Smart Shopping Cart

A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of

the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Computer Science and Engineering

By

Satvik Shukla (1716410213)

Shivansh Pandey (1716410232)
Shrey Misra (1716410235)
Pradeep Singh (1716410173)

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Ashutosh Pandey (Assistant Professor)

PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR

to the

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University)
1
 2020-2021

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief. It
contains no matter previously published or written by any other person nor material which to substantial
extent has been accepted to the award of any degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning except where due acknowledge has been made in the text.

Signature:

Name : Shrey Misra

Roll No : 1716410235

Date :

Signature:

Name : Satvik Shukla

Roll No : 1716410213

Date :

Signature:

Name : Shivansh Pandey

Roll No : 1716410232

Date :

Signature:

Name : Pradeep Singh

Roll No : 1716410173

Date :

Date :

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of B.Tech. Project “Smart Shopping Cart”
undertaken during B.Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to our project guide
Mr.Ashutosh Pandey (Assistant Professor)Pranveer Singh Institute Of Technology, Kanpur
for her constant support and guide throughout course our work. Her sincerity, thoroughness and
perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only her cognizant efforts that our
endeavours have seen light of the day.
We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty member of the
department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our project. Last but not the
least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of the project.

Name : Shrey Misra

Roll No : 1716410235

Name : Satvik Shukla

Roll No : 1716410213

Name : Shivansh Pandey

Roll No : 1716410232

Name : Pradeep Singh

Roll No : 1716410173

3
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled “Smart Shopping Cart” which is submitted by

• Satvik Shukla (171641021

3)
(171641023
•Shivansh Pandey
2)
(171641017
•Pradeep Singh
3)
• Shrey Misra (171641023
5)

in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Information Technology to PSIT College of Engineering, Kanpur, affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam Technical University, Lucknow during the academic year 2020-21, is the record of
candidate’s own work carried out by him/her under my supervision. The matter embodied in this
report is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Dr. Vishal Nagar Mr.Ashutosh Pandey

(Head of Dept. CSE) (Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE)

4
ABSTRACT

Now a days interest in shopping malls is widely increasing among people. People get daily necessities from
shopping malls. There is an emerging demand for easy and quick payment of bills in shopping malls.
Shoppers are frustrated at locating the items on the shopping list when shopping in shopping malls and when
no assistance is available in shopping. To eliminate these problems, each product in the shopping mall will
be provided with a RFID tag, to identify its type. Each shopping cart is implemented with a Product
Identification Device (PID) that contains a microcontroller, an LCD, RFID reader and a ZIGBEE
transmitter. RFID reader will read the purchasing product information on the shopping cart and the
information about the product is displayed on LCD which is interfaced to the microcontroller. At the billing
counter, the total bill will be transferred to PC at the counter side by using Wi-Fi module.

In this project, Arduino uno microcontroller is attached to an RFID reader and a barcode reader. As the user
puts items in the trolley the reader on the trolley reads the tag and sends a signal to the controller. The
controller then stores it in the memory and compares it with product ID. If it matches, it shows the name of
item on LCD and also total amount of items purchased. Once the shopping is finished, the customer will
press a button on the trolley send the total amount spent on the products to the billing counter section using
ZIGBEE wireless communication module. In this project, there is a chance to revert back the product
according to our need and budget. Once you take back product from the trolley, the same card will be again
read by the RFID reader, then the controller will deduct the same amount associated to that product, from
the net bill amount. The bill amount will be received by the Wi-Fi receiver and sent to the PC to display in
the Hyper Terminal.

5
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract
Introduction
Outline / introduction .......................................................................................
Existing System ................................................................................................
Proposed System .............................................................................................

Scope and study ...............................................................................................

LITERATURE SURVEY

RFID & Barcode Processing.............................................................................

RFID & Barcode Approaches...........................................................................

Analysis.............................................................................................................

Literature Review.............................................................................................

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embeded System.............................................................................................

Application Areas..........................................................................................

Overview of Embeded System Architecture .....................................................

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

Block Diagram of the Project and its Descripton......................................

IOT Section.................................................................................................
Description & Communication....................................................................
Methodology/ Planning of work & Flow chart...............................................

Coding , Implementation and Testing

Coding ...........................................................................................................
RFID Module Interfacing with Arduino .................................................................

Implementation Result.............................................................................................

Conclusion and Future Scope

6
CHAPTER1 Introduction , existing system and Scope
Introduction
Problem definition
Shopping at the moment has a lot of problems:
1. There are many customers spend boring time in queues to pay.
2. Difficulties encountered in manual inventory, including the number and type of products in the
market and goods in securities and the purchase of goods.
3. The difficulty of finding sauce because of the use of human supervision.

Our project relies on RFID technology, a smart market, and markets in the future and markets in the future
will be more advanced its technology to give greater prosperity for customers and more efficient control
and supervision of goods for the owners of the market. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an
emerging technology which is still unexplored exit system. It can be used to identify products and sorted
through the use of RFID technique.

Goal and objective

The aim of our project checkout system using RFID.

Project Overview
The advent of wireless technology along with the other communication techniques help in making
e-commerce very popular. Modern futuristic product is the one that aids the comfort, convenience
and efficiency in everyday life. In this project, we discuss an innovative concept of RFID Based
Smart Shopping and Billing System. The main goal is to provide a technology oriented, low-cost,
easily scalable, and rugged system for aiding shopping in person. The smart shopping trolley will
help shorten the checkout lines thereby helping the customers at retail stores. The System consists
of an RFID based trolley which communicates with the billing counter wirelessly using a ZigBee
Transmitter (nrf24L01). Each trolley will consist of a similar type of hardware with unique trolley
address. The developed system comprises of User Interface and Display Unit (UIDU) and Billing
and Inventory Management Unit (BIMU). The customers will be able to scan the items themselves
and the LCD screen on the shopping cart will keep updating the total. The billing counter can at
any point of time inquire about the current items present in the trolley. This will turn out to be very
beneficial for the retail stores as more people will enjoy the shopping experience and come more
often to shop.

