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Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
ScienceDirect
Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
ScienceDirect
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Procedia CIRP 00 (2017)

Procedia 000–000
CIRP 84 (2019) 545–549
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29th CIRP Design 2019 (CIRP Design 2019)

29th CIRP Design 2019 (CIRP Design 2019)
Designing
Designing aa unique
unique Digital
28th CIRPDigital
Twin
Twin for linear
forMay
Design Conference, linear infrastructures
2018, infrastructures
Nantes, France
lifecycle
lifecycle
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A new methodology to analyze the functional and physical architecture of
Yvan Tchanaa,a,*, Guillaume Ducellier, Sébastien Remy
existing products forTchana
Yvan an assembly oriented
*, Guillaume product
Ducellier, Sébastienfamily
Remy identification
Technology University of Troyes, Marie Curie Streeet 12, Troyes 10000, France
Paul Technology
Stief *,University
Jean-Yves Dantan,
of Troyes, Marie CurieAlain Etienne,
Streeet 12, AliFrance
Troyes 10000, Siadat
* Tel.: +33-6-35-19-40-10. E-mail address: yvan.tchana-de-tchana@utt.fr
École Nationale Supérieure
* Tel.: +33-6-35-19-40-10. d’Artsyvan.tchana-de-tchana@utt.fr
E-mail address: et Métiers, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, LCFC EA 4495, 4 Rue Augustin Fresnel, Metz 57078, France

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 3 87 37 54 30; E-mail address: paul.stief@ensam.eu

Abstract
Abstract
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1. Introduction
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10.1016/j.procir.2019.04.176
546 Yvan Tchana et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 545–549
2 Yvan Tchana / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
Digital Twin (DT). There are several definitions of Digital
Twin [4], most of them describe it as a numerical replica of an
object, a process or a system that can be used for various
purposes.
In this paper, we will focus on the field of construction, and
specifically on Linear Infrastructure. In the second part we will
define the Digital Twin, before describing in the third how it is
used within the construction sector. Then, we will show how
using a single Digital Twin can satisfy Linear Infrastructures
requirements. Finally, we will address perspectives of future
works.
2. Digital Twin: definitions and state of the art
2.1. Definitions
While the definition of the Digital Twin was at the heart of
expectations, the very first use of this word was made in 2002
by Michael Grieves, during an industrial presentation on PLM
[6]: The Digital Twin is the virtual representation of current
physical products. A more complete and common definition is
addressed later by Glaessegen and Stargel in 2012 [7]: Digital
Twin is a multi-physical, multi-scale and integrated
probabilistic simulation of a complex product, using the best
available physical models, sensor updates, etc., to reflect the life
of its corresponding twin. These pretty generic definitions don’t
put the focus on the most interesting characteristic of a DT:
Real-time data acquisition.
The essence of a Digital Twin is the connection and
synchronization between the data relating to the physical
product and the information contained in the virtual product.
The virtual product here is the product designed with computer-
aided technologies. This core function is considered by Garetti
et al. in 2012. They define DT as a virtual representation of a
product, characterized by synchronization between the virtual
system and the real system, through detected data and
connected intelligent devices, mathematical models and real-
time data processing. [8]
Another way to view DT is throw its layouts. By classifying
the different types of digital mock-up, General Electric's digital
department defines three components of Digital Twin [9]:
 Data model: Hierarchy of systems, subsystems and
components describing the structure of the Digital Twin and
its characteristics.
 Analytical: Predict, describe and prescribe the behavior
(current and future) of an asset or process via physical
models and models (Artificial Intelligence, Machine
Learning)
 Knowledge Base: Data sources that feed into analyses,
expertise, historical data and industry best practices.
The implementation of a Digital Twin no longer only
concerns existing objects but also objects to be
fabricated/constructed/produced. It can also be used to
represent a production process or a connected factory. In this
paper and for future work, we will consider in the case of a
future linear infrastructure to be built.
