Medical plants that curing corona disease

Medical plants that curing corona disease (COVID-19 ), HIV and all Virus Related
Diseases
Cure COVID-19 and HIV and all Virus Related deasese by unique plants herbs endemic plant of
south Africa to the Philippines. They are used in medicine, as well as for medicinal purposes. of
years.Illness is only one of many risks that must be considered when plants aand the world.
They are used in medicine, as well as for medicinal purposes.e taken out of their physical
environment and produced in plain places under what are often irregular circumstances.
(Britannica .)
Viruses and the diseases they cause commonly have different names. Measles, for example, is
caused by the rubeola virus, German measles by the rubella virus, AIDS by HIV. The disease
causing the sickness in Wuhan was named COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease of 2019) and the
virus itself was provisionally referred to as 2019-nCoV (novel coronavirus of 2019, where
“novel” meant previously unknown to science).
Plant disease, an impairment of the normal state of a plant that interrupts or modifies its vital
functions. All species of plants, wild and cultivated alike, are subject to disease. Although each
species is susceptible to characteristic diseases, these are, in each case, relatively few in
number. The occurrence and prevalence of plant diseases vary from season to season,
depending on the presence of the pathogen, environmental conditions, and the crops and
varieties grown. Some plant varieties are particularly subject to outbreaks of diseases while
others are more resistant to them. See also list of plant diseases. ( Britannica .)
Stapelia obducta CACTUSPEDIA
A flower just opened (before it takes on its more usual shape with
the petals folded back).
MAINTENANCE:
Spring: When winter ends and they begin to grow again, they will
require much more water and soaking the pots will no longer put
the plants at risk for rot . In the spring they will grow well in partial
shade and leaving them out in the rain may provide them with the
water they need.
Summer: In the summer months they will tolerate heavy rain , but
will be just as happy if the season is dry. It's best to sort out the
stems while the plants are resting in the summer before they
begin their autumnal growth cycle . They will tolerate very hot
weather outdoors as long as they are kept in filtered light and this
will encourage them to flower in the Autumn. They also enjoy
some fertiliser. Moving the plants as they are developing buds
may cause them to spontaneously abort the flowers all together.
Autumn: In the fall keep them outdoors until the night time
temperatures drop below the 5°C.
Winter : Winter care presents no problems at 5°-10° C with plenty
of light. As soon as they are flowered be sure to take extra
precautions to keep them dry , because damp cool conditions
when the plants are resting is an invitation to fungal infections ,
but - according to temperatures –some occasional lit watering
may be use Propagation: Easiest with stem cuttings. Allow cuttings
to dry a day before planting. Stems must be laid (Not buried) on
gritty compost and will then root from the underside of the stems.
It can also be increased from seeds sowing in spring in moist,
sandy peat moss . Barely cover seeds . Seeds germinate quickly.
In any season it's best to lay the stems out for several days before

replanting them and then pot them only in dry soil and with hold

any water until they begin to shrivel or start growing again.

Potting medium: Since roots are quite shallow, use a cactus mix or

add extra perlite or pumice to regular soil potting soil. A gritty,

very free- draining compost is suitable, and clay pots help the

plants to dry out between watering. Re-pot every 2 years.

Pest and diseases : Stapelia are generally fairly easy to grow,

especially if kept pest-free. They are very susceptible to stem and

root mealy bugs, and damage from these may well initiate fungal

attack . Any time when there is a dead or dying stem in the pot it is

important to remove it immediately and completely before other

healthy stems can become ill too, isolate the healthy parts, dry

them off, and re-root them in new compost.

Stapelia L.

Family: Apocynaceae

Common names: carrion flower (Eng.); aasblom (Afr.)

View other plants in this family
View other plants in this genus

Known globally as African starfish flowers, and locally as carrion

flowers, members of the genus Stapelia are usually characterised

by their foul-smelling flowers reminiscent of the odour of rotting

meat. The hairs, coloration and surface mimic decaying animal

matter and attract mostly flies, which act as pollinators. The strong

carrion scent is sometimes recognisable at a great distance,

especially on hot afternoons. Surprisingly, species such as S.

erectiflora and S. flavopurpurea have sweetly scented flowers, but

they are rare.

Description

Stapelias are low, perennial succulents. The stems, their surface

and branching make them immediately recognisable. The stems

are almost always erect and are usually uniformly green to

reddish, depending on the extent of exposure to the sun. Only

rarely are they mottled with red or purple on green. The stems of

a small group of species are greyish with darker purple in the

grooves between the angles. Thickness of the stems varies from 5-

50 mm in diameter. Tubercles on the stems are laterally flattened

and vertically joined into continuous rows, rendering the stems 4-

angled. Each tubercle bears a small leaf rudiment, which may vary

in width from 1-6 mm. It is short-lived and leaves a round scar at

the tip of the tubercle. The pubescence of the stem surface is

caused by the elongation of the outer walls of the epidermal cells

into slender papillae. The short papillae in some forms of S.

schinzii, S. hirsuta and S. remota give the plants a glabrous and

shiny appearance.

The flowers are star-shaped. Large-flowered species bear their

flowers usually at or near the base of the plant. The flowers of the

smaller-flowered species are usually dispersed at various heights

on the stems, sometimes at the base. Flowers in an inflorescence

generally open in succession. The flowers are extremely variable in

size (6-400 mm across), but there is usually little variation in the

shape, invariably being almost flat and deeply lobed.

In most species, the corolla has relatively long lobes and a small,

central, united area. The surface of the corolla is characteristic.

The outside is usually uniformly papillate and the inside

transversely rugose (wrinkled). Two series of corona lobes are

present: an outer and inner corona.

The fruit (follicles) are pubescent, sometimes containing a large

number of seeds. Seeds have a thin outer margin and a tuft of

hairs (coma) helping with wind dispersal.

Conservation Status

In general, stapelias are never very abundant and are scattered

over vast areas. In Namibia Stapelia pearsonii is listed as rare. On

an interim Red Data assessment (August 2006) of the Threatened

Species Programme (TSP, SANBI), 20 taxa are listed in the

following IUCN categories: four Data Deficient (DD), 10 Least

Concern (LC), three Near Threatened (NT) ( Stapelia baylissii, S.

clavicorona and S. tsomoensis ), and three Vulnerable (VU)

(Stapelia obducta and both subspecies of S. praetermissa ). The

general threat seems to be degradation of habitat, but for most of

the listed species the threats are unknown. Distribution and

habitat

Stapelia is native to the arid regions of tropical and southern

Africa, in Botswana, Zimbabwe and especially in Namibia and

South Africa where about 43 species occur. Outside this region

they are also found in southern Angola, scattered in northern

Zambia, southern Malawi and central Mozambique. Collections

from southern Tanzania and Kenya are probably of plants that

have escaped from cultivation. Plants are found in nearly all

habitats, but mostly in well-drained soils in the drier regions. In

South Africa they are widely distributed, but concentrated around

the mountainous edge of the country. It is absent from the sandy

central parts of the Kalahari, the most arid areas of the Namib and

the wetter, higher parts of the Drakensberg. Stapelia contains a

number of very localised endemics such as S. clavicorona and S.

remota.

References

Albers, F. & Meve, U. 2002. Illustrated handbook of succulent

plants. Asclepiadaceae. Springer Verlag, Berlin. Armstrong, W.P.

1997. Stinking flowers. http://

waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0602.htm

Bruyns, P.V. 2005. Stapeliads of southern Africa and

Madagascar, vol. 1. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria. Court, D.

2000. Succulent flora of southern Africa, revised edn. Balkema,

Rotterdam.
Hardy, D. & Fabian, A. 1992. Succulents of the Transvaal.

Southern Book Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa.

Leach, L.C. 1985. A revision of Stapelia L.

(Asclepiadaceae). Excelsa Taxonomic Series, No. 3. Aloe, Cactus

and Succulent Society, Zimbabwe.

Leistner, O.A. (ed.) 2000. Seeds plants of southern Africa :

families and genera. Strelitzia 10. National Botanical Institute,

Pretoria.

Leistner, O.A. 2005. Seed plants of southern tropical Africa

: families and genera. South African Botanical Diversity Network

Report No. 26. SABONET, Pretoria.

Oliver, I.B. 1998. Grow succulents. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series.

National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.

Smith, C.A. 1966. Common names of South African plants.

Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 35. Van

Wyk, B-E. & Gericke, N. 2000. People's plants: a guide to useful

plants of southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

S.P. Bester

National Herbarium

November 2006

Derivation of name and historical aspects

The name Stapelia was introduced by Linnaeus who described it in

1737. The name honours Johannes van Stapel, a 17th century

physician and botanist.