Auto-Checkout system is a system developed to detects several objects at the same time. The system used
RFID technology to wirelessly detect the groceries as trolley passing the checkout counter. Currently, a
barcode system is commonly used in supermarket or hypermarket in Malaysia. Barcode system scans the

7
grocery individually and required Line-Of-Sight in order to detect the object [1]. RFID is a method of
automatic identification that can store and retrieve data based on Radio Frequency. Consumers use to go
shop at supermarket or hypermarket for grocery supply. More customers were detected especially at the
weekend. This brings a long queue at the checkout counter and during the payment. One solution to solve
this problem is to open new counter as the customer queues getting longer. Barcodes scanner must be
very near to the grocery in order to scan the item. The objectives of this project are to develop Graphical
User Interface (GUI) using Visual Basic.Net (VB.Net) and to create a database in Microsoft Access and
integrate to RFID system, so that the system could read multiple tags.
simultaneously and retrieve their corresponding detail information from the database. RFID system
composed of three basic components which are reader, tags and antenna [2]. The reader reads the radio
frequency and transfers information to a processing device. The RFID tag is made up of a chip and antenna.
The antenna allows the chip to transmit the information that is used for identification. The reader sends
electromagnetic waves, which are received by the tag antenna. All types of RFID systems use non-contact
and non line-of-sight technology [3]. RFID and barcodes are similar in both data collection technologies,
meaning both are automate the process of collecting data. However, both technologies also differ
significantly in many areas.
A shopping mall or shopping centers a set of buildings with retail shops with interconnecting walkways
enabling visitors to easily walk from floor to floor. There has been a speeding growth in the number of
shopping malls in India from late 2000 to early 2005.Within 5 years total number of malls in Mumbai has
share of 31% and then Delhi, which has a share of 21% with 360 malls anticipated in India by 2007 and 600
malls by the end of 2010. The growth was fuelled by rising incomes, greater availability of credit and
business lifestyles. Purchasing and Shopping at big malls is becoming daily activity in metro cities. Waiting
in lines is part of everyday life. Some estimates state that Americans spend 37 billion hours per year
waiting in lines. Whether it is waiting in line at a grocery store to buy deli items (by taking a number) or
Checking out at the cash registers (finding the quickest line), waiting in line at the bank for a teller, or
waiting at an amusement park to go on the newest ride, we spend a lot of time waiting. We wait in lines at
the movies, campus dining rooms, the registrar’s office for class registration, at the Division of Motor
Vehicles, and even at the end of the school term to sell books back. Think about the lines you have waited
in just during the past week. How long you wait in line depends on a number of factors. Your wait is a
result of the number of people served before you, the number of servers working, and the amount of time
it takes to serve each individual customer. The basic idea of this paper is based upon the lines of the
―Futuristic Trolley for Futuristic Billing with amalgamation of RFID and ZIGBEE‖ used in the Malls and
Shopping Centers. Barcodes have been in existence for many years and have been used by departmental
stores and supermarkets to manage purchases of merchandize by customers and keep track of inventory.
However, the barcode system is no longer the best way to business operation. Customers are tired of
waiting in long, slowly moving checkout line in departmental stores, especially, in holidays. With the
decrease of prices through efficiencies of technology and large-scale production of semiconductor wireless
components, there has been a search for new markets in which semiconductor chips can be used. This has
led to the use of RFID also known as smart tags. RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification.
Smartphone industry has been grown rapidly since the supply and subscription rate of smartphone
increase steadily. This change has created more jobs as well as opportunities to develop the nation. By
developing new smartphone application, the industry has been extending the smart market and resulted in
economic activation. As a result, people start depending on the online service. It means that people
purchase more products from the internet rather than shopping at the offline store. “Showrooming” that
checks out a product but then purchases the product online from home has been increased because one of
8
the disadvantages of online store is they cannot see products with their eyes. “Reverse-Showrooming” that
goes online to research products then goes to offline store to make the purchase is also increased recently
as people easily can find out the information from the internet.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) are widespread and taking role in many advanced projects due to its
fast and effective response. RFID tags are used for unique identification of products by using radio waves.
RFID offer more advantages over conventional barcodes as they have a major drawback which is line of
sight technology and also these barcode tags have constraints in its durability whereas the RFID’s tags are
more durable and able to read/write data which could even be encrypted. These tags could hold plenty of
data like products name, price and other information using their identification number. By implementation
this RFID technology for unique representation of each product in a market and shopping trolley installed
with and RFID technology, shopping is done more easily. This could be done by having shopping trolley
installed with an RFID reader to scan each product and load it which is control a controller. In proposed
system, customers will place their items bought in front of reader and put the trolley. RFID reader read
product information contained tag. As a person put the products, the costs will get added to the total bill.
The record of the items bought is stored in the controller memory along with their individual costs as well
as total expenditure. The information such as name and price of items and total expenditure will be display
on a LCD screen which will also be placed on the trolley for the customer to verify the item bought and to
keep track on the amount spent on each item. Then, customer can reduce their items bought when the
overall purchase total is greater than their budget. Thus the billing will be done in the trolley. This system
will help save time for customer after shopping they don’t have to wait in queue for payment at the billing
counter. The recorded data can be sent wirelessly to the main database at the counter of the mall by using
Zigbee S2C. Mall or shop owner can maintain effectively a daily/weekly record of each product and judge
his shop requirement and consumers consumption. Using Zigbee, controller will send this information to
central billing computer. Billing computer will print the bill. This system will take less time to calculate bill
for large scale applications. The proposed system will help shorten the checkout line.

9
The advent of wireless technology along with the other communication techniques help in making
e-commerce very popular. Modern futuristic product is the one that aids the comfort, convenience
and efficiency in everyday life. In this project, we discuss an innovative concept of RFID Based
Smart Shopping and Billing System. The main goal is to provide a technology oriented, low-cost,
easily scalable, and rugged system for aiding shopping in person. The smart shopping trolley will
help shorten the checkout lines thereby helping the customers at retail stores. The System consists
of an RFID based trolley which communicates with the billing counter wirelessly using a ZigBee
Transmitter (nrf24L01). Each trolley will consist of a similar type of hardware with unique trolley
address. The developed system comprises of User Interface and Display Unit (UIDU) and Billing
and Inventory Management Unit (BIMU). The customers will be able to scan the items themselves
and the LCD screen on the shopping cart will keep updating the total. The billing counter can at
any point of time inquire about the current items present in the trolley. This will turn out to be very
beneficial for the retail stores as more people will enjoy the shopping experience and come more
often to shop.

10
1.2. EXISTING SYSTEM

In existing system, customer will not know the amount of total purchase, until he went to the
counter for paying bill. One can remove certain product, once he approaches to the counter, where
he decides which product should be reverted back. To avoid these type of troubles, we develop a
smart trolley, where one can know the total bill of the products purchased and bill amount is also
sent to the billing section wirelessly

1.3. PROPOSED SYSTEM

In the proposed system, we are using the RFID reader at the trolley side and every product in the
supermarket has its unique RFID tag with unique ID. Once the customer drops a certain product in
the trolley, then the tag attached to that product was read by the RFID reader and sent to the
controller. The controller counts the product value and displays its value on the LCD screen of the
trolley. Like that we can add any number of products of our need and check the total bill on the
LCD screen. After completion of the shopping, one should press the upload button at the trolley
side to send the bill amount to the counter section over the Wi-Fi. The bill amount was received by
the Wi-Fi receiver and send to the PC to display in the Hyper Terminal.

