A summary of units nine and ten of second year BAC. TICKET TO ENGLISH2. BQS.

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Unit Nine: Science and Technology.
Definition:
"Science can be defined as a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the
organized body of knowledge gained through such research." "It's a way of solving problems and finding
answers through observation, study , and responsibility."
"Technology is the relationship that society has with its tools and crafts, and to what extent society can
control its environment." It's the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area " a
capability given by the practical application of knowledge."
"Science focuses on general knowledge by investigating natural phenomenon."
"Technology focuses on designing tools and systems for practical purposes".
"Technology draws on science and contributes to its progress." "Technology is applied science."
Branches of science and technology:
Branches of science Branches of technology
Physics ---- chemistry ---- mathematics ---- Robotics ---- biotechnology ---- communication---
biology ----- astronomy. engineering.
Collocations:
Natural phenomena ---- producing knowledge ------ human means ---- natural laws ----- societal needs
Careful observation ----designing tools ----- building tools.
Function: Certainty/ Uncertainty.
Certainty Uncertainty
Undoubtedly ----- sure ---- certainly----- definitely I doubt ---- unlikely --- maybe ---- may --- can
There is no doubt ----------- It's crystal clear Could ----- might-------- probably ------ likely
No one can deny ------ I am certain/ sure I think / I suppose. Perhaps ----- It's probable
I am deadly sure ---- It must be
EXAMPLES:
DVD companies will SURELY end DVD piracy. DVD piracy MAY reduce DVD sales.
DVD companies will CERTAINLY sue DVD companies. File-sharing piracy will likely die.
GRAMMAR: CONDITIONALS AND WISHES.
CONDITIONALS:
Did our grandparents use the mobile phone in the 1960s? SS: No. T: Why ? SS: They did not have it.
IF THEY HAD HAD MOBILE PHONES, THEY WOULD HAVE COMMUNICATED USING THEM.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, WELCOME TO CONDITIONALS.
When we talk about conditionals, we certainly talk about the situation. We know the situation by looking at
the tense of the sentence. Have a look at these three sentences.
1.I will be free tomorrow. I will visit you. The verbs here are in the future, so this is conditional type one.
IF I AM FREE TOMORROW, I WILL VISIT YOU.
2.I am very busy. I don't visit you. Here the verbs are in the present, so this is conditional type two.
IF I WERE NOT BUSY, I WOULD VISIT YOU.
3.I didn't visit you yesterday. I was busy. Here the verbs are in the past, so this is conditional type three.
IF I HAD NOT BEEN BUSY, I WOULD HAVE VISITED YOU.
HAVE A LOOK A THIS CHART.
Situation Type Function Form
Future Conditional I Probability If + simple present + simple future
Present Conditional II Impossibility If + simple past + would + infinitive
Contrary to known facts
Past Conditional III Regret about the past If + past perfect + would +have + past
participle
Conditional: IF + CAUSE/ CONDITION + RESULT.
EXAMPLES:
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1.I do not practice sports. I am fat. IF I PRACTISED SPORT, I WOULD NOT BE FAT.
2.I don't speak Italian. I don't understand RAI UNO.
IF I SPOKE ITALIAN, I WOULD UNDERSTAND RAI UNO.
3.You didn't invite Aicha. She didn't come.
IF YOU HAD INVITED AICHA, SHE WOULD HAVE COME.
4.Aiz drove carelessly. He had a serious accident.
IF AZIZ HAD NOT DRIVEN CARELESSLY, HE WOULD NOT HAVE HAD AN ACCIDENT.
5.I didn't wear a raincoat. I got wet.
I HAD WORN A RAINCOAT, I WOULD NOT HAVE GOT WET.
6.Chad lost his wallet. He did not buy anything.
IF CHAD HAD NOT LOST HIS WALLET, HE WOULD HAVE BOUGHT SOMETHING.
FOR BOTH CONDITIONAL TWO AND THREE:
IF THE SITUATION IS AFFIRMATIVE, THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ARE NEGATIVE.
IF THE SITUATION IS NEGATIVE, THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ARE AFFIRMATIVE.
The English language has another way to express regret, it is called WISHES.
LIKE CONDITIONALS, WISHES DEPEND ON THE SITUATION.
DEFINITION:
" WISH IS USED WHEN THE SPEAKER WANTS REALTY TO BE DIFFERENT, TO BE
EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE."
1. PRESENT – TIME WISHES: The verb is in the present.
1.I can't meet because I am busy. The situation here is in the present, so we have PRESENT-TIME WISH.
I WISH I WERE NOT BUSY. IF ONLY I WERE NOT BUSY.
2.I don't know how to dance. IF ONLY I KNEW HOW TO DANCE.
3.I can't buy that book. It's so expensive. IF ONLY THAT BOOK WERE NOT EXPENSIVE.
4.I am hungry. I can't concentrate. IF ONLY I WERE NOT HUNGRY.
5.It's hot. My students are sleepy. IF ONLY IT WERE NOT HOT.
6.I didn't come . I was busy. HERE THE SITUATION IS DIFFERENT. IT'S IN THE PAST, so we have
PAST-TIME WISH: I WISH I HAD NOT BEEN BUSY. IF ONLY I HAD BEEN FREE.
7.Samir wanted to type a letter, but his computer broke down.
IF ONLY HIS PC HAD NOT BROKEN DOWN. SAMIR WISHES HIS PC HAD NOT BROKEN DOWN.
8.I was hungry. I didn't have dinner. IF ONLY I HAD HAD DINNER.
9.The exam was so difficult. IF ONLY IT HAD BEEN SO EASY. I WISH THE EXAM HAD NOT BEEN
DIFFICULT.
10.Jamila did not come to the party. IF ONLY JAMILA HAD COME TO THE PARTY.
LIKE CONDITIONALS, WISHES ALSO INDERGO THESE CHANGES.
IF THE SITUATION IS AFFIRMATIVE, THE WISH SENTENCE IS NEGATIVE.
IF THE SITUATION IS NEGATIVE, THE WISH SENTENCE IS AFFIRMATIVE.