2.2. Benefits of a Digital Twin
In recent decades, digital pairing concepts have been
adopted by industry to represent the physical and digital
properties of the current and future state of processes and
equipment [10]. Since the definition of the DT concept, it has
been applied to several industrial fields, and has demonstrated
very high potential. Product development can face multiple
challenges such as long product lifecycles, difficulty in
customizing products, high costs. Central element in meeting
these challenges, the Digital Twin allows new ideas or product
configurations, new concepts, new simulations and virtual
commissioning to be tested.
One beneficial aspect of DT is collaboration. The digital
twin will allow communication between customers and
designers [12]. Indeed, the Digital Twin is a faithful mapping
of the physical product and can make communication between
customers and designers more transparent and faster by using
real-time transmission data. It is the model that allows a shared
conceptualization that can be visualized in the same way by an
unlimited number of individuals, who do not need to share the
same location [6]. It can perfectly guide the improvement of
new versions by making full use of customer feedback and
various problems that have arisen in customers' use of previous
versions.
The main impact of a digital twin is performance. It turns
that this performance aspect is more relevant during last stage
of a product: use and maintenance. Among other things, it
makes it possible to assess the current and future capabilities of
a system during the phase [11]. Also with real-time data and
knowledge base, an early simulation of future behaviours
allows the early discovery of performance deficiencies, which
in turn allows savings to be made. Optimization of the
operation, manufacturing, inspections, and leveraging of the
object's lifetime are improvements made by the digital twin.
The data collected during the life cycle will allow the
continuous improvement of designs and models, that one may
be reused for future product development.
3. Digital Twin for the construction industry
Manufacturing processes are becoming more and more
digital. As this trend continues to develop, many companies are
finding it difficult to determine what they should do to drive
and provide real value both operationally and strategically. In
the aeronautics and defence sector, Digital Twin applications
are numerous and offer many benefits, in an environment where
economic players are forced to adapt ever more quickly, reduce
their costs, be highly responsive and able to anticipate the
evolution of their market. [13]. Having the same challenges as
those industrial sectors, construction thus needs new types of
technologies for this new wave of digitization - a technology
that combines digital objects with physical objects, a dynamic
and interactive technology.
 Yvan Tchana et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 545–549
Yvan Tchana / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
3.1. Building Information Model / Building Information
Modelling
Today, Building Information Modelling (BIM) promises to
be a facilitator of integration, interoperability and collaboration
in the future of the building sector. The term BIM has recently
been introduced as a demarcation of the next generation of
Information Technology (IT) and Computer Aided Design
(CAD) for buildings to focus on drawing production [14]. BIM
is the process of generating, storing, managing, exchanging and
sharing construction information in an interoperable and
reusable way. A BIM system is a tool that allows users to
integrate and reuse building information and domain
knowledge throughout the life cycle of a building [15]. A BIM
system is a central system for managing various types of
information, such as Enterprise Resource Planning, resource
analysis software packages, technical reports, meeting minutes,
etc. However, the main feature of a BIM is its 3D modelling
system with data management, data sharing and exchange over
the life cycle of the building. Indeed, a building is composed of
geometric elements that form the foundation of its design. In
addition, parametric modelling provides powerful mechanisms
to automate the generation of building information. Knowing
the object behaviour, these mechanisms would ease
maintenance and validity of building designs.
Like the PLM for manufactured products, the BIM manages
the evolution of the building during its life cycle. Building
Information Modelling is a model-based approach to the
design, construction, operation and maintenance of buildings.
The model at the heart of the BIM approach is a common and
calculable 3D model of the building, which helps to overcome
the disadvantages of a paper-based 2D approach.
BIM is therefore a methodology that facilitates
multidisciplinary collaboration and information management
between the various project stakeholders [16]. The BIM is not
only a communication tool, allowing to present in an attractive
and realistic way the operational concepts, but also a tool for
the operations and maintenance department. It occurs at four
stages of the life cycle:
 Pre-design or development: to allow a contractual review of
the project.