11
1.4. SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope study which is needed for the completion of this project involves the following listed
criteria:

1. Arduino Architecture.
2. Arduino microcontroller programming in C language.
3. Interfacing LCD with the microcontroller.
4. Interfacing RFID reader with microcontroller.
5. The circuitry and the devices that are needed to build the device and establish necessary
connection between the devices.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1. RFID & Barcode Processing

RFID and barcodes are similar in that they are both data collection technologies, which means they
automate the process of data collection. However, they also differ significantly in many areas. If
compared, RFID technology is found to be simpler than the barcode technology. Barcode scanner
requires line of sight whereas RFID can be read without the line of sight. It is possible to scan RFID
tags from a larger distance. An RFID reader can gain the information of the tag from a distance of
about 300 feet, whereas barcode technology cannot be scanned from a distance of more than 15

12
feet. Barcode coded items can only be read individually whereas multiple tags can be read by RFID
reader simultaneously.

RFID technology is better than barcode technology in terms of speed. RFID tags can be read much
faster than the barcode tags. As it requires a direct line of sight, barcode reading is comparatively
slower than the RFID tag reading.

2.2. RFID & Barcode Approaches

A barcode reader takes about one second to successfully interpret two tags, whereas in the same
time the RFID reader can interpret around 40 tags. RFID tags are well protected and implanted
inside the product, and thus they are not subjected to too many wears and tears. The barcode
requires a direct line of sight to the printed barcode, because of which the barcode has to be
printed on the outer side of product, thus subjected to huge amounts of wears and tears. It is also
limited to re-utilization of the barcodes. As barcode lacks with the read and write facility, it is not
possible to add to the information that is already existing on it. The main advantage of using the
RFID tags is that rewriting on RFID tags is possible.

2.3. Analysis

The utility of trolley will be first one of its kind for commercial use. This device records the data of 
different products with the help of the suitable sensors like RFID Tags. This recorded data helps the

13
shop owner with the detailed analysis of shopping by the customer & their preferences through
computer; printout of the same can be obtained. In Automatic trolley, there is no need to pull
heavy trolley, wait in billing queue and thinking about budget. The microcontroller based trolley
will automatically follow the customer. And also it maintains safe distance between the customer
and itself. It gives number of products in trolley and the total cost of the products on the spot.

2.4. Literature Review

Shopping in the present day usually involves waiting in line to get your items scanned for checkout. This
can result in a great deal of wasted time for customers. Furthermore, the technology currently used in
checkouts barcodes - is from another era, developed in the 1970s. Today barcodes are found on almost every
item. Barcodes are a universal technology in that they are the norm for retail products; stores that own a
barcode reader can process barcodes and imprint it on the products. The most important factor that is
involved in barcode scanning is that the product should be in the Line of Sight (LOS) of the reader in order
to get the barcode imprinted on the product scanned.

In 2009, the University of Arkansas Information Technology Research Institute completed a study to
determine the business value of RFID item-level tagging for day-to-day operations at a major luxury retailer.
The chain’s management evaluated the use of RFID tags in the denim category. The results demonstrated
that overall inventory accuracy improved by more than 27 percent, under stocks decreased by 21 percent,
and overstocks decreased by 6 percent. The study also compared how long it took to count items using RFID
vs. a barcode reader. With RFID, scanning 10,000 items took two hours; scanning with a barcode reader
took 53 hours. This translated into an average of 4,767 counted items per hour using RFID, and 209 items
per hour using a barcode system—a 96 percent reduction in cycle-counting time.

Public awareness of RFID was heightened in recent years when the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and
retail giant Wal-Mart required their suppliers to use RFID technology. In January of 2005 Wal-Mart’s CIO
stated that using RFID has resulted in a 26 percent reduction in out of stocks in the stores with RFID
capabilities, and out of stock items that are replenished three times faster than those items not RFID tagged.

In April 2013, it is said; to survive in 2013 and beyond, retailers need to make it easy for consumers to buy
anywhere, receive anywhere, and return anywhere. The key to this cross-channel order promising is the
ability, in real-time, to locate and allocate available inventory from any location, whether in the store, in
DCs, in transit, or on order from the manufacturer.

Nowadays, if a customer would like to buy something at a shopping mall, customer need to take the
particular items from the display shelf and then queue up and wait for their payment. Problem will surely
arise when the size of a shopping mall is relatively huge and sometimes customers don’t even know where
certain items are placed. Besides, customers also need to queue for a long time at the counter for their
payment. Because, cashier has to scan every single item and then followed by making payment will
definitely take plenty of time. On the other hand, consumers often have to worry about plenty of things

14
when going to the shopping mall. For example, most customers will worry the amount of money brought is
not enough to pay for all the things that wanted to be bought until it comes pay at the cashier.

It will be a great convenience if the information of items that are available in the shopping mall can be
obtained. It will be a great improvement on the existing system if the technology of RFID is implemented.
Customers will be able to get information of all the items at shopping mall, total up the prices of items as
they shop, and save unnecessary time at the cashier.

Janhvi Iyer et al. [1] proposed a system where each and every product has an RFID tag instead of a barcode
scanner. The smart trolley will contain RFID reader, LCD display and Zigbee transmitter. When a person
put any product in a trolley it will scan the product and the cost and name of the product will be displayed.
RFID (radio frequency identification) automatically identifies and track tags attached to the objects. All the
products have to be connected with RFID tags. The tags are read in any orientation and accuracy of the
reading is more. It reads many tags at a time and the precision is more. In the shopping, trolley items can be
read without a necessity to maintain a clear line of sight.

Bhagyashree Bhumkar et al. [2] in this paper all the trolleys in the mall are attached with the device which
contains RFID reader, Microcontroller, Zigbee. So each trolley will send the item information to the main
billing server for calculating the final bill of the purchased items. The customer puts the items into trolley
here items are with RFID tag so when the customer selects the item and put an item into the trolley, the
RFID reader reads the data, the data is nothing but the tag number. The only change in this paper is that it is
an android application where the customer has to register.

