT oxidation number of zero.
For a monatomic ion, the oxidation state is equal
where P is pressure at 1 atm. and temperature 273
w
degree kelvin is called Standard Temperature and to the net charge on the ion.
Pressure. Example : The oxidation number of sodium in
R is the gas constant and is equal to 0.082 dtm3. Na+ is +1.
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atm. k–1.mol–1. The oxidation number of chlorine in Cl– is –1.

The algebric sum of oxidation states of all atoms
Hence V is equal to nRT/P.
V is equal to 22.4L. in a molecule is equal to zero, while in ions, it is
equal to the net charge on the ion.

5. Distinguish between the following.

(i) Atomic and molecular mass (ii) Atomic mass and atomic weight
(iii) Empirical and molecular formula (iv) Moles and molecules.
Ans.
(i) Atomic Mass Molecular Mass
m
Atomic mass is the mass of a single atom, which is its Molecular weight is the mass of one molecule.
collective mass of neutron, proton and electrons. Molecular mass can be calculated from the sum of atomic
masses of all atoms present in a compound.
(ii) Atomic Mass Atomic Weight
co
Atomic mass is the mass of a single atom, which is its Atomic weight is the average weight of an elements with
collective mass of neutron, proton and electrons. respect to all its isotopes and their relative abundance.
(iii) Empirical Formula Molecular Formula
It represents the simplest whole number ratio of various The molecular formula shows the exact number of different
atoms present in one molecule of the compound. types of atoms present in a molecules of a compound.
s.
Empirical formula of Benzene is CH Molecular formula of Benzene is C6H6
(iv) Moles Molecules
The amount of the substance that contains specified Two or more atoms joint together by chemical bonds.
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particles as the number of atoms in 12g of carbon - 12
isotope
6. What are disproportionation reaction. (or) (ii) 1 mol of He contains 6.023 × 1023 He atoms
Define auto redox reaction. 6.023 × 1023 × 52
Ans. Disproportionation Oxidation
o \ 52 moles of He contains =
1
reaction (Auto
= 3.132 × 1025
ab
redox reactions) : In -1 -2 0
some redox reactions, 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 52 moles of He contains 3.132 × 1025 He
the same compound atoms.
Reduction
can undergo both
2. Calculate the mass of the following :
oxidation and reduction. In such reactions, the
ur
(i) 1 atom of silver (ii) 1 molecule of benzene

oxidation state of one and the same element is both
increased and decreased. These reactions are called (iii) 1 molecule of water.
disproportionation reactions. Ans. (i) Molecular mass of silver (Ag) = 107.87 u
Molar mass of Ag = 107.87 g mol–1

.s
Molar mass
\ Mass of 1 atom of Ag =
Avogadro's number
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 107.87 g mol −1
w
=
6.023 × 1023 mol −1
1. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the = 17.91 × 10–23 g.
following.
Mass of 1 atom of Ag = 17.91 × 10–23 g.
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(i) 52 g of He and (ii) 52 moles of He.

(ii) Molecular mass of benzene (C6H6) =
Ans. (i) 1 mol of He ≡ 4g ≡ 6.022 × 1023 He atoms
(6 × 12.01 u) + (6 × 1u) = 78.06 u
(ie) 4g of He contains 6.022 × 1023 He atoms
Molar mass of benzene = 78.06 g mol–1
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6.023 × 1023 × 52 Then, mass of 1 molecule of benzene

\ 52g of He contains =
4 Molar mass of benzene
=
= 7.83 × 1024 Avogadro's number
52g of He contains 7.83 × 1024 He atoms. 78.06 g mol −1
= = 12.96 × 10–23 g
6.023 × 1023 mol −1
Mass of 1 molecule of benzene = 12.94 × 10–23 g.

(iii) Molecular mass of water = (2 × 1u) + (1 × 16u) 6. Calculate the Formula Weights of the following
= 18 u compounds.
Molar mass of water = 18 g mol–1 (a) NO2 (b) Glucose (C6H12O6) (c) NaOH
Mass of 1 molecule of water (d) Mg(OH)2
Molar mass of water Ans. (a) NO2
= 1 × AW of N = 1×14 = 14 amu
m
Avogadro ' s number
2 × AW of O = 2×16 = 32 amu
18g mol −1 Formula weight of NO2 = 46 amu
= = 2.99 × 10–23 g
6.023 × 1023 mol −1 (b) C6H12O6 - Glucose
co
Mass of 1 molecule of water = 2.99 × 10–23 g. 6 × AW of C = 6×12.01 = 72.06 amu
3. One million silver atoms weigh 1.79 × 10–16 g. 12 × AW of H = 12×1.008 = 12.096 amu
Calculate the atomic mass of silver. 6 × AW of O = 6×16 = 96.0 amu
Ans. No. of silver atoms = 1 million = 1 × 106 Formula weight of Glucose is = 180.156 amu
s.
Mass of one million Ag atoms = 1.79 × 10–16 g Formula weight of Glucose is = 180 amu
Mass of 6.023 × 1023 atoms of silver (c) NaOH
1.79 × 10 −16 g 1 × AW of Na = 1× 22.99 = 22.99 amu
× 6.023 × 1023
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=
1 × 10 6 1 × AW of O = 1×16 = 16.00 amu
1 × AW of H = 1×1.008 = 1.008 amu
= 107.8 g.
Formula weight of NaOH is = 39.998 amu
Atomic mass of silver = 6.023 × 1023 atoms of Ag
Formula weight of NaOH is = 40 amu.
\ The atomic mass of Ag = 107.8 g.
o
4. How much mass (in gram units) is represented by
(d) Mg(OH)2
1 × AW of Mg = 1 × 24.305 = 24.305 amu
the following?
ab
2 × AW of O = 2 × 16 = 32.000 amu
(i) 0.2 mol of NH3 (ii) 3.0 mol of CO2 2 × AW of H = 2 × 1.008 = 2.016 amu
(iii) 5.14 mol of H5IO6 Formula weight of Mg(OH)2 is = 58.321 amu
Ans. (a) Molar mass of NH3 = (1×14 + 3×1) = 17g mol–1 Formula weight of Mg(OH)2 is = 58 amu.
Mass of 0.2 mol of NH3 = 0.2 mol × 17g mol–1
ur
= 3.4 g 7. Calculate the equivalent weight of H3PO4 and

Ca(OH)2 on the basis of given reaction.
(b) Molar mass of CO2 = (1×12 + 2×16)
H3PO4 + NaOH  → NaH2PO4 + H2O
= 44 g mol–1
Ca(OH)2 + HCl  → Ca(OH)Cl + H2O
.s
Mass of 3 moles of CO2 = 3 mol × 44g mol–1

Sol : Equivalent weight of H3PO4
= 132 g
Molecular mass 98
(c) Molar mass of H5IO6 = (5×1 + 1×127 + 6×16) = +
= = 98
No. of replaceable H 1
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= 228 g mol–1
Mass of 5.14 mol of H5IO6 = 5.14 mol × 228g mol–1 Equivalent weight of Ca(OH)2
= 1171.9 g. Molecular mass 74
= −
= = 74
No. of replacement OH 1
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5. What mass of N2 will be required to produce 34g

of NH3 by the reaction, N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3. 8. (i) Calculate the gram molecular mass of sugar
Ans. The reaction is having molecular formula C12H22O11.
w
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 (ii) Calculate (a) The mass of 0.5g molecule of
1 mol 3 mol 2 mol sugar and (b) Gram molecule of sugar in
547.2 g.
2 × 14 2(1×14 + 3×1)
Ans. (i) Molecular mass of Sugar (C12H22O11)
28g = 34g
= 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16 = 342
Thus, to produce 34.0 g ammonia, 28g of N2 is
required.

(ii) (a) 1 gram molecule of sugar = 342 g 11. Calculate the oxidation number of nitrogen in
∴0.5 g molecule of sugar = 342 × 0.5 nitrous acid and nitric acid
= 171 g Ans. (i) Nitrous acid : HNO2
(b) 342 g of sugar = 1 gram molecule + 1 + x – 2 × 2 = 0
1 x = +3
547.2 of sugar = × 547.2
(ii) Nitric acid : HNO3
m
342
= 1.6 gram molecule. + 1 + x – 2 × 3 = 0
x = +5.
9. Calculate the number of moles in the following.
co
(i) 7.85 g of copper (ii) 4.66 mg of silicon 12. Balance the following reaction by oxidation
(iii) 65.6 mg of oxygen. number method.
Sol : −1 +
→ Mn 2+ + S (Acidic Medium)
Ans. MnO 4 + H 2S + H 
Mass of copper (i) Write oxidation number of elements
(i) Moles of copper =
s.
atomic mass MnO 4−1 + H 2S → Mn 2+
 + S
7.85
= = 0.123 mol. (+7)( −2) (+1)( −2) +2 0
63.546
(ii) Balance the number of atoms of the elements in
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Mass of silicon
(ii) Moles of silicon = which oxidation number changes
atomic mass
MnO 4−1 + H 2S → Mn 2+
 + S
4.66 × 10 −3
= (+7) ( −2) (+2) 0
28.1
(iii) Decide the oxidation and reduction reaction on

o
= 1.658 × 10–4 mol
the basis of difference of oxidation number.
Mass of oxygen Increase in oxidation number by 2(Oxidation)
(iii) Moles of oxygen =
ab
atomic mass
65.6 × 10 −6 MnO 4−1 + H 2S + H + 
→ Mn 2+ + S
=
16
= 4.1 × 10–6 mol. Decrease in oxidation number by 5(Reduction)
ur
(iv) On multiplying oxidation reaction by 5 and

10. What will be the molecular formula for the reduction reaction by 2 to balance the change in
compound, whose empirical formula is CH2Cl oxidation number.
and molar mass is 98.96 g?
2MnO 4−1 + 5H 2S  → 2Mn 2+ + 5S
Sol : Empirical formula = CH2Cl;
.s
(v) Balance the electric charge and atoms which do

Empirical formula mass = 12.01 + 2 × 1.008 + 35.453
not change in oxidation number (spectators).
= 49.48 g
2MnO 4−1 + 5H 2S + 6H +  → 2Mn 2+ + 5S + 8H 2 O
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molecular mass
n n=
= 2(–l) 5(0) + 6(+l) = 2(+2) + 5(0) + 8(0)
empirical formula mass
–2 + 6 = +4
98.96 g
= = 2 (n) + 4 = +4
w
49.48 g In the above reaction the reactants and products

Molecular formula = n × Empirical formula are balanced in terms of electric charge and
= 2 × CH2Cl = C2H4Cl2 mass equivalence.
w

13. A compound on analysis was found to contain C → 2 × 12 = 24

C = 34.6%; H = 3.85% and O = 61.55%. Calculate O → 4 × 16 = 64
its empirical formula. H 2 × 1 = 2
Ans. 90
Simplest 4 × 1 = 4
Percentage mass Molar Whole
m
Element %
At. mass Ratio Number
2 × 16 = 32
Ratio 126
34.6 2.88 ∴ Molecular mass of oxalic acid = 126
C 34.6 = 2.88 =1 3
co
12 2.88 (c) Methane CH4
3.85 3.85 C → 1 × 12 = 12
H 3.85 = 3.85 = 1.335 4 H → 4 × 1 = 4
1 2.88
61.55 3.85
16
s.
O 61.55 = 3.85 = 1.335 4
16 2.88 ∴ Molecular mass of CH4 = 16
The empirical formula of the compound = C3H4O4. 17. Calculate the number of atoms/molecules present
in the following:
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14. Calculate the mass of the atom in amu.
a) 10g of Hg
Ans. Oxygen b) 1.8g of water
Mass of Oxygen atom = 2.656 × 10–23 c) 100g of sulpurdioxide
1 a.m.u (or) 1 u is equal to 1.66075 multiple
o d) 1kg of acetic acid
The mass of oxygen atom in amu Ans. (a) 10g of Hg
2.656 × 10−23 Atomic mass of Hg = 200 g mol–1
= ≈ 15.992 a.m.u
ab
1.66075 × 10−24 200 g of mercury contains 6.023× 1023 atoms of
15. How many moles of barium suphate is precipitated mercury.
10 × 6.023 × 1023
when 1 mole of aluminium sulphate reacts 10 g of mercury contains =
completely with barium chloride? 200
= 0.301 × 1023
ur
Ans. Al2 (SO4)3 + 3 BaCl2 → 3 Ba SO4 + 2 AlCl3

When 1 mole of aluminium sulphate reacts with = 3.01 × 1024
barium chloride, 3 moles of BaSO4 is precipitated.
atoms of mercury.
16. Calculate the molecular mass of the following: (b) 1.8g of water
.s
a) KMnO4 b) Crystalline Oxalic acid 1 mole of water = 18 g mol–1

c) Methane 18 g of water contains 6.023 × 1023 molecules of
water
Ans. (a) KMnO4 1.8 × 6.023 × 1023
w
1.8g of water contains =

1 × atomic mass of K = 1 × 39 = 39 18
Mn = 1 × 55 = 55 = 0.602 × 1023
O = 4 × 16 = 64 = 6.02 × 1024
w

158 Molecules of water
∴ Molecular mass of KMnO4 = 158 (c) 100g of sulphur dioxide
(b) Crystalline Oxalic acid Molecular mass of SO2 = 64
w
COOH 64g of sulphur dioxide contains = 6.023 × 1023

| .2H2O
Molecules of SO2
COOH
100 × 6.023 × 1023
∴100g of SO2 contains =
64
= 9.41
molecules of SO2

(d) 1Kg of acetic acid (e) 19.5 g of potassium

Molecular mass of acetic acid = 60 Atomic mass of pottassium = 39
60g of acetic acid contains = 6.023×1023 Mass
No. of moles =
Molecules of acetic acid Molar mass
∴1000g of acetic acid contains 19.5
No. of moles = = 0.5 moles
m
1000 × 6.023 × 10 39
=
60
19. Calculate the molar volume of the following:
= 100 ×1023 a) 88 g of CO2
co
molecules of acetic acid b) 5 moles of methane
18. Calculate the number of moles present in the c) 460 g of formic acid
following: d) 3.0115 ×1023 molecules of SO2gas
a) 50 g of calcium chloride Ans. (a) 88 g of CO2
s.
b) 120 g of sodium hydroxide Molar mass of CO2 = 44 g
c) 46 g of ethanol
Molar volume of 44 g (1mole) of CO2
d) 90 g of magnesium oxide
= 2.24× 10–2 m3
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e) 19.5 g of potassium 2.24 × 10 −2 × 88
The volume of 88g (2 moles) =
Ans. (a) 50 g of calcium chloride 44
Molar mass of calcium chloride = 111 = 4.48 × 10 m3 –2
Mass (b) 5 moles of methane
No. of moles =
Molar mass
o Molar mass of methane = 16 g
50 Molar volume of 16 g (1mole) of methane
No. of moles =
ab
111 = 2.24× 10–2 m3
volume of 5 moles (80g) of methane
= 0.450 moles
(b) 120 g of sodium hydroxide 2.24 × 10 −2 × 80
=
Molar mass of sodium hydroxide = 40 16
ur
Mass = 11.2 × 10–2 m3

No. of moles =
Molar mass (c) 460 g of formic acid
120 Molar mass of formic acid = 46 g
No. of moles (n) =
.s
40
Molar volume of 46 g (1mole) of formic acid
= 3 moles
= 2.24× 10–2 m3
(c) 46 g of ethanol Molar volume of 460g of (10 moles) of formic
acid
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Molecular mass of ethanol = 46 2.24 × 10 −2 × 460

Mass =
No. of moles = 46
Molar mass = 22.4 × 10–2 m3
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46 (d) 3.0115 ×1023 molecules of SO2gas

No. of moles (n) = = 1 mole
46 6.023 ×1023 molecules = 1 mole
(d) 90 g of magnesium oxide 1
w
Molecular mass of MgO = 40 3.0115 × 1023 molecules =

6.023 × 1023
Mass
No. of moles = × 3.0115 × 1023
Molar mass
= 0.5 moles
90
No. of moles = = 2.25 moles
40

olar volume of 1mole of SO2 = 2.24 × 10–2m3

M 23. Calculate equivalent mass of the following
Molar volume of 0.5 moles of SO2 a) Sodium hydroxide
= 2.24 × 10–2 ×0.5 b) Aluminium hydroxide
= 1.12 × 10–2 m3 c) ammonium hydroxide
20. Calculate the equivalent mass of the following d) Calcium hydroxide
m
a) Zn b) Nitrate ion c) sodium e) Magnesium hydroxide
Ans. (a) Zn Ans. (a) NaOH
Atomic mass 40
Equivalent mass = equivalent mass of NaOH = = 40
Valency 1
co
65 (b) Aluminium hydroxide
78
= = 32.5 g eq–1 equivalent mass of Al(OH)3 = = 26
2 3
(b) Nitrate ion (NO3-) (c) Ammonium hydroxide 35
Formula mass equivalent mass of NH4OH = = 35
Equivalent mass of an ion =
s.
Change of ion 1
(d) Calcium hydroxide
62 74
Equivalent mass of NO3– = = 62 equivalent mass of Ca(OH)2 = = 37
1 2
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(c) Sodium (e) Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
Atomic mass
Equivalent mass = equivalent mass of Magnesium hydroxide
Valency 58
= = 29
23 2
Equivalent mass of sodium =
1
o
= 23
24. Calculate the equivalent mass of potassium
21. 0.456 g of a metal gives 0.606g of its chloride. dichromate in acid medium
ab
Calculate the equivalent mass of the metal. [K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4  → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 +
Ans. Mass of the metal = W1 = 0.606g 4H2O + 3(O) 3 × 16 = 48 294 g]
\ Mass of chlorine = W2 = 0.606 – 0.456 = 0.15g Ans. 48 parts by mass of oxygen are made available from
0.15 g of chlorine combine with 0.456 g of metal 294 parts by mass of K2Cr2 O7
\ 35.46 g of chlorine will combine with ∴8 parts by mass of oxygen will be furnished by
ur
0.456 294 × 8
× 35.46 = 107.76g eq −1 = = 49
0.15 48
Mass of chloride = 0.606 – 0.456 = 0.146 g Equivalent mass of K2Cr2 O7 = 49 g equiv–1
.s
0.146g of chlorine combines with 0.456 g of metal. 25. Calculate Equivalent mass of the following
∴ 35.5 g of chlorine will combines with a) Hydrochloric acid
35.5 × 0.456 b) Nitric acid
w
=
0.146 c) Acetic acid
= 110.8g of metal d) Crystalline oxalic acid
∴ equivalent mass of metal = 110.8g equ –1 e) Phosphorous acid
w
22. 1.05 g of a metal gives on oxidation 1.5g of its Ans. (a) Hydrochloric acid
oxide. Calculate its equivalent mass. equivalent mass of an acid
Ans. Mass of oxygen = 1.5 – 1.05 Molar mass of the acid
w
=
= 0.45 g Basicity of the acid
0.45g of oxygen combines with 1.05 g of metal. 36.5
8 × 1.05 Equivalent mass of HCl =
∴ 8 g of oxygen combines with g of metal 1
0.45 = 36.5
= 18.66 g of metal
∴ equivalent mass of metal = 18.66g equ –1