Ecology

Members of this strictly entomophilous (strongly associated with

insects) genus occupy a wide diversity of habitats, mostly in arid

areas. The putrid smell of the flowers of many species attracts flies

and other insects for pollination (myophily). It has been reported

that flies are sometimes so deceived by the odour that they lay

their eggs around the fleshy corona, convinced that it will be a

food source for their hatching larvae.

The male and female parts of the flower and various membranes

and sacs are fused into a complex structure which usually traps

the mouthparts or legs of insects. A clip attached to two pollen

sacs of the plant becomes attached to an insect in its struggle to

free itself. This is deposited on the next flower visited where the

pollen germinates, causes fertilisation and the development of

seed.

Individual flowers are mostly short-lived, but in some cases plants

have extended flowering periods through the sequential

formation of new ones under favourable conditions. The light

seed, with its coma and wing-like margin, is adapted to wind

dispersal.

Most species appear to be relatively short-lived under natural

conditions. They are generally widely scattered, and populations

sometimes vary considerably in density over time, even

disappearing from a locality where they were previously plentiful.

Uses

Parts of Stapelia gigantea have been reported to be used by the

Zulus as a remedy for hysteria. These plants are, however, mainly

sought by collectors of succulent plants.

Growing Stapelia
Stapelias are subjects of interest rather than beauty and are

frequently grown by collectors of succulents. Some largeflowered

species make a good show when grown in masses in the garden. In

general they are drought-resistant succulents suited for rockeries,

and the small-flowered species are suitable as container plants.

They are excellent subjects for a water-wise garden. The sterile

stems are very attractive when planted in full sunlight. When in

full flower, pollinators are attracted by the odour. For the eco-

friendly gardener this is a way of attracting food for birds and

reptiles such as lizards to the garden.

Carrion flowers grow very easily in all parts of South Africa. They

like a sunny position and will also grow in light, semishade in hot

climates. The soil should have good drainage and a pH of 6.5-7.5.

Most species do best in a welldrained sandy medium consisting of

equal parts of washed river sand, potting soil and topsoil.

Provided that they are not over-watered and are given a warm position, stapelias will flower

successfully. Plants from the wetter regions should be watered more often than those originating

from the drier regions. Rather water plants sparingly than excessively. The plants require a period

without water in summer or winter (a dormant phase), depending on whether they come from

the summer or winter rainfall area. They can survive long periods without water, but be sure to

water them before they shrink too much and will not be able to recover. In nature they are

mostly sheltered from the sun by the shade of thickets and shrubs or their roots escape high

temperatures by growing below rocks and slabs, only exposing the stems.

Stapelias are easily propagated by stem cuttings or seed. Seeds

take about a year to ripen, but germinate rapidly after sowing.

Fresh seeds usually germinate better. Sow seed in spring in a well-

drained, light, sandy soil mixed with compost and cover with a thin

layer of soil. Keep the temperature at 25-35 °C, in a shaded and

fairly moist position. Keep plants well ventilated and in good light

to prevent damping off. Treat the seedling medium with a

fungicide, but keep in mind that some chemicals may stunt their

growth. Once the seedlings have germinated and are about 50

mm high, they can be pricked out and planted (be careful not to

damage the roots when pricking out). Generally the plants grow

fast and most will flower within two to three years when grown
from seed. Cuttings should be taken during the active growing

stage to ensure good rooting, before the plants enter their

dormant phase. Cuttings can flower in their first year, depending

on the size of the cutting. Stapelias grow easily from cuttings as

long as they are given adequate time to dry out before planting (at

least two weeks). Leave the cuttings in the shade to dry out. Use a

fungicide drench before planting. Place them in a wellventilated

area with about 40% shade. Water daily during very hot weather.

Plants that do not grow well from cuttings can also be propagated

by grafting.

Woolly aphids on the roots and underground stems and mealy

bugs on the stems and bases are the most common problems. A

strong jet of water or a 50/50 mix of methylated spirits and water

can be used to eradicate these pests.

Woolly aphidsseeds at least once per year. If you're growing lettuce or other vegetables, keep
them in aand human beings. This type of virus is also known as the influenza B Bloodborne
illness, any of the set of diseases caused by pathogens , e.g., viruses or microorganisms that are
held in and spread through contact with people.General Bloodborne diseases add hepatitis B,
hepatitis C, and being immunodeficiency microorganism (HIV ) .Viral hemorrhagic fevers, , e.g.,
Ebola virus illness and Lassa fever, are different instances. (Britannica .) fish crab anchovy
cantaloupe  crab  manatees ®IgG4-related illness (IgG4-RD ), once known as IgG4-related
general illness, is the degenerative inflammatory condition characterised by tissue penetration
with lymphocytes and IgG4-secreting plasma cells, several points of fibrosis (scarring) and a
usually prompt response to oral steroids.At about 51–70 percent of people with the illness,
serum IgG4 concentrations are raised during the intense period. (Wallace ,
Zachary S. Et al., 26 Aug 2015) (Stone et al., Oct 2012) (Deshpande et al., 18 May 2012) are
often yellowish. The leaves of these plants are very long and have a thick, dark colorAlthough
the odds of any single medical design succeeding are reduced, this possibility that one of them
can is higher.Standard and variety should minimize
risks.These authors are predicting nominal returns of 5-8 percent for the debtholders and 8.9-
11.4 percent for the stake holders.These figures are generally aligned with median interest and
debt returns, and very distinct from the common uneven distribution of investments in medical
research between a couple of large successes and many duds. (the Economist., Jan. 2013) D is
very strong. The outer part of the Corolla may be described as ÂPlants the Beauty and
Sustenance of the Living Planet

Plants are the oldest inhabitants of earth and they appeared

on land about 425 million years ago.They are the longest living

organisms on this planet. Plants are estimated to have 300-315

thousand species. Plant and animal kingdoms are part of Allah’s

grand design and are interdependent for their existence on this

planet.

The plants are essential for life on earth because all food chains

start with plants. The plants generate oxygen and consume carbon

dioxide to manufacture their food through the process of

photosynthesis. This process is also termed as carbon fixation. The

plants are thus source of almost all atmospheric oxygen which is

consumed by animals for respiration. The animals perish and

decompose to form ingredients which are taken up by plant roots

and utilized as food. Animals and plants thus create a delicate

balance for sustenance of life upon earth. Of course water being a

basic requirement for existence of life .

Some Fascinating Facts about Plants

-Titan Arum ( Amorphophallus titanum ) is a flowering plant with

the largest inflorescence which can reach the size of 10 feet. It is

also known as corpse plant or carrion flower due to its peculiar

rotten meat like smell. With this smell it lures meat eating insects

for pollination. The first flowering takes 7-10 years with

subsequent flowers appearing every 2-3 years. The spathe which

looks like a large petal generally starts opening in the evening and

remains open during the night and then wilts. The flower is grown

in private lawns with great interest and its blooming celebrated

with enthusiasm. It has single leaf which may attain the height of

20 feet.

Rose family of plants includes in addition to rose flower apples,

pears, plums, cherries, almonds and peaches. -Pitcher plants are

known for being predators of animals and feed on them. But a

bigger species Nepenthes rajah has very interesting symbiotic

relationship with animals like shrews and bats which benefits both

of them. The pitchers of these plants are quite large and are used

by these animals as toilet bowl. In turn the plants use the fecal

matter, which is rich in nitrogen as food. Carnivorous Pitcher

Plants

These are mysterious meat eating plants belonging to families

Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae. These are also called pitcher

plants due to peculiar shape of their leaves. Insects are mostly

their prey but larger pitchers may trap bigger animals like frogs,

snakes and birds.

-Their leaves are unique in the kingdom plantae since these are

transformed for trapping the prey. These leaves are deeply curled

to form a cup like structure which moves on mid vein.

In some species the leaves are shaped like pitcher. -These leaves

have bright colors and attractive patterns to lure their prey. The

pitchers are filled with sweet smelling sticky fluid having digestive

chemicals similar to secretions in the stomach of animals.

-The unsuspecting prey lands on the pitcher in the hope of getting

nectar and gets trapped in the sticky fluid. The contents of the

fluid quickly dissolve the body of the prey and it is sucked into the

plant system as food.