P. Chandrasekar et al. [3] the authors have presented their idea in which each commodity in a mall will be
attached with an RFID tag and each trolley will be attached with an RFID reader which would be working
on the ZigBee wireless module. A centralized system is present for any help and queries and for the billing
transaction of the products by the customers. Even the exit gates of the mall are laced up with the RFID
readers for detecting any theft. However, there is no user interface and hence it is not a user-friendly system.

Vrinda et al.[4] have featured a cart equipped with an RFID reader, a ZigBee transceiver and an LCD
display. This smart shopping cart keeps an account of the bill made by keeping running total of the
purchases. An LCD screen shows the total bill of the items present in the cart. However, this system does
not have a user interface and ZigBee is used instead of a Wi-Fi module. This work, however, lacks built-in
security checks for discrepancies.

Ankush Yewatkar et al. [5] proposed Smart Cart with Automatic Billing, Product Information, Product
recommendation Using RFID & Zigbee with Anti- Theft system This smart shopping cart system keeps the
track of all purchased products using RFID & Zigbee. For final billing, online transactions are
recommended. The system also gives suggestions to the shopper with the help of the centralized system
about offers/discounts based on the purchase history of a shopper with the help of a centralized system. One
of the important feature this system introduced for anti-theft by attaching an RFID reader at the exit door.

15
Dhavale Shraddha et al. [6] proposed IOT based intelligent trolley for a shopping mall with RFID
technology for billing during the purchase in shopping malls and IOT is used for bill management by means
of ESP module. The payment details will be sent to the server by which the central billing unit will deal with
the customer’s payment. The ESP module will be working as a short distance Wi-Fi chip for wireless
communication. But there is a drawback which includes constraints such as distance and interference. The
server will be busy if customers are high and internet connectivity should be stable for finishing the process.

Sainath et al. [7] proposed the automated shopping trolley for a supermarket billing system with barcode for
billing of products, where customer scans the product using barcode technology. The bill will be forwarded
to the central billing system where the customer will pay them by showing a unique id. The limitation of
barcode scanning requires line of sight for scanning and it should be fixed within its boundary.

Budic et al. [8] proposed a system of Cash register lines optimization system using RFID technology and
developed a system for shopping using RFID. The RFID is employed for scanning products and the
information is stored in the database which could be paid online or in a central bill. It also uses web
application to maintain entire shopping details. It requires maintenance of a web application server. No
necessary steps have been taken for the products that are accidentally dropped into the trolley by the
customer.

Jadhav Rahul Shankar et al. [9] proposed RFID based Automatic Billing Trolley technology. In automated
billing technology, each shopping trolley is attached with RFID reader & LCD display and every each
product is RFID attached with an RFID tag to provide a better solution to the manual billing method in a
shopping mall.

Raju Kumar et al. [10] proposed an Intelligent Shopping Cart system. It consists of three modules- Server
Communication Component for connection of the shopping cart with the main server, User Interface and
Display Component to provide the user interface, and Automatic Billing Component handles billing section.

Udita Gangwal et al. [11] proposed a Smart Shopping Cart for Automated Billing Purpose using Wireless
Sensor Networks. This system used WSN combined with a highly reliable Image Processing technique to
automate the entire billing process and to reduce the entire communication requires only one Passive sensor
(load-cell) is used.

G.S.Rajagopal et al. [12] proposed a Smart Intelligent System for Shopping and Billing. In this paper smart
shopping cart equipped with RFID tags is considered, to verify the purchase details. Centralized billing
system to automatically bill the shopper for the purchases.

Anjali Verma et al. [13] proposed RFID based Smart Multitasking Shopping Trolley System. The proposed
system evaluates many strategies to assist shopper to minimize the overall shopping time required in the
mall. This system also provides real-time updates based on the inventory to the store management.

16
Mohit Kumar et al. [14] proposed a Smart Trolley with Instant Billing to Ease Queues at Shopping Malls
using ARM7 LPC2148: A review. It is smart & faster-embedded billing system by interfacing RFID and
ZIGBEE module with the microcontroller.

Mr.Yathisha L et al. [15] proposed "Automation of Shopping Cart To Ease Queue in Malls By Using
RFID". In the proposed system RFID tags are used instead of barcode readers to scan product price and that
is displayed on the LCD. For communication Zigbee transmitter & receiver is used at trolley & central
computer respectively.

CHAPTER 3

                    INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

3.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that will do a specific focused job.
Examples of Embedded systems are appliances such as air-conditioner, printer, DVD player, fax
machine, mobile phone etc.. These appliances  have a processor and a different hardware to meet
specific requirement of the application along with embedded software that is executed by the
17
processor for meeting that specific requirement. The embedded software is also called “firm ware”.
For a variety of applications such as playing games, word processing, accounting, software
development and so on, embedded systems can be used. The software in the embedded systems
is always fixed.

Embedded systems do specific task and they cannot be programmed to do different things. .
Embedded systems have extremely limited resources, particularly memory. They do not have
secondary storage devices such as CDROM or floppy disk generally. Embedded systems have to
work against some deadlines. Within the specific time a specific job has to be completed. In some
embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may
cause a loss of life or damage to property.. As many embedded systems operate through a battery,
the power consumption must be very low.

3.2 APPLICATION AREAS:

About 99% of the processors manufactured end up in the embedded systems. The market of
Embedded systems is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in many market
segments such as consumer electronics, office automation, transportation, military, industrial
automation, biomedical engineering, wireless communication, data communication,
telecommunications..

 Consumer appliances
 Office automation
 Medical electronics
 Computer networking:
 Telecommunications
 Wireless technologies

3.3 OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM  ARCHITECTURE:

Every embedded system comprises of a custom-built hardware which is constructed around a

Central Processing Unit (CPU). The hardware also contains memory chips.Onto the memory chips,
the software is loaded.  The software existing on the memory chip is also called as the ‘firmware’.
The embedded system architecture can be represented as a layered architecture as shown in the
Fig.3…

18
The operating system runs above hardware and application software runs above operating system.
Same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop computer. However, there will
be significant differences. To have an operating system in every embedded system is not
compulsory. There is no need for an operating system for small applications such as toys, remote
control units, air conditioners, etc., and only software specific can be written to that application. It
is advisable to have an operating system for applications that involve complex processing. You will
also need to integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer entire
software onto the memory chip in such a case. Once the software is transferred to the memory
chip, it will continue to run fora long time and one doesn’t need to reload new software. The
various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system are given below.

The building blocks of an embedded system are:

· The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

· Memory (RAM and ROM)

· The Input Devices

· The Output devices

· The Communication interface

· Specific circuitry depending on the application.