(b) Nitric acid Molar mass (d) Crystalline oxalic acid

equivalent mass of HNO3 = Molar mass
basicity equivalent mass of oxalic acid =
basicity
63 126
= equivalent mass = = 63
1 2
= 63 (e) Phosphorous acid (H3 PO3)
m
(c) Acetic acid (CH3 COOH) equivalent mass of phosphorous acid
Molar mass
equivalent mass of acetic acid = Molar mass 82
basicity = = = 41
60 basicity 2
co
= 1 = 60
∴ equivalent mass of H3PO3 = 41
26. 3.24 g of titanium reacts with oxygen to form 5.40 g of the metal oxide. Find the empirical formula of the
metal oxide?
s.
Ans. Weight of Titanium = 3.24 g; Weight of metal oxide = 5.40 g
Weight of Oxygen = (5.40 – 3.24) = 2.16 g
Atomic Simple ratio Simplest whole
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mass mole Number Ratio
3.24 0.067
Ti 3.24 48 = 0.0675 1
o 48 0.067 = 1
2.16 0.135
O 2.16 16 = 0.135 2
0.067 = 2
ab
16
∴The empirical formula is Ti O2

27. A compound contains 11.99% N, 13.70% O, 9.25% B and 65.06% F. Find its empirical formula
ur
Ans.
.s
11.99 0.856
N 11.99 14 = 0.856 1
14 0.856 = 1
w
13.70 0.856
O 13.70 16 = 0.856 1
16 0.856 = 1
w
9.25 0.925
B 9.25 10 = 0.925 1
10 0.856 = 1
w
65.06 3.424
F 65.06 19 = 3.424 4
19 0.856 = 4
∴Empirical formula of the compound in NOBF4

28. A organic compound used for welding operation contains the following composition by mass: C = 92.3%,
H= 7.7%. Find out the molecular formula of the compound. At STP, 10.0 L of this gas is found to weight 11.6g.
Ans. Determination of Molecular formula
Atomic Relative No. of Simple ratio Simplest whole
Element Percentage
mass moles mole Number Ratio
m
92.3 7.7
C 92.3 12 = 7.7 =1 1
12 7.7
co
7.7 7.7
H 7.7 1 = 7.7 =1 1
1 7.7
Empirical formula is CH
Molecular formula = n × emprical formula
s.
Emperical formula mass (1 × 12) + (1 ×1) 12 + 1 = 13
Molecular mass
n=
Empirical formula mass
ok
wt. of the substance × Molar volume
Molar mass = at STP
vol.of the substance
Molar volume at STP = 2.24 × 10–2 m3 = 22.4 l = 22400 ml
11.6 × 22.4
Molar mass of the gas at STP =
o
10
= 25.9 = 26
26
ab
n= =2
13
Molecular formula = n × (emp. formula) = 2 × (CH) = C2 H2
29. The organic compound Vitamin-C, has the following composition by mass: 40.92% C, 4.58% H, and the rest
is oxygen. Determine its molecular formula. Molar mass of the substance is 176 g mol–1.
ur
Ans.
.s
40.92 3.41
C 40.92 12 = 3.41 3
14 3.406 = 1.001
w
4.58 4.58
H 4.58 1 = 4.58 4
1 3.406 = 1.344
w
100 – 54.5 3.406

O 16 = 3.406 3
[40.92 +458] 10 3.406 = 1
Empirical formula is C3H4 O3
w
Empirical formula mass = (12 × 3) + (1 ×4)+ (3 × 16) = 36 + 4 + 48 = 88

Molecular formula = n × empirical formula
Molecular mass 176
n= = =2
Empirical formula mass 88
n=2
∴ Molecular formula = n × (emp. formula) = 2 × (C3 H4O3) = C6 H8O6

REDOX REACTION ACTIVITY

1. A piece of cut apple becomes brown. Why? Can 3. NO3–
you prevent it by a simple method? x + 3(–2) = –1
m
Ans. Apple turns brown when cut since the surface is x – 6 = –1
exposed to air and undergoes oxidation. It can be x = –1 + 6 = + 5
prevented by dipping sliced apples in lemon juice. Oxidation number of N in NO3– is +5.
co
Lemon juice is an antioxidant which takes in all the 4. H4P2O7
available oxygen and prevents it from reaching the
4(1) + 2x + 7(–2) = 0
apple's tissues.
4 + 2x – 14 = 0
2. Place an iron piece in a moist atmosphere and 2x – 10 = 0
s.
observe it after two days. Is there any deposition 2x = 10
of new substance? Why does it happen? What is
x = 5
this phenomenon called?
Oxidation number of P in H4P2O7 is +5.
ok
Ans. When iron is exposed to moist air, the iron reacts
5. ClO3–
with oxygen in the presence of moisture to from a
x + 3(–2) = –1
reddish - brown chemical compound, iron - oxide.
x – 6 = –1
This phenonaenon is called rusting. A new substance
Iron (III) oxide is formed.
o x = +5
4 Fe(OH)2 + O2 + xH2O → 2 Fe2O3 (x + 4)H2O Oxidation number of Cl in ClO3–is +5.
ab
6. AsO33–
3. Calculate the oxidation number of underlined
x + 3(–2) = –3
atoms of the following:
x – 6 = –3
1. K2MnO4 2. K2CrO4 x = –3 + 6
ur
3. NO3– 4. H4P2O7 x = +3
5. ClO3– 6. AsO33– Oxidation number of As in AsO33– is +3.
Ans. 1. K2MnO4 4. An iron nail is placed in copper sulphate solution
.s
Oxidation number of Mn be x taken in the beaker. Observe it for some time?

2 (1) + x + 4 (–2) = 0 Find the changes that takes place and why?
2 + x – 8 = 0 Ans. When iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution,
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x – 6 = 0 the colour of copper sulphate tuns from blue to light

x = 6 green and reddish brown deposits is formed on
iron nail. This is because iron is more reactive than
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Oxidation number of Mn in K2 MnO4 is +6.

copper, so it displaces Cu from CuSO4 solution.
2. K2CrO4
The displacement reaction can be written as
2 (1) + x + 4 (–2) = 0
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CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu
2 + x – 8 = 0
x – 6 = 0 5. The approximate production of Na2CO3 per
x = + 6 month is 424 × 106g while that of methyl alcohol
is 320 × 106g. Which is produced more in terms
Oxidation number of Cr in K2 CrO4 is +6.
of moles?

Ans. Mass of Na2CO3 = 424 × 106g Standard Temperature

= 273 K
No of moles (n) = Standard Pressure
= 760mm of Hg = 1 atm
Mass of the substance
1.977 × 0.0821 × 273
Molar mass of the substance =
1
424 × 106
= = 44
m
106
= 4 moles × 106 8. How many moles of glucose are present in 720 g
Mass of CH3OH = 320 × 106g of glucose?
co
No of moles = Ans. Mass of glucose = 720g
Mass of the substance
Molecular weight of
Molar mass of the substance
glucose (C6H12O6) = 180
320 × 106 Mass
=
s.
No. of moles =
32 Molar Mass
= 10 × 106 moles 720
Methyl alcohol is produced more. = = 4 moles
180
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6. Find the molecular mass of FeSO47H2O.
9. Calculate the weight of 0.2 mole of sodium
Ans. Molecular mass of FeSO47H2O
carbonate.
Atomic mass of Fe = 55.845
Ans. No. of moles of Na2CO3 = 0.2 mole
Atomic mass of S = 32.065
o Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106g/mol
Atomic mass of O = 15.994 × 11 = 63.304
ab
Mass = No of moles × molar mass of Na2CO3
Atomic mass of H = 1.00794 × 14 = 5.076
= 0.2 × 106 = 21.2g
Molecular mass of
FeSO4.7H2O = 55.945 + 32.065 + 10. Calculate the equivalent mass of bicarbonate ion.
(4 × 15.994) + 7 × (1.0079 Ans. Bicarbonate ion = HCO–3
ur
× 2 + 15.9994) Molar of HCO–3 = 61

= 278.014g/mol Molar mass
Equivalent mass of ion =
Charge of ion
7. The density of CO2 = 1.977 kgm–3 at STP. Calculate
.s
the molecular mass of CO2. 61

Equivalent mass of HCO–3 = = 61
Ans. Density of CO2 = 1.977 Kgm–3 1
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PV = nRT
Mass 11. Calculate the equivalent mass of barium
No of moles = hydroxide
Molar Mass
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Ans. Equivalent mass of Ba(OH)2

Mass
PV = ×R×T olar mass of Ba(OH)2 = 171.34 g/mol
M
Molar Mass
Acidity of the Ba(OH)2 = 2
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Mass R × T
Molar Mass = × Equivalent mass of the Ba(OH)2
V P
Molar mass of the base
=
Mass R × T Acidity of the base
Density = ×
V P
171.34
D×R ×T = = 85.5
Molar Mass of CO2 = 2
P

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co
s.
CHEMISTRY o ok
Volume II
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211

08 Physical And
Chemical Equilibrium
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s.
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
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Equilibrium state Equilibrium constant
Types of Equilibrium Relationship between Kp and Kc
 Physical Equilibrium Application of equilibrium constant
 Solid  → Liquid  Predicting the extent of a reaction
 Liquid 
o
→ Vapour  Predicting the direction of a reaction
 Solid  → Vapour Factors affecting equilibrium
ab
 Dissolution of solid or gas in Le-Chatelier's principle
liquid  Effect of concentration change
 Chemical Equilibrium  Effect of temperature change
 Homogeneous equilibrium  Effect of pressure change
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 Heterogeneous equilibrium  Effect of inert gas addition

Law of mass action  Effect of catalyst.
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[213]

214 Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 08 ➠ Physical And Chemical Equilibrium
CONCEPT MAP
Equilibrium
m
Equilibrium parameter
Physical Homogeneous
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Reaction Quotient (Q)
Chemical Heteorgeneous Equilibrium Constants (Kp, Kc)
s.
• Direction of equilibrium
Le Chatelier Principle
• Extent of equilibrium
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• Pressure
• Temperature
• Concentration o
• Catalyst
• Addition of inert gas
ab
FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
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ÏÏ
aA + bB cC + dD
ÏÏ Rate of forward reaction (Rf) :
.s
Rf = kf [A]a [B]b
kf - rate constant of forward reaction
[A]a [B]b - molar concentrations of A and B.
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ÏÏ Rate of backward reaction (Rb) :

Rb = kb [C]c [D]d
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kb - rate constant of backward reaction

[C]c [D]d - molar concentrations of C and D.
ÏÏ Equilibrium constant in terms of moles (Kc) :
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[C]c [D]d
KC =
[A]a [B]b
ÏÏ Equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure (Kp) :
pcC p dD
Kp = pA, pB, pC, and pD - partial pressures of A, B, C and D in the reaction.
p aA pbB

Sura’s  XI Std - Chemistry ➠ Chapter 08 ➠ Physical And Chemical Equilibrium 215
ÏÏ Relation between Kp and Kc :

Kp = Kc (RT)∆ng
Kp & Kc
R - Gas constant
∆ng = np - nr
m
∆ng = Total no. of moles of gaseous products (np) - Total no. of moles of reactants (nr).
ÏÏ Reaction Quotient (Q) :
Under non-equilibrium condition
co
[C]c [D]d p aA pbB
Qc = Qp =
[ A]a [ B]b pcC p dD
Qc and Qp - reaction quotient in terms of molar concentration and partial pressure.
s.
ÏÏ Vant - Hoff Equation :
K ∆H  1 1
log 2 =  - 
K1 2.303 R  T1 T2 

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K2 ∆H  T2 - T1 
log =
K1 2.303 R  T1T2 

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MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS
ab
Irreversible reaction : Reaction when go to completion and never proceed in the reverse direction are
called irreversible reactions.
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Reversible reaction : Reaction which can go in the forward and backward direction simultaneously
are called reversible reactions.
State of chemical : In case of reversible reactions, when the concentration of reactants and products
.s
equilibrium do not change with time (or) the stage at which the rate of forward reaction
becomes equal to rate of backward reaction is called chemical equilibrium state.
Physical : If the opposing process involve only physical changes, the equilibrium is called
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equilibrium physical equilibrium.
Solid - liquid : Melting of Ice

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equilibrium
H 2 O( s ) H 2 O(l )
Ice Water
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Liquid - vapour : Evaporation of water in a closed vessel

equilibrium
H2O(l) H2O(g)
Solid - vapour : Sublimation equilibrium

equilibrium
Camphor(s)
Camphor(Vapour)
Solid in liquid : Dissolution of sugar in water

Sugar(s) Sugar(in solution)
Gas in liquids : Dissolution of gas in liquid under pressure in a closed cell.

CO2(g)
CO2(in solution)
Chemical : If the opposing process involve chemical changes, the equilibrium is called
equilibrium chemical equilibrium.
m
Heterogeneous : If the reactants and products of an equilibrium reaction are not in the same
equilibrium phase, then its is called as heterogeneous equilibrium.
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Homogeneous : If all the reactants and products of an equilibrium reaction are in the same
equilibrium phase, the equilibrium is called homogeneous equilibrium.
s.
Dynamic : At equilibrium, the rate of forward reaction becomes equal to the rate of
equilibrium backward reaction and hence the equilibrium is dynamic in nature.
Law of mass action : At any instant, the rate of a chemical reaction at a given temperature is directly
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proportional to the product of the active masses of the reactants at that instant
Law of chemical : At a given temperature, the product of concentration of products raised to the
equilibrium and stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced chemical equation divided by the
equilibrium product of concentration of reactants raised to their individual stoichiometric
constant
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coefficient has a constant value which is called equilibrium constant. This is
called as equilibrium law.
ab

For a reaction, aA + bB
cC + dD
[C]c [D]d
KC =
[A]a [B]b
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Relationship : Kp = Kc (RT)∆ng
between Kp and Kc ∆ng = No. of moles of products - No. of moles of reactants.
Vant - Hoff : This equation gives the quantitative temperature dependence of equilibrium
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equation constant (K).

K ∆H  T2 - T1 
log 2 =
K1 2.303 R  T1T2 
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Reaction quotient : The ratio of the product of active masses of reaction products raised to the
respective stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to that
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of the reactants.
[C]c [D]d
Qc =
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[ A]a [ B]b
Le-Chatelier's : If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, then the system shifts itself in a direction
principle that nullifies the effect of that disturbance.

EVALUATION
I. Choose The Best Answer : 5. Solubility of carbon dioxide gas in cold water can
be increased by
m
1. If Kb and Kf for a reversible reactions are (a) increase in pressure (b) decrease in pressure
0.8 × 10–5 and 1.6 × 10–4 respectively, the value of (c) increase in volume (d) none of these
the equilibrium constant is, [Ans. (a) increase in pressure]
co
(a) 20 (b) 0.2 × 10–1 (c) 0.05
Hint: It is because due to increase in intra molecular
(d) none of these [Ans. (a) 20] force of attraction. Solubility of carbon dioxide
Hint: Equilibrium constant, KC is equal to Kb/kf gas in cold water is increased.
2. At a given temperature and pressure, the 6. Which one of the following is incorrect statement ?
s.
equilibrium constant values for the equilibria (a) for a system at equilibrium, Q is always less than
K1 the equilibrium constant.

3 A 2 + B 2 + 2C 2 A 3 BC and (b) equilibrium can be attained from either side of
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K2 3 1 the reaction.

A 3 BC

2
[ A2 ] + B2 + C
2 (c) presence of catalyst affects both the forward
reaction and reverse reaction to the same extent.
The relation between K1 and K2 is (d) equilibrium constant varied with temperature.
1 -1 [Ans. (a) For a system at equilibrium, Q is
(a) K1 =
K2
(b) K 2 = K1 2
o always less than the equilibrium constant.]
K 7. K1 and K2 are the equilibrium constants for the
ab
2
(c) K1 = 2K 2 (d) 1 = K 2 reactions respectively.
2 K
1

[Ans. (b) K 2 = K1
-1
2 ]
N 2( g ) + O 2( g ) 2NO( g )
K
3. The equilibrium constant for a reaction at room 2NO( g ) + O 2( g ) 2

2NO 2( g )
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temperature is K1 and that at 700 K is K2. If

What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction
K1 > K2, then

NO2(g)
½N2(g) + O2(g)
(a) The forward reaction is exothermic
(b) The forward reaction is endothermic 1 1
(b) ( K1 = K 2 )
.s
(a) 2
(c) The reaction does not attain equilibrium K1K 2
3
(d) The reverse reaction is exothermic 1  1  2
(c) (d) 
[Ans. (a) The forward reaction is exothermic] 2K1K 2  K1K 2 
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4. The formation of ammonia from N2(g) and H2(g) is 1

a reversible reaction [Ans. (a) ]
K1K 2
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + Heat
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What is the effect of increase of temperature on 8. In the equilibrium,

this equilibrium reaction 2A(g) 2B(g) + C2(g)
(a) equilibrium is unaltered the equilibrium concentrations of A, B and C2 at
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(b) formation of ammonia is favoured 400 K are 1 × 10–4 M, 2.0 × 10–3 M, 1.5 × 10–4 M
(c) equilibrium is shifted to the left respectively. The value of KC for the equilibrium
(d) reaction rate does not change at 400 K is
[Ans. (c) Equilibrium is shifted to the left] (a) 0.06 (b) 0.09 (c) 0.62 (d) 3 × 10–2
[Ans. (a) 0.06]
Hint: Law of mass action formula.