The Carbon Cycle

The process of utilization of carbon by plants and animals is unending

and can be summarized as depicted in carbon cycle below.The root is

underground part and acts as anchor the aerial parts to fix them
firmly in soil. Its main function is to absorb water from the soil along

with soluble plant nutrients. The nutrient solution is transported

through stem to the aerial parts. From the leaf the dilute solution is

concentrated while excessive water is evaporated to the atmosphere

through the process of transpiration. The nutrients are utilized by

the plants for food manufacture.

Photosynthesis:

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants manufacture their

food though it is also carried out by a few other organisms like

algae. Organisms capable of photosynthesis are termed as

‘photoautotrophs’ This is the most significant process for the

sustenance of life on this planet .It has been estimated that

around 130 tetra watts of energy are captured by the process of

photosynthesis. About 110-115 thousand million metric tons of

carbon is converted into biomass annually. It takes place subject

to following prerequisites.

-Presence of water

-Carbon dioxide
-Optimum temperature

-Sunlight energy

-Chlorophyll

Photosynthesis is the process in which the plants convert the

energy of sunlight into organic chemical energy in the form of

carbohydrates i.e. sugars.

Photosynthesis is opposite of respiration in which glucose and

other compounds are oxidised to produce carbon dioxide and

water which results in release of energy for metabolic processes of

the plant. Water is the basic requirement as it is essential for all

biological processes. It occurs at optimum temperature and slows

down or stops at low or extremely high temperature range.

Photosynthesis takes place in day time when abundant solar

radiation is available.

Carbon dioxide is crucial to photosynthesis since plants split it to

utilize its carbon and oxygen is released in the air which is

essential for survival of animals. Carbon dioxide ratio in

atmosphere is just 0.035 %, but its role in plants hence existence

of life is vital.

Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll is a chlorine pigment with magnesium at

the centre of the chlorine ring which imparts green color to the

leaves. It is present in plant cells in the chloroplasts which are

mostly concentrated in the leaves. Each cell may contain from 10-

100 chloroplasts and a square millimeter of leaf area can have

450,000 to 800,000 chloroplasts. The significance of chlorophyll

Here the reference to green contents in plants i.e. chlorophyll and

its link to production of all fruits and crops has been explicitly

established. The Arabic word ‘Khadran’, means green and has

been taken as referring to chlorophyll by scholars including

Maurice Bucaille.

The process of photosynthesis is highly complex and scientists

have not yet been able to decipher it completely.

The end product i.e. sugar is the result of many intermediates.

The simplest reaction is depicted in the following equation:

6H2O +6CO2 light

C6H12O6+6O2

Water +carbon dioxide sugar

+oxygen

The sugar undergoes many transformations before they are stored

in fruits, tubers, seeds or other plant parts. The stored food is

recycled to breakdown complex sugar to simpler forms in the

process of respiration. The energy thus released is used by plants

in different biological process for existence of their species.

As we have seen oxygen is essential for the process of combustion. Oxygen is

produced by plants in the process of photosynthesis which takes place due to

reactions induced by green matter in leaves i.e. chlorophyll. Here Allah says that

fire has been produced by Him out of green trees which is a clear reference to

release of oxygen because trees/wood burn only when dry and not while green.

When we study , the topic is Allah’s power of resurrection of human being on

the day of judgement. This is a discreet pointer to this fact because burning

produces carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere and ashes

which return to soil. Apparently the matter is destroyed, but same is

resurrected with the process of photosynthesis and nutrient uptake by plants

from soil. New plants are born and the eternal cycle of living things coming out

of dead and dead things coming out of living goes on.

Reproduction in plants:

Plants like all living organisms reproduce for survival of their

species. Plants produce seeds which in turn germinate and grow to

full bloom plants/trees, though asexual reproduction is also

common. Based on mode of reproduction the plants have been

classified as under:

Gymnosperms: Non flowering plants. They don’t produce seed and

reproduce asexually.

Angiosperms : Flowering plants which produce seed. Sexual

reproduction: It involves fusion of male and female gametes

(pollen and egg) to produce a new plant through reproductive

cycle.

Asexual reproduction: It is growing of new plants involving

vegetative parts of parent plants like cuttings, buds, grafting,

roots, stems, suckers and tissue culture. This is cloning and the

new plants resemble in characteristics and appearance to those of

the parents.

The Flower
Seeds and fruits are produced from flowers. A typical flower has

following parts though wide variation and adaptations prevail:-

Calyx : This is the outermost whorl which is usually green and

consists of units called sepals. Sepals enclose other flower parts

in the bud stage. Variations in size and color are found in some

flowers.

Corolla : This whorl contains petals which are mostly delicate and

have attractive color to seduce insects and other animals for

pollination. The petals are arranged in symmetrical forms which

are used by botanists to establish relationship among plant

species. If there is more than one flower on an axis, the cluster is

called inflorescence.

Stamens (Androecium): The next whorl consisting of units called

stamens which form male reproductive organs. Stamens consists

of two parts; stalk called filament, topped by anther where pollen

is produced and dispersed.

Carpel/ovary (Gynoecium) : This is female reproductive part of the

flower. This is the innermost whorl of a flower, consisting of one

or more units called carpels. The carpels fuse to form hollow

structure, the ovary. Gynoecium consisting of ovary, stigma, and

style is also termed as pistil. The ovary produces ovules or

eggs.Pollination:
The pollen produced by anthers having spores reaches the pistil to

fertilize the female eggs and the process of reproduction sets in.

Male and female parts having half number of chromosomes fuse

to produce fruits and seeds. The process of access of pollen to the

female part of the flower is termed as pollination.

Some flowers are fertilized from the pollen by the same flower

which is called self pollination. If pollens of other plants fertilize, it

is termed as cross pollination. Various carriers perform in this

important process i.e.

Pollination by insects and other animals: Insects and other animals

play an important role in pollination. They are attracted to the

flowers by scent, bright colors or collection of nectar as food.

While visiting flowers, pollen sticks to their body parts and they

transfer it to female parts while visiting other flowers.

Pollination by air : Air is a major agent in transfer of pollen to

female parts. Pollen of plants using air as pollination agent is light

produced in great numbers and dry. The flowers of such plants are

not attractive and pollen has little nutritional value since this is not

required.

Stapelia obducta CACTUSPEDIA

A flower just opened (before it takes on its more usual shape with

the petals folded back).

MAINTENANCE:

Spring: When winter ends and they begin to grow again, they will

require much more water and soaking the pots will no longer put

the plants at risk for rot . In the spring they will grow well in partial
shade and leaving them out in the rain may provide them with the

water they need.

Summer: In the summer months they will tolerate heavy rain , but

will be just as happy if the season is dry. It's best to sort out the

stems while the plants are resting in the summer before they

begin their autumnal growth cycle . They will tolerate very hot

weather outdoors as long as they are kept in filtered light and this

will encourage them to flower in the Autumn. They also enjoy

some fertiliser. Moving the plants as they are developing buds

may cause them to spontaneously abort the flowers all together.

Autumn: In the fall keep them outdoors until the night time

temperatures drop below the 5°C.

Winter : Winter care presents no problems at 5°-10° C with plenty

of light. As soon as they are flowered be sure to take extra

precautions to keep them dry , because damp cool conditions

when the plants are resting is an invitation to fungal infections , but

- according to temperatures –some occasional lit watering may be

use Propagation: Easiest with stem cuttings. Allow cuttings to dry a

day before planting. Stems must be laid (Not buried) on gritty

compost and will then root from the underside of the stems. It can

also be increased from seeds sowing in spring in moist, sandy peat

moss . Barely cover seeds . Seeds germinate quickly.

In any season it's best to lay the stems out for several days before

replanting them and then pot them only in dry soil and with hold

any water until they begin to shrivel or start growing again.

Potting medium: Since roots are quite shallow, use a cactus mix or

add extra perlite or pumice to regular soil potting soil. A gritty,

very free- draining compost is suitable, and clay pots help the

plants to dry out between watering. Re-pot every 2 years.

Pest and diseases : Stapelia are generally fairly easy to grow,

especially if kept pest-free. They are very susceptible to stem and

root mealy bugs, and damage from these may well initiate fungal

attack . Any time when there is a dead or dying stem in the pot it is

important to remove it immediately and completely before other

healthy stems can become ill too, isolate the healthy parts, dry

them off, and re-root them in new compost.

Stapelia L.

Family: Apocynaceae

Common names: carrion flower (Eng.); aasblom (Afr.)

View other plants in this family QR

code link

View other plants in this genus

Known globally as African starfish flowers, and locally as carrion

flowers, members of the genus Stapelia are usually characterised

by their foul-smelling flowers reminiscent of the odour of rotting

meat. The hairs, coloration and surface mimic decaying animal

matter and attract mostly flies, which act as pollinators. The strong

carrion scent is sometimes recognisable at a great distance,

especially on hot afternoons. Surprisingly, species such as S.

erectiflora and S. flavopurpurea have sweetly scented flowers, but

they are rare.