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit can be any one of the following: microprocessor, microcontroller, or
Digital Signal Processor. A micro-controller is nothing but a low-cost processor. Its main difference
is that, it has many other components like memory, serial communication interface, analog-to
digital converter etc on the chip itself. A micro-controller is the best choice for small applications
as number of external components required will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors
19
are more powerful, but one need to use many external components along with them. For
applications in which signal processing is involved such as video and audio processing, D5P is
mainly used.

Memory:

The memory can be categorized as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The memory of RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip. ROM will retain the
contents even if the power is switched off. So, firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is
switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is executed.

Input devices 

The input devices of an embedded system have very limited capability unlike the desktops. There
is neither keyboard nor mouse, and hence interaction with the embedded system is not a simple
task. Most of the embedded systems  have a small keypad where you need to press one key to
give a specific command. To only input the digits, a keypad is used. Most of the embedded

20
systems used in process control do not have any input device for user interaction. The input is
taken from the sensors and electrical signals that are produced are in turn fed to other systems.

Output devices:

The output devices of the embedded systems have very less capability. Few embedded systems 
have a fewLight Emitting Diodes (LEDs) whichindicate the health status of the system modules, or
for thevisual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) can also be used to display
theimportant parameters.

Communication interfaces:

The embedded systems need to, interact with other embedded systems as they may have to
transmit data to a desktop. The embedded systems are provided with one or a fewcommunication
interfaces like RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc, to facilitate
this.

Application-specific circuitry:

Embedded systems may require sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry
depending on its application. To carry out the necessary work this circuitry interacts with the
processor. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through the 230 volts main
supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a way that the power
consumption is minimized.

 CHAPTER 4
21
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

RFID Section:

 The power is connected to Arduino through USB (Type B). The LCD display is connected
to Arduino. The Arduino is main controller which controls all input devices connected to it.
The Arduino is reprogrammable device, which can be programmed according to user
requirements. RFID scans the tag and reads the 12 digit address of the card. The Arduino
will display the required output over the LCD Display according to the program. 

EM-18 Arduino

Reader LCD

EM-18
Reader

RFID Tag

IOT Section:
NodeMcu is operated on 5V DC voltage via usb (type A). The NodeMcu is used to trigger the relay driver
where the relay driver operates as switch and act according to the input given from NodeMcu. The electrical
devices to be controlled is connected to relay.
22
4.2 POWER SUPPLY:

The input is given from regulated power supply shown in figure 3.2. The A.C. input (230V) from
mains supply is stepped down by the transformer to 12V and is given to a rectifier. The output
from the rectifier is a pulsating D.C voltage. To get a pure D.C voltage and to remove any A.C
components that are present even after rectification, voltage at the output from the rectifier is fed
to the filter. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

In this project power supply requirement is to operate entire system. Every electronic device are
operated using power supply only or stored supply like batteries. Using batteries is cost effective
but power supply unit provides continuous supply from mains. So it is cheap one compared to
batteries.

4.3  MICROCONTROLLER (Arduino): 

  The widely used products in embedded system products are microcontrollers and
microprocessors. Microcontroller is a device that can be programmed. A microcontroller has a CPU
and a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The fixed
amount of on-chip Read Only Memory, Random Access Memory and numerous Input/Output
23
ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are
critical.

The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O
pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB
cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts.

4.3.1 Features of Arduino:

 Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P [7]
 Operating Voltage: 5 Volts
 Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 can provide PWM output)Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB

Methodology/ Planning of work

The propose methodology is the automated billing for a customer during shopping primarily
based on RFID supported with other simple technologies. In shopping malls or supermarket,
the products are provided with RFID tags instead of barcodes. The shopping trolleys include
24
the setup containing RFID reader, LCD display and wireless Zigbee transmitter. On the
billing side the system would be making software for getting the itemized bill. This software
will be make using Visual Basic 6.0 and programming would be done in C. At the counter,
mall or shop owner can maintain effectively a daily/weekly record of each product with
Microsoft Access database system.

RFID reader selected for this system is high frequency (HF) RFID model of MFRC 522.
RFID reader is a device used to gather information from an RFID tag, which is used to track
individual objects. Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects.
Auduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a
microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (integrated development environment) that
runs on computer is used to write and upload computer code to the physical board. LCD
which is the part of output device at the trolley side and I2C driver is supported in LCD to be
connected I2C protocol with arduino to reduce pin connection .In this proposed system, one
zigbee is connected to arduino uno and other zigbee to the USB port of PC which acts as
central billing unit.

Facilities required for proposed work

Hardware Requirements

25
 A. ARDUINO UNO

The microcontroller used for this project is Arduino uno. The Arduino Uno is a
microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet) is shown in the Fig:1. It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller operations. It is
connected it to a computer with a help of USB cable. The Uno varies from other boards
because it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

B. LCD DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color
or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists of a
column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two
polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the
liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The
liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the
other.

C. ARDUINO ETHERNET SHIELD

To allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet using the Ethernet library and to read
and write an SD card using the SD library. This shield is fully compatible with the former
version, but relies on the newer W5500 chip. To use the shield, mount it on top of an
Arduino board. To upload sketches to the board, connect it to your computer with a USB
cable as you normally would. Once the sketch has been uploaded, you can disconnect the
board from your computer and power it with an external power supply. Connect the shield to
your computer or a network hub or router using a standard ethernet cable. Connecting to a
26
computer may require the use of a cross-over cable. Network Settings: The shield must be
assigned a MAC address and a fixed IP address using the Ethernet.begin() function. A MAC
address is a globally unique identifier for a particular device. Current Ethernet shields come
with a sticker indicating the MAC address you should use with them. For older shields
without a dedicated MAC address, inventing a random one should work, but don't use the
same one for multiple boards. Valid IP addresses depend on the configuration of your
network. It is possible to use DHCP to dynamically assign an IP to the shield. Optionally,
you can also specify a network gateway and subnet

D. RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio wavesto transfer
data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a
reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. Some RFID tags can be
read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. The
application of bulk readingenables an almost-parallel reading of tags. RFID tags can be
either passive, active or battery assisted passive. Passive RFID does not use a battery,
while an active has an on board battery that always broadcasts or beacoms its signal.
A battery assisted passive (BAP) has a small battery on board that is activated when
in the presence of a RFID reader. Most RFID tags contain at least two parts: one is
an integrated circuitfor storing and processing information, modulating and
demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions; the other is an
antennafor receiving and transmitting the signal.

E. Buzzer

27
A buzzer is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical electro-mechanical, or
piezoelectric (Piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices,
timers.