9. An equilibrium constant of 3.2 × 10–6 for a reaction (a) 36 : 1 (b) 1 : 1
means, the equilibrium is [HY. 2018] (c) 3 : 1 (d) 1 : 9 [Ans. (a) 36 : 1]
(a) largely towards forward direction 15. In the reaction,
(b) largely towards reverse direction Fe (OH)3(s)
3+ –
Fe (aq) + 3OH (aq),
(c) never established if the concentration of OH– ions is decreased by ¼
(d) none of these
m
times, then the equilibrium concentration of Fe3+
[Ans. (b) largely towards reverse direction] will
KC (a) not changed
10. for the reaction,
Kp (b) also decreased by ¼ times
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(c) increase by 4 times (d) increase by 64 times
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) is
[Ans. (d) increase by 64 times]
1
(a) (b) RT (c) RT (d) (RT)2 16. Consider the reaction where KP = 0.5 at a
RT
[Ans. (d) (RT)2] particular temperature
s.
PCl5(g)
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
Hint: KP and KC is the relationship between kP is equal
to Kc. (RT) D ng. if the three gases are mixed in a container so that
the partial pressure of each gas is initially 1 atm,
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11. For the reaction AB(g) A(g) + B(g), at then which one of the following is true
equilibrium, AB is 20% dissociated at a total (a) more PCl3 will be produced
pressure of P, The equilibrium constant KP is (b) more Cl2 will be produced
related to the total pressure by the expression
o (c) more PCl5 will be produced
(a) P = 24 KP (b) P = 8 KP (d) none of these
(c) 24 P = KP (d) none of these [Ans. (c) More PCl5 will be produced]
ab
[Ans. (a) P = 24 KP] 17. Equimolar concentrations of H2 and I2 are heated
12. In which of the following equilibrium, KP and KC to equilibrium in a 1 litre flask. What percentage
are not equal? of initial concentration of H2 has reacted at
equilibrium if rate constant for both forward and
(a) 2 NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g)
reverse reactions are equal
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(b) SO2(g) + NO2 SO3(g) + NO(g) (a) 33% (b) 66% (c) (33)2 % (d) 16.5 %

(c) H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) [Ans. (a) 33%]
(d) PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) 18. In a chemical equilibrium, the rate constant for the

[Ans. (d) PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)]
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forward reaction is 2.5 × 102 and the equilibrium
13. If x is the fraction of PCl5 dissociated at constant is 50. The rate constant for the reverse
equilibrium in the reaction reaction is,
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PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2 (a) 11.5 (b) 5 (c) 2 × 102 (d) 2 × 10–3
then starting with 0.5 mole of PCl5, the total [Ans. (b) 5]
number of moles of reactants and products at
19. Which of the following is not a general
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equilibrium is
characteristic of equilibrium involving physical
(a) 0.5 – x (b) x + 0.5
process
(c) 2x + 0.5 (d) x + 1
(a) Equilibrium is possible only in a closed system
[Ans. (b) x + 0.5]
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at a given temperature.
14. The values of KP and KP for the reactions (b) The opposing processes occur at the same rate
1 2
X
Y+Z and there is a dynamic but stable condition.
A 2B are in the ratio 9 : 1 if degree of (c) All the physical processes stop at equilibrium.
dissociation and initial concentration of X and (d) All measurable properties of the system remains
A be equal then total pressure at equilibrium P1, constant.
and P2 are in the ratio [Ans. (c) All the physical processes stop at equilibrium.]

20. For the formation of Two moles of SO3(g) from 24. The equilibrium constants of the following
SO2 and O2, the equilibrium constant is K1. The reactions are :
equilibrium constant for the dissociation of one N2 + 3H2 2NH3 ; K1
mole of SO3 into SO2 and O2 is
N2 + O2
2NO ; K2
1
1  1 2 K1 H2 + ½O2 H2O ; K3
m
(a) (b) K21 (c)   (d)
K1  K1  2 The equilibrium constant (K) for the reaction ;
5 K

1 2NH 3 + O 2 2NO + 3H 2O, will be
 1 2
2
[Ans. (c)   ]
co
 K1  K3 K3 K3 K
3
(a) K 2 (b) K1 3 (c) K 2 3 (d) K 2 3
21. Match the equilibria with the corresponding K1 K2 K1 K1
conditions, K 33
i) Liquid Vapour [Ans. (c) K 2 ]
s.
K1

ii) Solid Liquid
iii) Solid
Vapour Hint: KC is equal to [c][D]/ [A][B].
iv) Solute(s) Solute (Solution)
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1) Melting point 25. A 20 litre container at 400 K contains CO2(g) at
2) Saturated solution pressure 0.4 atm and an excess of SrO (neglect the
volume of solid SrO). The volume of the container
3) Boiling point
is now decreased by moving the movable piston
4) Sublimation point
fitted in the container. The maximum volume of
5) Unsaturated solution
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
o the container, when pressure of CO2 attains its
maximum value will be :
(a) 1 2 3 4
ab
Given that : SrCO3(S)
SrO (S) + CO2(g)
(b) 3 1 4 2 KP = 1.6 atm (NEET 2017)
(c) 2 1 3 4
(a) 2 litre (b) 5 litre
(d) 3 2 4 5 [Ans. (b) 3 1 4 2]
(c) 10 litre (d) 4 litre
22. Consider the following reversible reaction at [Ans. (b) 5 litre]
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equilibrium, A + B C. If the concentration

of the reactants A and B are doubled, then the II. Write Brief Answer To The
equilibrium constant will Following Questions
(a) be doubled (b) become one fourth
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(c) be halved (d) remain the same 26. If there is no change in concentration, why is the
[Ans. (d) remain the same] equilibrium state considered dynamic ?
23. [Co(H2O)6] (aq) (pink) + 4Cl– (aq)
2+ Ans. Chemical reactions which are reversible do not cease,
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[CoCl4]2– (aq) (blue) + 6H2O (l) when equilibrium is attained. At equilibrium the
forward and the backward reactions are proceeding
In the above reaction at equilibrium, the reaction
at the same rate and no macroscopic change is
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mixture is blue in colour at room temperature. On

observed. So chemical equilibrium is in a state of
cooling this mixture, it becomes pink in colour.
dynamic equilibrium.
On the basis of this information, which one of the
27. For a given reaction at a particular temperature,
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following is true ?
(a) DH > 0 for the forward reaction the equilibrium constant has constant value. Is
(b) DH = 0 for the reverse reaction the value of Q also constant ? Explain.
(c) DH < 0 for the forward reaction Ans. In the chemical reaction, as the reaction proceeds,
(d) Sign of the DH cannot be predicted based on this there is a continuous change in the concentration
information. of reactants and products and also the Q value until
[Ans. (a) DH > 0 for the forward reaction] the reaction reaches the equilibrium. So, even at
particular temperature, Q is not constant.
28. What is the relation between KP and KC. Give one iii) What is the effect of increase in pressure for
example for which KP is equal to KC. the mixture at equilibrium?
Ans. The relation between KP and KC is K p = K C ( RT )(
Dn g )
[AB]2 A − green
K
Ans. C =
Kp = equilibrium constant is terms of partial pressure [A 2 ][B2 ] B − blue
Kc = equilibrium constant is terms of concentration Given that 'V' is constant (closed system)
m
R = gas constant At equilibrium,
2
T = Temperature  4
  16
V
co
Dng = Difference between the sum of the number of KC = = =4
moles of products and the sum of number of moles of  2 2 4
   
reactants in the gas phase V V
When Dng = 0 KP = KC (RT)Δn
KP = KC (RT)0 = KC ie., KP = KC KP = 4(RT)° = 4
s.
Example : H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI (g) At Stage 'x'
Dng = 2 – 2 = 0  6
2
\ KP = KC for the synthesis of HI   36

V
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Q= = = 18
29. For a gaseous homogeneous reaction at  2 1 2
equilibrium, number of moles of products are    
V V
greater than the number of moles of reactants. Is
Q > KC (ie.), reverse reaction is favoured At Stage 'y'
KC is larger or smaller than KP. 2
 3

Ans. PCl5(g)
PCl3 (g) + Cl2(g)
o Q=
 
V =
9
=1
Dng = No. of moles of product – No. of moles of
 3   3  3×3
ab
reactant    
V V
Dng = 2 – 1 = 1
KC > Q (ie.), forward reaction is favoured.
When Dng = +ve
KP = KC (RT)+ve 32. State Le-Chatelier principle.
KP > KC.
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Ans. It states that “If a system at equilibrium is disturbed,

30. When the numerical value of the reaction quotient then the system shifts itself in a direction that nullfiies
(Q) is greater than the equilibrium constant (K), the effect of that disturbance.”
in which direction does the reaction proceed to 33. Consider the following reactions,
.s
reach equilibrium?
a) H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g)
Ans. If Q > KC, the reaction will proceed in the reverse
b) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
direction i.e., formation of reactants.
c) S(s) + 3F2(g) SF6(g)
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31. For the reaction, In each of the above reaction find out whether

A2(g) + B2(g) 2AB(g) ; DH is –ve. you have to increase (or) decrease the volume to
the following molecular scenes represent different increase the yield of the product.
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reaction mixture (A – green, B – blue) Ans. (a) H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g)
Closed According to Le Chateliers princple increase in
pressure will shift the equilibrium a direction
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System that has lesser number of moles.

At (x) (y) In the above equilibrium, pressure and volume
equilibrium
has no effect, since no. of moles of product is
i) Calculate the equilibrium constant KP and equal to no. of moles of reactant.
(KC).
(b) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
ii) For the reaction mixture represented by
In this equilibrium no. of moles of product is
scene (x), (y) the reaction proceed in which
directions ? greater than no. of moles of reactant. So increase

of pressure will shift the equilibrium towards

the backward reaction. To increase the yield of KC =
[ NH3 ]
2
product, pressure should be decrease and hence [ N 2 ][H 2 ]3

volume increases. 2
 2x 

(c) S(s) + 3F2(g) SF6(g)  
V
In the above equilibrium increase in pressure =
m
3
favours formation of product hence volume  a - x   b - 3x 
  
should be decreased. V  V 
34. State law of mass action.  4x 2 
co
Ans. The law states that, “At any instant, the rate of a  V2 
 
chemical reaction at a given temperature is directly = 3
proportional to the product of the active masses of  a - x   b - 3x 
  
the reactants at that instant”. V  V 
s.
Rate a [Reactant]x 4x 2 V 2
KC =
where, x is the stoichiometric coefficient of the (a - x ) (b - 3x )2
reactant.
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35. Explain how will you predict the direction of a The equilibrium constant Kp can also be calculated
equilibrium reaction. as follows:
Ans. (i) A large value of KC indicates that the reaction K P = K C ( RT )( )
∆n g
reaches equilibrium with high product yield.

∆n g = n P - n r = 2 - 4 = -2
o
(ii) A low value of KC indicate that the reaction
reaches equilibrium with low product formed. 4x 2 V 2
KP = (RT )-2
ab
(iii) In general if the KC is greater than 103, the ( a - x ) ( b - 3x ) 3
reaction proceeds nearly to completion. If it is

less than 10–3 the reaction rarely proceeds. Total number of moles at equilibrium,
(iv) If KC < 10–3, reverse reaction is favoured. n = a – x + b – 3x + 2x = a + b – 2x
-2
If KC < 103, forward reaction is favoured. 4x 2 V 2  PV 
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KP = ×
36. Derive a general expression for the equilibrium (a - x ) (b - 3x )3  n 
constant KP and KC for the reaction. 2
4x 2 V 2  n 
3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g) KP = ×
(a - x ) (b - 3x )3  PV 
.s
Ans. Synthesis of ammonia :

Let us consider the formation of ammonia in 2
4x 2 V 2  a + b - 2x 
which, ‘a’ moles nitrogen and ‘b’ moles hydrogen KP = ×
(a - x ) (b - 3x )3  PV 
w
gas are allowed to react in a container of volume

4 x 2 (a + b - 2 x )
2
V. Let ‘x’ moles of nitrogen react with 3x moles of
hydrogen to give 2x moles of ammonia. KP =
P 2 (a - x ) ( b - 3x )
3
w
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

N2 H2 NH3
37. Write a balanced chemical equation for a
Initial number of moles a b 0 equilibrium reaction for which the equilibrium
w
number of moles reacted x 3x 0 constant is given by expression.

Number of moles at equilibrium a – x b – 3x 2x
[ NH 3 ] [O 2 ]
4 5
Active mass or molar KC =

concentration at equilibrium
a-x b - 3x 2x
[NO]4 [H 2O]6
V V V
Applying law of mass action,
Ans. K C =
[ NH3 ]4 [O2 ]5
[ NO]4 [H 2 O]6

Chemical equation is,
[C]l [D]m
4 NO + 6H2O
4NH3 + 5O2 Kp = x y
[ RT ](l+ m)-(x + y) .....(4)
[ A] [ B]
38. What is the effect of added inert gas on the
reaction at equilibrium at constant volume. By comparing equation (1) and (4), we get
K p = K C ( RT )(
∆n g )
Ans. When an inert gas (i.e, a gas which does not react .....(5)
m
with any other species involved in equilibrium) is where,
added to an equilibrium system at constant volume, Dng is the difference between the sum of number of
the total number of moles of gases present in the moles of products and the sum of number of moles of
container increases, that is, the total pressure of gases
co
reactants in the gas phase.
increases. The partial pressure of the reactants and the
40. One mole of PCl5 is heated in one litre closed
products or the molar concentration of the substance
container. If 0.6 mole of chlorine is found at
involved in the reaction remains unchanged. Hence
equilibrium, calculate the value of equilibrium
at constant volume, addition of inert gas has no effect
constant.
s.
on equilibrium. 1 mole
Ans. Given that [ PCl5 ]Initial =
39. Derive the relation between KP and KC. 1 dm3
Ans. Let us consider the general reaction in which all [Cl2]eq = 0.6 mole dm–3
ok
reactants and products are ideal gases.

PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
xA + yB lC + mD [PCl3]eq = 0.6 mole dm–3
The equilibrium constant, KC is
[PCl5]eq = 0.4 mole dm–3
[C]l [D]m
KC = [PCl3 ][Cl2 ] = 0.6 × 0.6
[ A]x [B]y
.....(1)
o \ KC =
and KP is,
[PCl5 ] 0.4
ab
pl × p m Kc = 0.9.
K P = Cx D
.....(2) 41. For the reaction
p A × p By
SrCO3 (s)
SrO (s) + CO2(g),
The ideal gas equation is
the value of equilibrium constant KP = 2.2 × 10–4
PV = nRT
ur
at 1002 K. Calculate KC for the reaction.

or Ans. For the reaction,
n SrCO3 (s)
SrO(s) + CO2(g)
P = RT
V Δng =1–0=1
.s
Since Active mass = molar concentration = n/V ∴ KP = KC (RT)

p = active mass × RT 2.2 × 10–4 = KC (0.0821) (1002)
Based on the above expression the partial pressure of 2.2 × 10 -4
w
the reactants and products can be expressed as, KC =

0.0821 × 1002
pxA = [A]x [RT]x
KC = 2.674 10-6
pyB = [B]y [RT]y
w
42. To study the decomposition of hydrogen iodide, a

pCl = [C]l [RT]l
student fills an evacuated 3 litre flask with 0.3 mol
pmD = [D]m [RT]m of HI gas and allows the reaction to proceed at
w
On substitution in eqn. 2, 500°C. At equilibrium he found the concentration

[C]l [RT ]l [ D]m [ RT ]m of HI which is equal to 0.05 M. Calculate KC and
Kp = .....(3) KP for this reaction.
[A ]x [RT ]x [B]y [RT ]y Ans. V = 3L
0.3 mol
[C]l [D]m [RT ]l+ m [HI]initial = = 0.1M
Kp = 3L
[A ]x [B]y [RT ]x + y [HI]eq = 0.05 M


2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
Q=
[ CS2 ][ H 2 ]
4
HI(g) H2(g) I2(g)

[CH 4 ][H 2S]2
Initial Concentration 0.1 – – 4
Reacted 0.05 – – 2 × ( 4)
\Q = = 64
Equilibrium concentration 0.05 0.025 0.025 ( 2 ) × ( 2 )2
m
KC =
[H 2 ][I2 ] Q>K
Q > KC C
[HI]2 The reaction will proceed in the reverse direaction to
0.025 × 0.025 reach the equilibrium.
co
=
0.05 × 0.05 45. At particular temperature KC = 4 × 10–2 for the
K C = 0.25 reaction

H2S(g) H2(g) + ½ S2(g)
KP = KC (RT)Δng
Calculate KC for each of the following reaction.
s.
Δng = 2 – 2 = 0
KP = 0.25 (RT)0 = 0.25
i) 2H2S (g)
2H2 (g) + S2 (g)
3
43. Oxidation of nitrogen monoxide was studied at
ii) 3H2S (g)
3H2 (g) + S2(g)
2
ok
200°C with initial pressures of 1 atm NO and 1
atm of O2. At equilibrium partial pressure of Ans. KC = 4 × 10–2 for the reaction,
oxygen is found to be 0.52 atm calculate KP value. 1

H2S(g) H2(g) + S (g)
Ans. 2NO (g) + O2(g)
2NO2(g) 2 2
1
[H ][S ] 2
NO
o O2 NO2
KC = 2 2
Initial pressure 1 1 – [H 2S]
ab
Reacted 0.96 0.48 – 1
Equilibrium partial pressure 0.04 0.52 0.96 -2
⇒ 4 × 10 =
[ H 2 ][S2 ] 2
[H 2S]
Kp =
(p NO )2 =
0.96 × 0.96
For the reaction,
2
(p NO ) (pO )
2
0.04 × 0.04 × 0.52
ur
2H2S(g) 2H2(g) + S2(g)

Kp = 1.017 × 103
KC =
[H 2 ]2 [S2 ] = (4 × 10-2 )2 = 16 × 10-4
44. 1 mol of CH4, 1 mole of CS2 and 2 mol of H2S [H 2S]2
are 2 mol of H2 are mixed in a 500 ml flask.
.s
The equilibrium constant for the reaction For the reaction,

KC = 4 × 10–2 mol2 lit–2. In which direction will the 3

3H2S(g) 3H2(g) + S (g)
reaction proceed to reach equilibrium ? 2 2
w
3
Ans. CH4(g) + 2H2S(g)
–2