Description

Stapelias are low, perennial succulents. The stems, their surface

and branching make them immediately recognisable. The stems

are almost always erect and are usually uniformly green to

reddish, depending on the extent of exposure to the sun. Only

rarely are they mottled with red or purple on green. The stems of

a small group of species are greyish with darker purple in the

grooves between the angles. Thickness of the stems varies from 5-

50 mm in diameter. Tubercles on the stems are laterally flattened

and vertically joined into continuous rows, rendering the stems 4-

angled. Each tubercle bears a small leaf rudiment, which may vary

in width from 1-6 mm. It is short-lived and leaves a round scar at

the tip of the tubercle. The pubescence of the stem surface is

caused by the elongation of the outer walls of the epidermal cells

into slender papillae. The short papillae in some forms of S.

schinzii, S. hirsuta and S. remota give the plants a glabrous and

shiny appearance.

The flowers are star-shaped. Large-flowered species bear their

flowers usually at or near the base of the plant. The flowers of the

smaller-flowered species are usually dispersed at various heights

on the stems, sometimes at the base.

Flowers in an inflorescence generally open in succession. The

flowers are extremely variable in size (6-400 mm across), but there

is usually little variation in the shape, invariably being almost flat

and deeply lobed.

In most species, the corolla has relatively long lobes and a small,

central, united area. The surface of the corolla is characteristic.

The outside is usually uniformly papillate and the inside

transversely rugose (wrinkled). Two series of corona lobes are

present: an outer and inner corona.

The fruit (follicles) are pubescent, sometimes containing a large

number of seeds. Seeds have a thin outer margin and a tuft of

hairs (coma) helping with wind dispersal.

Conservation Status

In general, stapelias are never very abundant and are scattered over

vast areas. In Namibia Stapelia pearsonii is listed as rare. On an

interim Red Data assessment (August 2006) of the Threatened

Species Programme (TSP, SANBI), 20 taxa are listed in the following

IUCN categories: four Data Deficient (DD), 10 Least Concern (LC),

three Near Threatened (NT) ( Stapelia baylissii, S. clavicorona and S.

tsomoensis ), and three Vulnerable (VU) (Stapelia obducta and both

subspecies of S. praetermissa ). The general threat seems to be

degradation of habitat, but for most of the listed species the threats

are unknown. Distribution and habitat

Stapelia is native to the arid regions of tropical and southern

Africa, in Botswana, Zimbabwe and especially in Namibia and

South Africa where about 43 species occur. Outside this region

they are also found in southern Angola, scattered in northern

Zambia, southern Malawi and central Mozambique. Collections

from southern Tanzania and Kenya are probably of plants that

have escaped from cultivation. Plants are found in nearly all

habitats, but mostly in well-drained soils in the drier regions. In

South Africa they are widely distributed, but concentrated around

the mountainous edge of the country. It is absent from the sandy

central parts of the Kalahari, the most arid areas of the Namib and

the wetter, higher parts of the Drakensberg. Stapelia contains a

number of very localised endemics such as S. clavicorona and S.

remota.

References

Albers, F. & Meve, U. 2002. Illustrated handbook of succulent

plants. Asclepiadaceae. Springer Verlag, Berlin. Armstrong, W.P.

1997. Stinking flowers. http://

waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0602.htm

Bruyns, P.V. 2005. Stapeliads of southern Africa and

Madagascar, vol. 1. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria. Court, D.

2000. Succulent flora of southern Africa, revised edn. Balkema,

Rotterdam.

Hardy, D. & Fabian, A. 1992. Succulents of the Transvaal.

Southern Book Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa.

Leach, L.C. 1985. A revision of Stapelia L.

(Asclepiadaceae). Excelsa Taxonomic Series, No. 3. Aloe, Cactus

and Succulent Society, Zimbabwe.

Leistner, O.A. (ed.) 2000. Seeds plants of southern Africa :

families and genera. Strelitzia 10. National Botanical Institute,

Pretoria.

Leistner, O.A. 2005. Seed plants of southern tropical Africa

: families and genera. South African Botanical Diversity Network

Report No. 26. SABONET, Pretoria.

Oliver, I.B. 1998. Grow succulents. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series.

National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.

Smith, C.A. 1966. Common names of South African plants.

Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 35. Van

Wyk, B-E. & Gericke, N. 2000. People's plants: a guide to useful

plants of southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

S.P. Bester

National Herbarium

November 2006

Derivation of name and historical aspects

The name Stapelia was introduced by Linnaeus who described it in

1737. The name honours Johannes van Stapel, a 17th century

physician and botanist.

Ecology

Members of this strictly entomophilous (strongly associated with

insects) genus occupy a wide diversity of habitats, mostly in arid

areas. The putrid smell of the flowers of many species attracts flies

and other insects for pollination (myophily). It

has been reported that flies are sometimes so deceived by the

odour that they lay their eggs around the fleshy corona,

convinced that it will be a food source for their hatching larvae.

The male and female parts of the flower and various membranes

and sacs are fused into a complex structure which usually traps

the mouthparts or legs of insects. A clip attached to two pollen

sacs of the plant becomes attached to an insect in its struggle to

free itself. This is deposited on the next flower visited where the
pollen germinates, causes fertilisation and the development of

seed.

Individual flowers are mostly short-lived, but in some cases plants

have extended flowering periods through the sequential

formation of new ones under favourable conditions. The light

seed, with its coma and wing-like margin, is adapted to wind

dispersal.

Most species appear to be relatively short-lived under natural

conditions. They are generally widely scattered, and populations

sometimes vary considerably in density over time, even

disappearing from a locality where they were previously plentiful.

Uses

Parts of Stapelia gigantea have been reported to be used by the

Zulus as a remedy for hysteria. These plants are, however, mainly

sought by collectors of succulent plants.

Growing Stapelia
Stapelias are subjects of interest rather than beauty and are

frequently grown by collectors of succulents. Some largeflowered

species make a good show when grown in masses in the garden. In

general they are drought-resistant succulents suited for rockeries,

and the small-flowered species are suitable as container plants.

They are excellent subjects for a water-wise garden. The sterile

stems are very attractive when planted in full sunlight. When in

full flower, pollinators are attracted by the odour. For the eco-

friendly gardener this is a way of attracting food for birds and

reptiles such as lizards to the garden.

Carrion flowers grow very easily in all parts of South Africa. They

like a sunny position and will also grow in light, semishade in hot

climates. The soil should have good drainage and a pH of 6.5-7.5.

Most species do best in a welldrained sandy medium consisting of

equal parts of washed river sand, potting soil and topsoil.

Provided that they are not over-watered and are given a warm

position, stapelias will flower successfully. Plants from the wetter

regions should be watered more often than those originating from

the drier regions. Rather water plants sparingly than excessively.

The plants require a period without water in summer or winter (a

dormant phase), depending on whether they come from the

summer or winter rainfall area. They can survive long periods

without water, but be sure to water them before they shrink too

much and will not be able

to recover. In nature they are mostly sheltered from the sun by

the shade of thickets and shrubs or their roots escape high

temperatures by growing below rocks and slabs, only exposing the

stems.

Stapelias are easily propagated by stem cuttings or seed. Seeds

take about a year to ripen, but germinate rapidly after sowing.

Fresh seeds usually germinate better. Sow seed in spring in a well-

drained, light, sandy soil mixed with compost and cover with a thin

layer of soil. Keep the temperature at 25-35 °C, in a shaded and

fairly moist position. Keep plants well ventilated and in good light

to prevent damping off. Treat the seedling medium with a

fungicide, but keep in mind that some chemicals may stunt their
growth. Once the seedlings have germinated and are about 50

mm high, they can be pricked out and planted (be careful not to

damage the roots when pricking out). Generally the plants grow

fast and most will flower within two to three years when grown

from seed. Cuttings should be taken during the active growing

stage to ensure good rooting, before the plants enter their

dormant phase. Cuttings can flower in their first year, depending

on the size of the cutting. Stapelias grow easily from cuttings as

long as they are given adequate time to dry out before planting (at
least two weeks). Leave the cuttings in the shade to dry out. Use a

fungicide drench before planting. Place them in a wellventilated

area with about 40% shade. Water daily during very hot weather.

Plants that do not grow well from cuttings can also be propagated

by grafting.