Situation Type Function Form

Present PRESENT-TIME WISH Regret about the present I wish + subject + the simple past
of the verb.
If only + subject + the simple past
of the verb.
Past PAST-TIME WISH Regret about the past I wish+ subject + the past perfect
of the verb.
If only+ subject + the past perfect
of the verb.
Unit Nine: BRAIN DRAIN
Definition:
"A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals ("human
capital") to other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflicts, lack of opportunity, health hazards where they
are living or other reasons. It parallels the term "capital flight" which refers to financial capital that is no

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longer invested in the country where its owner lived and earned it. Investment in higher education is lost
when a trained individual leaves and does not return. Also, whatever social capital the individual has been a
part of is reduced by his or her departure. Spokesmen for the Royal Society of London coined the expression
“brain drain” to describe the outflow of scientists and technologists to Canada and the United States in the
early 1950s. Its counterpart is brain gain in the areas to which talent migrates. Brain drain can occur either
when individuals who study abroad and complete their education do not return to their home country, or
when individuals educated in their home country emigrate for higher wages or better opportunities. The
second form is arguably worse, because it drains more resources from the home country."
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
REASONS OF THE BRAIN DRAIN:
Talented professionals leave their countries for these reasons:
For further study --- for employment ---- for professional development --- for a better working environment
--- due to lack of research ---- low wages and salaries --- for financial reasons --- to improve their living or
working conditions --- due to lack of satisfactory working conditions ---- due to social unrest, political
conflicts, wars ---- no substantial funds for research --- no advanced technology or modern facilities.
Tempting salaries, educational opportunities for children, the improvement of conditions of life and job
security.
SOLUTIONS TO BRAIN DRAIN:
1.Creating jobs. 2.Substantial funds for scientific research. 3.Better conditions of life.
4.Democracy. 5.Justice and equity. 6.Grants and scholarships for scientific research.
7.Too much investment in education: qualitative education.
8.Encouraging skilled people to stay at home by allowing them some privileges.
9.Low interest credits to start their projects.
PREFIXES:
Prefix Meaning Examples
Inter- Between -Among Interaction --- Inter-racial ---interdependent --interpersonal
Extra- Outside -beyond Extraterrestrial--- extra-marital --- extra-time --- extra –
judicial ----- extra-curricular
Intra- Within -Inside Intra-mural ---- intravenous ---- intra departmental
Under- Less than –Insufficient Underestimate --- underdeveloped --- undervalue ---
underpriviledged --- understaffed --- underfed
Over- Excessively -More than Overestimate --- overcharge --- overhear --- overeat –
overfeed ---- overload ---- oversensitive
Super- Above – over - beyond Supersonic --- supercomputer --- superego --- superstar
Hyper- Above – over - excessive Hyperactive --- hypertension --- hyperbole
FUNCTION: SHOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE.
As we saw before, regret can be expressed in different ways: conditionals and wishes. There is also a new
form to express regret: it is called SHOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE.
EXAMPLES:
1.Ahmed drove carelessly. He had a serious accident.
IF AHMED HAD NOT DRIVEN CARELESSLY, HE WOULDN'T HAVE HAD A SERIOUS ACCIDENT.
IF ONLY HE HADN'T DRIVEN CARELESSLY.
HE SHOULDN'T HAVE DRIVEN CARELESSLY.
2.I got wet. I didn't take my umbrella. I SHOULD HAVE TAKEN MY UMBRELLA.
3.Assia didn't come. You didn't invite her. YOU SHOULD HAVE INVITED HER.
4.Samar can't concentrate. She didn't have breakfast. SHE SHOULD HAVE HAD BREAKFAST.
5.Siham got low grades as she didn't revise well. SHE SHOULD HAVE REVISED WELL.
6.Arwa missed her plane. She arrived late to the airport. SHE SHOULDN'T HAVE ARRIVED LATE.
7.Fatima was angry as you did not help her ith her homework.
YOU SHOULD HAVE HELPED HER WITH HER HOMEWORK.
8.I have a terrible stomachache as I ate too much yesterday. I SHOULDN'T HAVE EATEN TOO MUCH.
9.The police arrested him as he drove very fast. HE SHOULD HAVE DRIVEN SLOWLY.
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