–2
CS2(g) + 4H2(g)
KC =
[ H 2 ] [S2 ]
3
2
= ( 4 × 10 -2 ) = 64 ××10
3
10--66
KC = 4 × 10 mol lit
1 [H 2S]3
w
Volume = 500 ml = L
2 46. 28 g of nitrogen and 6 g of hydrogen were mixed in
1 mol 1 mol a 1 litre closed container. At equilibrium 17 g NH3
[CH 4 ]in = 1 [CS2 ]in = 1 was produced. Calculate the weight of nitrogen,
L L
w
2 2 hydrogen at equilibrium.
= 2 mol L-1 = 2 mol L-1 Ans. Given mN = 28 g; mH = 6g;
2 2
2 mol 2 mol V=1L
[H 2S]in = 1 [H 2 ] = 1 28
L L (n N2 )Initial = 28 = 1 mol
2 2
6
= 4 mol L-1 = 4 mol L-1 (n H2 )Initial = 2 = 3 mol

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2 NH3(g) 48. A sealed container was filled with 1 mol of A2(g),
1 mol B2(g) at 800 K and total pressure 1.00 bar.
N2(g) H2(g) NH3(g)
Calculate the amounts of the components in the
Initial Concentration 1 3 –
mixture at equilibrium given that K = 1 for the
Reacted 0.5 1.5 –
reaction
Equilibrium concentration 0.5 1.5 1
A2(g) + B2(g) 2AB(g)
m
17
[ NH3 ] =  17  = 1 mol = 1 mol Ans. A2(g) + B2(g) 2AB(g)
A2 B2 AB
co
Weight of N2 = (no. of moles of N2) × molar mass Initial Concentration 1 1 –
of N2 No. of moles dissociated x x –
= 0.5 × 28 = 14 g No. of moles at equilibrium 1–x 1–x 2x
Weight of H2 = (no. of moles of H2) × molar mass
Total no. of moles = 1 – x + 1 – x + 2x = 2
of H2
s.
2
= 1.5 × 2 = 3g  2x 
p AB )  × P
KP =
( =
2
2 
47. The equilibrium for the dissociation of XY2 is
given as, (pA2 )(pB2 )  (1 - x ) × P  1 - x × P
ok
 2  2 
2XY2(g) 2XY (g) + Y2(g)
if the degree of dissociation x is so small compared 4x 2
Kp =
to one. Show that (1 - x )2
2 KP = PX3 where P is the total pressure and KP is 4x 2
Given that KpK=p 1;= =1
o
the dissociation equilibrium constant of XY2. (1 - x )2
Ans. The equilibrium for the dissociation of XY2 is given
fi 4x2 = (1 – x)2
ab
as,
fi 4x2 = 1 + x2 – 2x
2XY2(g) 2XY (g) + Y2(g) 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
XY2 XY Y2 -2 ± 4 - ( 4 × 3 × -1)
Intial no. of moles 1 – – x=
2 (3)
ur
No. of moles dissociated x – –

-2 ± 4 + 12
No. of moles at equilibrium (1 – x) @ 1 x X x=
2 6
Total no. of moles = 1 – x + x + X 2 -2 ± 16
.s
=
= 1 + X 2 @ 1 6
-2 + 4 -2 - 4
[ Given that x < < 1 ; 1 – x @ 1 and 1 + X
2 @ 1] = ;
w
6 6
2X 
X  2 2 -6
= ;
(pXY ) (pY2 )  1   1 
2 × P  × P
6 6
Kp = =
w
(pXY2 )2 1
 × P

2
x = 0.33; –1 (not possible)
1 \[A2]eq = 1 – x = 1 – 0.33 = 0.67
X3P [B2]eq = 1 – x = 1 – 0.33 = 0.67
w
Kp =
2 [AB]eq = 2x = 2 × 0.33 = 0.66.
⇒ 2K P = X 3 P

49. Deduce the Vant Hoff equation. 50. The equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction
2
Ans. This equation gives the quantitative temperature N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g) is 8.19 × 10 at
dependence of equilibrium constant (K). The relation 298K and 4.6 × 10–1 at 498 K. Calculate DHº for
between standard free energy change (DG°) and the reaction.
equilibrium constant is Ans. Kp = 8.19 × 102 T1 = 298 K
1
DG° = –RTln K .....(1) Kp = 4.6 × 10–1 T2 = 498 K
m
2
We know that
 KP  ∆H°  T2 - T1 
DG° = DH° – TDS°.....(2) log  2  =  
Substituting (1) in equation (2)  K P1  2.303R  T1T2 
co
–RTln K = DH° – TDS°  4.6 × 10 -1  ∆H°  498 - 298 
Rearranging log  =  
 8.19 × 102  2.303 × 8.314  498 × 298 
-∆H° ∆S°
In K = + .....(3)
RT R -3.2505 × 2.303 × 8.314 × 498 × 298
= ∆H°
s.
200
Dierentiating equation (3) with respect to temperature,
d ( In K ) ∆H° DH° = –46181 J mol–1
= .....(4) DH° = –46.18 kJ mol–1
dT RT 2
ok
51. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the
Equation 4 is known as differential form of Van’t reaction
Hoff equation.
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) is
On integrating the equation 4, between T1 and T2 1.017 × 10 –3 atm at 500°C. Calculate K at 600°c
p
with their respective equilibrium constants K1 and
K2.
o C for the reaction. DH for the reaction is 181 kJ
mol–1 and does not change in the given range of
K2 T2
∆H° dT
ab
d ( In K ) = temperature.
∫ R ∫ 2 T Ans. pCO = 1.017 × 10–3 atm T = 500°C
K1 T1
2
T2
Kp = pCO
2
[In K ]KK = ∆H°  - 1 
2
\Kp = 1.017 × 10–3 ;T = 500 + 273 = 773 K
1
R  T  T1 1
ur
Kp = ? T = 600 + 273 = 873 K

∆H°  1 1 1
In K 2 - In K1 = - +  DH° = 181 kJ mol–1
R  T2 T1   Kp  ∆H°  T2 - T1 
K ∆H°  T2 - T1  log  2  =  
.s
In 2 =  K p1  2.303R  T1T2 
K1 R  T2 T1 
 K p2  181 × 103  873 - 773 
K ∆H°  T2 - T1  log   =  
log 2 = .....(5)  1.017 × 10 -3  2.303 × 8.314  873 × 773 
K 1 2.303R  T2 T1 
w
Equation 5 is known as integrated form of Van’t Hoff  K p2  181 × 103 × 100

log   =
equation.  1.017 × 10 -3  2.303 × 8.314 × 873 × 773
w
K p2
= anti log of (1.40)
1.017 × 10 -3
K P2
w
= 25.12
1.017 × 10 -3
fi Kp = 25.12 × 1.017 × 10–3
Kp2 = 25.54 × 10–3
2

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
Choose the Correct Answers 1 MARK 6. A + B
C + D, Kc for this reaction is 10. If
1, 2, 3, 4 mole/litre of A, B, C and D respectively
m
1. The Kc for given reaction will be are present in a container at 25°C, the direction of

A2(g) + 2B(g) C(g) + 2D(g) reaction will be
[C][D]2 [C ] (a) From left to right (b) From right to left
(a) K c = K
(b) = (c) Reaction is at equilibrium
co
c
[A 2 ][B]2 [A 2 ][B]2 (d) Unpredictable [Ans. (a) From left to right]
(c) K c =
[ A 2 ][ B]
2
K =
(d)
[ A 2 ][ B]
2

7. 4g H2, 32g O2, 14g N2 and 11g CO2 are taken in a
[C][D] 2 c
[C ] bulb of 500ml. Which one of these has maximum
[Ans. (b)] active mass?
s.

(a) H2 (b) O2 (c) N2 (d) CO2
2. For which of the following reaction, the degree of [Ans. (a) H2]
dissociation (a) and equilibrium constant (Kp) are

8. For reaction, 2A + B 2C, K = x. Equilibrium
ok
4a 2 P
related as Kp = ? constant for C A + ½B will be
(1 - a 2 )
x 1
(a) N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) (a) x (b) (c) (d) x
2 x

(b) H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g) 1
[Ans. (c) ]
(c) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
o x

(d) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)
9. XY2 dissociates as, XY2(g)
XY(g) + Y(g)
ab

[Ans. (a) N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)] Initial pressure of XY2 is 600mm Hg. The total
3. In which of the following does the reaction go pressure at equilibrium is 800mm Hg. Assuming
almost to completion? volume of system to remain constant, the value of
(a) Kc = 103 (b) Kc = 102 Kp is
ur
–2
(c) Kc = 10 (d) Kc = 10–3 (a) 50 (b) 100 (c) 400 (d) 20
[Ans. (a) Kc = 103] [Ans. (b) 100]
4. Hydrogen (a moles) and iodine (b moles) react to 10. In which of the following equilibrium, change in
give 2x moles of the HI at equilibrium. The total pressure will not affect the equilibrium ?
.s
number of moles at equilibrium is

(a) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(a) a + b + 2x (b) (a – b) + (6 – 2x) (b) H + I

2HI
2(g) 2(g) (g)
(c) (a + b) (d) a + b – x
w

(c) PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
[Ans. (c) (a + b)]

(d) N2O4(g)
2NO2(g)
5. Kp is how many times equal to Kc for the given

[Ans. (b) H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)]

reaction? N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
w
1 R 11. In melting of ice, which one of the conditions will

(a) (b) R2T2 (c) (d) RT
R T22
T be more favorable?
w
1 (a) high temperature and high pressure

[Ans. (a) ]
R T2
2
(b) low temperature and low pressure
(c) low temperature and high pressure
Hint: Kp = Kc (RT)∆ng
(d) high temperature and low pressure
Kp = Kc (RT)–2 [Ans. (a) high temperature and high pressure]
K
\ Kp = 2 c 2
R T

12. Two moles of N2 and two moles of H2 are taken 17. Le-Chatelier's principle is not applicable to
in a closed vessel of 5 litre capacity and suitable
(a) Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)
conditions are provided for the reaction. When the (b) H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g)
equilibrium is reached, it is found that a half mole (c) N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
of N2 is used up. The equilibrium concentration (d) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NN3(g)
of NH3 is
[Ans. (a) Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)]
m
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.1
[Ans. (a) 0.2] Hint : Le-Chatelier's principle is applicable only for
gas-phase equilibrium.
Sol : Equilibrium concentration
co
No. of moles at equilibrium 1 18. Following three gaseous equilibrium reactions are
= = = 0.2
Volume 5 occurring at 27°C.
(A) 2CO + O2 2CO2
13. The active mass of 7.0 g of nitrogen in a 2.0 L
(B) PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
s.
container would be (C) 2HI H2 + I2
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.125 (c) 0.5 (d) 14.0 The correct order of Kp/Kc for the following
[Ans. (b) 0.125] reaction is
ok
14. At 700K, the equilibrium constant Kp, for the (a) A < B < C (b) C < B < A

reaction 2SO3(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) is 1.8 × 10–3 (c) A < C < B (d) B < A < C
atm. The value of Kc for the above reaction at the [Ans. (c) A < C < B]
same temperature in moles per litre would be
1
(a) 1.1 × 107
(c) 3.1 × 10–5
o
(b) 6.2 × 10–7
(d) 9.3 × 10–7
Sol : (A) Dn = 2 – 3 = –1; Kp = Kc(RT)–1; Kp/Kc =
RT
[Ans. (c) 3.1 × 10–5] Dn = 2 – 1 = 1; Kp = Kc(RT); Kp/Kc = RT
(B)
ab
Dn = 2 – 2 = 0; Kp = Kc; Kp/Kc = 0
(C)
Sol : Kp = Kc (RT)∆n ; ∆n = 3 – 2 = 1
1.8 × 10–3 = Kc (0.0832 × 700)1; 19. If the equilibrium constant for
1.8 × 10 -3
N2(g) + O2(g)
2NO(g) is K, the equilibrium
Kc = = 3.09 × 10 -5
ur
0.0832 × 700 1 1
constant for
N2(g) + O2(g) NO(g) will be
2 2
15. C(s) + H2O(g)
CO(g) + H2(g) : DH < O 1
The above equilibrium will proceed in forward (a) K (b) K2 (c) K½ (d) K
.s
2
direction when
[Ans. (c) K½]
(a) It is subjected to high pressure
(b) It is subjected to high temperature Hint : Since reactants and produced are reduced to half
w
(c) Inert gas (argon) is added at constant pressure of its value, therefore K also becomes K½.
(d) Carbon (solid) is added [Ans. (c) Inert gas
(argon) is added at constant pressure] 20. In a closed system: A(s)
2B(g) + 3C(g) if
w
16. A state of equilibrium is reached when the partial pressure of C is doubled then partial
(a) The rate of forward reaction is greater than the pressure of B will be
rate of the reverse reaction (a) Twice the orignal pressure
w
(b) The concentration of the products and reactants (b) Half of its orignal pressure
1
are equal (c) times, the original pressure
(c) More product is present than reactant 2 2
(d) The concentration of the products and reactants (d) 2 2 times its original pressure
have reached constant value
1
[Ans. (d) The concentration of the products [Ans. (c) times, the original pressure]
and reactants have reached constant value] 2 2

21. In which of the following cases, the reaction goes (a) Temperature of the system is increased
farthest to completion? (b) CO is removed (c) CH3OH is added
(a) A B (K = 103) (d) The pressure of the system is increased
(b) P
Q (K = 10–2) [Ans. (d)]

(c) A + B C + D (K = 10) 27. The value of equilibrium constant of the reaction,

(d) X + Y
XY2 (K = 10–1)
m
1 1

[Ans. (a) A
B (K = 103)] HI(g)
H2(g) + I2(g) is 8.0. The equilibrium
2 2
22. The ratio of Kp/Kc for reaction
constant of the reaction; H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
1 will be
co

CO( g ) + O 2( g ) CO 2( g ) is
2 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 16 (d)
R 8 16 64
(a) (b) RT (c) (RT)½ (d) (RT)–½
T 1
[Ans. (d) (RT)–½] [Ans. (d) ]
64
s.
23. For the reversible reaction

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + Heat. 1
Sol : Formation a
The equilibrium shifts in forward direction. Dissociation
ok
(a) by increasing the concentration of NH3(g). Then when the reactants & products concentration
(b) by increasing the pressure and decreasing the are doubled, hence equilibrium constant is also
temperature. doubled.
(c) by decreasing the pressure and decreasing the
temperature.
28. For the reaction, CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
o
(d) by decreasing the concentration of N2(g) and H2(g). Kp is equal to
[Ans. (b) by increasing the pressure and (a) Kc (b) KcRT
ab
2
decreasing the temperature.] (c) Kc(RT) (d) Kc(RT)–
[Ans. (b) KcRT]
24. The value of DH for the reaction
X2(g) + 4Y2(g)
2XY4(g) is less than zero. 29. The favourable conditions for melting of ice is
Formation of XY4(g) will be favoured at : (a) Low pressure (b) High pressure
ur
(a) High pressure and low temperature. (c) Low temperature (d) Absence of catalyst
(b) Low pressure and low temperature. [Ans. (b) High pressure]
(c) High temperature and high pressure. 30. In the manufacture of NH3 by Haber’s process
(d) High temperature and low pressure. involving the reaction.
.s
[Ans. (a) High pressure and low temperature] [ 2 2 ]

Fe O

N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) 2NH 3( g ) ;
25. Ice and water are placed in a closed container at
DH = –22.08 kcal. The favourable conditions are
a pressure of 1 atm and 273.15 K temperature.
w
(a) High pressure and low temperature

If pressure of the system is increased by 2
(b) High pressure and high temperature
atm keeping temperature constant the correct
(c) Low pressure and high temperature
observation would be
w
(d) Low pressure and low temperature

(a) The amount of ice increases
[Ans. (a) High pressure and low temperature]
(b) Volume of the system increases
(c) The liquid phase disappears completely 31. If K1 is the equilibrium constant at temperature T1
w
(d) The solid phase (ice) disappears completely and K2 is the equilibrium constant at temperature
[Ans. (d) The solid phase (ice) disappears completely] T2, and if T2 > T1 and reaction is endothermic then
(a) K2 > K1 (b) K2 < K1
26. 2H2(g) + CO2(g) CH3OH(g), DH = –92.2 kJ. (d) K2 = K1 (c) All of these
Which of the following condition will shift the
[Ans. (a) K2 > K1]
equilibrium in the forward direction?