Woolly aphids on the roots and underground stems and mealy

bugs on the stems and bases are the most common problems. A

strong jet of water or a 50/50 mix of methylated spirits and water

can be used to eradicate these pests.

Woolly aphids

Kalanchoe humilis

DESCRIPTION: Easy care large succulent with large oval flat grey-green leaves marked with
maroon-red. The leaves are arranged in an upright rosette. Happy mature plants will grow a
flower spike with smaller leaves along it and tiny flowers.

USES: Ornamental plant ideal in well lit areas Striking landscaping plant for waterwise gardens in
frost-free areas.
PLANTING: Plant in free draining or even rocky soil in pots or out in the garden, taking care to
keep the crown above the soil. Suited to full sun where it will develop more colour. Protect
plants from single-digit temperatures.

CARE: Like most succulents, require little water. Fortnightly watering during the warmer months
will keep plants looking lush; reduce water in winter so the soil almost dries out. Fertilise during
spring with an organic liquid feed mixed at half rate. If potted plants become crowded as pups
develop, remove young plants and share with neighbours or repot.

HEIGHT & WIDTH: 90cm H x 60cm W.

YOUR PLANTS: Supplied as 'plugs', slightly smaller than our usual tubestock but with a healthy
root system ready for planting or potting on.

Please help me with my research. I am very grateful conclusion point on my additional pre
review

COVID-19 treatment with unique plants and endemic plants in South Africa How will

a unique COVID-19 be treated with unique plants?

A unique plant is a beautiful red and green flower like a succulent potted clay in the
Florida Botanical Garden in Largo Stock Photo: 334113382 - Alamy
"https://www.alamy.com/beautiful-red-and-green-flower-like- plant Potted succulents in
terracotta-in-florida-botanical garden in Largo image334113382.html

How will the epidemic COVID-19 be treated by a plant endemic in South Africa from stapelia
obducta? http://pza.sanbi.org/stapelia
Corona virus and its causes

The new coronavirus, now called SARS-CoV-2, causes COVID-19.

Initial reports on the new coronavirus appeared from Wuhan, China, on December 31, 2019,
with patients suffering from pneumonia of unknown origin. As of March 2, more than 90,000
cases have been confirmed worldwide, including 45,705 cases that have ended in a recovering
hospital and more than 3,000 deaths.

Scientists are not sure where the virus originated, although they know that
coronaviruses (which also include SARS and MERS) can be transmitted between animals and
humans.

According to the World Health Organization, corona viruses (CoV) are a large group of viruses
that cause diseases ranging from colds to more serious diseases such as Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARSCoV).
There are at least six other types of coronavirus that can infect humans. Some cause colds, while
others cause SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome. It is believed that the SARS-Cove-2
strain originated in bats.

Therefore, coronaviruses are animal origin, which means that they are transmitted between
animals and people.

*** Bats, they say, are the cause of this virus. But in Wuhan, where the evil virus started, bats
have not been found, so what could be the cause of the Corona virus? In fact, many scientists
have presented in a different way. Some scientists say that it is true that the epidemic is
transmitted between humans and animals, but I agree with that, but from my point of view I
am asking about the cause of the Corona virus to answer these questions. I think that corona
or COVID-19 originated from A white-tailed bald eagle collides with fish during the summer,
and a mixture of different eagles was a combination of their own virus in the nature virus and
pollution from climate change will return from the smoke industry to contribute to the
formation in addition to a mixture of different types of naturally owned eagle virus which It is
not a symptom and diagnosis of eagle eagles But this virus helps eagle tripping and heart, but
we hope that this will be the virus to humans and other animals, making it spreads and B so,
while the return to the main point

After joining all of the above, the circumstances made clear his main reasons for causing the
epidemic, but the first infected animal is if we say its eagle while referring to how a person was
exposed to detect epidemic diseases? In fact, as I tried to explain above after an covid -19
infected eagle collided with a fish collision during the summer, COVID19 had been circulating in
the ocean since it collided with fish during the summer. You know that oceans were exposed to
COVID-19 while an eagle collided with a fish while a person came to search for Fish for general
consumption so COVID-19 infectious fish are spread to humans according to my assumptions
to summarize belowPlease help me with my research. I am very grateful for your support and
encouragement. Smoke industry ---- Climate change ----- Atmospheric pollution and poisoning
of all hairs, especially the white-tailed bald eagle ------ The eagle in summer makes catching
with fish
----- An epidemic virus ---- Spreads in Oceans ------ after the eagle collides with the fish ----Fisher
Man of the Consumer ---- for humans

Medicinal plants that heal ** corana ** remove COVID-19 from both the patient and the animal

Medicinal uses of unique plants are a beautiful red and green flower like succulent pots in
Florida Botanical Garden in Largo Stock Photo: 334113382 - Alamy
"https://www.alamy.com/beautiful-red-and-green-flower as a succulent potted plant. In the
terracotta-in-Florida-botanical garden in Largo image334113382.html

1, Improving breathtaking tightness for a COVID-19 patient by inhaling the powder of this plant
2, Clean COVID-19 lung disease

3, Remove carbon emissions from the lungs and lead to the drainage of solid liquids from the
lungs that completely remove and enable oxygen to visualize in the lungs and fixed

4, to reconstruct a broken lateral bone from human action without surgery is possible only
during inhalation of the powder from this red and grammatical green flower such as leaves of
plants and succulent herbs, and this time it will pump the lungs to drain fluid through this
inhalation and re-install the broken side bone displaced to the right place

5, While we see about animals infected with COVID-19, we simply have to make a water solution
for this red and canine green flower like the leaves of the potted plants in the water make this
aqueous solution an animal in addition this plant aqueous solutions is preventing anti gamma
corona viruses rays , broad spectrum and rainbow from this animal

Drinks without any doubt animals will cure COVID-19 and this is true for all animalsPlease help
me with my research. I am very grateful for your support and encouragement. 2, a plant
endemic to South Africa

Stapelia obducta cactuspedia

Zahra just opened (before she takes on her more usual shape

With the petal

http://pza.sanbi.org/stapelia

A plant endemic to South Africa “staplea obducta” for treatment of COVID-19, HIV and all
other virus-related diseases In short
1,this plant cures every virus related deasese or COVID-19 and HIV and all Virus Related 2, cure
blood born deasese and AiDS or HIV
3, cure lung cancer and cure TB patient
4, cleaning up the atmosphere and make to stable and serves to planet to exist
This plants cures for every deasese but the the details parts of the this plant with picture i have
attached you in pdf form
Explanation of this plant I will leave it to reporters to allow it to further investigate but I hope it
has been explained in the pre-DOC I sent you before

prepared by

Ahmed Tofik Ali

From Ethiopia, Oromia, east harerghe Baroda town

See you again Thank

you !!!

References

(Jul. 2018). Plant disease. Britannica. Retrieved from

www.britannica.com/science/plant-disease( Britannica .)

(Jul. 2018). Bloodborne disease. Britannica. Retrieved from

www.britannica.com/science/bloodborne-disease( Britannica .)

Wallace, Zachary S.; Deshpande, Vikram; Mattoo, Hamid; Mahajan, Vinay S.; Kulikova,
Maria; Pillai, Shiv; Stone, John H. (26 August 2015). "IgG4-Related Disease: Clinical and
Laboratory Features in One Hundred Twenty-Five Patients". Arthritis &
Rheumatology. 67 (9): 2466–2475. doi:10.1002/art.39205. PMC 4621270 

. PMID 25988916. (Wallace, Zachary S. et al., 26 August 2015)

John H. Stone; Arezou Khosroshahi; Vikram Deshpande; John K. C. Chan; J. Godfrey

Heathcote; Rob Aalberse; Atsushi Azumi; Donald B. Bloch; William R. Brugge; Mollie N.
Carruthers; Wah Cheuk; Lynn Cornell; Carlos Fernandez-Del Castillo; Judith A. Ferry;
David Forcione; Günter Klöppe; Daniel L. Hamilos; Terumi Kamisawa; Satomi Kasashima;
Shigeyuki Kawa; Mitsuhiro Kawano; Yasufumi Masaki; Kenji Notohara; Kazuichi Okazaki; Ji Kon
Ryu; Takako Saeki; Dushyant Sahani; Yasuharu Sato; Thomas Smyrk; James R. Stone; Masayuki
Takahira; Hisanori Umehara; George Webster; Motohisa Yamamoto;
Eunhee Yi; Tadashi Yoshino; Giuseppe Zamboni; Yoh Zen; Suresh Chari (October 2012).
"Recommendations for the nomenclature of IgG4-related disease and its individual organ system
manifestations". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 64 (10): 3061–3067. doi:10.1002/art.34593. PMID
22736240. (Stone et al., October 2012)