 Design: to review the design of the sensitive parts of the
structure. The BIM allows the operator to better visualize
(in 3D) the future work and to make his comments in the
right timing.
 Construction: to monitor the progress of the project and
possibly to comment on a non-conformity or a modification
request from the manufacturer.
 Operations & maintenance: the BIM will help the
maintenance operations team to build up the history of
inspections and work on the structure with assistance in
filing all documentation, modelling heavy maintenance
interventions and interfaces with traffic (Simulation of work
under traffic); as well as training operators via simulators,
thus improving speed and safety;
547
3
3.2. Digital Twin or Digital Model?
The BIM is the expression of the digital model in the field
of architecture and urban planning. While the definition of the
Digital Twin and the associated processes continue to become
increasingly clearer, the definition of the Digital Model has
since been adopted. A Digital Model is a geometric
representation of an object or set of objects (vehicle,
building...), generally in three dimensions, made on a computer.
Beyond the virtual geometrical representation of the object, its
other purposes are to analyse, control and simulate certain
behaviours of the object, to be built or already built. That is why
we have many types of models such as system models, process
models, simulation models, etc.
The Digital Model contains two essential elements: a data
core and a graphical representation of the structure [17]. The
graphical representation can be a 2D or 3D representation. The
richness of the Digital Model lies in the fact that it is intended
to contain all the data necessary for the building or
infrastructure depending on the progress of its construction and
operations.
The Digital Model first makes it possible to understand a
product before it physically exists, including through virtual
prototyping; seeing the product is starting to understand it.
Before and during construction, the technicians and engineers
who define the product can more easily exchange solutions and
the various possible technical alternatives, to select the best one
according to their criteria or those of the project. If the Digital
Model and Digital Twin seem to have the same definition, the
definitions we use differ. The Digital Model already represents
a Digital Twin itself. Even if this model anticipates and
integrates the needs and requirements of the coming phases, it
is multiplied by the number of project phases. Indeed,
depending on the phases of the project, Digital Models or BIM
models are differentiated as follows [18]:
 Design model
 Construction model
 Commissioning model that corresponds to the as-built, i.e.
the structure as built
 Model of use of the structure
The multitude of Digital Models later raise some issues:
long- term model archiving [19], and traceability and archiving
of modification histories. The use of several Digital Models is
also at the origin of a digital discontinuity during a construction
project. With each phase change, the information is rewritten,
some are lost. The time taken to re-enter information and input
errors are a numerical challenge. One way to overcome the
problem of the multitude of models would be to use a single
digital twin.
548 Yvan Tchana et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 545–549
4 Yvan Tchana / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
4. The uniqueness of the Digital Twin for a linear
infrastructure
4.1. The need for digital twins
The public works sector is split and ranked lower than other
industrial sectors. For each project, the actors are new and
partnerships are built in extremely varied contractual logics. By
their construction aspect, infrastructures share the same life
cycles and the same actors as those of the building industry. In
addition to these actors, in the field of linear infrastructures,
there are customers (contracting authorities) of very varied size
and organisation (State, motorway, General Councils, etc.).
They sign a contract of very diverse natures transferring all or
part of the responsibility for design [20]. Another difficulty is
that in an infrastructure, the construction actors are different
from the operating actors.
These needs are the results of studies conducted by the
French national project MINND (Modelling interoperable
information for a sustainable infrastructure) [21]:
 For collaborative work: accessibility to information must be
chosen by companies, while monitoring the uniqueness of
the model, at the expense of the need for a single data model
and a neutral exchange format to create, integrate or merge
and manage partial data. Models. It would be necessary to
define protocols prefiguring standards and then standards. It
is to satisfy this collaborative aspect that the IFC (Industry
Foundation Classes) standard is being developed.
 Structuring tool: the system must allow data models to be
managed by everyone according to their roles, each piece of
information must have an owner and the owner is
responsible for the shared information
 3D creation and display tool: for the creation and integration
of CAD models, and the management of 2D plans
associated with the 3D model. We find this need in the
manufacturing and construction industries
 Capitalization tool for optimization: manage the evolution
of information, the validation process to control the quality
level and the reliability level.