32. Sulphide ion reacts with solid sulphur 36. A cylinder filled with a movable piston contains

S(2aq- ) + S( s )
2-
S 2( aq ) ; K1 = 10 liquid water in equilibrium with water vapour
at 25°C. Which one of the following operations

S(2aq- ) + 2S( s )
2-
S 3( aq ) ; K2 = 130 results in a decrease in the equilibrium vapour
The equilibrium constant for the formation of pressure?
S 2- 2-
3 ( aq ) from S 2 ( aq ) and sulphur is
(a) Moving piston downward a short distance
m
(b) Removing a small amount of the liquid water
(a) 10 (b) 13 (c) 130 (d) 1300
(c) Dissolving salt in the water
[Ans. (b) 13]
(d) Removing a small amount of vapour
co
33. For the reaction [Ans. (c) Dissolving salt in the water]
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 37. The oxidation of SO2 and O2 to SO3 is an
DH = –170.8 kJ mol–1 which of the following
exothermic reaction. The yield of SO3 will be
statement is not true?
maximum if
s.
(a) At equilibrium, the concentration of CO2(g) and
(a) Temperature and pressure both are increased
H2O(l) are not equal
(b) Temperature decreased, pressure increased
(b) The equilibrium constant for the reaction is given
(c) Temperature increased, pressure constant
[CO2 ]
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by K p = (d) Temperature and pressure both decreased
[CH 4 ][O2 ] [Ans. (b) Temperature decreased, pressure increased]
(c) Addition of CH4(g) or O2(g) at equilibrium will 38. For the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g)
CH3OH(g).
cause a shift to the right. o If active mass of CO is kept constant and active
(d) The reaction is exothermic. [Ans. (b)] mass of H2 is tripled, the rate of forward reaction
34. For the system 3A + 2B
C, the expression will become
ab
for equilibrium constant K is (a) Three times (b) Six times
[3A ] × [2B] [ A ]3 × [ B] (c) Eight times (d) Nine times
(a) (b) [Ans. (d) Nine times]
[C ] [C ]
[C ] [C ] 39. For the homogeneous gas reaction at 600K,
(c) (d) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)
4NO(g) + 6H2O(g). The
ur
[ A ] × [ B]2
3 [3A ] × [2B]
equilibrium Kc has the unit.
[C ] (a) (mol dm–3)–1 (b) (mol dm–3)1
[Ans. (c) ]
[ A ] × [ B]2
3
(c) (mol dm–3)10 (d) (mol dm–3)–9
.s
35. Equilibrium constant Kp for following reaction [Ans. (b) (mol dm–3)1]
MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g)

Sol : 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
(a) Kp = pCO2
Dng = 10 – 9 = 1
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pCO2 × pCO2 × p Mgo Unit of Kc = (mol dm–3)Dng

(b) Kp =
p Mg CO3 \ Unit = (mol dm–3)1
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p Mg CO3
(c) Kp = 40. The equilibrium A(g) + 4B(g) AB4(g) is
pCO2 .p MgO attained by mixing equal moles of A and B in a
pCO2 .p MgO one litre vessel. Then at equilibrium
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(d) Kp = [Ans. (a) Kp = pCO2 ] (a) [A] = [B] (b) [A] > [B]
p Mg CO3
(c) [A] < [B] (d) [AB4] > [A]
Hint : Partial pressure of pure solid is unity. [Ans. (b) [A] > [B]]

41. If Ar is added to the equilibrium 47. Assertion (A) : The concentration terms of pure
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 at constant volume, liquids can also be excluded from
then equilibrium will the expression of the equilibrium
(a) Shift in forward direction constant.
(b) Not shift in any direction Reason (R) : The active mass concentration of
(c) Shift in reverse direction the pure liquid does not charge at a
m
(d) All are incorrect given temperature.
[Ans. (b) Not shift in any direction] (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
42. The transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in our explanation of (A).
co
body as an illustration for a ________ change. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the
(a) Reversible (b) Irreversible correct explanation of (A).
(c) Thermodynamic (d) Kinetic (c) (A) true but (R) false.
[Ans. (a) Reversible] (d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
s.
[Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is
43. In reversible reactions, initially the reaction
the correct explanation of (A)]
proceeds towards the _________.
(a) Formation of the product 48. Match
ok
(b) Formation of reactions A H2 + I2  2HI 1 Kp > Kc
(c) Decompose of product
B PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2 2 Kp < Kc
(d) Equilibrium state
[Ans. (a) Formation of the product]
o C 2SO2 + O2  2SO2 3 Kp = Kc
44. What is the temperature and pressure in a
A B C
thermos flask? (a) 1 2 3
ab
(a) 298 k, 1 atm (b) 273 k, 2 atm (b) 2 1 3
(c) 298 k, 2 atm (d) 273 k, 2 atm (c) 3 1 2
[Ans. (b) 273 k, 2 atm] (d) 2 3 1 [Ans. (c) 3 1 2]
45. Rate of melting of ice is equal to ____________. 49. Equilibrium constant value depends on ________.
ur
(a) rate of freezing of ice (a) Temperature (b) Volume

(b) rate of melting of ice (c) Pressure (d) Catalyst
(c) rate of freezing water [Ans. (a) Temperature]
(d) rate of melting of water
50. Which of the following is correct about equilibrium
.s
[Ans. (c) rate of freezing water]

constant?
46. Assertion (A) : A pure solid always has the (a) Unpredict the direction in which the net reaction
same concentration at a given will take place.
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temperature. (b) Unpredict the extent of the reaction.

Reason (R) : It does not expand to fill its (c) Cannot calculate the equilibrium concentrations
container. of the reactants and products.
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(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct (d) These constants do not provide any information
explanation of (A). regrading the rates of the forward or reverse
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the reaction. [Ans. (d) These constant do not
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correct explanation of (A). provide any information regrading the

(c) (A) true but (R) false. rates of the forward or reverse reaction]
(d) Both (A) and (R) are false.
51. Which equation gives the quantitative temperature
[Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is
dependence of equilibrium constant?
the correct explanation of (A)]
(a) Hess law (b) Graham's diffusion
(c) Van't Hoff (d) Van dar Waals
[Ans. (c) Van't Hoff]

52. Which of the following is incorrect?

(a) Kc indicates how far the reaction has proceeded. Sol : Kc =
[ NH3 ]
2
=
1.2 × 10 -2
(b) A large value of Kc indicates that the reaction [ N 2 ][H 2 ]3 1.5 × 10-2 × (3 × 10-2 )3
reaches equilibrium with high product yield. Kc = 355.55
(c) A low value of Kc indicates that the reaction
4. Which of the following reactions involve
reaches equilibrium with low product form.
m
homogeneous equilibrium and which involve
(d) Unpreidt the direction in which the net reaction
heterogeneous equilibrium?
will take place.[Ans. (d) Unpreidt the direction
(i) Ag2O(s) + 2HNO3(aq) 2AgNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
in which the net reaction will take place]
co
(ii) C + CO
2CO
(s) 2(g) (g)
53. What is the relation between standard free energy
(iii) CH3COOC2H5(aq) + H2O(l)

change and equilibrium constant?
(a) ΔG° = + RT ln k (b) k = –DG°RT CH3COOH(aq) + C2H5OH(aq)
(c) ΔG° = – ln k (d) k = RT DG
(iv) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
s.
[Ans. (a) ΔG° = – RT lnk] Ans. (i) Heterogeneous equilibrium
54. Catalyst speeds up the attainment of equilibrium (ii) Heterogeneous equilibrium
by providing a new pathway having a _______. (iii) Homogeneous equilibrium
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(a) lower activation energy (iv) Homogeneous equilibrium.
(b) higher activation energy 5. Write the relationship between equilibrium
(c) more activation energy constant and enthalpy.
(d) no activation energy o Ans. The value of equilibrium constant changes with
[Ans. (a) lower activation energy] change in temperature.
If K1 and K2 are equilibrium constants at temperatures
Very Short Answers Questions:2 MARKS T1 and T2.
ab
DH - Heat of reaction at constant pressure.
1. Ice melts slowly at higher altitudes. Explain why? Then,
Ans. Ice(s)  → Water [HOTS] K ∆H  T2 - T1 
log 2 =
The melting of ice is favoured at high pressure K1 2.303 R  T1T2 
ur
because there is decrease in volume in the forward

reaction. Since at high altitudes, atmospheric pressure 6. Explain the state of equilibrium based on the
is low and therefore, ice melts slowly. following illustrations.
2. Predict which of the following reaction will (i) See-saw (ii) Tug of war
.s
have appreciable concentration of reactants and Ans. (i) See-saw :

products? There are different types of equilibrium. For
example, if two persons with same weight sit
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(i) Cl
2Cl ; K = 5 × 10–39
2(g) (g) c on opposite sides of a see-saw at equal distance
(ii) Cl2(g) + 2NO(g) 2NOCl(g); Kc = 3.7 × 10–8 from the fulcrum, then the see-saw will be

(iii) Cl2(g) + 2NO2(g) 2NO2Cl(g); Kc = 1.8 stationary and straight and it is said to be in
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Ans. The reaction (iii) has an appreciable concentration of equilibrium.

reactants and products because its Kc is neither too (ii) Tug of war :
low nor very high. Another example of a state of equilibrium is
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3. The following concentration were obtained for the the game of "tug-of-war." In this game a rope
formation of NH3 from N2 and H2 at equilibrium is pulled taut between two teams. There may

for the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) be a situation when both the teams are pulling
[N2] = 1.5 × 10 M; [H2] = 3.0 × 10–2M;
–2 the rope with equal force and the rope is not
[NH3] = 1.2 × 10–2M moving in either direction. This state is said to
Calculate the equilibrium constant. be in equilibrium.

7. Why are reversible processes non-static? 10. Distinguish between homogeneous and
Ans. In reversible processes, the rate of two opposing heterogeneous equilibrium reaction.
reactions equals at a particular stage. At this stage Ans.
the concentration of reactants and products do not S. Homegoneous Heterogeneous
change with time. This condition is not static and No. equilibrium equiliburium
is dynamic, because both the forward and reverse
m
(i) In a homogeneous If the reactants and
reactions are still occurring with the same rate. equilibrium, all products of a reaction
8. "Rate of Melting = Rate of freezing" the reactants and in equilibrium, are in
When is the above condition achieved? Explain products are in the different phases, then it is
co
with an example. same phase. called as heterogeneous
equilibrium.
Ans. Let us consider the melting of ice in a closed
container at 273 K. In the process the total number (ii) H (g)+I (g) CaCO3(s)
2 2
of water molecules leaving from and returning to the 2HI(g) CaO(s)+CO2(g)
s.
solid phase at any instant are equal. 11. Define equilibrium constant.
If some ice-cubes and water are placed in a thermos Ans. At a given temperature, the ratio of the product of
flask (at 273K and 1 atm pressure), then there will be active masses of reaction products raised to the
ok
no change in the mass of ice and water. respective stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced
At equilibrium, chemical equation to that of the reactants is a
Rate of melting Rate of freezing constant, known as equilibrium constant.
=
of ice of water 12. Write the expressions of equilibrium constants in

H2O (s) H2O (l)
o
The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases
terms of partial pressure and active masses for
2BrCl(g) Br2(g) + Cl2(g)
of a substance are at equilibrium is called the melting
ab
point or freezing point of that substance. (p Br ) (p Cl ) [Br2 ] [Cl2 ]
Ans. KP = 2 2 ; Kc =
9. When does the rate of backward reaction (p BrCl ) 2 [BrCl]2
increase? What is its consequence?
Ans. A+B C+D 13. Define reaction quotient.
ur
(i) Initially only A and B are present. Soon, a few Ans. Under non-equilibrium conditions, reaction quotient
molecules of the products C and D are formed ‘Q’ is defined as the ratio of the product of active
by the forward reaction. masses of reaction products raised to the respective
(ii) As the concentration of the products increases, stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical
.s
more products collide and react in the backward equation to that of the reactants.
direction. [C]l [D]m
Q=
(iii) This leads to an increase in the rate of backward [A]x [B]y
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reaction. As the rate of reverse reaction increases,

14. Explain the diagrammatic expression about the
the rate of the forward reaction decreases.
direction of reaction.
(iv) Eventually, the rate of both reactions becomes
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equal. ss
Qc
gre on
Kc Qc Kc pro eacti Kc
f r
ss o
gre on
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Qc pro eacti
Forward Rate
Reaction Rate
r
of
Equal Rates
reactants → products equilibrium products → reactants

Reverse Rate
Predicting the direction of a
Ans.
reaction
Time If Q < Kc, the reaction will proceed in the forward
direction

If Q = Kc, the reaction is in equilibrium state. Kp = 2.1 × 10–2 at 500 K

If Q > K , the reaction will proceed in the reverse
c
(ii) CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) + CO2(g);
direction. Kp = 165 at 1073 K.
Short Answers Questions: 3 MARKS Ans. (i) 2NOC1(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)

Kp = 2.1 × 10–2 at 500 K
1. Find out the Dng values and write the Kc and Kp Dng = np – nR = 3 – 2 = l
m
relation for the equilibrium reactions KP
(i) Decomposition of ammonia Kc =
( RT )∆ng
(ii) Formation of NO [HY-2018]
2.1 × 10 -2
co
Ans. (i) 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
= = 5.12 × 10–4
Dng = 4 – 2 = 2 0.0821 × 500
Kp = Kc (RT)Dng (ii) CaCO3(s)

CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Kp = Kc (RT)2, Kp > Kc Kp = 165 at 1073 K
s.
(ii) N2 + O2
2NO Dng = np – nR = l
Dng = 2 – 2 = 0 165
Kp = Kc (RT)Dng Kc = K P = = 1.87.
( RT ) ∆ng 0 .0821 × 1073
ok
Kp = Kc (RT)0, Kp = Kc
2. A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a 4. List out few examples of irreversible reactions
sealed container at a fixed temperature. The (changes) taking place in our daily life activity.
Ans. (i) Ripening of fruits and vegetables in few days.
volume of the container is suddenly increased.
(i) What is the initial effect of change on vapour (ii) Tarnishing of silver in few months.
pressure?
o (iii) Rusting of iron slowly.
(ii) How do rates of evaporation and condensation 5. (i) Write a note on biochemical reversible
ab
change initially? change
(iii) What happens when equilibrium is restored (ii) State whether the existence of equilibrium is
finally and what will be the final vapour possible in our lungs or not. Give reason.
pressure? Ans. (i) The transport of oxygen by haemoglobin in
ur
Ans. A(l)  → A(g) our body as an illustration for a reversible

Low pressure High pressure change. The haemoglobin combines with
If volume is increased at constant temperature, oxygen in lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin.
pressure decreases, since, p ∝ l/V at constant The oxy-haemoglobin has a tendency to form
.s
temperature. haemoglobin by releasing oxygen. In fact, in

(i) Decrease in pressure shift the equilibrium in the our lungs all the three species coexist.
direction of high pressure i.e. more vapours are (ii) The state of equilibrium exist in our lungs
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formed hence vapour pressure increases. because, the three species namely haemoglobin,
(ii) Rate of evaporation increases and rate of oxygen (reactants) and oxyhaemoglobin
condensation decreases. (product) are said to co-exist in our lungs.
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(iii) When equilibrium is restored finally the rate 6. Discuss the equilibrium involving dissolution of
of evaporation again becomes equal to the rate solids or gases in liquids.
of condensation and the final vapour pressure Ans. Solid in liquids :
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becomes equal to the vapour pressure that was When you add sugar to water at a particular
before the sudden increase in the volume of the temperature, it dissolves to form sugar solution. If
container. you continue to which the added sugar remains as
3. Find out the value of Kc for each of the following solid and the resulting solution is called a saturated
equilibria from the value of Kp solution. Here, as in the previous cases a dynamic
(i) 2NOC1(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g);
equilibrium is established between the solute
molecules in the solid phase and in the solution phase.

Sugar (Solid) Sugar (Solution) Kc = [CO2 (g)] or Kp = pCO

2
In this process The equilibrium constant for the above reaction
Rate of dissolution Rate of depends only the concentration of carbon dioxide
=
of solute crystallisation of solute and not the calcium carbonate or calcium oxide.
Gas in liquids : Similarly, the active mass (concentration) of the
m
When a gas dissolves in a liquid under a given
pure liquid does not change at a given temperature.
pressure, there will be an equilibrium between gas Consequently, the concentration terms of pure
molecules in the gaseous state and those dissolved liquids can also be excluded from the expression of
in the liquid.
co
the equilibrium constant.
In carbonated beverages the following equilibrium
For example,
exists. CO2(g) + H2O (l) H+(aq) + HCO–3(aq)
CO2 (g) CO2 (s)
Since, H2O (l) is a pure liquid the Kc can be expressed
Henry’s law is used to explain such gas-solution
s.
as
equilibrium processes.
[H + (aq)] [HCO - 3 (aq)]
7. Give the relationship between Kp and Kc for the Kc =
following cases with example. [CO - 2 (g)]
ok
(i) ∆ng = +ve (ii) ∆ng = –ve (iii) ∆ng = 0 9. List down the applications of equilibrium
Ans. (i) When ∆ng = +ve constant.
Kp = Kc (RT)+ve Ans. (i) Predict the direction in which the net reaction
Kp>Kc o will take place
Example : (ii) Predict the extent of the reaction and
2NH3(g) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) (iii) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of the
ab
PCI5 (g) PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) reactants and products.
(ii) When ∆ng = –ve 10. What happens when the concentration of H2 and
Kp = Kc (RT) –ve I2 are increased in the reaction H2 + I2 2HI?
Kp< Kc Ans. According to Le Chatelier’s principle, the effect of
Example:
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increase in concentration of a substance is to shift the

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O (g) equilibrium in a direction that consumes the added
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3 (g) substance.
(iii) When ∆ng = 0 Let us consider the reaction
.s
Kp = Kc (RT)0 = Kc
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
Example :
The addition of H2 or I2 to the equilibrium mixture,
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI (g)
disturbs the equilibrium. In order to minimize the
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N2 (g) +O2 (g) 2NO(g)

stress, the system shifts the reaction in a direction
8. Consider the equations given below where H2 and I2 are consumed i.e., the formation
Ca CO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) of additional HI would balance the effect of added
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CO2(g) + H2O(e) H+(aq) + HCO–3(aq) reactant. Hence, the equilibrium shis to the right
Write the equilibrium constants for these (forward direction) i.e. the forward reaction takes
equations and give reason for the exception of place until the equilibrium is re-established.
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concentration of specific compounds. Similarly, removal of HI (product) also favours the

Ans. A pure solid always has the same concentration at
forward reaction.
a given temperature, as it does not expand to fill its
11. What inferences do you observe by the values of
container. (i.e.) it has same number of moles L–1 of
Q and KC?
its volume. Therefore, the concentration of a pure
Ans. If Q = KC, the reaction is in equilibrium state.
solid is a constant. The above expression can be
If Q > KC, the reaction will proceed in the reverse
modfied as follows
direction i.e., formation of reactants.

If Q < KC, the reaction will proceed in the forward Long Answers Questions: 5 MARKS
direction i.e., formation of products.
1. Explain the following with relevant examples.
12. Discuss the changes you observe in the reaction of
(i) Solid-liquid equilibrium
synthesis of ammonia with preference to effect of
(ii) Liquid-vapour equilibrium
pressure.
(iii) Solid-vapour equilibrium
m
Ans. The change in pressure has signicant eect only on
Ans. (i) Solid-liquid equilibrium :
equilibrium systems with gaseous components.
Let us consider the melting of ice in a closed
When the pressure on the system is increased, the
container at 273 K. In the process the total
volume decreases proportionately and the system
co
number of water molecules leaving from and
responds by shifting the equilibrium in a direction
returning to the solid phase at any instant are
that has fewer moles of gaseous molecules.
equal.
Let us consider the synthesis of ammonia from
At equilibrium,
nitrogen and hydrogen.
Rate of melting Rate of freezing
s.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) =
of ice of water
Let the system be H2O (s) H2O (l)
allowed to attain The temperature at which the solid and liquid
ok
equilibrium in a phases of a substance are at equilibrium is
cylinder with a called the melting point or freezing point of
piston. If we press that substance.
the piston down (ii) Liquid - vapour equilibrium :
to increase the
o There exists an equilibrium between the
pressure, the volume liquid phase and the vapour phase of a
ab
Effect of pressure on ammonia synthesis
decreases. The substance. For example, liquid water is in
system responds to equilibrium with its vapour at 373 K and1
this effect by reducing the number of gas molecules. atm pressure in a closed vessel.
i.e. it favours the formation of ammonia. If we pull H2O (l) H2O (g)
the piston upwards to reduce the pressure, the volume Here
ur
increases. It favours the decomposition of ammonia Rate of evaporation = Rate of condensation

However, when the total number of the moles of The temperature at which the liquid and
the gaseous reactants and the gaseous products are vapour phases are at equilibrium is called the
.s
equal, the change in pressure has no effect on system boiling point and condensation point of the
at equilibrium. liquid.
13. Write a note on Haber's process emphasizing (iii) Solid - vapour equilibrium :
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the idea of effect of a catalyst in an equilibrium Consider a system in which the solid
reaction. sublimes to vapour. In this process also,

Ans. Addition of a catalyst does not affect the state of the equilibrium can be established between these
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equilibrium. The catalyst increases the rate of both two phases. When solid iodine is placed in a
the forward and the reverse reactions to the same closed transparent vessel, after sometime,the
extent. Hence, it does not change the equilibrium vessel gets filled up with violet vapour due
to sublimation of iodine. The following
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composition of the reaction mixture. However, it

speeds up the attainment of equilibrium by providing equilibrium is attained.
a new pathway having a lower activation energy. I2 (s) I2(g)
For example, in the synthesis of NH3 by the Haber's
process iron is used as a catalyst. Similarly, in the
contact process of manufacturing SO3, platinum or
V2O5 is used as a catalyst.