Vikram Deshpande; Yoh Zen; John KC Chan; Eunhee E Yi; Yasuharu Sato; Tadashi
Yoshino; Günter Klöppe; J Godfrey Heathcote; Arezou Khosroshahi; Judith A Ferry; Rob C
Aalberse; Donald B Bloch; William R Brugge; Adrian C Bateman; Mollie N Carruthers; Suresh T
Chari; Wah Cheuk; Lynn D Cornell; Carlos Fernandez-Del Castillo; David G
Forcione; Daniel L Hamilos; Terumi Kamisawa; Satomi Kasashima; Shigeyuki Kawa;
Mitsuhiro Kawano; Gregory Y Lauwers; Yasufumi Masaki; Yasuni Nakanuma; Kenji
Notohara; Kazuichi Okazaki; Ji Kon Ryu; Takako Saeki; Dushyant V Sahani; Thomas C
Smyrk; James R Stone; Masayuki Takahira; George J Webster; Motohisa Yamamoto; Giuseppe
Zamboni; Hisanori Umehara; John H Stone (18 May 2012). "Consensus statement on the
pathology of IgG4-related disease". Modern Pathology. 25 (9): 1181– 1192.
doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.72. PMID 22596100. (Deshpande et al., 18 May
2012)

The Economist. (Jan. 2013). Disease or cure? The Economist. Retrieved from
https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21570722-howsecuritisation-may-
help-your-health-disease-or-cure(The Economist., Jan. 2013)

(Jul. 2018). Plant disease. Britannica. Retrieved from

www.britannica.com/science/plant-disease( Britannica .)
 Login | Register

General site search

HOME ABOUT PLANTS OF THE WEEK VEGETATION OF SOUTH AFRICA

INFORMATION LIBRARY CONTACT

Stapelia

Go to Plants of the Week Advanced Search

Stapelia L.

Family: Apocynaceae
Common names: carrion flower (Eng.); aasblom (Afr.)
View other plants in this famil

View other plants in this enu

QR code lin

Known globally as African starfish flowers, and locally as carrion flowers, members of the genus Stapelia are usually
characterised by their foul-smelling flowers reminiscent of the odour of rotting meat. The hairs, coloration and surface mimic
decaying animal matter and attract mostly flies, which act as pollinators. The strong carrion scent is sometimes recognisable
at a great distance, especially on hot afternoons. Surprisingly, species such as S. erectiflora and S. flavopurpurea have
sweetly scented flowers, but they are rare.
Description
Stapelias are low, perennial succulents. The stems, their surface and branching make them immediately recognisable. T stems are
almost always erect and are usually uniformly green to reddish, depending on the extent of exposure to the s Only rarely are they
mottled with red or purple on green.

The stems of a small group of species are greyish with darker purple in the grooves between the angles. Thickness of th stems
varies from 5-50 mm in diameter. Tubercles on the stems are laterally flattened and vertically joined into continuo rows,
rendering the stems 4-angled. Each tubercle bears a small leaf rudiment, which may vary in width from 1-6 mm. It is short-lived
and leaves a round scar at the tip of the tubercle. The pubescence of the stem surface is caused by the elongation of the outer
walls of the epidermal cells into slender papillae. The short papillae in some forms of S. schinzii, hirsuta and S. remota give the
plants a glabrous and shiny appearance.
The flowers are star-shaped. Large-flowered species bear their flowers usually at or near the base of the plant. The flow of the
smaller-flowered species are usually dispersed at various heights on the stems, sometimes at the base. Flowers in an
inflorescence generally open in succession. The flowers are extremely variable in size (6-400 mm across), but there i usually little
variation in the shape, invariably being almost flat and deeply lobed.

In most species, the corolla has relatively long lobes and a small, central, united area. The surface of the corolla is characteristic.
The outside is usually uniformly papillate and the inside transversely rugose (wrinkled). Two series of coro lobes are present: an
outer and inner corona.
The fruit (follicles) are pubescent, sometimes containing a large number of seeds. Seeds have a thin outer margin and a tuft of
hairs (coma) helping with wind dispersal.

Conservation Status
In general, stapelias are never very abundant and are scattered over vast areas. In Namibia Stapelia pearsonii is listed a rare. On
an interim Red Data assessment (August 2006) of the Threatened Species Programme (TSP, SANBI), 20 taxa ar listed in the
following IUCN categories: four Data Deficient (DD), 10 Least Concern (LC), three Near Threatened (NT) ( Stapelia baylissii, S.
clavicorona and S. tsomoensis ), and three Vulnerable (VU) (Stapelia obducta and both subspecies o S. praetermissa). The
general threat seems to be degradation of habitat, but for most of the listed species the threats are unknown.

Distribution and habitat

Stapelia is native to the arid regions of tropical and southern Africa, in Botswana, Zimbabwe and especially in Namibia a South
Africa where about 43 species occur. Outside this region they are also found in southern Angola, scattered in northern Zambia,
southern Malawi and central Mozambique. Collections from southern Tanzania and Kenya are probably plants that have escaped
from cultivation. Plants are found in nearly all habitats, but mostly in well-drained soils in the dr regions. In South Africa they are
widely distributed, but concentrated around the mountainous edge of the country. It is absent from the sandy central parts of the
Kalahari, the most arid areas of the Namib and the wetter, higher parts of the Drakensberg. Stapelia contains a number of very
localised endemics such as S. clavicorona and S. remota.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
The name Stapelia was introduced by Linnaeus who described it in 1737. The name honours Johannes van Stapel, a 17th century
physician and botanist.

Ecology

Members of this strictly entomophilous (strongly associated with insects) genus occupy a wide diversity of habitats, most in arid
areas. The putrid smell of the flowers of many species attracts flies and other insects for pollination (myophily). It h been reported
that flies are sometimes so deceived by the odour that they lay their eggs around the fleshy corona, convinced that it will be a
food source for their hatching larvae.

The male and female parts of the flower and various membranes and sacs are fused into a complex structure which usu traps the
mouthparts or legs of insects. A clip attached to two pollen sacs of the plant becomes attached to an insect in struggle to free
itself. This is deposited on the next flower visited where the pollen germinates, causes fertilisation and th development of seed.

Individual flowers are mostly short-lived, but in some cases plants have extended flowering periods through the sequent
formation of new ones under favourable conditions.

The light seed, with its coma and wing-like margin, is adapted to wind dispersal.

Most species appear to be relatively short-lived under natural conditions. They are generally widely scattered, and populations
sometimes vary considerably in density over time, even disappearing from a locality where they were previously plentiful.

Uses
Parts of Stapelia gigantea have been reported to be used by the Zulus as a remedy for hysteria. These plants are, howev mainly
sought by collectors of succulent plants.

Growing Stapelia
Stapelias are subjects of interest rather than beauty and are frequently grown by collectors of succulents. Some largeflowered
species make a good show when grown in masses in the garden. In general they are drought-resistant succulents suited for
rockeries, and the small-flowered species are suitable as container plants. They are excellent subje for a water-wise garden. The
sterile stems are very attractive when planted in full sunlight. When in full flower, pollinators are attracted by the odour. For the
eco-friendly gardener this is a way of attracting food for birds and reptiles such as lizards to the garden.
Carrion flowers grow very easily in all parts of South Africa. They like a sunny position and will also grow in light, semishade in hot
climates. The soil should have good drainage and a pH of 6.5-7.5. Most species do best in a well-drain sandy medium consisting of
equal parts of washed river sand, potting soil and topsoil.

Provided that they are not over-watered and are given a warm position, stapelias will flower successfully. Plants from the wetter
regions should be watered more often than those originating from the drier regions. Rather water plants sparingly than
excessively. The plants require a period without water in summer or winter (a dormant phase), depending on wheth they come
from the summer or winter rainfall area. They can survive long periods without water, but be sure to water the before they shrink
too much and will not be able to recover. In nature they are mostly sheltered from the sun by the shad of thickets and shrubs or
their roots escape high temperatures by growing below rocks and slabs, only exposing the ste

Stapelias are easily propagated by stem cuttings or seed. Seeds take about a year to ripen, but germinate rapidly after sowing.
Fresh seeds usually germinate better. Sow seed in spring in a well-drained, light, sandy soil mixed with compost and cover with a
thin layer of soil. Keep the temperature at 25-35 °C, in a shaded and fairly moist position. Keep plants w ventilated and in good
light to prevent damping off. Treat the seedling medium with a fungicide, but keep in mind that some chemicals may stunt their
growth. Once the seedlings have germinated and are about 50 mm high, they can be pricked out and planted (be careful not to
damage the roots when pricking out). Generally the plants grow fast and most will flower within two to three years when grown
from seed.

