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An Intelligent Re Ective Colour Sensor System For Paper and Textile Industries
An Intelligent Re Ective Colour Sensor System For Paper and Textile Industries
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An intelligent reflective colour sensor system for paper and textile industries
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5 authors, including:
Anupama Parameswaran
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
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Abstract - The world is simply less colorful, without the sense architectures. Therefore, low cost, compact, and fast color
of colour. In ordinary life, a difference in colour perception is sensors must be developed for many important industrial,
mostly inconsequential. However, in many industries, the agricultural, and energy-saving applications. The most useful
ability to sense colour precisely can be crucial. In this paper, sensors will also include built-in, self-organized quality
a novel reflective colour sensing system is presented for monitoring features. These features will further reduce waste,
process monitoring and control applications in paper and improve biological and chemical sensing, enhance machine
textile industries. The system is developed using a solid state vision systems, and even have extension to energy
RGB sensor and a smart signal processing algorithm conservation, and to the efficiency of remediation and
implemented on micro-controller architecture. A hybrid recycling efforts.
neural network comprising Self organizing mapping and Back There are two basic colour sensing systems: reflective and
propagation architecture is used for colour zone classification transmissive. In reflective sensing, the sensor detects the
and exact colour identification of papers. Demonstrator colour of light reflected from a surface, while in transmissive
applications and simulation results are discussed to highlight sensing, the sensor detects the colour of light from a light
the importance of sensor and accuracy in measurement. source.In a reflective colour sensing system, the colour of the
light reflected off a surface is a function of the colour of the
Keywords: Colour correction matrix, Hybrid Neural
surface and the spectral content (wavelengths) of the
Network, Microcontroller, Pattern Classification, RGB sensor
illuminating light source. In a reflective colour measurement
system, the spectral content of the illuminating light source
must be considered along with the target object’s absorption
1 Introduction and reflectivity characteristics. In a transmissive color sensing
Color is an essential part of the paper and textile system, a sensor detects the light color and intensity emitted
industries. It greatly influences sales volume and is a primary from a source, after passing through a medium. Transmissive
factor in the purchase of a product. A common objective in sensing is used to measure mediums such as liquids, gas,
color technology is to control and reproduce a color under a plastics or glass.
set of specified conditions. In the paper and textile industry,
effective color control and communication between designer, The intelligent colour sensor presented in this paper makes
dyer and retailer are critical to obtaining high product quality use of low cost sensing devices while exploiting a smart signal
and cost efficiency. However, many of the factors enabling processing, based on a two layer neural network strategy
color control within the textile supply chain are not optimum, implemented on an embedded microcontroller. The sensor
and therefore it is likely that the critical path from product module developed is able to discriminate between a high
concept to consumer is extended, with associated cost number of colours, grouping colours with light differences in
inefficiencies. totality into a unique code while maintaining a suitable
resolution in colours discrimination. Conventional colour
Colour sensors enable solutions for colour discrimination, measuring systems use tri stimulus colourimeters that consist
determination, and measurement in a wide variety of of three photodiodes each covered with an optical filter for
applications such as colour feedback control in solid-state red, green and blue (or the complementary colours), or use
illumination and RGB backlight systems, colour adjustment in spectral photometers that use optical diffraction techniques
printers, industrial process quality controls, portable medical and an array of photodiodes. The smart colour sensor
diagnostic systems, and paper and product handling presented here requires no extra optical filtering sensor
equipment. Real-time response is critical in these industries, in architecture.
order to optimize process control and thus reduce waste.
Unfortunately, existing color segmentation techniques are
based on slow, complex, and bulky signal processing
techniques, which cannot be implemented in compact
482
Let A denote set of output neurons and i to denote ith output wkj (t + 1) = wkj (t ) + ηδ pkOpj
neuron (i.e., i ⊂ A) .The input vector
w ji ( t + 1) = wji ( t ) + ηδ pjOp
x j = ª« x j1 , x ....x jp º» belongs to a p-dimensional Euclidean
¬ j2 ¼
space R ( x j ∈ R ; j = 1, 2...n )
p p The net is trained by presenting a set of samples (training set)
Each input vector is shown in Fig 2. Both of the utilized learning algorithms follow
connected to an output neuron through a reference vector the descending gradient of the error function E calculated on
output:
wi = ª wi1 , w ....wip º .Output neuron c is the winner for
¬ ¼ 1
E= ¦ (tpj − opj ) 2.
i2
input xj at time step t of learning if 2
|| x − wc ( t ) ||= min
j i∈ A
{|| x j − wi ( t ) ||} .Weight is Where tpj is the target corresponding to the pattern p for the
updated as output neuron j and opj is the output of the output neuron j.
the error appraised on output level is handed down to the
wm (t + 1) = wm (t ) + α [ x j − wm (t )]; m ∈ N c ( t ) neurons which are on the inferior levels.
wm ( t + 1) = wm ( t ) ; m ∉ N c ( t ) 4 Results
The main algorithm implemented in the microcontroller
Where Nc (t) represents the neighbors’ of neuron c at time t
device performs the normalization and the elaboration tasks.
and Į is a learning constant. The result of this learning process Colour codes estimated through the classification strategy is
is that the network tends to be organized with respect to the then conveyed to the PC interface via an RS-232/USB
input patterns. connection. Results indicate that the artificial neural network
was well able to recognize the given colour patterns. Matrix M
By way of the above learning structure, a non-linear model is used to correct the values obtained from the sensor so that
of colour identification is obtained. After colour samples are these values will be converging inside the required triangular
self organized and classified by the SOM NN network, data is region of the chromaticity diagram and therefore will be
categorized in clusters as a result of characteristic difference flexible enough to represent R G B values as shown in Fig 2.
thereof. The result of this learning process is that the network Matrix M is given by
tends to be organized with input patterns. After the SOM § 3.24 −1.53 −0.49 ·
M = ¨¨ 0.826 0.023 ¸¸
neural network converge to a balance state, the original image 1.752
is mapped from a high colour space to a smaller space. Then ¨ 0.0434 −0.1989 1.063 ¸
the data are respectively sent to BP NN for learning where by © ¹
the learning system quickly converges. The neural networks
used in this paper , back propagation neural networks was
chosen because of simplicity and its capability in supervised
pattern matching.
483
minimum percentage error. Second test is conducted to verify
the repeatability and in this case also, good performance of
device is illustrated.
5 Demonstration Applications
We have demonstrated the developed reflective colour
sensor system in one of the leading paper plants of the
country. The results obtained were encouraging to take up
enhancement activities in the area of online reflective colour
sensing system. Fig 3. Shows the picture taken from the paper
industry where the system was installed . Fig 4. Shows the
colour sensor controller module and Fig 5(a) and Fig 5(b)
shows the reflective colour sensor module.
484
6 Conclusions [5] Y.C. Frankie and M.S Dmnokan,”Fiber optic sensor for
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