2. Derive the Kp and Kc for the following equilibrium Number of moles at a–x x x
reaction. equilibrium
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) Active mass of molar a -x x x
(or) concentration equilibrium V V V
Derive the value of KC and KP for the synthesis
of HI. Applying law of mass action,
m
Ans. Let us consider the formation of HI in which, ‘a’  x  x
moles of hydrogen and ‘b’ moles of iodine gas are [PC13 ][C12 ]  V   V  x2
allowed to react in a container of volume V. Let ‘x’ Kc = = =
[PC15 ]  a - x (a - x)V
co
moles of each of H2 and I2 react together to form 2x  
V
moles of HI.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) The equilibrium constant KP can also be calculated
as follows :
H2 I2 HI We know the relationship between the KC and Kp
s.
Initial number of moles a b 0 Kp = Kc(RT)(∆ng)
Number of moles reached x x 0 Here the
∆ng = np – nr = 2 – 1 = 1
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Number of moles at a–x b–x 2x
equilibrium Hence Kp = KC (RT)
We know that PV = nRT
Active mass or molar a -x b-x 2x
concentration at V PV
V V RT =
equilibrium n
Applying law of mass action,
o Where n is the total number of moles at equilibrium.
2 n = (a–x) + x + x = (a+x)
ab
 2x 
[HI]2   4x 2 x2 PV
V Kp =
Kc = = =
[H 2 ][I 2 ]  a - x  b - x (a - x)(b - x) (a - x)V n
   
V V x2 PV x 2P
Kp = =
ur
The equilibrium constant Kp can also be calculated (a - x)V (a + x) (a - x) (a + x)

as follows :
We know the relationship between the Kc and Kp 4. Equilibrium constant KC for the reaction,
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) at 500K is 0.061.
Kp = KC (RT) (∆ng)
.s
Here the, ∆n(g) = np – nr = 2 – 2 = 0 At particular time, the analysis shows that the
4x 2 composition of the reaction mixture is 3.0 mol L–1
Hence Kp = KC ; Kp = of N2; 2.0 mol L–1 of H2; 0.50 mol L–1 of NH3. Is
(a - x)(b - x)
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the reaction at equilibrium?

3. Arrive at the expressions of Kp and KC for the
Ans. The given reaction is N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
dissociation of PC15. According to available data
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Ans. Consider that 'a' moles of PC15 is taken in a container N2 = (3.0) H2 = (2.0) NH3 = (0.50)
of volume V. Let 'x' moles of PC15 be dissociated
( NH )
2
into x moles of PC13 and x moles of C12. 3( g )
QC = 3
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PC15(g) PC13(g) + C12(g)  N 2( g )   H 2( g ) 

  
PCl5 PCl3 Cl2 [0.50]2 = 0.25 = 0.0104
=
Initial number of moles a 0 0 (3.0)(2.0) 24
Number of moles x 0 0
dissociated

5. Explain : How does the extent of reaction depend on KC?

Ans.
Value of KC KC < 103 103 < KC < 103 KC > 103
Relative [Products << [Reactants] Significant quantity of Products [Products] >> [Reactants]
concentrations and Reactants
m
of reactants and
products
Extent of Reaction makes a little Both the forward and backward Reaction nearly goes to
co
reaction progress in the forward reaction reaction make completion
direction significant progress
Prediction Reverse reaction is favoured Neither forward nor reverse Forward reaction is favoured
reaction predominates
Examples Decomposition of water at 500 Dissociation of bromine Formation of HCI at 300K
s.
K monochloride at 1000 K H2(g) + C12(g) 2HC1(g)
2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2 (g) 2BrC1(g) Br2(g) +C12(g) KC = 4 × 1031
KC = 4.1 ×10–48 KC = 5 Oxidation of carbon
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Oxidation of nitrogen Formation HI at 700 K monoxide at 1000 K
at 1000 K H2(g) + I(g) 2HI(g) 2CO(g) + O2 (g)
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) KC KC=57.0 2CO2(g)
= 1 × 10 –30 KC = 2.2 × 1022
6. Explain the effect of concentration, pressure, temperature, catalyst and inert gas on equilibrium.
Ans.
o
Direction in which
ab
Condition Stress
equilibrium shifts
Addition of reactants (increase in reactant
concentration)
Forward reaction
Removal of products (decrease in product
ur
concentration)
Concentration
Addition of products (increase in product
concentration)
Reverse reaction
.s
Removal of reactants (decrease in reactant

concentration)
Reaction that favours fewer
Increase of pressure (Decrease in volume)
moles of the gaseous molecules
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Pressure
Reaction that favours more
Decrease of pressure (Increase in volume)
moles of the gaseous molecules
Increase (High T) Towards endothermic reaction
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Temperature (Alters
equilibrium constants) Decrease (Low T) Towards exothermic reaction
Catalyst (Speeds up the
Addition of catalyst No effect
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attainment of equilibrium)
Inert gas Addition of inert gas at constant volume No effect

CREATIVE QUESTIONS [HOTS]

2 MARKS Sol : CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(s)
1. How will you arrive at the unit of equilibrium Df H° = Df H°[CaO(s)] + Df H°[CO2(g)] – Df H°[CaCO3(s)]
m
constant? Df H° = – 650 + (395.9) – (–1206.9)
Ans. (i) The units of Kp and Kc depend on the value of = +161 kJ mol–1
Dng Because DH value is positive, so the reaction is
co
(ii) If number of moles of reactants and products endothermic. Hence, according to Le-Chatelier's
are equal (ie) Dng = 0; Then Kp and Kc have no principle, reaction will proceed in forward direction
units. on increasing temperature.
(iii) If there is increase or decrease in the number of
s.
moles of the reaction, then 5 MARKS
Unit of Kp is (atmosphere)Dng 1. Write a relation between DG and Q and define the
Unit of Kc is (mol per litre)Dng meaning of each term and answer the following
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2. 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g); DH = –117 kJ. (i) Why a reaction proceeds forward when
Q < K and no net reaction occurs when
(i) Predict the effect of an increase in Q = K?
concentration of NO.
(ii) Explain the effect of increase in pressure in
o
(ii) Predict the effect of pressure decrease as a terms of reaction quotient Q.
result of increased volume on the equilibrium
For the reaction,
ab
concentration of NO2.
CO(g) + 3H2(g) 
→ CH4(g) + H2O(g)
Sol : 2NO + O
2NO ; DH = –117 kJ
(g) 2(g) 2(g)
Ans. The relation between DG and Q is
(i) If we increase the concentration of NO, the rate DG = DG° + RT In Q
of forward reaction will increase, i.e. more NO2
ur
DG =
change in free energy as the reaction
will be formed.
proceeds
(ii) Decrease in pressure will favour backward
DG° = standard free energy
reaction, i.e. less NO2 will be formed.
.s
Q = reaction quotient
3. Following data is given for the reason,
R = gas constant
CaCO3(s)  → CaO(s) + CO2(s)
T = absolute temperature in K
Df H°[CaO(s)] = –650.0 kJ mol–1
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(i) Since, DG° = –RT ln K

Df H°[CO2(g)] = –395.9 kJ mol–1
\ DG = –RT ln K + RT ln Q;
Df H°[CaCO3(s)] = –1206.9 kJ mol–1 Q
DG = RT ln
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Predict the effect of temperature on the K

equilibrium constant of the above reaction.
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If Q < K, DG will be negative and the reaction (d) removal of CH3OH on the equilibrium
proceeds in the forward direction. If Q = K, DG
of the reaction, 2H2(g) + CO(g)
= 0 reaction is in equilibrium and there is no net CH3OH(g)
reaction. (ii) What happens to an equilibrium in a
(ii) CO + 3H
CH + H O reversible reaction if a catalyst is added to it?
(g) 2(g) 4(g) 2 (g)
m
Kc =
[CH 4 ][H 2O] Ans. (i) 2H 2(g)
+ CO
(g)

CH OH3 (g)
[CO][H 2 ]3 According to Le-Chatelier’s principle,
On increasing pressure, volume decreases. If (a) addition of H2 (increase in concentration
co
we doubled the pressure, volume will be halved of reactants) shifts the equilibrium in
but the molar concentrations will be doubled. forward direction (more product is
Then, formed).
2 [CH 4 ].2 [ H 2 O] 1 [CH 4 ][ H 2 O] 1 (b)
addition of CH3OH (increase in
s.
Qc = = = Kc concentration of product) shifts the
2 [CO ]{2 [ H 2 ]} 4 [CO ][ H 2 ]3
3
4
equilibrium in backward direction.
Therefore, Qc is less than Kc, so Qc will tend (c) removal of CO also shifts the equilibrium
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to increase to re-establish equilibrium and the in backward direction.
reaction will go in forward direction. (d) removal of CH3OH shifts the equilibrium
CO + 3H
CH + H O in forward direction.
(g) 2(g) 4(g) 2 (g)
(ii) When catalyst is added, the state of equilibrium
2. (i) Describe the effect of
o is not disturbed but equilibrium is attained
(a) addition of H2 quickly. This is because the catalyst increases
ab
(b) addition of CH3OH the rate of forward and backward reaction to the
same extent.
(c) removal of CO

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.s
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w
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SURA'S. MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 3

11th
STD.
Time Allowed : 2.30 hours CHEMISTRY Marks : 70
m
PART - A 6. The partial pressure of nitrogen in air is 0.76 atm and
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS: (15 × 1 = 15) its Henry's law constant is 7.6 × 104 atm at 300K. What
1. The volume occupied by any gas at S.T.P. is ____ . is the molefraction of nitrogen gas in the solution
obtained when air is bubbled through water at 300K?
co
(a) 22.4 litres (b) 2.24 litres
a) 1 × 10–4 b) 1 × 10–6 c) 2 × 10–5 d) 1 × 10–5
(c) 224 litres (d) 0.224 litres
7. Molar heat of vapourisation of a liquid is 4.8 kJ mol–1.
2. Assertion : Helium has the highest value of
If the entropy change is 16 J mol–1 K–1, the boiling
ionisation energy among all the
point of the liquid is _________
elements known
s.
(a) 323 K (b) 27° C (c) 164 K (d) 0.3 K
Reason : Helium has the highest value of electron
affinity among all the elements known 8. Assertion : Oxygen molecule is paramagnetic.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is Reason :
It has two unpaired electron in its
bonding molecular orbital.
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correct explanation for the assertion
a) both assertion and reason are true and reason is
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but the reason
the correct explanation of assertion
is not the correct explanation for the assertion
b) both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
(c) Assertion is true and the reason is false the correct explanation of assertion
(d) Both assertion and the reason are false c) assertion is true but reason is false
o
3. For alkali metals, which one of the following trends d) Both assertion and reason are false
is incorrect ?
9. Which of the following carbocation will be most
ab
(a) Hydration energy : Li > Na > K > Rb
stable? +
(b) Ionisation energy : Li > Na > K > Rb a) Ph3C–+ b) CH3–CH2– +
(c) Density : Li < Na < K < Rb +
c) (CH3)2–CH d) CH2 = CH – CH2
(d) Atomic size : Li < Na < K < Rb 10. Which one of the following is incorrect statement ?
4. Match the list I with list II and select the correct
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a) For a system at equilibrium, Q is always less than

answer using the code given below the lists the equilibrium constant.
List-I List-II b) Equilibrium can be attained from either side of the
A Chloromycetin 1 Malaria reaction.
.s
B Thyroxine 2 Typhoid Fever c) Presence of catalyst affects both the forward

reaction and reverse reaction to the same extent.
C Chloroquine 3 Anaesthetic d) Equilibrium constant varied with temperature.
D Halothane 4 Goitre
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11. Match the List I with List II and select the correct
A B C D answer using the code given below the lists
a 1 2 3 4 List I List II
b 3 1 4 2
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A Depletion of ozone layer 1 CO2

c 2 3 1 4
B Acid rain 2 NO
d 4 2 3 1
C Photochemical smog 3 SO2
5. Almost the entire mass of an atom is concentrated in
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the __________. D Green house effect 4 CFC

(a) proton (b) electrons A B C D
(c) neutrons (d) nucleus (a) 3 4 1 2
(b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 4 3 2 1
(d) 2 4 1 3
[467]

468u��Sura’s  XI Std -Model Question Paper 2018-19
12. Rate of diffusion of a gas is 26. Among ortho, meta and para substituted
(a) directly proportional to its density diahalobenzenes which has high melting point? Give
(b) directly proportional to its molecular weight reason with example.
(c) directly proportional to its square root of its 27. What is the effect of added inert gas on the reaction at
molecular weight equilibrium?
(d) inversely proportional to the square root of its 28. What do you understand by stoichiometric co-
m
molecular weight efficients in a chemical equation?
13. Which one of the following statements is incorrect 29. A balloon filled with air at room temperature and
with regard to ortho and para dihydrogen ? cooled to a much lower temperature can be used as a
co
(a) They are nuclear spin isomers model for Charle’s law.
(b) Ortho isomer has zero nuclear spin whereas the 30. What are spontaneous reactions? What are the
para isomer has one nuclear spin conditions for the spontaneity of a process?
(c) The para isomer is favoured at low temperatures 31. Write the uses of calcium hydroxide.
(d) The thermal conductivity of the para isomer is 32. How can domestic waster be used as manure?
s.
50% greater than that of the ortho isomer. 33. How will you convert ethyl chloride in to
14. The general formula for alkadiene is ______ i) ethane ii) n- butane
a) CnH2n b) CnH2n–1 c) CnH2n–2 d) CnHn–2
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15. Benzene reacts with chlorine in presence of sun light PART - D
gives a compounds (A). The compound and its use are Answer all five questions : (5 × 5 = 25)
(a) C6Cl6, insecticide 34. (a) Calculate the number of atoms/molecules present
(b) C6H6Cl6, insecticide in the following:
(c) C6H5Cl, insecticide a) 10g of Hg
(d) C6H6Cl6, sterlising agent
o b) 1.8g of water
PART - B c) 100g of sulpurdioxide
ab
Answer six questions. Question No. 18 is d) 1kg of acetic acid
compulsory. Answer any five from the remaining: (OR)
(6 × 2 = 12) b) (i) The effect of uncertainty principle is
significant only for motion of microscopic
16. Write the common name for the following compounds.
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particles and is negligible for the macroscopic

(i) CH3OH (ii) C2H5OH
particles. Justify the statement with the help
(iii) C2H5–O–C2H5 (iv) CH3COOH
of a suitable example.
17. An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 (ii) How does the Bohr theory of the hydrogen
.s
neutrons. Deduce atom differ from that of Schrodinger?

(i) the number of protons.
35. (a) Define hydrogen bond and its types.
(ii) the electronic configuration of the element.
(or)
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18. Define modern periodic law.

(b) (i) State the third law of thermodynamics.
19. What is abnormal molar mass?
20. Categorise the redox reactions that occur in our daily (ii) Orbits are also called as stationary states.
life. Say whether the above statement is true or
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21. What are ternary Hydrides? Give examples. false. Justify you answer.
22. What is dead burnt plaster? 36. (a) (i) Radius of a cation is smaller than the parent
23. Define resonance effect. atom. Account for the following.
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24. Which bond is stronger s or p ? Why? (ii) I.E increases as we move across the period
but Ionisation enthalpies (I.E) of second
PART - C period of elements in the order.
Answer six questions. Question No. 27 is Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
compulsory. Answer any Five form the remaining : Explain why?
(6 × 3 = 18) (1) Be has higher I.E and B
25. List out the uses of alkenes. (2) O has lower I.E than N & F

Sura’s  XI Std -Model Question Paper 2018-19 �� 469
(OR) PART - B
(b) Explain the following observations 16. (i) Methyl alcohol
(a) Aerated water bottles are kept under water (ii) Ethyl alcohol
during summer
(iii) Di ethyl ether
(b) Liquid ammonia bottle is cooled before
(iv) Acetic acid
opening the seal
m
(c) The tyre of an automobile is inflated to slightly 17. (i) For a neutral atom,
lesser pressure in summer than in winter Number of electrons = number of protons
(d) The size of a weather balloon becomes larger 29 electrons = 29 protons.
co
and larger as it ascends up into larger altitude (ii) 29Z = 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d10,4s1
37. (a) Give a detailed account on the different (The element is copper).
mechanisms followed in elimination reaction. 18. The modern periodic law states that, “the physical
(OR) and chemical properties of the elements are periodic
s.
(b) (i) W hy do you classify mesomeric effect functions of their atomic numbers.” Draw the hydrogen
(M-effect) into +M and –M effect? bonding existing in the following compounds.
(ii) Why type of mesomeric effect is observed in 19. The dissociation or association of solute molecules
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phenol? Explain. would alter the total number of particles present in
38. (a) Describe Fajan's rule the solution and hence affect the results of measured
colligative properties. In such solutions, the value of the
(OR)
molar mass of the solute determined using colligative
(b) (i) When does a non-ideal solution is said to show properties would be different from the actual molar
a negative deviation?
o mass, and it is called abnormal molar mass.
(ii) Analyse the deviation observed in the solution s the number of solute involved in association.
ab
of phenol and aniline. 20. Fading of the colour of the clothes
Burning of cooking gas, fuel, wood, etc.