Cuttings should be taken during the active growing stage to ensure good rooting, before the plants enter their dormant phase.
Cuttings can flower in their first year, depending on the size of the cutting. Stapelias grow easily from cuttings as long as they are
given adequate time to dry out before planting (at least two weeks). Leave the cuttings in the shade to d out. Use a fungicide
drench before planting. Place them in a well-ventilated area with about 40% shade. Water daily duri very hot weather. Plants that
do not grow well from cuttings can also be propagated by grafting.

Woolly aphids on the roots and underground stems and mealy bugs on the stems and bases are the most common problems. A
strong jet of water or a 50/50 mix of methylated spirits and water can be used to eradicate these pests.

Woolly aphids

Black rot, a secondary infection after woolly aphid attacks, is also problematic. Remove all traces of black rot with a steri knife,
spray the plant with Benelate and dust with flowers of sulphur. As soon as stem rot is noticed, the affected parts should
immediately be cut away and destroyed.
Because of the many diseases to which succulent Apocynaceae (including Stapelia ) are prone, they are some of the mo difficult
succulents to grow.

Species
is a very variable species with the largest flowers
Stapelia gigantea
the genus ranging from 100-400 mm in diameter. It is the most wide
north-south distributed species and occurs in Zambia, Malawi,
Mozambique, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa. It grows in ma
habitats and may form clumps of 1-2 m in diameter.

See more info below

is probably one of the best recorded of all S.

Stapelia grandiflora
African stapeliads. It is widely but scantly distributed over the Great
Karoo, Free State and southwards to Port Elizabeth, but occurs main
in the Eastern Cape. This is one of the species with the most robust
stems and may reach a height of 300 mm, with compressed angles
and prominent teeth. Flower buds are typically rounded where the
segments meet; the flowers are up to 150 mm in diameter, dark purp
brown, usually darker towards the tips of the segments, with long
purple hairs on the disc. The lower part of the lobes is ciliate with lo
simple, white hairs. It is distinguished from
S. giganteaon account o
distribution and the shape of the bud. It is also closely allied
S. to
hirsuta.

Stapelia gettliffei is native to the warmer, dry, sandy parts of the Limpopo River catchments in southeastern Botswana, th
northern parts of South Africa, southern Zimbabwe, and just over the border into Mozambique to the east. It usually grow
in low-lying areas in shaded situations, often with other stapelias of
the same localities.

See more info below

plants usually sprawl in the shade of bushes and in

Stapelia gettliffei
the open are more erect and tightly knit. Tubercles are tipped with
long, narrow leaf rudiments, the largest in the genus. The stems turn
red in the dry season and become paper-thin. The flowers have lon
pedicels facing upwards, with the corolla marked in purple lines on
cream-coloured background, and the margins and central section
have hairs. Flowering occurs from December-May. The specific epit
honours George Frederick Rawson Gettliffe (1873-1948), who collect
extensively in remote areas of the northern parts of South Africa. Th
Venda name for the speciesmahushule
is .

Stapelia kwebensis is the most widely distributed in an east-west

direction, from Kaokoveld (northern Namibia, southern Angola )
through the Kalahari in Botswana, eastwards in the northernmost pa
of South Africa, and in Zimbabwe. Plants usually grow in flat, rocky
areas, in the open or below bushes. The stems are bright green, sh
toothed with erect, prominent rudimentary leaves. Natural hybrids
appear infrequently. Flowers are small, carried on short pedicels ne
the apex or in the middle of the stem and vary in coloration from
yellow-ish to green to brown or dark red. Plants produce their evil-
smelling flowers from December to May. The stems are slender and
pale green, with the area between the ribs darker. The first plants
were discovered on the Kwebe Hills (south of Lake Ngami ) in north
Botswana, hence the specific epithet. It is difficult to cultivate under
humid and wet summer rainfall conditions.
See more info below .

Stapelia olivacea is a South African endemic and grows amongst stones

and boulders in mountainous areas of the Great Karoo (north central
Karoo and southwestern Free State). Despite its wide range, is locally
very rare and does not appear to be common anywhere today.
Stapelia olivaceaflowers are small, almost flat, with white hairs alon
the margins. The colour is very variable. Apparently darker maroon-
red flowers usually emit a strong, offensive odour of excrement, but
the greenish flowers have a mushroom-like smell that is more
pleasant. The stems are greyish along the flanks, with the grooves i
between a darker green, sometimes purplish. The stems form
attractive, neat clumps about 100 mm high. The epithet refers to the
olive-green colour used in the first painting of this species.

Stapelia rufais endemic to South Africa, with populations widely

scattered between Upington, Oudtshoorn, Montagu and Ladismith.
usually grows on stony, north-facing slopes, and like many stapeliad
in the protection of bushes. Plants bear small flowers, usually towar
the base. The flowers are reddish to brown, the segments of the
corolla narrowing into long slender points. The stems are 4-angled
somewhat round in cross section and without grooves between the
flanks of the stem. This species flowers in spring.

Stapelia engleriana is a South African endemic, widely distributed in the

drier areas of the southwestern Karoo between Laingsburg, Beaufort
West and Prince Albert. If these stapelias are sheltered by other plants,
they can become up to 300 mm tall. The characteristic thick, square,
prostrate to rhizomatous stems are easily identifiable. The lobes of the
flowers are folded back completely, giving the flowers a round, button-
shaped appearance. The flowers are purple brown to red-maroon, about
25 mm in diameter and sometimes last for more than a week. It is
generally a less attractive plant with an untidy habit due to new growth
starting from points where the stem
has been damaged or broken.

Stapelia flavopurpurea is not a common species but is widely distributed

in both Namibia and South Africa (western Karoo to the Northern Cape).
Plants grow amongst stones at the base of other shrubs. The short,
uniformly green stems are 4-angled and up to 10 mm tall. The star-like
 flowers of this striking species are deeply lobe and the margins are folded
backwards, with a central disc covered short, clavate, purple to white
hairs. Flowers are borne (sometimes i clusters) near the tips of the stems
and have been reported to be pleasantly scented. It superficially
resembles the flowers of Tridente
virescens, the only other stapeliad that exhibits such extravagant an
exotic coloration. The flowers are usually bright yellow, but various
shades from yellow, green, red to brown have been reported. Although
the flowers are smaller than those of most other species i
the genus, they are very beautiful and lack the unpleasant smell so characteristic of most members of this genus.

Stapelia unicornis is confined to the southern parts of the Lebombo

Mountains in South Africa (Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal),
Mozambique and Swaziland. Plants grow on shallow soils, ledges a rocky
outcrops. The pale green stems form stout clumps, rarely high than 100
mm. The flowers are pale green-pinkish and about 100 mm

diameter. The centre of the flower is almost bowl-shaped. A species

closely related to S. gigantea, but with smaller flowers that are decisively
bowl-shaped and with different inner corona lobes. Plant are relatively
easily cultivated.

Stapelia leendertziae is most conspicuous when in flower owing to the unique large, bell-shaped, deep reddish to dark purple
flowers that are up to 120 mm long. It is widely grown in gardens but
distinctly uncommon in the wild. It occurs on the mountains of the
northeastern escarpment and Swaziland wher seems to be confined to
rocky ground with shallow soils.

See more info below.

Stapelia leendertziae stems are darker and dull green compared to those
of S. gigantea and S. unicornis. Flowers are produced at the base or in
the lower half from new branches. This species was name after Miss
Reino Leendertz, the first official botanist employed at the Transvaal
Museum and who was the first to collect this species nea Heidelberg in
 1909. Flowering time is November-January. It is readi cultivated and can
withstand a fair degree of frost. Known as aaskel
aasklok or rooiaasblom (Afr.).

Stapelia clavicorona is an endemic restricted to the northern slopes the

Soutpansberg in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Plants grow on
hot, stony slopes and consist of a few, robust stems (by far the most
robust stems in the genus) that are deeply indented betwe the angles.
Stems are olive-green and turn reddish in the dry seaso Older stems
become corky and white. Flowers are relatively small (5 mm in diameter).
The pale pinkish green flowers are textured with club-shaped hairs along
the margins of the corolla. Propagation from cuttings and seed is
relatively easy. Plants flower from OctoberDecember. It was first
collected in 1931 and the specific epithet refe to the club-shaped
(clavate) corona lobes.