PROPOSED SYSTEM METHODOLOGY

A. Operation

The propose methodology is the automated billing for a customer during shopping primarily
based on RFID supported with other simple technologies. In shopping malls or supermarket,
the products are provided with RFID tags instead of barcodes. The shopping trolleys include
the setup containing RFID reader, LCD display and wireless Zigbee transmitter. On the
billing side the system would be making software for getting the itemized bill. This software
will be make using Visual Basic 6.0 and programming would be done in C. At the counter,
mall or shop owner can maintain effectively a daily/weekly record of each product with
Microsoft Access database system.
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of proposed system. Fig 1: Block Diagram of Automatic
Billing System RFID reader selected for this system is high frequency (HF) RFID model of
MFRC 522. RFID reader is a device used to gather information from an RFID tag, which is
used to track individual objects. Arduino is an open-source platform used for building
electronics projects. Auduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often
referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (integrated development
environment) that runs on computer is used to write and upload computer code to the
physical board. LCD which is the part of output device at the trolley side and I2C driver is
supported in LCD to be connected I2C protocol with arduino to reduce pin connection .In
this proposed system, one zigbee is connected to arduino uno and other zigbee to the USB
port of PC which acts as central billing unit.

DATA FLOW CHART

28
Proposed System

29
 In our Intelligence Billing system environment, each product will have the passive Radio
Frequency ID tag which is bearing a unique Electronic Product Code. This Electronic
Product Code provides the info like name, price etc about the product. When the customer
will put the product in the Billing Trolley, the Radio Frequency ID scans the tag and the
Electronic Product Code number is known by Radio Frequency ID reader. Radio Frequency
ID reader passes the Electronic Product Code to the ARM 7 micro-controller where ARM 7
compares the Electronic Product Code with the database of the system containing various
products. After that the name and price of the product obtained by the ARM gets displayed
on the LCD display of the Billing Trolley, where user can see the product information. The
ARM 7 microcontroller also passes the data obtained from the database to the Zigbee
transmitter from where the data is wirelessly transmitted to the billing computer. The master
computer receives this data through Zigbee receiver using Max 323 interface. Max 323
interface is the interconnection media between the Zigbee receiver and the computer

Design

In our Intelligence Billing Trolley system environment, each product will have the passive
Radio Frequency ID tag which is bearing a unique Electronic Product Code.. This Electronic
Product Code provides the info like name, price etc about the product.

When the customer will put the product in the Intelligence Billing Trolley, the Radio
Frequency ID scans the tag and the Electronic Product Code number is known by Radio
Frequency ID reader. Radio Frequency ID reader passes the Electronic Product Code to the
ARM 7 micro-controller where ARM 7 compares the Electronic Product Code with the
database of the system containing various products. After that the name and price of the
product obtained by the ARM gets displayed on the LCD display of the Futuristic Billing
Trolley, where user can see the product information.

The ARM7 microcontroller also passes the data obtained from the database to the ZigBee
transmitter from where the data is wirelessly transmitted to the billing computer. The
master computer receives this data through ZigBee receiver using Max 323 interface. Max
323 interface is the interconnection media between the ZigBee receiver and the computer.

30
Implementation

This paper mainly has 3 phases, reading the RFID tag, displaying the content on LCD and
sending the content list to the main server at the billing counter. Reading of RFID and
displaying the contents is done at server side and sending information like the cart number,
bill details is done at the receiver side.

Reading Of The RFID Tag

In this phase, every product will be equipped with a RFID tag whose information will be
stored in the microcontroller. When these tags are read through the RFID reader, the tags
will be checked against the data stored in the microcontroller and if the tags match then it is
displayed on the LCD. In this phase, we see how the RFID tags inserted on the product is
read.

As shown in the figure, the RFID tag has to be activated for it to be read, only if the RFID
tag is active it is read otherwise it will not be read. For a RFID tag to be active it has to be
swiped. After the tag is active and swiped the tag is scanned by the RFID reader which is
connected to the microcontroller where the information of the entire product will be stored.
This RFID reader passes this tag to the microcontroller and matches if the swiped tag ID is
present in the database. The database would include the product information like the name
and cost of the product

The power is connected to Arduino through USB (Type B). The LCD display is connected to
Arduino. The Arduino is main controller which controls all input devices connected to it.
The Arduino is reprogrammable device, which can be programmed according to user
requirements. RFID scans the tag and reads the 12 digit address of the card. The Arduino
will display the required output over the LCD Display according to the program. 

31
 Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio wavesto transfer data
from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for
the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. Some RFID tags can be read from several
meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. The application of bulk
readingenables an almost-parallel reading of tags.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a wireless communication technology that is used

to identify tagged objects or people. This technology uses radio waves to transmit
Information describes identity, location, and/or condition of physical object. In recent years
automatic identification procedures (Auto-ID) have become very popular in many service
industries, purchasing and distribution logistics, manufacturing companies and material flow
system.

These technologies exist to provide information about people, animals, goods and products
in transit. Auto-ID technologies include OCR, Barcodes systems, Smart Cards and some
biometric technologies, such as retinal scans. [Figure1.1]These technologies are used to
reduce time and labor needed for manually data entry and to enhance data accuracy. Some
Auto-ID, like Barcode systems require a person manually scan label to capture the data.
Barcode may be extremely cheap, their storage capacity is low and cannot be programmed.
But RFID has many benefits than Barcode systems will discuss latte

32
Displaying Of Content On Lcd Screen

When the tag is read in the previous phase then it will be compared to the value stored in the
microcontroller, if the tags ID matches then the microcontroller will send the respective tag
information to the LCD for display. The LCD displays the Product name and cost of the
product. In this phase, we mainly focus on the content to be displayed on the LCD screen
after the tag is successfully verified. The data stored in the database is sent to the LCD to
display. The format of the LCD can be defined by the user as to what information has to be
displayed. In this paper we are only displaying the Product name, cost and the total cost of
all the products in the trolley

Sending Billing Information To Main Computer

After all the shopping of the person, the total cost and products in the trolley will be sent to
the main server with the help of ZIGBEE. The ZIGBEE transmitter will send the information
from microcontroller and ZIGBEE receiver will collect the data and sends it the main
computer at the billing counter. In this module, we are transferring the information of the
products and its total cost to the main computer which will be kept at the billing station.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on

storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. The
technology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an RFID tag. An
RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person
for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves.
Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.
An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or
person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be
read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. Electronically
programmed with unique information. There are many different types of RFID systems out
in the market.