 Archiving and capitalization tool: the management system
must make it possible to record the modifications that a
Digital Twin has most accurately undergone the objects of
the model to have
It would then be necessary to develop a digital twin of the
type - as built to monitor the project's progress around a digital
model.
4.2. Definition of the unique Digital Twin.
It should be recalled that one of the major advantages of BIM
is the ability to create, manage and exchange information
throughout the life of a project. To this end, the use of a digital
twin, as we mentioned earlier, is an asset. This digital twin will
evolve over time. The concepts of numerical model, numerical
shadow and numerical twin were introduced by Werner K,
based on data exchange flows, depending on the degree of data
integration (Figure 1) [9].
Fig. 1. Evolution of the Digital Twin
 Digital Model: A digital model that does not use any form
of automated data exchange between the physical and
digital objects.
 Digital Shadow: Based on the definition of a digital model,
if applicable, there is an automated unidirectional data flow
between the state of an existing physical object and a digital
object. This is possible from the construction phase.
 Digital Twin: If further on, data flows between an existing
physical object and a digital object are fully integrated in
both directions, one could call it Digital Twin. In such a
combination, the digital object can also act as a control
authority for the physical object. There may also be other
objects, physical or digital, that induce state changes in the
digital object. A change of state of the physical object leads
directly to a change of state of the digital object and vice
versa.
Given the existence of a model, the definition of a Digital
Twin can be done in two ways: either by keeping a single
Digital Model or by defining a single Digital Twin.
4.1.1. Unique digital model.
It is a question here of relying on what already exists. It
would be necessary to move away from the classic scheme of
definitions that defines a single model or digital model at each
project phase. Therefore, the definition of the single digital
model is done from the study phases, including all the actors of
the life cycle, especially in the exploitation phase. From the
outset, it will be necessary to integrate downstream
management processes such as the positioning of connected
objects, information retrieval and descent, processes for
updating the digital model, and requirements for
interoperability with conventional software such as CMMS.
4.1.2. Several models, a single twin
The main interest of having a single digital reflection at the
end of the project is to be able to follow the modifications as
well as to trace the construction history of the structure. In this
case, we will keep the different digital models of each phase
which, in turn, will feed the unique digital twin. This digital
twin can be managed according to the principles of PLM.
 Yvan Tchana et al. / Procedia CIRP 84 (2019) 545–549
Yvan Tchana / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
Fig. 2. Interactions between real and virtual
In a multi-phase approach, care will be taken to establish
"digital continuity" throughout the value chain. In general,
many applications are involved in product development,
creation and service processes. However, some activities take
place exclusively in the "analogue" world and are not supported
by digital systems.
5. Outlook & conclusion
Product life cycle management is provided by PLM. BIM is
very often mistakenly referred to as the "PLM of the building".
BIM's field of application is not limited to buildings alone. The
problem of managing a linear infrastructure over time is raised
by recent studies. Due to its proximity to PLM products
(aircraft, cars, etc.) and buildings, other studies, by issuing
limits, have considered proposing the joint use of PLM and
BIM for this management.
While focusing on the operation and maintenance phase, the
solution will be to use a centralized data source, which ensures
digital continuity, while tracing the construction trajectory of a
linear infrastructure. This is made possible by a unique digital
twin. Unlike the various numerical models that can multiply,
the uniqueness of a digital twin is more effective. If the
provisions proposed here are implemented, it will be necessary
to rethink project management and workflows and data to feed
the digital twin. This will be the subject of further studies. A
limitation of this working method will be the IT complexity of
the digital twin, as well as the complexity of data processing
and flows.
Whether building from scratch or building on existing assets,
digital continuity along the value chain is essential to exploit
the full potential of digital twins and enhance them as
competitive assets: through a synchronized and standardized
data flow. It is a question of intelligently interconnecting all
construction processes.
549
5
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