Stapelia schinzii is found in Namibia and southern Angola. Three varieties are recognised, the typical one only occurring
Namibia. The plants are large and robust, and sometimes spread for up to 1 m, stems arising from a short horizontal base The
stems are mostly purple-mottled and up to 60 mm tall. Compared to the stems, the dark red to maroon flowers are relatively
large (up to 120 mm in diameter). They have elongate corolla lobes, fringed with vibratile, purple, club-shaped hairs. This is the
species with the largest flowers in Namibia and is closely related to the threatened S. pillansii.
 Stapelia hirsutais widely distributed and extremely variable, with fiv
varieties recognised by Bruyns (2005). It is found in Namaqualand a
the Eastern Cape ( South Africa ) and in southern Namibia, seeming
restricted to the mainly winter rainfall areas. It is closely related
S to
grandiflora.The stems are up to 200 mm high, with flowers 100-200
mm across. The flowers are cream-coloured, purple at the centre, w
purplish transverse lines on the lobes which have purple-brown tips
The corona, flower size, proportions of the corolla, density and textu
of hairs, and details of patterning and colour, all vary within wide lim
This was the second species to be discovered and is locally known
haasoor(Afr.)
.

References
Albers, F. & Meve, U. 2002. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants. Asclepiadaceae. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Armstrong, W.P. 1997. Stinking flowers. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0602.htm
Bruyns, P.V. 2005. Stapeliads of southern Africa and Madagascar, vol. 1. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria.
Court, D. 2000. Succulent flora of southern Africa, revised edn. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Hardy, D. & Fabian, A. 1992. Succulents of the Transvaal. Southern Book Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa. Leach, L.C.
1985. A revision of Stapelia L. (Asclepiadaceae). Excelsa Taxonomic Series, No. 3. Aloe, Cactus and Succulent Society,
Zimbabwe.
Leistner, O.A. (ed.) 2000. Seeds plants of southern Africa : families and genera. Strelitzia 10. National Botanical Institut
Pretoria.
Leistner, O.A. 2005. Seed plants of southern tropical Africa : families and genera. South African Botanical Diversity Network
Report No. 26. SABONET, Pretoria.
Oliver, I.B. 1998. Grow succulents. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series. National Botanical Institute, Cape Town.
Smith, C.A. 1966. Common names of South African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 35. Van Wyk,
B-E. & Gericke, N. 2000. People's plants: a guide to useful plants of southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.

S.P. Bester
National Herbarium
November 2006
 Plant Attributes:
Plant Type: Succulent
SA Distribution:
Soil type:
Flowering season:
PH:
Flower colour:
Aspect:
Gardening skill:
Special Features:

Horticultural zones

Rate this article Rate this plant

Article well written and informative Is this an interesting plant?

Average: 4.9 (58 votes) Average: 5 (57 votes)

User Comments

dmallochbrown@york.co.za , South Africa March 05, 2019 at 9:41 AM

Very informative, thanks you!

Is there any information or pictures for S.erectiflora?

Lo g in to add your Comment

Back to top
Not registered yet? Click here to re g ister.

© SA National Biodiversity Institute Copyright | Site Map

SUMMARY
Please help me with my research. I am very grateful conclusion point on my additional pre
review COVID-19 treatment with unique plants and endemic plants in South Africa How will a
unique COVID-19 be treated with unique plants? A unique plant is a beautiful red and green
flower like a succulent potted clay in the Florida Botanical Garden in Largo Stock Photo:
334113382 Alamy "https://www.alamy.com/beautiful-red-and-green-flowerlikeplant Potted
succulents in terracotta-in-florida-botanical garden in Largo image334113382.html How will
the epidemic COVID-19 be treated by a plant endemic in South Africa from stapelia obducta?
http://pza.sanbi.org/stapelia Corona virus and its causes The new coronavirus, now called
SARS-CoV-2, causes COVID-19. Initial reports on the new coronavirus appeared from Wuhan,
China, on December 31, 2019, with patients suffering from pneumonia of unknown origin. As
of March 2, more than 90,000 cases have been confirmed worldwide, including 45,705 cases
that have ended in a recovering hospital and more than 3,000 deaths. Scientists are not sure
where the virus originated, although they know that coronaviruses (which also include SARS
and MERS) can be transmitted between animals and humans. According to the World Health
Organization, corona viruses (CoV) are a large group of viruses that cause diseases ranging
from colds to more serious diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV)
and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS- CoV). There are at least six other types of
coronavirus that can infect humans. Some cause colds, while others cause SARS and Middle
East respiratory syndrome. It is believed that the SARS-Cove-2 strain originated in bats.
Therefore, coronaviruses are animal origin, which means that they are transmitted between
animals and people. *** Bats, they say, are the cause of this virus. But in Wuhan, where the
evil virus started, bats have not been found, so what could be the cause of the Corona virus? In
fact, many scientists have presented in a different way. Some scientists say that it is true that
the epidemic is transmitted between humans and animals, but I agree with that, but from my
point of view I am asking about the cause of the Corona virus to answer these questions. I think
that corona or COVID-19 originated from A white-tailed bald eagle collides with fish during the
summer, and a mixture of different eagles was a combination of their own virus in the nature
virus and pollution from climate change will return from the smoke industry to contribute to
the formation in addition to a mixture of different types of naturally owned eagle virus which It
is not a symptom and diagnosis of eagle eagles But this virus helps eagle tripping and heart, but
we hope that this will be the virus to humans and other animals, making it spreads and B so,
while the return to the main point After joining all of the above, the circumstances made clear
his main reasons for causing the epidemic, but the first infected animal is if we say its eagle
while referring to how a person was exposed to detect epidemic diseases? In fact, as I tried to
explain above after an covid -19 infected eagle collided with a fish collision during the summer,
COVID- 19 had been circulating in the ocean since it collided with fish during the summer. You
know that oceans were exposed to COVID-19 while an eagle collided with a fish while a person
came to search for Fish for general consumption so COVID-19 infectious fish are spread to
humans according to my assumptions to summarize belowPlease help me with my research. I
am very grateful for your support and encouragement. Smoke industry Climate change
Atmospheric pollution and poisoning of all hairs, especially the white-tailed bald eagle The
eagle in summer makes catching with fish An epidemic virus Spreads in Oceans after the eagle
collides with the fish ----- Fisher Man of the Consumer for humans Medicinal plants that heal
** corana ** remove COVID-19 from both the patient and the animal Medicinal uses of unique
plants are a beautiful red and green flower like succulent pots in Florida Botanical Garden in
Largo Stock Photo: 334113382 Alamy "https://www.alamy.com/beautiful-red-and-green-
flower as a succulent potted plant. In the terracotta-in-Florida-botanical garden in Largo
image334113382.html 1, Improving breathtaking tightness for a COVID-19 patient by inhaling
the powder of this plant 2, Clean COVID-19 lung disease 3, Remove carbon emissions from the
lungs and lead to the drainage of solid liquids from the lungs that completely remove and
enable oxygen to visualize in the lungs and fixed 4, to reconstruct a broken lateral bone from
human action without surgery is possible only during inhalation of the powder from this red
and grammatical green flower such as leaves of plants and succulent herbs, and this time it will
pump the lungs to drain fluid through this inhalation and re-install the broken side bone
displaced to the right place 5, While we see about animals infected with COVID-19, we simply
have to make a water solution for this red and canine green flower like the leaves of the potted
plants in the water make this aqueous solution an animal in addition this plant aqueous
solutions is preventing anti gamma corona viruses rays , broad spectrum and rainbow from this
animal Drinks without any doubt animals will cure COVID-19 and this is true for all
animalsPlease help me with my research. I am very grateful for your support and
encouragement. 2, a plant endemic to South Africa Stapelia obducta cactuspedia Zahra just
opened (before she takes on her more usual shape With the petal http://pza.sanbi.org/stapelia
A plant endemic to South Africa “staplea obducta” for treatment of COVID-19, HIV and all
other virus-related diseases In short 1,this plant cures every virus related deasese or COVID-19
and HIV and all Virus Related 2, cure blood born deasese and AiDS or HIV 3, cure lung cancer
and cure TB patient 4, cleaning up the atmosphere and make to stable and serves to planet to
exist This plants cures for every deasese but the the details parts of the this plant with picture i
have attached you in pdf form Explanation of this plant I will leave it to reporters to allow it to
further investigate but I hope it has been explained in the pre-DOC I sent you before prepared
by Ahmed Tofik Ali From Ethiopia, Oromia, east harerghe Baroda town See you again Thank
you !!!