33
They are categorized according to their frequency ranges. Some of the most commonly used
RFID kits are as follows-
 Low-frequency (30 KHz to 500 KHz)
 Mid-Frequency (900KHz to 1500MHz)
 High Frequency (2.4GHz to 2.5GHz)

These frequency ranges mostly tell the RF ranges of the tags from low frequency tag ranging
from 3m to 5m, mid-frequency ranging from 5m to 17m and high frequency ranging from 5ft
to 90ft. The cost of the system is based according to their ranges with low-frequency system
ranging from a few hundred dollars to a high-frequency system ranging somewhere near
5000 dollars.

A basic RFID system consists of three components:

 An antenna or coil
 A transceiver (with decoder)
 A transponder (RF tag)

Antenna

The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and read and write data to it. Antennas are
the conduits between the tag and the transceiver, which controls the system's data acquisition
and communication. Antennas are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they can be built
into a door frame to receive tag data from persons or things passing through the door, or
mounted on an interstate tollbooth to monitor traffic passing by on a freeway. The
electromagnetic field produced by an antenna can be constantly present when multiple tags
are expected continually. If constant interrogation is not required, a sensor device can
activate the field.

Often the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and decoder to become a reader (a.k.a.
interrogator), which can be configured either as a handheld or a fixed-mount device. The
34
reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more,
depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes
through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes
the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host
computer for processing.

Description:

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on 8-bit ATmega328P microcontroller. Along with
ATmega328P, it consists other components such as crystal oscillator, serial communication, voltage
regulator, etc. to support the microcontroller. Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins (out of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog input pins, a USB connection, A Power barrel jack,
an ICSP header and a reset button.

The 14 digital input/output pins can be used as input or output pins by using pinMode(),
digitalRead() and digitalWrite() functions in arduino programming. Each pin operate at 5V and can
provide or receive a maximum of 40mA current, and has an internal pull-up resistor of 20-50
KOhms which are disconnected by default.  Out of these 14 pins, some pins have specific functions
as listed below:

 Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (Tx): Rx and Tx pins are used to receive and transmit TTL serial
data. They are connected with the corresponding ATmega328P USB to TTL serial chip.

 External Interrupt Pins 2 and 3: These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

 PWM Pins 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11: These pins provide an 8-bit PWM output by using
analogWrite() function.

 SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK): These pins are used for SPI
communication.

 In-built LED Pin 13: This pin is connected with an built-in LED, when pin 13 is HIGH – LED
is on and when pin 13 is LOW, its off.

35
Along with 14 Digital pins, there are 6 analog input pins, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution, i.e. 1024 different values. They measure from 0 to 5 volts but this limit can be increased
by using AREF pin with analog Reference() function.  

 Analog pin 4 (SDA) and pin 5 (SCA) also used for TWI communication using Wire library.

Arduino Uno has a couple of other pins as explained below:

 AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs with analogReference() function.
 Reset Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller.

Communication

Arduino can be used to communicate with a computer, another Arduino board or other
microcontrollers. The ATmega328P microcontroller provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication
which can be done using digital pin 0 (Rx) and digital pin 1 (Tx). An ATmega16U2 on the board
channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the
computer. The ATmega16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver
is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial
monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. There are two
RX and TX LEDs on the arduino board which will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-
to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

36
4.4.  RFID Reader:

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Card Reader gives a very low-cost solution to read the
passive RFID transponder tags that are upto 7 cm away. RFID Card Readers applications include a
wide range of hobbyist and commercial applications, including access control, automatic
identification, robotics navigation, inventory tracking, payment systems, and car immobilization.
The RFID card reader reads the RFID tag in range and outputs unique identification code of the tag
at baud rate of 9600.The data from RFID reader is interfaced and read by the microcontroller or
Computer terminal.

What is RFID?

A basic RFID system consists of the following three components:

a) An antenna or a coil

b) A transceiver (with decoder)

37
c) A transponder (RF tag)

They are electronically programmed with the unique information. There are many different types
of RFID systems out in the market. They are categorized according to their frequency ranges. Few
of the most commonly used RFID kits are:

1. Low-frequency (30 KHz to 500 KHz)

2. Mid-Frequency (900KHz to 1500MHz)
3. High Frequency (2.4GHz to 2.5GHz)

These frequency ranges mostly show the RF ranges of the tags from low frequency tag ranging
from 3m to 5m, mid frequency ranging from 5m to 17m and high frequency ranging from 5ft to
90ft. The cost of the system is based according to their ranges with low-frequency system ranging
from a few hundred dollars to a high-frequency system ranging somewhere near 5000 dollars.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Card Readers provide a low-cost solution to read passive
RFID transponder tags up to 2 inches away.

 Features:

1. Low-cost method for reading the passive RFID transponder tags

2. 9600 bps serial interface at RS232 level
3. Buzzer & LED that indicate valid RFID Tag detection
4. RS232 interface that is connected directly to PC, Mac or Linux machine requires no
additional wiring.

RFID  Reader Package Includes

RFID Reader (Assembled & Tested with 1 year warranty)

Serial Cable

Information: Each transponder tag contains a unique identifier (one of 240, or 1,099,511,627,776

possible combinations) that is read by the RFID Card Reader and transmitted to the host via a
simple serial interface. It means no two tags are same. Each tag has different value. This value if
read by reader.

Communication

38
When the RFID Card Reader is active and a valid RFID transponder tag is placed within range of the
activated reader, the unique ID will be transmitted as a 12-byte printable ASCII string serially to the
host in the following format:

Using RFID Reader:

When powered on, the RFID reader will activate an RF field waiting for the tag to come into its
range. Once the tag is detected, its unique ID number is read and the data is sent via a serial
interface. The valid tag detecting is indicated by an LED blink and the Buzzer beep. Face of the
RFID tag must be held parallel to the front of the antenna (where majority of RF energy is
focused). On PC, software like hyper terminal which can show ASCII data at 9600 baud rate can be
used. One can also develop software in any language which can connect to serial port and listen
for the incoming ASCII data.

Power Requirement of Receiver: The unit needs around 200mA power to operate at 12V. You
can use any readymade 12V 500mA DC Adapter or design a transformer plus rectifier based 12V
DC power for the board. You can also use just the 12V transformer as the board has bridge and
capacitor to convert to DC. Serial Cable connections for RS232 interfacing (Provided with product)
To use with a PC serial port, use a serial cable of male-female type with pins 2,3,5 connected to
2,3,5 straight(no cross over cable).