Rusting of Iron
ANSWERS Extraction of Metals.
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PART - A 21. Ternary hydrides are compounds in which the

1. (a) 22.4 litres molecule is constituted by hydrogen and two types of
2. (c) Assertion is true and the reason is false elements, e.g., LiB4 or LiA1H4.
3. (c) Density : Li < Na < K < Rb 22. When gypsum is heated above 393 K, no water of
.s
4. (b) 3 1 4 2 crystallisation is left and anhydrous calcium sulphate,

CaSO4 is formed. This is known as ‘dead burnt
5. (d) nucleus
plaster’.
6. (d) 1 × 10–5
23. The resonance is a chemical phenomenon which is
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7. (b) 27° C
8. (c) assertion is true but reason is false observed in certain organic compounds possessing
9. (a) Ph3C–+ double bonds at a suitable position. Certain organic
10. (a) For a system at equilibrium, Q is always less compounds can be represented by more than one
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than the equilibrium constant. structure and they differ only in the position of bonding
11. (c) 4 3 2 1 and lone pair of electrons. Such structures are called
12. (d) inversely proportional to the square root of its resonance structures (canonical structures) and this
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molecular weight phenomenon is called resonance. This phenomenon is

13. (b) Ortho isomer has zero nuclear spin whereas the also called mesomerism or mesomeric effect.
para isomer has one nuclear spin 24. Sigma σ bonds are strong than pi (p) bonds. Sigma
14. (c) CnH2n–2 bonds are formed by head on over lap of atomic
15. (b) C6H6Cl6, insecticide orbitals so extent of overlapping is maximum. Pi bonds
are weaker, since according to quantum mechanics, the
orbital path are parallel to there is much less overlap
between the p orbitals.

PART - C (ii) Criteria for spontaneity of a process : The

25. 1) Alkenes find many diverse applications in industry. spontaneity of any process depends on three
They are used as starting materials in the synthesis different factors. ΔH = –ve, ΔS = +ve, ΔG = –ve.
of alcohols, plastics, liquors, detergents and fuels 31. (i) in the preparation of mortar, a building material.
2) Ethene is the most important organic feed stock (ii) in white wash due to its disinfectant nature.
in the polymer industry. E.g. PVC, Sarans and (iii) in glass making, in tanning industry, for the
m
polyethylene. These polymer are used in the preparation of bleaching powder and for
manufacture of floor tiles, shoe soles, synthetic purification of sugar..
fibres, raincoats, pipes etc.,
co
26. The boiling points of isomeric dihalobenzene are 32. (i) Domestic wastes are collected in small dustbins
nearly the same. The melting point of para isomer is and carried to the disposable site.
generally higher than the melting points of ortho and (ii) The garbages are sorted out as bio-degradable and
meta isomers. The higher melting point of p-isomer is non-biodegradable.
due to its symmetry which leads to more close packing (iii) Then, the bio-degradable wastes (Eg: fruits,
s.
of its molecules in the crystal lattice and consequently vegetables, animal waste, etc) are deposited in
strong intermolecular attractive force which requires land fills and are converted into manure.
more energy for melting. 33. (i) Ethyl Chloride  → Ethane :
[H]
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p–Dihalobenzene > o-Dichlorobenzene > m-Dichloro CH3 − CH 2 − Cl → CH3 − CH3 + HCl
benzene. Zn / HCl
Ethyl Chloride Ethane
27. When an inert gas (i.e, a gas which does not react
with any other species involved in equilibrium) is (ii) Ethyl chloride  → n-Butane (Wurtz
added to an equilibrium system at constant volume,
o reaction) :
the total number of moles of gases present in the Dry
Ether
container increases, that is, the total pressure of gases CH3 − CH 2 − Cl + 2 Na + Cl − CH 2 − CH3 → C
increases. The partial pressure of the reactants and the Ethyl chloride
ab

products or the molar concentration of the substance Dry
involved in the reaction remains unchanged. Hence at Ether
CH3 − CH 2 − Cl + 2 Na + Cl − CH 2 − CH3 → CH3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH3 + 2 NaBr
constant volume, addition of inert gas has no effect on
Ethyl chloride n - Butanne
equilibrium.
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28. The co-efficients of reactants and products involved PART - D

in a chemical equation represented by the balanced 34. (a)
form are known as stoichiometric co-efficients. (a) 10g of Hg
Eg : N2(g) + 3H2(g)  → 2NH3(g) Atomic mass of Hg = 200 gmol–1
.s
The stoichiometric co-efficients are 1, 3 and 2 200 g of mercury contains 6.023× 1023 atoms of
respectively.
mercury.
29. Charles law states that “At constant pressure, the 10 g of mercury contains
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volume of a given mass of an ideal gas is directly 10 × 6.023 × 1023

proportional to its temperature.” =
According to Charles Law, if we were to take a balloon 200
filled with air and increase the temperature of the air = 0.301 × 1023 = 3.01 × 1024
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atoms of mercury.
inside, the volume of air would increase causing the
balloon to expand. This is caused by the heating of (b) 1.8g of water
the molecules of air inside the balloon causing them 1 mole of water = 18 g mol–1
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to move rapidly. In the same manner if we cooled 18 g of water contains 6.023 × 1023 molecules of
the balloon in a freezer, the volume of air decrease, water
making the balloon look partially deflated.
1.8 × 6.023 × 1023
1.8g of water contains =
30. (i) spontaneous reaction : A reaction that occurs 18
under the given set of conditions without any
= 0.602 × 1023
external driving force is called a spontaneous
= 6.02 × 1024
reaction. Molecules of water
(c) 100g of sulphur dioxide 35. .(a) (i) H ydrogen bond : When a hydrogen atom (H) is
Molecular mass of SO2 = 64 covalently bonded to a highly electronegative
64g of sulphur dioxide contains = 6.023 × 1023 atom (F or O or N), the bond is polarized in
such a way that the hydrogen atom is able to
Molecules of SO2
form a weak bond (electrostatic attraction)
100 × 6.023 × 1023 between the hydrogen atom of a molecule and
∴100g of SO2 contains =
m
64 the electronegative atom a second molecule.
The bond thus formed is called a hydrogen
= 9.41
bond.
molecules of SO2 (ii) Intermolecular Hydrogen :
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(d) 1Kg of acetic acid Intermolecular hydrogen bonds occur between
Molecular mass of acetic acid = 60 two separate molecules.
60g of acetic acid contains = 6.023×1023 They can occur between any numbers of like or
Molecules of acetic acid unlike molecules as long as hydrogen donors
s.
∴1000g of acetic acid contains and acceptors are present an in positions in
which they can interact. Eg: Water, HF, etc,.
1000 × 6.023 × 10
= (iii) Intramolecular Hydrogen :
60 This type of bond is formed between hydrogen
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= 100 ×1023 atom and N, O or F atom of the same
molecules of acetic acid Oxidation number : It is
molecule.
defined as the imaginary charge left on the atom This type of hydrogen bonding is commonly
when all other atoms of the compound have been
o called chelation and is more frequently found
removed in their usual oxidation states that are in organic compounds. Eg: o-nitro phenol,
assigned according to set of rules. salicylic acid, etc,.
(OR) (or)
ab
(b) (i) If uncertainty principle is applied to an object of b) (i) (1) The third law of thermodynamics states
mass that the entropy of pure crystalline
substance at absolute zero is zero.
say about a milligram (10–6 kg), then
(2) It can also be stated as it is impossible
h
ur
∆v.∆x = to lower the temperature of an object to

4πm absolute zero in a finite number of steps.
6.626 × 10 −34 kg m 2 s −1 (3) Mathematically,
Dv. Dx =
4 × 3.14 × 10 −6 kg lim S = 0 for a perfectly ordered crystalline
.s
T→0
= 0.52 × 10–28 m2 s–1
state.
The value of Dv. Dx obtained is extremely (ii) The statement is true. According to Bohr, as
small and is insignificant. Therefore, for long as an electron remains in a particular orbit,
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milligram sized or heavier objects, the it does not lose or gain energy. This means
associated uncertainties are hardly of any real that energy of an electron in a particular path
consequence. remains constant. Therefore, these orbits are
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(ii) B
ohr’s theory does not consider the de-Broglie also called stationary states.
concept of dual nature of electron and also 36. (a) (i) A cation is formed by loss of one or more
contradicts with the Heisenberg's uncertainty electrons. The nuclear charge remains
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principle, while the Schrodinger equation is the same but the number of electrons
based on quantum mechanics which deals becomes less than the parent resulting
with the microscopic objects having both the in the increase in the effective nuclear
particle as well as wave like character. charge per electron. This causes decrease
(or) in size.

(ii) (1) 4Be – 1s2 2s2 ; 5B – 1s2 2s2 2p1 (d) The size of a weather balloon becomes
The I.E. of Be is more than that of B though the larger and larger as it ascends up into larger
nuclear charge of boron atom (Z = 5) is greater than altitude :
that of beryllium atom (Z = 4). This can be explained According to Boyle’s law, the volume of a gas is
as follows: inversely proportional to the pressure at a given
Boron atom (Z = 5; 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py0 2pz0) is having temperature. As the weather balloon ascends,
m
one unpaired electron in the 2p-subshell. Be-atom atmospheric pressure is less, pressure of the gas
(Z = 4; 1s2 2s2) is having paired electrons in the tends to decrease and so volume as well as the
2s-subshell. size of the balloon increases.
37. (a) Elimination reactions may proceed through two
co
As the fully filled 2s-subshell in Be-atom is more
stable than B-atom due to symmetry, more energy different mechanisms namely E1 and E2
would be needed to remove an electron from Be-atom. Elimination
Hence, Be has high I. E. E2 bimolecular
Hence I.E of Be > B. (Second order)
s.
2 2 1 1 1
7 N − 1s , 2s , 2p x , 2p y , 2p z (i) The rate of E2 reaction depends on the
concentration of alkyl halide and base
O − 1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2p 2x , 2p1y , 2p1z
(2) 8 Rate = k [alkyl halide] [base]
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∴ O has lower I.E than N. (ii) It is therefore, a second order reaction.
(OR) Generally primary alkyl halide undergoes this
reaction in the presence of alcoholic KOH. It is
(b) (a) Aerated water bottles are kept under water a one step process in which the abstraction of
during summer : the proton from the β carbon and expulsion of
In aerated water bottles, CO2 gas is passed
o halide from the α carbon occur simultaneously.
through the aqueous solution under pressure The mechanism is shown below.
ab
since solubility of the gas in water is not H
HO -
very high. In summer, the solubility of the
alcoholic
gas in water is likely to decrease since rise CH3 CH CH2 Cl
in temperature decreases solubility. Pressure KOH
1-chloro propane
becomes too high for the glass bottle to with
ur
stand and so explodes. To avoid this, bottles are CH3 CH = CH2 + H2O + KCl
kept under water. Propene

(b) Liquid ammonia bottle is cooled before E1 reaction mechanism
opening the seal : Elimination
.s
At room temperature, vapour pressure of liquid E1 Unimolecular

ammonia is very high and so will evaporate.
If the bottle is opened, the sudden decrease in (iii) Generally, tertiary alkyl halide which undergoes
w
pressure will lead to increase in volume of the elimination reaction by this mechanism in the
gas and cause breakage of the bottle. Cooling presence of alcoholic KOH. It follows first
decreases the vapour pressure and maintains order kinetics. Let us consider the following
w
the liquid in the same state. Hence, the bottle is elimination reaction.
cooled before opening. Step - 1: Heterolytic fission to yield a carbocation
(c) The tyre of an automobile is inflated to CH3
slightly lesser pressure in summer than in
w
Slow
winter : CH3 C Cl
Air pressure is directly proportional to CH3
temperature. During summer, increase in
temperature increases pressure of air in the tube CH3 CH3
which causes the tube to burst. So tyres are Cl
C
inflated to lesser pressure in summers than in
winters. CH 3

Step - 2 Elimination of a proton from the β - carbon 38. (a) The ability of a cation to polarise an anion is
to produce an alkene. called its polarising ability and the tendency of an
HO : anion to get polarised is called its polarisability.
The extent of polarisation in an ionic compound
CH3 CH2 H fast is given by the Fajans rules
C Fajans Rules :
m
(i) To show greater covalent character, both the cation
CH3 CH2 and anion should have high charge on them. Higher
CH3
C H 2O the positive charge on the cation, greater will be
Carbocation the attraction on the electron cloud of the anion.
co
CH 3 Similarly higher the magnitude of negative charge
on the anion, greater is its polarisability. Hence, the
2 - Methyl propene increase in charge on cation or in anion increases

the covalent character
(OR)
Let us consider three ionic compounds
s.
(b) (i) S
imilar to the other electron displacement effect,
aluminum chloride, magnesium chloride and
mesomeric effect is also classied into positive
sodium chloride. Since the charge of the cation
mesomeric effect (+M or +R) and negative
increase in the order Na+ < Mg2+ < Al3+, the
mesomeric effect (–M of –R) based on the
ok
covalent character also follows the same order
nature of the functional group present adjacent
NaCl < MgCl2 < AlCl3.
to the multiple bond.
(ii) The smaller cation and larger anion show
(ii)
Resonance is useful in explaining certain
properties such as acidity of phenol. The greater covalent character due to the greater
extent of polarisation.
o
phenoxide ion is more stabilised than phenol by
resonance effect (+M effect) and hence resonance Lithium chloride is more covalent than sodium
favours ionisation of phenol to form H+ and shows chloride. e size of Li+ is smaller than Na+ and
ab
acidity. hence the polarising power of Li+ is more.
O H O
O H
H
Lithium iodide is more covalent than lithium
chloride as the size of I– is larger than the Cl–.
Hence I– will be more polarised than Cl– by the
cation, Li+.
ur
O H O
O H
H
(iii) Cations having ns2 np6 nd10 configuration show
O
O H
H
greater polarising power than the cations with
ns2 np6 configuration. Hence, they show greater
.s
covalent character.
CuCl is more covalent than NaCl. Compared to
O O
Na+ (1.13 Å). Cu+ (0.6 Å) is small and have 3s2
O O
3p6 3d10 conguration.
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Electronic conguration of Cu+

[Ar] 3s2, 3p6, 3d10
Electronic Conguration of Na+
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O O O
O
O O
[He] 2s2, p6
(b) (i) The escaping tendency of A and B will be lower
when compared with an ideal solution formed
w
by A and B. Hence, the vapour pressure of such

The above structures shows that there is a solutions will be lower than the sum of the
charge separation in the resonance structure of vapour pressure of A and B. is type of deviation
phenol which needs energy, where as there is no is called negative deviation. For the negative
such hybrid structures in the case of phenoxide deviation pA < p°A xA and pB < p°B xB.
ion. This increased stability accounts for the
acidic character of phenol.

(ii) Let us consider a solution of phenol and aniline. 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
330
Both phenol and aniline form hydrogen bonding
interactions amongst themselves. However, when 300 P= PA + PB
mixed with aniline, the phenol molecule forms
hydrogen bonding interactions with aniline, which
Vapour pressure
are stronger than the hydrogen bonds formed 200
m
amongst themselves. Formation of new hydrogen
bonds considerably reduce the escaping tendency 100
of phenol and aniline from the solution. As a result,
co
the vapour pressure of the solution is less and there 0
is a slight decrease in volume (∆Vmixing< 0) on 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
xA = 1 xA = 0
mixing. During this process evolution of heat takes xB = 0
Mole fraction
xB = 1
place (i.e.) ∆Hmixing< 0 (exothermic) Vapour pressure diagram showing negative deviation
Examples for non-ideal solutions showing negative Negative deviation from Raoult’s law. The dotted line (-----) is ideal behavior
s.
deviation : Acetone + chloroform, Chloroform and the solid lines (____) is actual behaviour
+ diethyl ether, Acetone + aniline,Chloroform +

Benzene.
ok

o
ab
ur
.s
w
w
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PUBLIC EXAMINATION – MARCH 2019

11th
STD.
Time Allowed : 2.30 hours CHEMISTRY Marks : 70
m
PART - I 8. What is pH of rain water ?
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS: (15 × 1 = 15) (a) 5.6 (b) 4.6
1. Many of the organic compounds are inflammable (c) 6.5 (d) 7.5
co
because of its :
9. Which compound is named as "Blue John" among the
(a) Vander Waal's force (b) Co-ordinate nature
(c) Covalent nature (d) Ionic nature following compounds ?
(a) Ca3(PO4)2 (b) CaO
2. When Δng is negative in chemical equilibrium reaction
then : (c) CaH2 (d) CaF2
s.
(a) Kp < Kc (b) Kp = 1/Kc 10. The element with positive electron gain enthalpy is :
(c) Kp = Kc (RT)–ve (d) Kp > Kc (a) Argon (b) Fluorine
ok
3273 K (c) Hydrogen (d) Sodium
3. CaO + 3C A + CO
(a) CaC2 (b) CO2 11. Which of the following molecule does not contain π
(c) Ca (d) Ca2O bond ?
(a) CO2 (b) H2O
4. Splitting of spectral lines in an electric field is called :
(a) Compton effect
o
(b) Stark effect (c) SO2 (d) NO2
(c) Zeeman effect (d) Shielding effect 12. Which of the following compound has same percentage
ab
5. Which of the following species does not exert a of Carbon as that of ethylene (C2H4) ?
resonance effect? + (a) benzene (b) ethane
(a) C6H5NH2 (b) C6H5NH3 (c) propene (d) ethyne
(c) C6H5OH (d) C6H5CI
ur
13. The SI unit of Molar heat capacity is :

6. Match the following :
(a) JK–1mol–1 (b) kJ mol+1
Compound Uses
(c) kJ mol–1 (d) cm
(1) Chloro picrin (i) Detection of
.s
primary amine 14. What percentage of solution of H2O2 is called as

(2) Methyl Isocyanide (ii) DDT "100–Volume" H2O2 ?
(3) Chloro benzene (iii) Paint remover (a) 15% (b) 50%
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(4) Methylene Chloride (iv) Soil sterilizer (c) 20% (d) 30%
(a) (1) – (iv), (2) – (iii), (3) – (ii), (4) – (i) 15. Osmotic pressure (π) of a solution is given by the
(b) (1) – (iii), (2) – (iv), (3) – (ii), (4) – (i) relation :
w
(c) (1) – (i), (2) – (ii), (3) – (iv), (4) – (iii) (a) πRT = n (b) V = πnRT
(d) (1) – (iv), (2) – (i), (3) – (ii), (4) – (iii) (c) π = nRT (d) πV = nRT
7. Use of hot air balloon in meteorological observatory is
w
an application of :
(a) Kelvin's Law (b) Brown's Law
(c) Boyle's Law (d) Newton's Law
[475]

476u�� Sura’s  Chemistry  XI Std - Public Examination – March 2019
PART - II (b) (i) State and explain Dobereiner's "Triad".