Reception apparatus

To actuate the tag and read and compose information to it outside Access Enable EA must be
strapped to GND. Recieving wires are the conductors between the tag and the handset, which
controls the framework’s information securing and correspondence. Reception apparatuses are
accessible in assortments of shapes and sizes; they can be incorporated with a door jamb to get
label information from people or things going through the entryway, or mounted on an interstate
tollbooth to screen movement going by on an expressway. Contingent on its energy yield and the
radio recurrence utilized the peruser produces radio waves in scopes of somewhere in the range of
one inch to 100 feet or more. It distinguishes the peruser’s enactment flag when a RFID label goes
through the electromagnetic zone,. The peruser additionally deciphers the information encoded in

39
the label’s coordinated circuit (silicon chip) and the information is passed to the host PC for
preparing.

Labels (Transponders)

A RFID label includes a microchip that contains recognizing data and a recieving wire that will
transmit this information remotely to a peruser. The chip will contain a serialized identifier, or tag
number, that particularly recognizes that thing, like the way many standardized identifications are
utilized today. Be that as it may, a key distinction is that RFID labels have a higher information limit
than their scanner tag partners. The time and date of proprietorship exchange or refreshing the
repair history of a settled resource are the cases for last ability. While these are the most exorbitant
of the three label sorts and are not functional for following reasonable things, future guidelines for
electronic item codes (EPC) seem, by all accounts, to be traveled toward this path.

Frequencies:

There are an assortment of frequencies or spectra through which RFID labels can speak with
perusers like every single remote correspondence. There are additionally exchange offs among
cost, execution and application necessities.

EPC Tags:

EPC alludes to “electronic item code,” a rising determination for RFID labels, perusers and business
applications initially created at the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

RF TRANSCEIVER:

The RF handset is the wellspring of RF vitality used to actuate and control the latent RFID labels.
The RF handset might be encased in an indistinguishable bureau from the peruser or might be in a
different bit of gear. The handset is regularly alluded to as a RF module when given as a different
bit of gear.

Typical Applications for RFID include:

1. Automatic Vehicle identification

2. Inventory Management
3. Work-in-Process and Progress
40
 4. Container or Yard Management
5. Document tracking or Jewellery tracking
6. Patient Monitoring in medical stream.

The Advantages of RFID Over Bar Coding:

 There are no “line of sight” requirements: Bar code reads can sometimes be limited or
problematic due to the need to have a direct “line of sight” between a scanner and a bar
code but RFID tags can be read through materials without line of sight.
 They have greater data capacity: RFID tags can be easily encoded with the product details
such as lot and batch, weight, etc.
 It has “Write” capabilities: Because RFID tags can be rewritten with new data as supply chain
activities are completed.  As they move throughout the supply chain tagged products carry
updated information.

Common Problems with RFID: Reader collision and tag collision are some common problems
with RFID. When the signals from two or more readers overlap reader collision occurs.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

LCD is the acronym for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs
(seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

1. Reducing prices of LCDs.

2. In contrast to LEDs, LCD’s ability to display numbers, characters and graphics which are limited to
numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of
refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

Pins Functions 
Pins are there along one side of the small printed board that are used for connection to the
microcontroller. There are a total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light
is built in).

Every character comprises of 5×7 dot matrix. Contrast on the display will depend on the power
supply, voltage and also whether messages are displayed in one or two lines. For that reason,
variable voltage O-Vdd is applied on pin that is marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually
41
used for that purpose. When used during operating, a resistor for current limitation should be
used

 LCD Basic Commands :

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as data,
which depends on logic state on pin RS: RS = 1 – Bits D0 – D7 are addresses of characters that
should be displayed. List of commands which LCD recognizes are very important to write the code
for LCD

LCD Connection

Depending on how many lines are used for connection to microcontroller, 8-bit and 4-bit LCD
modes are there. The appropriate mode is determined at the beginning of the process in a phase
called “initialization”. In the first case, the data are transferred through outputs D0-D7 as it has
been already explained. LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data received with the help
of initialization. With regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are
transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple connecting
R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price. Even though message displaying will be normally
performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since it is not possible to read from
display.

LCD Initialization:

Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts for
approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set by
default. This means that:

1. Display is cleared

2. Mode

DL = 1=> Communication through an 8-bit interface is done.

N = 0 =>Messages are displayed in one  line

F = 0 =>Character font is 5 x 8 dots

3. Display/Cursor on/off

D = 0 Display is off
42
U = 0 Cursor is off

B = 0 Cursor blink is off

3. Character entry

ID =1=> Addresses on display are automatically incremented by one

S = 0 =>Display shift is off

Mainly, Automatic reset is performed without any problem.

Coding
RFID Module Interfacing with Arduino

Input

Output

43
LCD Interfacing with Arduino
Input

Output

44
IMPLEMENTATION RESULT

The implementation of realization of “Automated Smart Trolley with Smart Billing ” is
implemented successfully. Without any interference between different modules in the design, the
communication is properly implemented. It is designed to meet all the specifications and
requirements as well.

The performance of the device has been verified in both software simulator as well as hardware
design. The total circuit is verified functionally and it is following the application software.
Conclusions are that the design implemented in the present work provide portability, flexibility and
the data transmission is also done with very low power consumption.

The output images can be seen as shown below.

1. In the beginning, when the kit is switched on by providing the power supply to the kit, the below
images are seen which show “WELCOME” on the LCD screen of the device.

2 .When an RFID tag is scanned by the RFID reader, the images as shown below are displayed along
with the details of the name of the product, weight of the product, cost of the product and the total
billing amount.

45
4. After completion of the shopping, press the shopping completed button. The image as
shown below is seen and the information is sent to the PC.

46
47
CONCLUSION

By means of this paper intent to simplify the billing process, make it swift and increase the
security using RFID technique. This will take the overallshoppingexperience to a different level.
Different parameters such as the system parameters of smart trolley like products name,
products cost, product weight etc. are continuously display. Thus with the help of the
conclusion we can say that

1. Automatic billing of products by using RFID technique will be a more viable option in
the future.

2. The system based on RFID technique is efficient, compact and shows promising
performance.

Future Scop

It is proposed that a special database for products contain information about products [as example
foods] such as caloric value , food that cause allergies ,a recipe for a certain meal preparation and
the customer is able to read this information, thus making shopping more enjoyable for the client.

So far, the price of the tag fairly high and this is one of the most important reasons for
nonapplication of this system.

It is proposed that the manufacturer put tags on its product (for each product) so that the product
up to the retail traders comes with (its own tag) as is the case in the barcode.

Make it possible for the customer to replace usable tags again versus the amount of material or
another commodity.

48
Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Computer Science and Engineering

By

Satvik Shukla (1716410213)

Shivansh Pandey (1716410232)
Shrey Misra (1716410235)
Pradeep Singh (1716410173)

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Ashutosh Pandey (Assistant Professor)

PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR

49