Answer any six of the following questions. (ii) Complete the following equation
Question No. 24 is compulsory. (6 × 2 = 12) Na2O2 + ? → Na2SO4 + H2O2
16. State and explain Pauli's Exclusion Principle. 35. (a) (i) A
mong the alkaline earth metals BeO is
insoluble in water but other oxides are
17. Define – Valency.
m
soluble. Why?
18. What are ideal gases? (ii) State Diffusion Law.
19. State the third law of Thermodynamics.
OR
co
20. What is called Bond Length? Name the techniques (b) (i) Calculate the entropy change during the
through which the length of a bond can be determined. melting of one mole of ice into water at 0°C.
21. Describe the reaction involved in the detection of Enthalpy of fusion of ice is 6008 J mol–1.
Nitrogen in an organic compound by Lassaigne (ii) Write the Balance chemical equation for the
Method. [CaO(s)] [CO2(g)]
s.
22. How is Alkane prepared from Grignard reagent? Kc =
[CaCO(s)]
23. Define – Acid rain.
36. (a) (i) NH3 and HCl do not obey Henry's law. Why?
ok
24. Which is the suitable method for detection of Nitrogen
(ii) Write the structure of the following
present in food and fertilizers?
compounds.
(A) NH3 (B) BF3
PART - III
Answer any six of the following questions. OR
Question No. 33 is compulsory. (6 × 3 = 18)
o (b) (i) I dentify the cis and trans isomers for the
25. Calculate the equivalent mass of H2SO4. following compounds.
ab
26. Explain diagonal relationship. H H
27. How is Tritium prepared? (A) C=C
28. Define – Le–Chatelier principle. H3C CH3
ur
29. State the term "Isotonic solution".

H H
30. Both C2H2 and CO2 have the same structure. Explain (B)
why. C=C
.s
H3C CH3
31. Write note on Williamson's Synthesis.
32. Explain why Ca(OH)2 is used in white washing. (ii) E
xplain with example the Positive
Mesomeric Effect.
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33. Give the structural formula for the following

compounds. 37. (a) (i) Write the IUPAC name for the following
(a) m – dinitrobenzene compound
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(b) p – dichlorobenzene (A) CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3

(c) 1,3,5 Tri–methyl Benzene
CH3
CH3
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PART - IV
Answer all five questions : (5 × 5 = 25) (B) H3C – C – CH3
34. (a) (i) Calculate oxidation number of oxygen in CH3
H2O2.
(ii) What are Nucleophiles and Electrophiles?
(ii) Write the de–Broglie eqution. Give one example each.
OR OR

Sura’s  Chemistry  XI Std - Public Examination – March 2019 �� 477
(b) (i) H
ow will you get the following products PART - II
with the given reactants? 16. Pauli's exclusion principle states that "No two
(A) Acetylene → Benzene electrons in an atom can have the same set of values
(B) Phenol → Benzene of all four quantum numbers. H(Z = 1) 1s–1.
(C) Benzene → Toluene one electron is present in hydrogen atom, the four
m
(ii) Write any two different components you get quantum numbers are: n = 1; l = 0; m = 0 and s = +½.
during fractional distillation of Coal Tar at For helium Z = 2. He : 1s2
any two different temperature. In this one electron has the quantum number. Same
as that of hydrogen n = 1, l = 0, m = 0 and s = –½.
co
38. (a) (i) A Compound having the empirical formula
For other quantum number is different i.e., n = 1,
C6H6O has the vapuor density 47. Find its
l = 0, m = 0 and s = –½.
Molecular formula.
(ii) The Simple Aromatic Hydrocarbon 17. Define valency of an element may be defined as the
compound (A) reacts with Bromine to give combining capacities of elements. The electrons
s.
(B). Compound (A) reacts with Raney Ni present in the outermost shell are called valence
and gives (C). Identify (A), (B) and (C). electrons and these electrons determine the valency of
OR the atom.
ok
(b) (i) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) 18. An ideal gas is defined as one in which all collisions
between atoms or molecules are perfectly eleastic and
alculate the standard entropy change for the
C
in which there are no intermolecular attractive forces.
above reaction, given the standard entropies
An ideal gas is a gas that obeys the ideal gas law,
of CO2(g), C(s), O2(g) are 213.6, 5.740 and 205
PV = nRT, where n is the number of moles of the gas,
JK–1 respectively.
o R is the ideal gas constant,pressure P, volume V, and
(ii) Identify the compound (A) and (B) temperature T.
ab
H2O/H+ H2O/H+ 19. (i) The third law of thermodynamics states that
R– C ≡ N (A) (B).
the entropy of pure crystalline substance at
 absolute zero is zero.
ANSWERS (ii) It can also be stated as it is impossible to lower
ur
the temperature of an object to absolute zero

PART - I in a finite number of steps.
1. (c) Covalent nature (iii) Mathematically,
2. (a) Kp < Kc lim S = 0 for a perfectly ordered crystalline
.s
T→0
3. (a) CaC2
state.
4. (d) Shielding effect
20. The distance between the nuclei of the two covalently
5. (b) C6H5NH3 bonded atoms is called bond length.
w
6. (d) (1) – (iv), (2) – (i), (3) – (ii), (4) – (iii) The length of a bond can be determined by
7. (c) Boyle's Law spectroscopic, x-ray diffraction and electron-
diffraction techniques
w
8. (a) 5.6
9. (d) CaF2 21. Na + C
+
N 
→ NaCN
10. (a) Argon from organic compounds
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11. (b) H2O

FeSO 4 + 2 NaOH  → Fe (OH )2 + Na 2SO 4
12. (c) Propene (from excess of sodium)
13. (a) JK–1mol–1
14. (d) 30%
15. (d) πV = nRT

27. (i) By bombarding lithium with slow neutrons

6 NaCN + Fe (OH )2 
→ Na 4  Fe (CN )6  + 2 NaOH
Sod.ferrocyanide
(ii) 3Li6 + 0n1 → 1T3 + 2He4
28. It states that “If a system at equilibrium is disturbed,
3Na 4  Fe (CN )6  + 4FeCl3 
→ Fe 4  Fe (CN )6  + 12 NaCl
3 then the system shifts itself in a direction that nullfiies
ferric ferrocyanide Prussian
blue or green ppt the effect of that disturbance.”
m
29. (i) Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a
22. CH3 MgI + HO − H  → CH 4 + MgI (OH ) given temperature are called isotonic solutions.
( or ) (ii) When such solutions are separated by a
∆
CH3 MgI + C2 H5OH → CH 4 + MgI (OC2 H5 ) semipermeable membrane, solvent flow
co
Ethyl alcohol methane between one to the other on either direction is
23. Rain water normally has a pH of 5.6 due to dissolution same, i.e. the net solvent flow between the two
of atmospheric CO2 into it. Oxides of sulphur isotonic solutions is zero.
and nitrogen in the atmosphere may be absorbed 30.
s.
by droplets of water that make up clouds and get Molecule concept Geometry
chemically converted into sulphuric acid and nitric
C2H2 Hybridisation (sp) Linear
acid respectively as a results of pH of rain water drops
CO2 VSEPR (AB2) Linear
ok
to the level 5.6, hence it is called acid rain.
24. Kjeldahls method : This method is carried much more 31. Williamson's synthesis : Halo alkanes when boiled
easily than the Dumas method. It is used largely in with sodium alkoxide gives the corresponding other.
the analysis of foods and fertilizers. Kjeldahls method CH3 – CH2Br + CH3 CH2 ONa CH3 – CH2– O – CH2 – CH3 + NaBr
is based on the fact that when an organic compound Bromo Sodium Diethyl ether
o
containing nitrogen is heated with conc. H2SO4, the ethane ethoxide
nitrogen in it is quantitatively converted to ammonium 32. White wash due to its disinfectant nature.
ab
sulphate. 33. NO 2 Cl CH 3
PART - III 33 44
44 22 33 55
25. H2SO4 basicity = 2eq mol–1
Molar mass of H2SO4 = (2 × 1) + (1 × 32) + 55
11
22 66
ur
(4 × 16) 66
NO 2 11 H 3C CH 3
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
= 98 g mol–1 1,3-dinitrobenzene
(i)
Cl (iii)
p-dichloro benzene
98 (ii)
Gram equivalent of H2SO4 =
2
.s
PART - IV
= 49 g eq–1
26. On moving diagonally across the periodic table, 34. a (i) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
the second and third period elements show certain 2 (+ 1) + 2x = 0; ⇒ 2x = –2 ; ⇒ x = –1
w
similarities. It is quite pronounced in the following (ii) � de-Broglie combined the following two
pair of 1elements.
Group Group 2 Group 13 Group 14 equations of energy of which one represents
wave character (hυ) and the other represents
Li Be B C
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the particle nature (mc2).

(i) Planck’s quantum hypothesis : E = hν
Na Mg Al Si
(ii) Einsteins mass-energy relationship :
The similarity in properties existing between the
w
E = mc2
diagonally placed elements is called ‘diagonal
From (i) and (ii)
relationship’.
hν = mc2
hc/λ = mc2
λ = h / mc


� The equation represents the wavelength of λ = h / mv
photons whose momentum is given by mc � This is valid only when the particle travels at
(Photons have zero rest mass) speeds much less than the speed of light.
� For a particle of matter with mass m and moving (or)
with a velocity v, the equation can be written as
34. b (i) some elements such as chlorine, bromine and iodine with similar chemical properties into the group of three
m
elements called as triads. In triads, the atomic weight of the middle element nearly equal to the arithmetic mean
of the atomic weights of the remaining two elements. Any one example
S. No. Elements in the Atomic weight of Average atomic weight of the
co
Triad middle element remaining elements
1 Li, Na, K 23 7 + 39
= 23
2
2 Cl, Br, I 80
s.
35.5 + 127
= 81.25
2
3 Ca, Sr, Ba 88 40 + 137
ok
= 88.5
2
(ii) Na2O2 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
35. a (i) BeO is amphoteric, BeO oxide is covalent due to (iii) The gases reacting with the solvent do not obey
o
the small size of Be2+ ion. So BeO insoluble in Henry’s law. For example, ammonia or HCl
water reacts with water and hence does not obey this
ab
(ii) When two non-reactive gases are allowed to mix, law.
the gas molecules migrate from region of higher NH3+ H2O NH+4 + OH–
concentration to a region of lower concentration. (iv) The gases obeying Henry’s law should not
This property of gas which involves the movement associate or dissociate while dissolving in the
of the gas molecules through another gases is
ur
solvent.
called diffusion. (ii) (a) A= N atom; B= H atoms
A
(or)
B B
b (i) H 2 O (S) 273
K
→ H 2 O (l )
.s
∆H fusion B
∆Sfusion = pyramidal
Tf
(b) B A= B atom; B= F atoms
6008
=
w
273 A
1200
∆S fusion = 22 .007 J K −1 mole −1

B B
Trigonal planar
(ii) CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g )
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(or)
(or)
b (i) H H H CH3
36. a (i)
C C C C
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(i) Henry’s law is applicable at moderate

temperature and pressure only. H3C CH3 H 3C H
(ii) Only the less soluble gases obeys Henry’s law Cis -2-butene Trans 2-butene

(ii) Positive resonance effect occurs, when the electrons move away from substituent attached to the conjugated
system. It occurs, if the electron releasing substituents are attached to the conjugated system.
In such cases, the attached group has a tendency to release electrons through resonance. These electron releasing
groups are usually denoted as +R or +M groups.
Examples : –OH, –SH, –OR, –SR, –NH2, –O–
m
37. (a)
(i) IUPAC names
(a) 2- methylbutane
(b) 2,2-dimethylpropane
co
(ii) Nucleophiles are reagents that have high affinity for electro positive centers.
(any two examples)
Types Examples Electron rich site
Ammonia (NH3) and amines (RNH2) N:
s.
Neutral molecules having Water (H2O), alcohols (ROH) and ethers (R-O-R) :O:
unshared pair of electron
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and thiols (RSH) :S:
ok
Chlorides (Cl–), bromides (Br–) and iodides (I–) X–
Negatively charged Hydroxide (HO– ), alkoxide (RO–) and Carboxlate ions O–
nucleophiles (RCOO–)
Cyanide (CN–) N–
o
Electrophiles are reagents that are attracted towards negative charge or electron rich center. (any two examples)
ab
Types Examples Electron rich site
Carbon dioxide (CO2), dichlorocarbene (:CCl2) C
Neutral electrophiles Aluminium chloride (AlCl3), boron trifluoride Metal (M)
(BF3) and ferric chloride (FeCl3)
ur
Carbocations (R+) C+
Proton (H+) H+
Positively charged
Alkyl halides (RX) X+
electrophiles
.s
Oxonium ion (H3O+) and nitrosonium ion (NO+) O+

Nitronium ion (+NO2) N+
w
(or)
w
w

(b) (i) 38. (a) (i)

Empirical Formula = C6H6O
(a) 3 CH CH
Red Hot Iron tube Molar mass
n =
873 K Calculated empirical formula mass
Benzene 2 × vapour density 2 × 47
= = =1
m
(b) C6 H5OH + Zn 
→ C6 H 6 + ZnO 94 94
Phenol Benzenee molecular formula (C6H6O) × 1 = C6H6O
anhydrous AlCl3 (ii) C6 H 6 + Br2 FeBr
 3 → C H Br
(c) C6 H 6 + CH3Cl → C6 H5CH3 + HCl 6 5
co
Benzene chloromethane toluene (A) (B)
anhydrous AlCl
3
C6 H 6 + CH3Cl  → C6 H5CH3 + HCl
Raney Ni
Benzene chloromethane toluene C6 H 6 + 3H 2 
→ C6 H12 + HBr
(ii) A-Benzene; B-Bromo benzene; C-Cyclohexane
s.
Name of the Temperature Name of the (or)
Fraction Range Compenents (b) (i)
1. Crude 350 - 443 K Benzene, Toluene, C (g ) + O 2 (g ) 
→ CO 2 (g )

ok
light oil Xylenes
2. Middle oil 443 - 503 K Phenol, ∆S0r = ∑ S0products − ∑ S0reactants
3. Heavy oil 503 - 543 K

Naphthalene
Naphthalene,
{
∆S0r = SCO
0
2 } {
− SC0 + SO
0
2 }
Cresol ∆S0r = 213.6 − [5.74 + 205]
4. Green oil 543 - 633 K Anthracene
o ∆S0r = 213.6 − [ 210.74]
ab
5. Pitch Alone 633 K Residue ∆S0r = 2.86 JK −1

(ii)
H 2O / H + H 2O / H +
ur
R − C ≡  → RCONH 2  → RCOOH

(A) (B)

.s

w
w
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(i) Choosing the correct option (ii) Matching

Public Exam Question Paper March 2019 with Answer Key

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Molecular mass Stoichiometric calculations

Mole concept  Mass – volume relationship

PART II : REDOX REACTIONS

 Combination reactions  Ion-electron method for balancing

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Chemistry - The centre of life

Equivalent mass of 3. displacement reaction

2. bases 5. competitive electron

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No. of gram equivalents of solute

MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

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can be expressed in moles or in terms of mass unit or as volume.

are called combination reaction.

Displacement : Redox reactions in which an ion (or an atom) in a compound is replaced by an

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Oxidation : Classical concept - Addition of oxygen (or) Removal of hydrogen.

I. Choose The Best Answer :

(d) 120 ml CO2 gas [Ans. (a) 40 ml CO2 gas]

the element X is closest to (c) both carbon and oxygen

2 × 12g carbon combines with 32g of oxygen

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13. Which one of the following represents 180g of

1 mole of an ideal gas occupies at 22.4 L.  [Ans. (a) NO]

10. Hot concentrated sulphuric acid is a moderately 7.5g

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 [Ans. (c) S2 O 42 − < SO32 − < S2 O62 −

molar mass of ferrous oxalate 612.5 × 10 −3 L

3 No. of. moles

 → Fe3+ + CO 42+

(a) 7.5 g ethane (b) 8 g methane

balanced equation 23. Which of the following compound(s) has /have

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(ii) acetone [CH3COCH3]

molecules or ions. It is denoted by the symbol "n". O : 1 × 16 = 16.00

Ans. The equivalent mass of an element, compound or ion

29. What do you understand by the term oxidation 61.03 g mol–1

Ans. Oxidation number refers to the number of charges H : 2 × 1.01 = 2.02

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(c) 50 atoms of x + 25 atoms of y + 50 molecules of z2

Ans. Reaction : x + y + z2   → xyz2

(c) 50 atom 25 atom 50 molecules 25 atom 25 atom 25 molecules y

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(1 × at.mass of O) = 28.01 g mol–1

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Molecular Empirical = 0.5 mole of ethane.

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Ferrous ion is oxidized by H2O2 to Ferric ion

molecular formula n × n empirical formula

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Empirical formula mass = (23 × 2) + (32 × 1) + (16 + 4) + (10 × 18)

Cu + 2HNO3 + 2HNO3  → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + H2SO4 → K2SO2 + MnSO4 + CO2 + H2O

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45. Balance the following equations by ion electron method.

⇒ Cr2 O72 − + 3C2 O 42 − + 14H + 

(1) ⇒ 2S2 O32 − 

 Combination reactions  Ion-electron method for balancing

(d) 120 ml CO2 gas [Ans. (a) 40 ml CO2 gas]

2 × 12g carbon combines with 32g of oxygen

1 mole of an ideal gas occupies at 22.4 L. [Ans. (a) NO]

[Ans. (c) S2 O 42 − < SO32 − < S2 O62 −

tea and coffee. [FIRST MID-2018; QY-2018]

3 Dry ice is a compound. properties of its constituent element]

[Ans. (d) 32 gram molecule]

18 g of water = 1 gram molecule Reason : Each of the species represent 1 g

[Ans. (b) zinc >copper >silver]

Reason (R) : Fluorine is the most (a) C2H4O (b) CH2O

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 10

explanation for assertion] (c) chemical (d) physical

No. of electrons present in 1 mol of NH3 Ans.

Additional Long Answers 5 MARK 3. Define auto-oxidation (disproportination)

Step 5 : Balance the complete equation including O Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H 2